IS 1343 : 2012

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iwoZizcfyr daØhV — jhfr lafgrk
( nw l jk iq u jh{k.k )

Indian Standard
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE — CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision )

ICS 91.080.40; 91.100.30

© BIS 2012
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

November 2012 Price Group 14

 IS 1343 : 2012

Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, CED 2

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1960. The standard was subsequently revised in 1980 with a view to keeping
abreast with the rapid development in the field of concrete technology and also to bring in further clarifications
and modifications in the light of experience gained while applying the provisions of the earlier version of the
Code to practical situations.
The format and arrangement of clauses in the Code was then changed from the earlier version and the matter was
divided into four sections as follows:
Section 1 General
Section 2 Materials, workmanship, inspection and testing
Section 3 General design requirements
Section 4 Structural design: Limit state method
During the revision in 1980, an attempt was made to unify the codal provisions between prestressed concrete
structures and reinforced concrete structures, as was necessary. Many of the provisions in Section 2 Materials,
workmanship, inspection and testing, and Section 3 General design requirements of IS 456 were applicable to
prestressed concrete structures also and, therefore, only reference was made to such provisions in this Code.
In some clauses, the Code recommended reference to specialist literature, since the current knowledge on some
aspects of design had not yet crystallized. This had also been done in order to avoid burdening the Code with a lot
of details which may not be required for the design of great majority of structures.
While deciding on the symbols used in the Code, the recommendations of ISO 3898 : 1976 ‘Bases for design of
structures — Notations — General symbols’ had been taken into consideration. However, considering the
convenience of the users of the Code, the familiar symbols of the old version were retained to the extent possible.
The first revision incorporated a number of important changes. The major changes in the revision were on the
following lines:
a) The concept of limit state which provides a rational approach, taking into account variations in material
strengths and loads on semi-probabilistic basis, had been introduced. This, in fact, was a rationalization
of the ultimate load method, covered in the earlier version.
b) Provision for intermediate degrees of prestress (partial prestress) had been included. Consequently, the
Code covered 3 types of structures, the types being associated with the permissible tensile stress in
concrete.
c) The method of design for shear and torsion had been completely revised, incorporating the results of the
latest research on the subject.
d) Recommendations regarding transmission length of prestressing tendons had been elaborated.
e) Recommendations for ensuring lateral stability during handling and erection had been modified.
f) Considerations regarding durability had been detailed with guidance concerning minimum cement content
and maximum water-cement ratio for different environmental conditions, including types of cement to
be used for resisting sulphate attack. Limitations on total chloride and sulphate content of concrete had
also been given.
IS 456 has since been revised as IS 456 : 2000 ‘Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth
revision)’. In IS 456, major changes have been incorporated in provisions relating to materials, workmanship,
inspection and testing, and general design requirements. In view of the attempt at unification between provisions

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IS 1343 : 2012

of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete codes, these changes are relevant to prestressed concrete code
also. Considering this aspect as also the need for a complete review of the provisions of the Code in light of the
latest international developments and the improved practices being followed now, a full scale revision of the
Code has been brought out. In this revision, the following major changes have been incorporated:
a) As mentioned, the provisions have been aligned with the revised IS 456.
b) It has been clarified in this Code that the Code does not cover the specific requirements for bridges.
c) The clause on terminology has been reviewed and some new definitions such as anchorage device,
cable, relaxation and sheathing have been added apart from modifications in other definitions such as
on tendon.
d) Section 2 has been completely modified in line with IS 456 as applicable to prestressing and other
changes have been incorporated as follows:
1) All the references to materials for making prestressed concrete have been updated.
2) Uncoated stress relieved low relaxation seven ply strand has also been covered as prestressing
steel.
3) Provisions on modulus of elasticity have been modified.
4) The grades of concrete have been specified up to M 80 from the existing M 30 to M 60.
5) Provisions on creep and shrinkage of concrete have been revised.
6) Durability requirements have been covered exhaustively in line with IS 456 as applicable to
prestressed concrete; the maximum cement content has been specified as 450 kg/m3.
7) The assumed standard deviation has been specified as 5.0 N/mm2 for concrete mix proportioning.
8) Provisions on assembly of prestressing and reinforcing steel and on prestressing have been thoroughly
revised in line with the present improved practices, and details on protection of prestressing steel,
sheathing and anchorages have been incorporated.
9) Sampling and strength test of designed concrete mix has been modified in line with IS 456.
e) Section 3 and Section 4 have been modified as follows:
1) The provisions have been brought in line with IS 456 as applicable.
2) The design provisions have been updated in line with the latest practices.
In the Code, it has been assumed that the design of prestressed concrete structures is entrusted to a qualified
engineer, and that the execution of the work is carried out under the direction of an experienced supervisor.
The Committee, responsible for the formulation of this Code, has taken into consideration the views of stakeholders
and has related the standard to the manufacturing and trade practices followed in this country in this field.
Cognizance has been taken of provisions of the publications of Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, wherever
required.
The composition of the technical Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex E.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

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 IS 1343 : 2012

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 GENERAL
PAGE
1 SCOPE 1
2 REFERENCES 1
3 TERMINOLOGY 1
4 SYMBOLS 2

SECTION 2 MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND TESTING

5 MATERIALS 3
5.1 Cement 3
5.2 Mineral Admixtures 3
5.3 Aggregates 3
5.4 Water 3
5.5 Chemical Admixtures 3
5.6 Prestressing and Untensioned Steel 3
5.7 Storage of Materials 4
6 CONCRETE 4
6.1 Grades 4
6.2 Properties of Concrete 4
7 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE 7
8 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 7
8.1 General 7
8.2 Requirements for Durability 7
9 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING 11
9.1 Mix Proportion 11
9.2 Design Mix Concrete 11
10 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE 12
10.1 Quality Assurance Measures 12
10.2 Batching 12
10.3 Mixing 13
11 FORMWORK 13
12 ASSEMBLY OF PRESTRESSING AND REINFORCING STEEL 13
12.1 Prestressing Steel 13
12.2 Sheathing Ducts 15
12.3 Untensioned Steel 15
13 PRESTRESSING 15
13.1 Prestressing Equipment 15
13.2 Procedure for Tensioning and Transfer 16
13.3 Grouting 18
13.4 Grouting Operations 19
14 TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTING AND CURING 23
15 CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS 23
15.1 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions 23

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IS 1343 : 2012

PAGE
16 SAMPLING AND STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE MIX 23
17 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 23
18 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES 23

SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

19 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 24
19.1 General 24
19.2 Effects of Prestress 24
19.3 Deductions for Prestressing Tendons 24
19.4 Instability During Erection 24
19.5 Prestressing Requirements 24
19.6 Considerations Affecting Design Details 26

SECTION 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: LIMIT STATE METHOD

20 SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS 29
20.1 Limit State Design 29
20.2 Limit State of Collapse 29
20.3 Limit States of Serviceability 29
21 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS 30
21.1 Characteristic Strength of Materials 30
21.2 Characteristic Loads 30
21.3 Design Values 30
21.4 Partial Safety Factors 30
22 ANALYSIS 30
22.1 Analysis of Structure 30
23 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE 31
23.1 Limit State of Collapse: Flexure 31
23.2 Limit State of Collapse: Compression 32
23.3 Limit State of Collapse: Tension 32
23.4 Limit State of Collapse: Shear 32
23.5 Limit State of Collapse: Torsion 34
24 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY 35
24.1 Limit State of Serviceability: Deflection 35
24.2 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking 36
24.3 Limit State of Serviceability: Maximum Compression 36
ANNEX A LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS 38
ANNEX B SHEATHING DUCTS FOR PRESTRESSING 39
B-1 MILD STEEL SHEATHING DUCTS 39
B-2 CORRUGATED HDPE SHEATHING DUCTS 39
B-3 TESTS ON SHEATHING DUCTS 40
B-3.1 Workability Test 40
B-3.2 Transverse Load Rating Test 40
B-3.3 Tension Load Test 40
B-3.4 Water Loss Test 40
B-4 TESTS ON CORRUGATED HDPE SHEATHING DUCTS 41
B-4.1 Bond Test 41
B-4.2 Compression Test for the Loss of Wall Thickness 43
B-5 SPECIFICATION FOR SHEATHING DUCT JOINTS 44
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 IS 1343 : 2012

PAGE

ANNEX C TESTING OF SYSTEMS WITH MECHANICAL ANCHORAGES 46

C-1 STATIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON-ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY 46
C-1.1 Test Specimen 46
C-1.2 Test Procedure 46
C-1.3 Measurements and Observations 47
C-1.4 Test Requirements 47
C-2 DYNAMIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON-ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY 48
C-2.1 Test Specimen 48
C-2.2 Test Procedure 48
C-2.3 Measurements and Observations 48
C-2.4 Steel Requirements 48
C-3 LOAD TRANSFER TEST 48
C-3.1 Test Specimen 48
C-3.2 Test Procedure 49
C-3.3 Measurements and Observations 50
C-3.4 Requirements 50

ANNEX D MOMENTS OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR AND T-SECTIONS 51

ANNEX E COMMITTEE COMPOSITION 52

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 IS 1343 : 2012

Indian Standard
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE — CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision )
SECTION 1 GENERAL

1 SCOPE 3.7 Column or Strut — A compression member, the

1.1 This standard deals with the general structural use
of prestressed concrete. It covers both work carried
out on site and the manufacture of precast prestressed
concrete units.
1.2 Special requirements of structures such as pipes
and poles covered in respective standards have not been
covered in this standard; these standards shall be used
in conjunction with this standard. This standard does
not cover specific provisions regarding bridges.
2 REFERENCES
The standards given in Annex A contain provisions
which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication,
the editions indicated were valid. All the standards are
subject to revision and parties to agreements based on
this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent edition of the
standards indicated in Annex A.
3 TERMINOLOGY
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given
in IS 4845, IS 6461 (Parts 1 to 12) and the following
shall apply.
3.1 Anchorage Device — In post-tensioning, the
hardware used for transferring the post-tensioning force
from the tendon to the concrete in anchorage zone.
3.2 Bonded Member — A prestressed concrete in
which tendons are bonded to the concrete either directly
or through grouting.
3.3 Bonded Post-tensioning — Post-tensioned
construction in which the annular spaces around the
tendons are grouted after stressing, thereby bonding
the tendon to the concrete section.
3.4 Cable — A group of wires or bars or strands or rods.
3.5 Characteristic Load — Load which has 95 percent
probability of not being exceeded during the life of
the structure (see 21.2).
3.6 Characteristic Strength — Strength of material
below which not more than 5 percent of the test results
are expected to fall (see 21.1).
effective length of which exceeds three times the least
lateral dimension.
3.8 Creep — Time dependent deformation due to
sustained load.
3.9 Creep Coefficient — The ratio of creep strain to
elastic strain in concrete.
3.10 Final Prestress — The stress which exists after
substantially all losses have occurred.
3.11 Final Tension — The tension in the prestressing
tendon corresponding to the state of the final prestress.
3.12 Initial Prestress — The prestress in the concrete
at transfer.
3.13 Initial Tension — The maximum stress induced
in the prestressing tendon at the time of the stressing
operation.
3.14 Post-tensioning — A method of prestressing
concrete in which prestressing steel is tensioned against
the hardened concrete.
3.15 Prestressed Concrete — Concrete in which
permanent internal stresses are deliberately introduced,
usually by tensioned steel, to counteract to the desired
degree the stresses caused in the member in service.
3.16 Pre-tensioning — A method of prestressing
concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before
concreting.
3.17 Relaxation — Time dependent increase in steel
strain at constant stress.
3.18 Sheathing — A material encasing a prestressing
tendon to prevent bonding the tendon with the
surrounding concrete during concrete placement to
provide corrosion protection.
3.19 Short Column — A column, the effective length
of which does not exceed 12 times the least lateral
dimension.
3.20 Slender Column — A column, the effective
length of which exceeds 12 times the least lateral
dimension.
3.21 Shrinkage Loss — The loss of stress in the

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IS 1343 : 2012

prestressing steel resulting from the shrinkage of the Fd = design load

concrete. f = characteristic strength of material
3.22 Stress at Transfer — The stress in both the fci = cube strength of concrete at transfer
prestressing tendon and the concrete at the stage when fck = characteristic compressive strength of
the prestressing tendon is released from the prestressing concrete
mechanism. fcp = compressive stress at centroidal axis due to
3.23 Tendon — A steel element, such as a wire, cable, prestress or average intensity of effective
bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements used prestress in concrete
to impart prestress to concrete when the element is fcr = modulus of rupture of concrete (flexural
tensioned. tensile strength)
fd = design strength
3.24 Transfer — The act of transferring the stress in
prestressing tendons from the jacks or pre-tensioning fp = characteristic strength of prestressing steel
bed to the concrete member. fpe = maximum prestress after losses
fpi = maximum initial prestress
3.25 Transmission Length — The distance required
at the end of a pre-tensioned tendon for developing fpu = ultimate tensile stress in the tendons
the maximum tendon stress by bond. ft = maximum principal tensile stress
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement
4 SYMBOLS IL = imposed load
For the purpose of this standard, the following letter M = bending moment
symbols shall have the meaning indicated against each; m = modular ratio
where other symbols are used, they are explained at P = load due to prestressing effect
the appropriate place:
s = spacing of stirrups
A = area T = torsional moment
B = breadth of beam V = shear force
bw = breadth of web or rib Vc = ultimate shear resistance of concrete
D = overall depth of beam Vco = ultimate shear resistance of a section
DL = dead load uncracked in flexure
d = effective depth of beam Vcr = ultimate shear resistance of a section cracked
dt = effective depth of beam in shear in flexure
Ec = short term modulus of elasticity of concrete WL = wind load
EL = earthquake load χu = depth of neutral axis
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel γf = partial safety factor for load
e = eccentricity γm = partial safety factor for material
F = characteristic load δm = percentage reduction in moment
Fbst = bursting tensile force τc = shear stress in concrete
φ = diameter of tendon or bar

2

SECTION 2 MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND TESTING
5 MATERIALS
5.1 Cement
The cement used shall be any of the following, and the
type selected should be appropriate for the intended
use:
a) 33 grade ordinary Portland cement
conforming to IS 269,
b) 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
conforming to IS 8112,
c) 53 grade ordinary Portland cement
conforming to IS 12269,
d) Rapid-hardening Portland cement conforming
to IS 8041,
e) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455,
f) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based)
conforming to IS 1489 (Part 1),
g) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay
based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 2),
h) Hydrophobic cement conforming to IS 8043,
j) Low heat Portland cement conforming to
IS 12600, and
k) Sulphate resisting Portland cement
conforming to IS 12330.
Other combinations of Portland cement with mineral
admixtures (see 5.2) of quality conforming to relevant
Indian Standards laid down may also be used in the
manufacture of concrete provided that there are
satisfactory data on their suitability, such as
performance test on concrete containing them.
5.1.1 Low heat Portland cement conforming to
IS 12600 shall be used with adequate precautions with
regard to removal of formwork, etc.
5.1.2 High alumina cement conforming to IS 6452 or
supersulphated cement conforming to IS 6909 may be
used only under special circumstances with the prior
approval of the engineer-in-charge. Specialist literature
may be consulted for guidance regarding the use of
these types of cements.
5.1.3 The attention of the engineer-in-charge and users
of cement is drawn to the fact that quality of various
cements mentioned in 5.1 is to be determined on the
basis of its conformity to the performance
characteristics given in the respective Indian Standard
Specification for that cement. Any trade-mark or any
trade name indicating any special features not covered
in the standard or any qualification or other special
performance characteristics sometimes claimed/
indicated on the bags or containers or in advertisement
alongside the ‘Statutory Quality Marking’ or otherwise
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IS 1343 : 2012
have no relation whatsoever with the characteristic
guaranteed by the ‘Statutory Quality Marking’ as
relevant to that cement. Consumers are, therefore,
advised to go by the characteristics as given in the
corresponding Indian Standard Specification or seek
specialist advice to avoid any problem in concrete
making and construction.
5.2 Mineral Admixtures
Mineral admixtures used shall conform to 5.2 of IS 456.
5.3 Aggregates
All aggregates shall comply with the requirements of
IS 383.
5.3.1 Heavy weight aggregates may also be used
provided the engineer-in-charge is satisfied with the
data on the properties of concrete made with them.
NOTE — Some of the provisions of the standard would require
modification when these aggregates are used. Specialist
literature may be consulted for guidance.
5.3.2 Size of Aggregates
The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should
be as large as possible within the limits specified but
in no case greater than one-fourth of the minimum
thickness of the member, provided that the concrete
can be placed without difficulty so as to surround all
prestressing tendons and reinforcements thoroughly
and fill the corners of the form. For most work, 20 mm
aggregate is suitable.
The nominal maximum size of the aggregate shall be
5 mm less than the spacing between the tendons,
sheathings, ducts or untensioned steel, where provided.
5.4 Water
The requirements of water used for mixing and curing
shall conform to the requirements given in 5.4 of
IS 456. However, use of sea water is prohibited.
5.5 Chemical Admixtures
Chemical admixtures shall be used according to 5.5 of
IS 456.
5.6 Prestressing and Untensioned Steel
5.6.1 Prestressing Steel
5.6.1.1 The prestressing steel shall be any one of the
following:
a) Plain hard-drawn steel wire (cold-drawn stress
relieved wire) conforming to IS 1785 (Part 1),
b) Indented wire conforming to IS 6003,
IS 1343 : 2012

c) High tensile steel bar conforming to IS 2090, 6 CONCRETE

d) Uncoated stress relieved strand conforming
to IS 6006, and 6.1 Grades
e) Uncoated stress relieved low relaxation seven The concrete shall be in grades designated as per
ply strand conforming to IS 14268. Table 1.
5.6.1.1.1 All prestressing steel shall be free from
Table 1 Grade of Concrete
welded joints and splits, harmful scratches, surface
(Clauses 6.1, 9.2.2 and 21.1)
flaws; rough, jagged and imperfect edges and other
defects likely to impair its use in prestressed concrete. Sl Grade Designation Specified Characteristic
No. Compressive Strength of 150 mm
5.6.1.2 Mechanical properties Size Cube at 28 Days in N/mm2
(1) (2) (3)
Data in respect of modulus of elasticity, relaxation loss
i) M 30 30
at 1 000 h at mean temperature of 20 °C, minimum ii) M 35 35
ultimate tensile strength, stress strain curve, etc shall iii) M 40 40
necessarily be obtained from manufacturer. Prestressing iv) M 45 45
v) M 50 50
steel shall be subjected to acceptance tests prior to actual vi) M 55 55
use on the works. The modulus of elasticity value, as vii) M 60 60
per acceptance tests, shall conform to the design values viii) M 65 65
ix) M 70 70
which shall be within a range not more than 2.5 percent x) M 75 75
between the maximum and the minimum. xi) M 80 80

5.6.1.2.1 For design purposes, the minimum NOTES

requirements given in the relevant Indian Standards
may be adopted.
5.6.2 Untensioned Steel
5.6.2.1 The reinforcement used as untensioned steel
shall be any of the following:
a) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars
conforming to IS 432 (Part 1).
b) High strength deformed steel bars conforming
to IS 1786.
c) Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to
IS 1566.
5.6.2.2 All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill
scales, loose rust and coats of paints, oil, mud or any
other substances which may destroy or reduce bond.
Sand blasting or other treatment is recommended to
clean reinforcement.
Special precautions like coating of reinforcement may
be required for reinforced concrete elements in
exceptional cases and for rehabilitation of structures.
Specialist literature may be referred to in such cases.
Reduction in design bond strength of coated bars shall
be looked into.
1 In the designation of concrete mix M refers to the mix and
the number to the specified compressive strength of 150 mm
size cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm2.
2 For pre-tensioned prestressed concrete, the grade of concrete
shall be not less than M 40.
3 Except where specifically mentioned otherwise, for concrete
grade greater than M 60, design parameters given in the standard
may not be applicable and the values may be obtained from
specialized literatures and experimental results.
6.1.1 The characteristic strength of concrete is defined
as the strength of the concrete below which not more
than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall.
6.2 Properties of Concrete
6.2.1 Increase in Strength with Age
There is normally a gain of strength beyond 28 days.
The quantum of increase depends upon the grade and
type of cement, curing, environmental conditions, etc.
The design should be based on 28 days characteristic
strength of concrete unless there is an evidence to
justify a higher strength for a particular structure due
to age.
6.2.1.1 The rate of increase of compressive strength
with age shall be based on actual investigations.

5.6.2.3 The modulus of elasticity of steel shall be taken
as 200 kN/mm2. The characteristic yield strength of
different steels shall be assumed as the minimum yield
stress/0.2 percent proof stress specified in the relevant
Indian Standard.
5.7 Storage of Materials
Storage of materials shall be as per IS 4082.
6.2.2 Tensile Strength of Concrete
The flexural and splitting tensile strength shall be
obtained as per IS 516 and IS 5816 respectively. When
the designer wishes to use an estimate of the flexural
strength from the compressive strength, the following
formula may be used:
fcr = 0.7 fck

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 IS 1343 : 2012

where Grade of Concrete Autogenous Shrinkage

(εca × 10 )
6
fcr = flexural strength, in N/mm2; and
fck = characteristic compressive strength of M 30 35
concrete, in N/mm2. M 35 45
6.2.3 Elastic Deformation M 45 65
M 50 75
The modulus of elasticity is primarily influenced by M 60 95
the elastic properties of the aggregate and to a lesser
extent by the conditions of curing and age of the
6.2.4.3 The drying shrinkage strain develops slowly,
concrete, the mix proportions and the type of cement.
as it is a function of migration of the water through the
The modulus of elasticity is normally related to the
hardened concrete.
compressive strength of concrete.
The final value of the drying shrinkage strain, εcd,∞
6.2.3.1 The modulus of elasticity for concrete may be
may be taken equal to kh.εcd Values of εcd may be taken
assumed as follows:
from the table given below for guidance. These values
Ec = 5 000 fck are expected mean values, with a coefficient of
where variation of about 30 percent.

Ec = short-term static modulus of elasticity, in fck Unrestrained Drying Shrinkage Values

N/mm2; and (εcd × 106) for Concrete with Portland
fck = characteristic compressive strength of MPa Cement, for Relative Humidity
concrete, in N/mm2.
50 Percent 80 Percent
Actual measured values may differ by ±20 percent (1) (2) (3)
from the values obtained from the above expression.
25 535 300
6.2.4 Shrinkage 50 420 240
The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon the 75 330 190
constituents of concrete, size of the member and NOTE — The values for the other designated grades may be
obtained by interpolation.
environmental conditions. For a given humidity and
temperature, the total shrinkage of concrete is most
influenced by the total amount of water present in the kh is a coefficient depending on the notional size h0, as
concrete at the time of mixing and, to a lesser extent, given below:
by the cement content.
h0 kh
6.2.4.1 The total shrinkage strain is composed of two mm
components, the autogenous shrinkage strain and the
drying shrinkage strain. 100 1.0
200 0.85
The value of the total shrinkage strain, εcs is given by: 300 0.75
ε cs = ε cd + ε ca ≥500 0.70

where
6.2.4.4 The development of autogenous shrinkage with
εcs = total shrinkage strain; time may be taken as:
εcd = drying shrinkage strain; and εca (t) = βas (t).εca
εca = autogenous shrinkage strain. where
6.2.4.2 The autogenous shrinkage strain develops
during hardening of concrete; the major part develops ( )
βas (t) = 1 – exp –0.2 t , where t is in days.
in the early days after casting. Autogenous shrinkage
is a linear function of concrete strength. It should be 6.2.4.5 The development of the drying shrinkage strain
considered specifically when new concrete is cast in time may be taken as:
against hardened concrete. εcd (t) = βds (t, ts). kh.εcd
In the absence of accurate field/laboratory data, the (t − t s )
following values may be considered in design: βds (t , ts ) =
(t − ts ) + 0.04 h30

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IS 1343 : 2012

where h0 = notional size of the member, in mm =

2Ac/u,
t = age of the concrete at the moment
considered, in days; Ac = cross-sectional area, and
ts = age of the concrete at the beginning of u = perimeter of the member in contact
drying shrinkage, in days; normally this is with the atmosphere.)
at the end of curing; and β(fcm) = a factor to allow for the effect of
h0 = notional size of the cross-section, in mm concrete strength on the notional creep
= 2Ac/u, where Ac is the concrete cross- coefficient
sectional area and u is the perimeter of that 16.8
part of the cross-section which is exposed = f +8 ck
to drying.
β(t0) = a factor to allow for the effect of
6.2.5 Creep concrete age at loading on the notional
Creep of concrete depends, in addition to the factors creep coefficient
listed in 6.2.4 on the stress in the concrete, age at 1
loading and the duration of loading. As long as the = (0.1 + t00.20 )
stress in concrete does not exceed one-third of
characteristic compressive strength, creep may be Where end results are not sensitive to precise values
assumed to be proportional to the stress. calculated as given above, the values given in table
below can be considered as final creep co-efficient for
e cc (t ) design for normal weight concrete of grades between
6.2.5.1 The creep co-efficient f t, t0 = M 30 and M 60, subject to condition that the
e ci (t0 )
compressive stress does not exceed 0.36 fck at the age
where of loading, and mean temperature of concrete is
between 10°C and 20°C with seasonal variation
εcc(t) = creep strain at time t > t0,
between –20°C to 40°C. For temperature greater than
εci(t0) = initial strain at loading, and 40°C the co-efficient given may be increased by
t0 = initial time of loading. 10 percent, in the absence of accurate data.
The creep coefficient φ (t, t0) is given by: Age at Creep Co-efficient φ0(70 yr,t0) of an
Loading Ordinary Structural Concrete After 70 years
φ (t, t0) = φ0.β(t, t0), t0 of Loading
where (days)
Under Dry Under humid
φo = notional creep co-efficient to which the Atmospheric Atmospheric
creep co-efficient reaches asymptotically Conditions Conditions (Outdoor)
with time (this can be taken as value (RH 50%) (RH 80%)
reached in 70 years), and Notional Size (2Ac/u) Notional Size (2Ac/u)
β (t, t0)= co-efficient describing development of
creep with time (see 6.2.5.2). 50 150 600 50 150 600
mm mm mm mm mm mm
The notional creep co-efficient φ0 is given by: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
φ0 = φRH.β(fcm).β(t0) 1 5.8 4.8 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.0
7 4.1 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.1
where
28 3.1 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6
φRH = a factor to allow for the effect of relative 90 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3
humidity on the notional creep coefficient 365 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

1 − RH /100
= 1+ for fck ≤ 45 MPa 6.2.5.2 The development of creep with time may be
0.1. 3 h0
taken as φ (t, t0) = β(t, t0)φ 0,
 1 − RH /100 
= 1 + .α1  .α 2 for fck > 45 MPa È t - t0 ˘
0.3

 0.1. 3 h0  b (t , t 0 ) = Í ˙
b
Î H + ( t − t )
0 ˚
(RH = relative humidity of the ambient
environment in percent,

6
 IS 1343 : 2012

where 8 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

t = age of concrete in days at the moment 8.1 General
considered,
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily
t0 = age of concrete at loading in days, in the working environment during its anticipated
(t–t0) = duration of loading in days, exposure conditions during service life. The materials
βH = a coefficient depending on the relative and mix proportions specified and used should be such
humidity (RH in percent) and the notional as to maintain its integrity and, if applicable, to protect
member size (h0 in mm). embedded metal from corrosion.
8.1.1 One of the main characteristics influencing the
18
È Ê RH ˆ ˘ durability of concrete is its permeability to the ingress
= 1.5 Í1+Á 1.2 ˜ ˙ h0 + 250 £ 1 500 of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chloride, sulphate
ÍÎ Ë RH 0 ¯ ˙˚
for fck ≤ 45 MPa and other potentially deleterious substances.
Impermeability is governed by the constituents and
18 workmanship used in making the concrete. With
È Ê RH ˆ ˘
= 1.5 Í1 + Á1.2 normal-weight aggregates a suitably low permeability
˜ ˙ h0 + 250á3 ≤ 1 500á3
ÍÎ Ë RH 0 ¯ ˙˚ is achieved by having an adequate cement content,
for fck > 45 MPa sufficiently low free water-cement ratio, by ensuring
RH = relative humidity expressed as complete compaction of the concrete, and by adequate
percent curing.
RH0 = 100 (that is, 100 percent relative The factors influencing durability include,
humidity) a) the environment;
α1, α2, α3 = coefficients to consider the influence b) the cover to embedded steel;
of the concrete strength, c) the type and quality of constituent materials;
0.7 0.2
 45   45  d) the cement content and water-cement ratio of
α1 =   , α2 =   , the concrete;
 fck + 8   fck + 8 
e) workmanship, to obtain full compaction and
0.5
 45  efficient curing; and
α3 =   f) the shape and size of the member.
 fck + 8 
The degree of exposure anticipated for the concrete
6.2.6 Thermal Expansion during its service life together with other relevant
The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on nature factors relating to mix composition, workmanship,
of cement, the aggregate, the cement content, the design and detailing should be considered. The
relative humidity and the size of sections. The values concrete mix to provide adequate durability under these
of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete with conditions should be chosen taking account the
different aggregates may be taken as below: accuracy of current testing regimes for control and
compliance as described in this standard.
Type of Aggregate Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion for Concrete/°C 8.2 Requirements for Durability

Quartzite 1.2 to 1.3 × 10

-5
8.2.1 Shape and Size of Member
-5
Sandstone 0.9 to 1.2 × 10 The shape or design details of exposed structures should
-5
Granite 0.7 to 0.95 × 10
-5 be such as to promote good drainage of water and to
Basalt 0.8 to 0.95 × 10
-5 avoid standing pools and rundown of water. Care should
Limestone 0.6 to 0.9 × 10
also be taken to minimize any cracks that may collect
or transmit water. Adequate curing is essential to avoid
7 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE the harmful effects of early loss of moisture. Member
profiles and their intersections with other members shall
The concrete mix proportions chosen should be such be designed and detailed in a way to ensure easy flow
that the concrete is of adequate workability for the of concrete and proper compaction during concreting.
placing conditions of the concrete and can properly
be compacted with the means available. Suggested Concrete is more vulnerable to deterioration due to
ranges of values of workability of concrete are given chemical or climatic attack when it is in thin sections,
in IS 456. in sections under hydrostatic pressure from one side
7
IS 1343 : 2012
only, in partially immersed sections and at corners and
edges of elements. The life of the structure can be
lengthened by providing extra cover to steel, by
chamfering the corners or by using circular cross-
sections or by using surface coatings which prevent or
reduce the ingress of water, carbon dioxide or
aggressive chemicals.
8.2.2 Exposure Conditions
8.2.2.1 General environment
The general environment to which the concrete will
be exposed during its working life is classified into
five levels of severity, that is, mild, moderate, severe,
very severe and extreme as described in Table 2.
8.2.2.2 Abrasive
Specialist literatures may be referred to for durability
requirements of concrete surfaces exposed to abrasive
action, for example, in case of machinery and metal
types.
8.2.2.3 Freezing and thawing
Where freezing and thawing actions under wet
conditions exist, enhanced durability can be obtained
by the use of suitable air entraining admixtures. When
concrete lower than grade M 50 is used under these
conditions, the mean total air content by volume of
the fresh concrete at the time of delivery into the
construction should be:
Nominal Maximum Size Entrained Air
Aggregate Percentage
mm
20 5±1
40 4±1
Since air entrainment reduces the strength, suitable
adjustments may be made in the mix design for
achieving required strength.
8.2.2.4 Exposure to sulphate attack
Table 3 gives recommendations for the type of cement,
maximum free water-cement ratio and minimum
cement content, which are required at different sulphate
concentrations in near actual ground water having pH
of 6 to 9.
For the very high sulphate concentrations in Class 5
conditions, some form of lining such as polyethylene
or polychloroprene sheet; or surface coating based on
asphalt, chlorinated rubber, epoxy, or polyurethane
materials should also be used to prevent access by the
sulphate solution.
8.2.3 Requirement of Concrete Cover
8.2.3.1 The protection of the steel in concrete against
8
corrosion depends upon an adequate thickness of good
quality concrete.
8.2.3.2 The nominal cover to the reinforcement shall
be provided as per 26.4 of IS 456.
8.2.4 Concrete Mix Proportions
8.2.4.1 General
The free water-cement ratio is an important factor in
governing the durability of concrete and should always
be the lowest value. Appropriate value for minimum
cement content and the maximum free water-cement
ratio are given in Table 4 for different exposure
conditions. The minimum cement content and
maximum water-cement ratio apply to 20 mm nominal
maximum size aggregate. For other sizes of aggregate
they should be changed as given in Table 5.
8.2.4.2 Maximum cement content
Cement content in excess of 450 kg/m3 should not be
used unless special consideration has been given in
design to the increased risk of cracking due to drying
shrinkage in thin sections, or to thermal stresses in
thicker sections.
8.2.5 Mix Constituents
8.2.5.1 General
For concrete to be durable, careful selection of the mix
and materials is necessary, so that deleterious
constituents do not exceed the limits.
8.2.5.2 Chlorides in concrete
Whenever there is chloride in concrete there is an
increased risk of corrosion of embedded steel. The higher
the chloride content, or if subsequently exposed to warm
moist conditions, the greater the risk of corrosion. All
constituents may contain chlorides and concrete may
be contaminated by chlorides from the external
environment. To minimize the chances of deterioration
of concrete from harmful chemical salts, the levels of
such harmful salts in concrete coming from concrete
materials, that is, cement, aggregates, water and
admixtures, as well as by diffusion from the environment
should be limited. The total amount of acid soluble
chloride content (as Cl) in the concrete at the time of
placing shall be not more than 0.4 kg/m3 of concrete.
The total acid soluble chloride content should be
calculated from the mix proportions and the measured
chloride contents of each of the constituents. Wherever
possible, the total chloride content of the concrete
should be determined.
8.2.5.3 Sulphates in concrete
Sulphates are present in most cements and in some
aggregates; excessive amounts of water-soluble
 IS 1343 : 2012

Table 2 Environmental Exposure Conditions

(Clause 8.2.2.1)
Sl No. Environment Exposure Conditions
(1) (2) (3)
i) Mild Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive conditions, except those situated in coastal areas.
ii) Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst wet.
Concrete exposed to condensation and rain.
Concrete continuously under water.
Concrete in contact or buried under non-aggressive soil/ground water.
Concrete surfaces sheltered from saturated salt air in coastal area.
iii) Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or occasional freezing whilst wet or severe
condensation.
Concrete completely immersed in sea water.
Concrete exposed to coastal environment.
iv) Very severe Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes or severe freezing conditions whilst wet.
Concrete in contact with or buried under aggressive sub-soil/ground water.
v) Extreme Surface of members in tidal zone and splash zone.
Members in direct contact with liquid/solid aggressive chemicals.

Table 3 Requirements for Prestressed Concrete Exposed to Sulphate Attack

(Clauses 8.2.2.4 and 9.1.2)

Sl Class Concentration of Sulphates, Expressed as SO3 Type of Cement Dense, Fully Compacted
No. Concrete, Made with 20 mm
In Soil In Ground Water Nominal Maximum Size
Aggregates Complying
Total SO3 SO3 in 2:1 Water: with IS 383
Soil Extract
Percent g/l g/l Minimum Maximum Free
Cement Content Water-Cement
kg/m3 Ratio
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
i) 1 Traces (<0.2) Less than 1.0 Less than 0.3 Ordinary Portland cement or 280 0.55
Portland slag cement or
Portland pozzolana cement
ii) 2 0.2-0.5 1.0-1.9 0.3-1.2 Ordinary Portland cement or 330 0.50
Portland slag cement or
Portland pozzolana cement
Super sulphated cement or 310 0.50
sulphate resisting Portland
cement
iii) 3 0.5-1.0 1.9-3.1 1.2-2.5 Super sulphated cement or 330 0.50
sulphate resisting Portland
cement
Portland pozzolana cement or 350 0.45
Portland slag cement
iv) 4 1.0-2.0 3.1-5.0 2.5-5.0 Super sulphated or sulphate 370 0.45
resisting Portland cement
v) 5 More than 2.0 More than 5.0 More than 5.0 Sulphate resisting Portland 400 0.40
cement or supersulphated
cement with protective coatings

NOTES
1 Cement content given in this table is irrespective of grades of cement. Suitable adjustment may be made in the minimum cement
content specified in case of use of aggregate other than 20 mm nominal maximum size.
2 Use of supersulphated cement is generally restricted where the prevailing temperature is above 40°C.
3 Supersulphated cement gives an acceptable life provided that the concrete is dense and prepared with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 or
less, in mineral acids, down to pH 3.5.
4 The cement contents given in col 6 of this table are the minimum recommended. For SO3 contents near the upper limit of any class,
cement contents above these minimum are advised.
5 For severe conditions, such as thin sections under hydrostatic pressure on one side only and sections partly immersed,
considerations should be given to a further reduction of water-cement ratio.
6 Where chloride is encountered along with sulphates in soil or ground water, ordinary Portland cement with C3A content from 5
to 8 percent shall be desirable to be used in concrete, instead of sulphate resisting cement.

9
IS 1343 : 2012

Table 4 Minimum Cement Content, Maximum a) A high moisture level, within the concrete;
Water-Cement Ratio and Minimum Grade of b) A cement with high alkali content, or another
Concrete for Different Exposures with source of alkali; and
Normal Weight Aggregates of 20 mm c) Aggregate containing an alkali reactive
Nominal Maximum Size constituent.
(Clauses 8.2.4.1 and 9.1.2)
Where the service records of particular cement/
Sl Exposure Prestressed Concrete aggregate combination are well established, and do not
No.
include any instances of cracking due to alkali-aggregate
Minimum Maximum Minimum
Cement Content Free Water Grade of reaction, no further precautions should be necessary.
kg/m 3
Cement Ratio Concrete When the materials are unfamiliar, precautions should
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) take one or more of the following forms:
i) Mild 300 0.55 M 30 a) Use of non-reactive aggregate from alternate
ii) Moderate 300 0.50 M 30
iii) Severe 320 0.45 M 30 sources.
iv) Very severe 340 0.45 M 35 b) Use of low alkali ordinary Portland cement
v) Extreme 360 0.40 M 40
having total alkali content not more than
NOTES 0.6 percent (as Na2O equivalent).
1 Cement content prescribed in this table is irrespective of the
grades and types of cement and it is inclusive of additions Further advantage can be obtained by use of
mentioned in 5.2. The additions such as fly ash or ground fly ash conforming to IS 3812 (Part 1) or
granulated blast furnace slag may be taken into account in the granulated blast furnace slag conforming
concrete composition with respect to the cement content and
water-cement ratio if the suitability is established and as long
IS 12089 as part replacement of ordinary
as the maximum amounts taken into account do not exceed Portland cement (having total alkali content
the limit of pozzolana and slag specified in IS 1489 (Part 1) as Na2O equivalent not more than 0.6 percent),
and IS 455 respectively. provided fly ash content is at least 20 percent
2 The minimum cement content, maximum free water-cement
or slag content is at least 50 percent.
ratio and minimum grade of concrete are individually related
to exposure. c) Measures to reduce the degree of saturation
of the concrete during service such as use of
Table 5 Adjustments to Minimum Cement impermeable membranes.
Contents for Aggregates Other Than 20 mm d) Limiting the cement content in the concrete
Nominal Maximum Size mix and thereby limiting total alkali content
(Clause 8.2.4.1) in the concrete mix. For more guidance
specialist literatures may be referred.
Sl Nominal Maximum Adjustments to Minimum
No. Aggregate Size Cement Contents in Table 4 8.2.6 Concrete in Aggressive Soils and Water
mm kg/m3
(1) (2) (3) 8.2.6.1 General
i) 10 + 40
ii) 20 0
The destructive action of aggressive waters on concrete
iii) 40 – 30 is progressive. The rate of deterioration decreases as
the concrete is made stronger and more impermeable,
and increases as the salt content of the water increases.
sulphate from these or other mix constituents can cause Where structures are only partially immersed or are in
expansion and disruption of concrete. To prevent this, contact with aggressive soils or waters on one side only,
the total water-soluble sulphate content of the concrete evaporation may cause serious concentrations of salts
mix, expressed as SO3 should not exceed 4 percent by with subsequent deterioration, even where the original
mass of the cement in the mix. The sulphate content salt content of the soil or water is not high.
should be calculated as the total from the various
constituents of the mix. NOTE — Guidance regarding requirements for concrete
exposed to sulphate attack is given in 8.2.2.4.
8.2.5.4 Alkali-aggregate reaction
8.2.6.2 Drainage
Some aggregates containing particular varieties of silica
At sites where alkali concentrations are high or may
may be susceptible to attack by alkalis (Na2O and K2O)
become very high, the ground water should be lowered
originating from cement or other sources, producing
by drainage so that it will not come into direct contact
an expansive reaction which can cause cracking and
with the concrete.
disruption of concrete. Damage to concrete from this
reaction will normally only occur when all the following Additional protection may be obtained by the use of
are present together: impermeable barriers.

10

8.2.7 Compaction, Finishing and Curing
Adequate compaction without segregation should be
ensured by providing suitable workability and by
employing appropriate placing and compacting
equipment and procedures. Full compaction is
particularly important in the vicinity of construction
and movement joints and of embedded water bars and
reinforcement.
Good finishing practices are essential for durable
concrete.
Overworking the surface and the addition of water/
cement to aid in finishing should be avoided; the
resulting laitance will have impaired strength and
durability and will be particularly vulnerable to
freezing and thawing under wet conditions.
It is essential to use proper and adequate curing
techniques to reduce the permeability of the concrete
and enhance its durability by extending the hydration
of the cement, particularly in its surface zone (see also
provisions on curing under 14.
9 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING
9.1 Mix Proportion
The mix proportions shall be selected to ensure the
workability of the fresh concrete and when concrete is
hardened, it shall have the required strength, durability
and surface finish.
9.1.1 The determination of the proportions of cement,
aggregates and water to attain the required strengths
shall be made by designing the concrete mix; such
concrete shall be called ‘Design mix concrete’.
9.1.2 Information Required
In specifying a particular grade of concrete, the
following information shall be included:
a) Grade designation,
b) Type of cement,
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregates,
d) Minimum cement content (for design mix
concrete),
e) Maximum water-cement ratio,
f) Workability,
g) Exposure conditions as per Tables 3 and 4,
h) Maximum temperature of concrete at the time
of placing,
j) Method of placing, and
k) Degree of supervision.
9.1.2.1 In appropriate circumstances, the following
additional information may be specified:
11
IS 1343 : 2012
a) Type of aggregate,
b) Maximum cement content, and
c) Whether an admixture shall or shall not be
used and the type of admixture and the
conditions of use.
9.2 Design Mix Concrete
9.2.1 As the guarantor of quality of concrete used in
the construction, the constructor shall carry out the mix
design and the mix so designed (not the method of
design) shall be approved by the employer within the
limitations of parameters and other stipulations laid
down by this standard.
9.2.2 The mix shall be designed to produce the grade
of concrete having the required workability and a
characteristic strength not less than the appropriate
values given in Table 1. The target mean strength of
concrete mix should be equal to the characteristic
strength plus 1.65 times the standard deviation.
9.2.3 Mix design done earlier not prior to one year
may be considered adequate for later work provided
there is no change in source and the quality of the
materials.
9.2.4 Standard Deviation
The standard deviation for each grade of concrete shall
be calculated separately.
9.2.4.1 Standard deviation based on test strength of
sample
a) Number of test results of samples — The total
number of test strength of samples required
to constitute an acceptable record for
calculation of standard deviation shall be not
less than 30. Attempts should be made to
obtain the 30 samples, as early as possible,
when a mix is used for the first time.
b) In case of significant changes in concrete —
When significant changes are made in the
production of concrete batches (for example,
changes in the materials used, mix design,
equipment or technical control), the standard
deviation value shall be separately calculated
for such batches of concrete.
c) Standard deviation to be brought up to date
— The calculation of the standard deviation
shall be brought up to date after every change
of mix design.
9.2.4.2 Assumed standard deviation
Where sufficient test results for a particular grade of
concrete are not available, the value of standard
deviation shall be assumed to be 5.0 N/mm2 for design
of mix in the first instance. As soon as the results of
IS 1343 : 2012
samples are available, actual calculated standard
deviation shall be used and the mix designed properly.
10 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
10.1 Quality Assurance Measures
10.1.1 In order that the properties of the completed
structure be consistent with the requirements and the
assumptions made during the planning and the design,
adequate quality assurance measures shall be taken.
The construction should result in satisfactory strength,
serviceability and long-term durability so as to lower
the overall life-cycle cost. Quality assurance in
construction activity relates to proper design, use of
adequate materials and components to be supplied by
the producers, proper workmanship in the execution
of works by the contractor and ultimately proper care
during the use of structure including timely
maintenance and repair by the owner.
10.1.2 Quality assurance measures are both technical
and organizational. Some common cases should be
specified in a general Quality Assurance Plan which
shall identify the key elements necessary to provide
fitness of the structure and the means by which they
are to be provided and measured with the overall
purpose to provide confidence that the realized project
will work satisfactorily in service fulfilling intended
needs. The job of quality control and quality assurance
would involve quality audit of both the inputs as well
as the outputs. Inputs are in the form of materials for
concrete; workmanship in all stages of batching,
mixing, transportation, placing, compaction and
curing; and the related plant, machinery and
equipments; resulting in the output in the form of
concrete in place. To ensure proper performance, it is
necessary that each step in concreting which will be
covered by the next step is inspected as the work
proceeds (see also 18).
10.1.3 Each party involved in the realization of a project
should establish and implement a Quality Assurance
Plan, for its participation in the project. Supplier’s and
sub-contractor’s activities shall be covered in the plan.
The individual Quality Assurance Plans shall fit into
the general Quality Assurance Plan. A Quality
Assurance Plan shall define the tasks and
responsibilities of all persons involved, adequate
control and checking procedures, and the organization
and maintaining adequate documentation of the
building process and its results. Such documentation
should generally include,
a) test reports and manufacturer’s certificate for
materials, concrete mix design details;
b) pour cards for site organization and clearance
for concrete placement;
12
c) record of site inspection of workmanship, field
tests;
d) non-conformance reports, change orders;
e) quality control charts; and
f) statistical analysis.
NOTE — Quality control charts are recommended wherever
the concrete is in continuous production over considerable
period.
10.2 Batching
To avoid confusion and error in batching, consideration
should be given to using the smallest practical number
of different concrete mixes on any site or in any one
plant. In batching concrete, the quantity of both cement
and aggregate shall be determined by mass; admixture,
if solid, by mass; liquid admixture may however be
measured in volume or mass; water shall be weighed
or measured by volume in a calibrated tank (see
also IS 4925).
For large and medium project sites the concrete shall
be sourced from readymixed concrete plants or from
on site or off site batching and mixing plants
(see IS 4926).
10.2.1 The grading of aggregate should be controlled
by obtaining the coarse aggregate in different sizes and
blending them in the right proportions, the different
sizes being stocked in separate stock-piles. The material
should be stock-piled for several hours preferably a
day before use. The grading of coarse and fine
aggregate should be checked as frequently as possible,
the frequency for a given job being determined by the
engineer-in-charge to ensure that the specified grading
is maintained.
10.2.2 The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall
be within ±2 percent of the quantity of cement being
measured and within ±3 percent of the quantity of
aggregate, admixtures and water being measured.
10.2.3 Proportion/type and grading of aggregates shall
be made by trial in such a way so as to obtain densest
possible concrete.
10.2.4 It is important to maintain the water-cement ratio
constant at its correct value. To this end, determination
of moisture content in both fine and coarse aggregates
shall be made as frequently as possible, the frequency
for a given job being determined by the engineer-in-
charge according to weather conditions. The amount
of the added water shall be adjusted to compensate for
any observed variations in the moisture contents. For
the determination of moisture content in the aggregates,
IS 2386 (Part 3) may be referred to. To allow for the
variation in mass of aggregate due to variation in their
moisture content, suitable adjustments in the masses
of aggregates shall also be made.

10.2.5 No substitutions in materials used on the work
or alterations in the established proportions, except as
permitted in 10.2.4 shall be made without additional
tests to show that the quality and strength of concrete
are satisfactory.
10.3 Mixing
Concrete shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer (see
also IS 1791 and IS 12119). The mixers shall be fitted
with water measuring (metering) devices. The mixing
shall be continued until there is a uniform distribution
of the materials and the mass is uniform in colour and
consistency. If there is segregation after unloading from
the mixer, the concrete should be remixed.
10.3.1 As a guidance, the mixing time shall be at least
2 min for conventional free fall mixers. For other types
of more efficient mixers, manufacturers’
recommendations shall be followed.
10.3.2 Workability should be checked at frequent
intervals (see IS 1199).
10.3.3 Dosages of retarders, plasticizers and
superplasticizers shall be restricted to 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0
percent respectively by mass of cementitious materials
unless a higher value is agreed upon between the
manufacturer and the constructor based on
performance test.
11 FORMWORK
11.1 The provisions of 11 of IS 456 shall generally
apply. In addition, 11.1.1 shall also apply.
11.1.1 Moulds for pre-tension work shall be sufficiently
strong and rigid to withstand, without distortion, the
effects of placing and compacting concrete as well as
those of prestressing in the case of manufacture by the
individual mould process where the prestressing tendon
is supported by the mould before transfer.
12 ASSEMBLY OF PRESTRESSING AND
REINFORCING STEEL
12.1 Prestressing Steel
12.1.1 Straightness
12.1.1.1 The wire or strand, as supplied, shall be self-
straightening when uncoiled.
12.1.1.2 In the case of high tensile alloy steel bars,
any straightening shall be carried out by mechanical
means. Bars shall not be bent when their temperature
is less than 10°C.
12.1.1.3 In no case heat shall be applied to facilitate
straightening or bending of prestressing steel.
13
IS 1343 : 2012
12.1.2 Arrangement and Positioning
12.1.2.1 All prestressing steel shall be carefully and
accurately located in the exact positions shown in the
design drawings. The permissible tolerance in the
location of the prestressing tendon shall be ±5 mm.
Curves or bends in prestressing tendon required by the
designer shall be gradual and the prestressing tendon
shall not be forced around sharp bends exceeding 1 in
6 both in plan and elevation or be formed in any manner
which is likely to set up undesirable secondary stresses.
The minimum radius of curvature for curved cables
shall be specified to ensure that bursting of side cover
both perpendicular to the plane of curvature and in the
plane of the ducts do not take place.
12.1.2.2 The relative position of prestressing steel in a
cable shall be maintained by suitable means such as
sufficiently rigid and adequately distributed spacers.
12.1.2.3 The internal cross-sectional area of duct shall
generally be 2.5 to 3 times the nominal area of
prestressing tendons to ensure free flow of grout.
12.1.2.4 The method of fixing and supporting the steel
in the mould or the formwork shall be such that it is
not displaced during the placing or compaction of the
concrete or during tensioning of the steel.
12.1.2.5 The type of fixtures used for positioning the
steel shall be such that it does not give rise to friction
greater than that assumed in the design.
12.1.3 Jointing
12.1.3.1 Coupling units and other similar fixtures used
in conjunction with the prestressing steel shall have an
ultimate tensile strength of not less than the individual
strengths of the wires or bars being joined.
12.1.3.2 High tensile wire other than hard-drawn wire
may be joined together by suitable means provided
the strength of such joints is not less than the individual
strengths of the wires being joined. Hard-drawn wire
used in prestressed concrete work shall be continuous
over the entire length of the tendon.
12.1.3.3 High tensile steel bars may be joined together
by means of couplings, provided the strength of the
coupling is such that in a test of destruction, the bar
shall fail before the coupling.
12.1.3.4 Welding shall not be permitted in prestressing
steel.
12.1.4 Cutting
12.1.4.1 All cutting to length and trimming of the ends
of wires or strands shall be done by suitable mechanical
cutters. Under factory conditions flame cutting may
be permitted.
IS 1343 : 2012
12.1.4.2 Bars shall preferably be ordered to the exact
length required. Any trimming required shall be done
only after the bar has been tensioned and the grout
has set; it shall then be carried out in accordance
with 12.1.4.1.
12.1.5 Protection of Prestressing Steel, Sheathing and
Anchorages
In all constructions of the post-tensioned type whether
prestressing is subsequently bonded or not bonded with
concrete, the anchorages, prestressing steel sheathing
material forming ducts in concrete and anchorages shall
be given adequate protection against corrosion at all
stages of construction and during service life.
12.1.5.1 Construction with unbonded steel embedded
in concrete
For protection of sheathing material forming ducts, the
durability requirements shall be followed. Furthermore,
the internal surface of duct, prestressing steel and
anchorage shall be protected by following methods in
suitable combination depending upon severity of
environment and extent of layers of protection
considered desirable:
a) Coating of steel and duct by reactive metals
like zinc (Zn) or zinc plus aluminium (Zn +
Al) preferably applied by hot dipping method.
b) Use of non-corroding sheath material like
high density polyethylene and fibre reinforced
plastic.
c) Coating of steel by non-reactive materials like
epoxy (factory applied).
d) Covering individual uncoated steel or coated
steel strands/wires in sheaths formed by
extrusion process in factory using non-
corroding material like HDPE or similar. The
space between sheathing and duct can be filled
with corrosion inhibiting materials like grease
and wax.
e) In case of large size prestressing units use of
protective and replaceable corrosion
inhibition material for grouting the ducts such
as grease, wax polyurethane foam, wherein
any corrosive trace elements are controlled
to remain within acceptable limits. Systems
for checking the efficacy of the method during
service life and provisions for replacing/
making up loss of filler material shall be
incorporated.
f) External parts of anchorages and projecting
cables should be covered by suitable casing
and protected by suitable material and method.
For selection of appropriate method, material
specifications, installation process, etc, specialist
literature should be referred to.
14
12.1.5.2 Construction with unbonded steel and
anchorages not embedded in concrete (external
prestressing elements)
The methods given in 12.1.5.1 shall be applicable for
this type of construction also. In addition, the material,
strength and environmental resistance of the ducts
forming external enclosure shall provide adequate
mechanical strength and stability against environmental
attack, including solar radiation. The ducts should be
strong enough to resist pressure from the grouting
operations.
12.1.5.3 Construction with post-tensioned bonded
prestressing steel
Internal prestressing sheathing material as well as
prestressing steel is protected by dense alkaline
concrete cover, which shall be of quality and thickness
as specified. The steel inside ducts is best protected in
long terms by cement grouts which are properly
executed following recommendations given in 13. The
protection by grouting can be further augmented by
use of methods given below:
a) Use of coated steel using Zn, Zn + Al or epoxy.
b) Use of non-corroding impervious sheathing
material like HDPE is beneficial. However,
bond between sheathing and concrete and
sheathing and grout shall be adequate as
needed by design. This method is particularly
suitable in presence of migrating water or
variable drying/wetting condition of concrete
of severe external penetration of corrosive
agents.
External parts of anchorages and projecting cables
should be covered by suitable casing and protected by
suitable material and method.
12.1.5.4 Protection during construction period
a) The prestressing steel, sheathing and
anchorages shall be manufactured, transported
and stored at site in such a way as to provide
them with adequate corrosion protection. Use
of proper packaging and provision of
externally applied passivating agents, oil
films, etc, which is carried over in factory itself
is recommended.
b) If prestressing steel/metallic sheathing
material is left unprotected at site or
embedded in concrete during construction
period longer than two weeks, it shall be
protected by flushing with oil-water mixture
(for example, cutting oil) with periodic re-
flushing at not more than three months
interval.
c) After stressing, the sheaths/steel shall be

provided with permanent protection as soon
as possible, preferably within one week. While
providing protection by pressure grouting of
cement, care should be taken that the
neighbouring cables are not penetrated by
grout. In case of doubt such cables shall be
grouted in immediate sequence before the
earlier grout could have set. If the earlier
stressed cables are not grouted to avoid this
problem, they should be protected by periodic
flushing by oil-water mixture as given in (b).
12.1.6 Nominal Cover to Prestressing Steel
12.1.6.1 Nominal cover
Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover. It is
the dimension used in design and indicated in drawings.
12.1.6.2 Nominal cover to meet the durability
requirements
12.1.6.2.1 Minimum values of the nominal cover which
should be provided in post-tensioned work shall be
the minimum clear cover from sheathing/duct at least
equal to the diameter of sheathing/duct.
12.1.6.2.2 In pre-tensioned work, the cover of concrete
measured from the outside of the prestressing tendon
shall be as per Table 16 of IS 456.
12.1.6.3 Nominal cover to meet specified period of fire
resistance
Minimum values of nominal cover of normal-weight
aggregate concrete to be provided to all reinforcement
including links to meet specified period of fire
resistance shall be as given in Table 16A of IS 456.
12.1.7 Spacing
12.1.7.1 In the case of single wires used in pre-tension
system, the minimum clear spacing shall not be less
than the greater of the following:
a) 3 times diameter of wire, and
b) Nominal maximum size of aggregate plus
5 mm.
12.1.7.2 In the case of cables or large bars, the
minimum clear spacing (measured between sheathings/
ducts, wherever used) shall not be less than the largest
of the following:
a) 40 mm,
b) Maximum size of cable or bar, and
c) Nominal maximum size of aggregate plus
5 mm.
12.1.8 Grouped Cables
12.1.8.1 Cables or ducts may be grouped together
vertically in groups of not more than two.
15
IS 1343 : 2012
12.1.8.2 The minimum clear horizontal spacing
between groups of cables or ducts of grouped cables
shall be greater of the following:
a) 40 mm, and
b) Nominal maximum size of aggregate plus
5 mm.
The vertical distance between groups shall not be less
than 50 mm. In case there is possibility of obstruction
of flow of concrete or in case of severe exposure
condition, horizontal grouping should be avoided.
12.2 Sheathing Ducts
The sheathing ducts shall be either of mild steel as
per B-1 or HDPE as per B-2. They shall be in as long
lengths as practical from handling and transportation
considerations without getting damaged. They shall
conform to the requirements specified in B-3 and B-4
and a test certificate shall be furnished by the
manufacturer. The tests specified in B-4 are to be
performed as part of additional acceptance tests for
prestressing systems employing corrugated HDPE
sheathing ducts and are not meant for routine site
testing purposes.
12.3 Untensioned Steel
12.3.1 Provisions for assembly of reinforcement given
in IS 456 shall apply.
12.3.2 The requirements of cover and spacing between
bars shall conform to IS 456.
13 PRESTRESSING
13.1 Prestressing Equipment
13.1.1 Tensioning Apparatus
13.1.1.1 The requirements of 13.1.1 shall apply to both
the pre-tensioned and the post-tensioned methods of
prestressing concrete except where specifically
mentioned otherwise.
13.1.1.2 Prestressing steel may be tensioned by means
of hydraulic or mechanical jacks.
The tension apparatus shall be such that it facilitates
measurement and control of application of force.
The tensioning apparatus should be independently
supported so that it does not induce any undesirable
secondary stresses.
13.1.1.3 The anchorage provided for the temporary
gripping of tendons on the tensioning apparatus shall
be secure and such as not to damage the tendon.
13.1.1.4 Devices attached to the tensioning apparatus
for measuring the applied force shall be such that they
do not introduce errors exceeding 5 percent.
IS 1343 : 2012
13.1.2 Temporary Gripping Device
Prestressing tendons may be gripped by wedges, yokes,
double cones or any other approved type of gripping
devices. The prestressing wires may be gripped singly
or in groups. Gripping devices shall be such that in a
tensile test, the wire or wires fixed by them would break
before failure of the grip itself.
13.1.3 Releasing Device
The releasing device shall be so designed that during
the period between the tensioning and release, the
tension in the prestressing elements is fully maintained
by positive means, such as external anchorages. The
device shall enable the transfer of prestress to be carried
out gradually so as to avoid large difference of tension
between wires in a tendon, severe eccentricities of
prestress or the sudden application of stress to the
concrete.
13.1.4 Anchorage Device
13.1.4.1 The anchorage device may be patented or
otherwise, which complies with the requirements laid
down under 13.1.4.2 to 13.1.4.5.
13.1.4.2 The anchoring device shall be strong enough
to resist in all respects a force equal to at least the
breaking strength of the prestressing tendon it anchors.
13.1.4.3 The anchorage shall transfer effectively and
distribute, as evenly as possible, the entire force from
the prestressing tendon to the concrete without
inducing undesirable secondary or local stresses.
13.1.4.4 The anchorage shall be safe and secure against
both dynamic and static loads as well as against impact
(see Annex C).
13.1.4.5 The anchorage shall have provision for the
introduction of a suitable protective medium, such as
cement grout, for the protection of the prestressing steel
unless alternative arrangements are made.
13.2 Procedure for Tensioning and Transfer
13.2.1 Stressing
13.2.1.1 The tensioning of prestressing tendons shall
be carried out in a manner that will induce a smooth
and even rate of increase of stress in the tendons. The
prestressing shall be controlled by measuring both the
force applied to the tendon and the elongation of the
tendon.
Stressing schedule shall be incorporated in the design,
which may include the following:
a) Details of equipment and procedure for
applying prestress, specification of one end
or simultaneous stressing from both ends of
tendons, stressing in single stage or multiple
16
stages, re-stressing for adjustment of force or
for monitoring of force, if required, etc.
b) Calculated amount of tensile force and
corresponding expected elongation of each
tendon when methods described in (a) are
followed.
c) Minimum requirements of strength of
concrete at transfer (see also 16.2), stressing
sequence with respect to age of concrete or
stage of construction, requirements with
respect to grouting operations of neighbouring
tendons.
d) Method(s) of measuring force and elongation.
e) Tolerances/limits of variation from design
requirements stated in (a) and (b) beyond
which reference should be made to the
designer (In the absence of any specified
provision provided by the designer, method
described in 13.2.1.3 may be adopted for
acceptance).
f) Assumptions made in calculation of force-
elongation relationship should be given. These
include effective ‘E’ value of tendon, cross-
sectional area of tendon, co-efficient of
friction and wobble factor between tendon and
duct, assumed slip in anchoring devices, if
any, efficiency of prestressing jacks where
force is measured indirectly by pressure
gauges on jacks, corrections to elongation due
to changes in gripping length beyond
anchorages during stressing and any other
relevant information.
13.2.1.2 Any slack in the prestressing tendon shall first
be taken up by applying a small initial tension. The
initial tension required to remove slackness shall be
taken as the starting point for measuring elongation.
Further increase of tension shall be carried out in
suitable steps and corresponding elongations noted. The
‘force-elongation’ relationship shall be recorded in
tabular and/or graphical form. The magnitude of initial
effective elongation corresponding to initial tension
applied to remove slackness shall be obtained from the
recorded and linearized portion of measured tension-
elongation relationship and added to the measured
elongation to give the total elongation. Alternatively,
the same correction can be carried out graphically as
shown in Fig. 1.
13.2.1.3 In practice, the force and elongation of tendon
may not exactly match with the expected values given
in stressing schedule. In such cases either the force (or
the elongation) will be achieved first and the other value
lag behind. In such cases the force (or elongation) shall
be further increased, but not exceeding 5 percent of
the design value till the elongation (or force), which

FIG. 1 DETERMINATION OF ACTUAL ELONGATION
had lagged behind reaches the design value. If, even
after reaching 5 percent extra value of the force (or
elongation), the other lagged quantity does not reach
the design value, reference should be made to the
designer for review and corrective action.
13.2.1.4 When two or more prestressing wires or
strands are to be tensioned simultaneously by the same
tensioning apparatus, care shall be taken to ensure that
all such tendons are of the same length from grip to
grip.
13.2.1.5 The placement of tendons and the order of
stressing and grouting shall be so arranged that the
prestressing steel, when tensioned and grouted, does
not adversely affect the adjoining ducts.
13.2.2 Measurement of Prestressing Force
13.2.2.1 The force induced in the prestressing tendon
shall be determined by means of gauges attached to
the tensioning apparatus as well as by measuring the
extension of the steel. It is essential that both methods
are used jointly so that the inaccuracies to which each
is singly susceptible are minimized. Due allowance
shall be made for the frictional losses in the tensioning
apparatus.
13.2.2.2 All dynamometers and pressure gauges
including master gauge shall be calibrated by an
approved laboratory immediately prior to use and then
at intervals not exceeding 3 months and true force
17
IS 1343 : 2012
determined from the calibration curve. Further,
whenever there is a breakage of tendons, the calibration
shall be carried out before reuse of the gauges. The
pressure gauges shall be accurate within 2 percent of
their full capacity.
13.2.2.3 In measuring the extension of prestressing
steel, any slip which may occur in the gripping device
shall be taken into consideration.
13.2.3 Breakage of Wires
The breakage of wires in any one prestressed concrete
member shall not exceed 2.5 percent during tensioning.
If the breakages are more than 2.5 percent, it shall be
examined and corrective actions taken. Wire breakages
after anchorage, irrespective of percentage, shall not
be condoned without special investigations.
13.2.4 Transfer of Prestressing Force
13.2.4.1 The transfer of the prestress shall be carried
out gradually so as to avoid large differences of tension
between wires in a tendon, severe eccentricities of
prestressing force and the sudden application of stress
to the concrete.
13.2.4.2 Where the total prestressing force in a member
is built up by successive transfers to the force of a
number of individual tendons on to the concrete,
account shall be taken of the effect of the successive
prestressing.
IS 1343 : 2012
13.2.4.3 In the long line and similar methods of
prestressing, when the transfer is made on several
moulds at a time, care shall be taken to ensure that the
prestressing force is evenly applied on all the moulds,
and that the transfer of prestress to the concrete is
uniform along the entire length of the tension line.
13.3 Grouting
The purpose of grouting is to provide permanent
protection to the post-tensioned steel against corrosion
and to develop bond between the prestressing steel and
the surrounding structural concrete. The grout ensures
encasement of steel in an alkaline environment for
corrosion protection and by filling the duct space, it
prevents water collection and freezing.
13.3.1 Materials
13.3.1.1 Water
Only clean potable water free from impurities
conforming to 5.4 shall be permitted. No sea or creek
water is to be permitted.
13.3.1.2 Cement
Cement used for preparation of grout shall be in
accordance with 5.1.
13.3.1.3 Sand
It is not recommended to use sand for grouting of
prestressing tendons. In case the internal diameter of
the ducts exceeds 150 mm, use of sand may be
considered. Sand, if used, shall conform to IS 383 and
shall pass through IS Sieve No. 150. The mass of sand
in the grout shall not be more than 10 percent of the
mass of cement, unless proper workability can be
ensured by addition of suitable plasticizers.
13.3.1.4 Chemical admixtures
Chemical admixtures conforming to IS 9103 may be
used if tests have shown that their use improves the
properties of grout that is, increasing fluidity, reducing
bleeding, entraining air or expanding the grout.
Admixtures shall not contain chlorides, nitrates,
sulphides, sulphites or any other products which are
likely to damage the steel or grout. When an expanding
agent is used, the total unrestrained expansion shall
not exceed 10 percent. Aluminium powder as an
expanding agent is not recommended for grouting
because its long-term effects are not free from doubt.
13.3.1.5 Sheathing
For requirements of sheathing, 12.2 shall be referred.
13.3.1.6 Grout openings or vents
a) All ducts should have grout opening at both
ends. For this purpose special openings should
18
be provided where such openings are not
available at end anchorages. For draped
(curved) cables, crown points should have a
grout vent. For draped cables longer than
50 m grout vents or drain holes may be
provided at or near the lowest points. It is a
good practice to provide additional air vents
at suitable intervals. All grout openings or
vents should include provisions for preventing
grout leakage.
b) Standard details of fixing couplers, inlets,
outlets and air vents to the duct/anchorage
shall be followed as recommended by the
supplier of the system of prestressing.
Ducts should be securely fastened at close intervals.
All unintended holes or openings in the duct shall be
repaired prior to concrete placing. The joints of the
couplers and the sheathing should be made water proof
by use of tape or similar suitable system capable of
giving leak proof joints. Grout openings and vents shall
be securely anchored to the duct and to either the forms
or to reinforcing steel to prevent displacement during
concreting operations due to weight, buoyancy and
vibrations.
Ducts require very careful handling as, being of thin
metal, they are susceptible to leakage due to corrosion
in transit or storage, or due to tearing/ripping in
handling particularly when placed adjoining to
reinforcing steel, by pulling apart of joints while
inserting tendons prior to concreting, or by accidental
puncturing while drilling for form ties/inserts or by
sparks from welding being done close by. Care shall
be taken to avoid any damage by rough use of internal
vibrator. Such local damage shall be repaired using
tape to make it water tight to prevent ingress of slurry
from the fresh concrete.
13.3.2 Equipment
13.3.2.1 Grout colloidal mixer
It is essential that the grout is maintained in a
homogenous state and of uniform consistency by use
of suitable agitator so that there is no separation of
cement during entire grouting process. It is, therefore
necessary that the grout be continuously mixed in a
colloidal mixer with a minimum speed of 1 000 rpm
and travel of discharge not exceeding 15 m/s.
13.3.2.2 Grout pump
The pump should be positive displacement type and
should be capable of injecting the grout in a continuous
operation and not by way of pulses. The grout pump
shall be fitted with a pressure gauge to enable pressure
of injection to be controlled. The minimum pressure
at which grout should be pumped shall be 0.3 MPa

and the grout pump shall have a relief arrangement for
bypass of the grout in case of built up of pressure
beyond 1.0 MPa. The capacity of the grout pump
should be such as to achieve a forward speed of grout
of around 5 to 10 m/min. The slower rates are
preferable as they reduce the possibility of occurrence
of voids. If the capacity of the pump is large, it is usual
to grout two or more cables simultaneously through a
common manifold.
Use of hand pumps for grouting is not recommended.
Use of compressed air operated equipment for injection
is prohibited as it is likely that there will be some air
entrapped in grout.
13.3.2.3 Water pump
Before commencement of grouting, a stand-by direct
feed high pressure water pump should be available at
site for an emergency.
In case of any problem in grouting the ducts, such pump
shall immediately be connected to the duct and all grout
flushed by use of high pressure water flushing. It is,
therefore, necessary to have adequate storage of clean
potable water for operation of the water pump for such
emergencies.
13.3.2.4 Grout screen
The grouting equipment should contain a screen having
a mesh size of IS Sieve No. 106 (IS Sieve No. 150, if
sand is used). Prior to introduction into the grout pump,
the grout should be passed through such screen. This
screen should be easily accessible for inspection and
cleaning.
13.3.2.5 Connections and air vents
Standard details of fixing inlets, outlets, and air vents
to the sheathing and/or anchorage should be followed
as recommended by specialist supplier of the system
of prestressing. In general, all connections are to be of
the ‘Quick couple’ type and at change of diameters
suitable reducers are to be provided.
13.3.3 Properties of the Grout
Water-cement ratio should be as low as possible,
consistent with workability. This ratio should not
normally exceed 0.45.
The temperature of the grout after accounting for the
ambient temperature of the structure shall not exceed
25 °C.
Before grouting, the properties of the grout mix should
be tested in a laboratory depending on the facilities
available. Tests should be conducted for each job
periodically. The recommended test is described below.
The compressive strength of 100 mm cubes of the grout
shall be not less than 27 MPa at 28 days. Cubes shall
19
IS 1343 : 2012
be cured in a moist atmosphere for the first 24 h and
subsequently in water. These tests shall be conducted
in advance to ascertain the suitability of the grout mix.
Chlorides from all sources, that is, cement, water, sand,
fillers and admixture should not exceed 0.1 percent by
mass of the cement.
13.3.4 Mixing of Grout
Proportions of materials should be based on field trials
made on the grout before commencement of grouting,
but subject to the limits specified above. The materials
should be measured by mass.
Water should be added to the mixer first, following by
cement, and sand, if used. Admixture, if any, may be
added as recommended by the manufacturer.
Mixing time depends upon the type of the mixer but
will normally be between 2 and 3 min. However,
mixing should be for such a duration as to obtain
uniform and thoroughly blended grout, without
excessive temperature increase or loss of expansive
properties of the admixtures. The grout should be
continuously agitated until it is injected. Once mixed,
no water shall be added to the grout to increase its
fluidity. Hand mixing is not permitted.
13.4 Grouting Operations
13.4.1 General
a) Grouting shall be carried out as early as
possible but not later than 2 weeks of stressing
a tendon. Whenever this stipulation cannot be
complied with for unavoidable reasons,
adequate temporary protection of the steel
against corrosion by methods or products
which will not impair the ultimate adherence
of the injected grout should be ensured till
grouting. The sealing of the anchorage ends
after concreting is considered to be a good
practice to prevent ingress of water. For
structures in aggressive environment, sealing
of the anchorage ends is mandatory.
b) Any traces of oil if applied to steel for
preventing corrosion should be removed
before grouting operation.
c) Ducts shall be flushed with water for cleaning
as well as for wetting the surfaces of the duct
walls. Water used for flushing should be of
same quality as used for grouting. It may,
however, contain about 1 percent of slaked
lime or quick lime. All water should be
drained through the lowest drain pipe or by
blowing compressed air through the duct.
d) The water in the duct should be blown out
with oil free compressed air.
IS 1343 : 2012

As blowing out water from duct for cables
longer than 50 m draped up at both ends by
compressed air is not effective, outlet/vent
provided at or near the lowest point shall be
used to drain out water from duct.
e) The connection between the nozzle of the
injection pipe and duct should be such that
air cannot be sucked in.
f) All outlet points including vent openings
should be kept open prior to commencement
of injection grout.
g) Before grouting, all air in the pump and hose
should be expelled. The suction circuit of the
pump should be air-tight.
13.4.2 Injection of Grout
a) After mixing, the grout shall be kept in
continuous movement.
b) Injection of grout be continuous and should
not be interrupted.
c) For vertical cable or cables inclined more than
60° to the horizontal, injection shall be effected
from the lowest anchorage or vent of the duct.
d) The method of injection shall ensure complete
filling of the ducts. To verify this, it is
advisable to compare the volume of the space
to be filled by the injected grout with the
quantity or grout actually injected.
13.4.3 Precautions and Recommendations for Effective
e) Grouting should be commenced initially with
Grouting
a low pressure of injection of up to 0.3 MPa
increasing it until the grout comes out at the
other end. The grout may be allowed to flow
freely from the other end until the consistency
of the grout at this end is the same as that of
the grout at the injection end. When the grout
flows at the other end, it should be closed off
and build up of pressure commenced. Full
injection pressure at about 0.5 MPa shall be
maintained for at least 1 min before closing
the injection pipe. It is a recommended practice
to provide a stand pipe at the highest point of
the tendon profile to hold all water displaced
by sedimentation or bleeding. If there is a build
up of pressure much in excess of 1.0 MPa
without flow of grout coming at the other end,
the grouting operation shall be discontinued
and the entire duct flushed with high pressure
water. Also, the bypass system indicated
in 13.3.2.2 is essential for further safety.
f) In the case of cables draped downwards for
example, in cantilever construction
simultaneous injection from both ends may
be adopted (see Fig. 2).
g) Grout not used within 30 min of mixing
should be rejected.
h) Disconnection is facilitated if a short length
of flexible tube connects the duct and injection
pipe. This may be squeezed and cut off after
the grout has hardened.
a) In cold and frosty weather, injection should be

Stage 1—Blow Through with Compressed Air.

2A

Stage 2—Fill Duct with Water

2B

FIG. 2 PROCEDURE FOR G ROUTING OF CABLES DRAPED DOWNWARDS (Continued)

20
 IS 1343 : 2012

Stage 3—Commence Grouting Simultaneously from Both Ends.

Remove Intermediate Plugs at Intervals to Check Flow.
2C

Stage 4—Plug Intermediate Vents After Grout Flows.

2D

Stage 5—When Water Flowing Out of Top Vent Takes on Colour of Cement, Stop Pumping.
Grout from One End Continue Grounting from the Other End.
2E

Stage 6—If Grout Begins to Flow from Top Vent, Stop Pumping and Restart from Other End.
If Clear Water Flows from Top Vent Continue Grouting.
2F

F IG. 2 PROCEDURE FOR G ROUTING OF CABLES DRAPED D OWNWARDS (Continued)

21
IS 1343 : 2012

Stage 7—When Pumping from Both Ends in Turn Causes Grout to Flow from Top Vent.
2G

Stage 8—Plug All Vents and Increase Pump Pressure at Both Ends to 0.5 MPa.
Hold this Pressure for Atleast One Minute.
2H
FIG. 2 P ROCEDURE FOR GROUTING OF CABLES DRAPED DOWNWARDS

postponed unless special precautions are taken.
If frost is likely to occur within 48 h after
injection, heat shall be applied to the member
and maintained for at least 48 h after injection
so that the temperature of the grout does not
fall below 5°C. Prior to commencement of
grout, care shall be taken to ensure that the duct
is completely free of frost/ice by flushing with
warm water but not with steam.
b) When the ambient temperature during the day
is likely to exceed 40°C, grouting should be
done in the early morning or late evening
hours.
c) When the cables are threaded after concreting,
the duct shall be temporarily protected during
concreting by inserting a stiff rod or a rigid
PVC pipe or any other suitable method.
d) During concreting, care shall be taken to
ensure that the sheathing is not damaged.
Needle vibrators shall be used with extreme
care by well experienced staff only, to ensure
the above requirements.
e) It is a good practice to move the cables in both
directions during the concreting operations.
This can easily be done by light hammering
the ends of the wires/strands during
concreting. It is also advisable that 3 h to 4 h
after concreting, the cable should be moved
both ways through a distance of about
200 mm. With such movement, any leakage
of mortar which has taken place in spite of all
precautions loses bond with the cables, thus
reducing the chance of blockages. This
operation can also be done by fixing
prestressing jacks at one end pulling the entire
cable and then repeating the operation by
fixing the jack at the other end.
f) The cables to be grouted should be separated
by as much distance as possible.
g) In case of stage prestressing, cables tensioned
in the first stage should not remain ungrouted
till all cables are stressed. It is a good practice,
while grouting any duct in stage prestressing,
to keep all the remaining ducts filled up with
water containing 1 percent lime or by running
water through such ducts till the grout has set.
After grouting the particular cable, the water
in the other cables should be drained and
removed with compressed air to prevent
corrosion.

22

h) Care should be taken to avoid leaks from one
duct to another at joints of precast members.
j) End faces where anchorages are located are
vulnerable points of entry of water. They have
to be necessarily protected with an effective
barrier. Recesses should be packed with
mortar concrete and should preferably be
painted with water proof paint.
k) After grouting is completed, the projecting
portion of the vents should be cut off and the
face protected to prevent corrosion.
14 TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTING
AND CURING
14.1 Provisions given in IS 456 shall apply. In addition,
the provisions given in 14.1.1 and 14.1.2 shall also
apply.
14.1.1 Jointing of Butted Assemblies
14.1.2 The joints of butted assemblies shall be made
of either cement grout or cement mortar or concrete.
Cement grouting shall be used for joints up to 12 mm
thick. For joints thicker than 12 mm and up to 75 mm,
cement mortar shall be used. The mortar which may
be made of one part cement and one-and-a-half parts
sand shall be of a dry consistency and shall be packed
hard in layers so that it rings true. Where joints
exceeding 75 mm are encountered, the joint shall be
made up of concrete. Use of epoxy may be permitted
with the approval of engineer-in-charge.
14.1.2.1 The stressing operations may be carried out
in case of mortar joints immediately after placing the
mortar but the stress in the mortar shall not exceed
7.0 N/mm2. In the case of grouted joints and concrete
joints, the allowable stress in the first 24 h after placing
of the grout or concrete in the joint shall approximate
as closely as possible to the strength of the grout or
concrete used.
14.1.2.3 The holes for the prestressing tendons shall
be accurately located and shall be in true alignment
when the units are put together.
14.1.2.4 Full tensioning shall not be carried out until
the strength of the concrete or mortar in the joint has
reached twice the stress at transfer.
23
IS 1343 : 2012
15 CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS
15.1 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions
During hot or cold weather, the concreting should be
done as per the procedure set out in IS 7861 (Parts 1
and 2).
16 SAMPLING AND STRENGTH TEST OF
CONCRETE MIX
16.1 The provisions given in 15.1 to 15.4 of IS 456
shall apply.
Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken as
per IS 1199 and cubes shall be made, cured and tested
at 28 days in accordance with IS 516.
16.2 In addition to the tests required as per IS 456,
additional cube tests should be conducted at
appropriate intervals to ensure that the concrete
strength in the member at transfer conforms to the
design requirements.
17 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The provisions of IS 456 shall apply.
18 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES
The provision of IS 456 shall apply, except for the
following:
a) The test load specified in 17.6.2 of IS 456
shall be limited to full dead load of the
structure plus design imposed load.
b) For Type 1 and Type 2 structures (see 20.3.2),
if within 24 h of removal of the imposed load,
the structure does not recover at least
85 percent of the deflection under
superimposed load, the test may be repeated
after a lapse of 72 h. If the recovery is less
than 90 percent, the structure shall be deemed
to be unacceptable.
c) For Type 3 structures (see 20.3.2), if within
24 h of the imposed load, the structure does
not recover at least 75 percent of the deflection
under superimposed load, the test may be
repeated after a lapse of 72 h. If the recovery
is less than 80 percent, the structure shall be
deemed to be unacceptable.
IS 1343 : 2012
SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
19 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
19.1 General
The general design requirements for design of
prestressed concrete structures shall be as per 18 to 24
of Section 3 of IS 456 except as modified and
supplemented in 19.2 to 19.6.5.
19.2 Effects of Prestress
The effects of prestress shall also be taken into account
in assessing loads and forces.
19.3 Deductions for Prestressing Tendons
The deductions for prestressing tendons as in 19.3.1
shall be considered for the determination of area,
centroid and moment of inertia of the cross-section.
19.3.1 In calculating area, centroid and moment of
inertia of a cross-section, deduction (or addition in case
of transformed area of tendons) for prestressing
tendons shall be made as follows:
a) In the case of pre-tensioned members, where
the prestressing tendons are single wires
distributed on the cross-section or strands of
wires of relatively small cross-sectional area,
allowance for the prestressing tendons need
not be made. Where allowance is made, it
shall be on the basis of (m – 1) times the area
of the prestressing tendons, m being the
modular ratio.
b) In the case of post-tensioned members,
deductions shall invariably be made for
prestressing tendons, cable ducts or sheaths
and such other openings whether they are
formed longitudinally or transversally. These
deductions need not, however, be made for
determining the effect of loads applied after
the ducts, sheaths or openings have been
grouted or filled with concrete. Where such
deductions are not made, a transformed area
equivalent to (m – 1) times the area of the
prestressing tendon shall be taken in
calculation, m being the modular ratio.
NOTE — m shall be calculated as Es/Ec; for values of
E s and E c, see 5.6.1.2.1 and 6.2.3.1 respectively.
Wherever necessary, creep effects shall also be taken
into consideration.
c) In case of multi-directional prestressing, loss
of area due to presence of ungrouted ducts/
sheaths placed at an angle to the prestressing
tendons under consideration may be made at
full area (100 percent) of such ducts. In case,
24
such ducts placed at an angle have been
grouted prior to stressing of tendons,
50 percent of area of such ducts can be
considered as effectively available.
19.4 Instability During Erection
In evaluating the slenderness effects during lifting of
slender members, the following factors require
consideration:
a) Member geometry,
b) Location of lifting points,
c) Method of lifting, and
d) Tolerances in construction.
All beams, which are lifted on vertical or inclined
slings, shall be checked for lateral stability and lateral
moment on account of tilting of beam due to
inaccuracies in location of lifting points, and due to
the lateral bow.
For calculating the factor of safety against lateral
instability (γi) references may be made to specialist
literature; the factor shall not be less than two.
For determining the lateral moment due to tilting,
realistic values which are not likely to be exceeded in
practice shall be assumed for the eccentricity of lifting
points and the lateral bow. The maximum tensile stress
for γi/(γi – 1) times the lateral moment due to tilting
shall not exceed 1.5 N/mm2.
19.5 Prestressing Requirements
19.5.1 Maximum Initial Prestress
At the time of initial tensioning, the maximum tensile
stress, fpi immediately behind the anchorages shall not
exceed 76 percent of the ultimate tensile strength, fpu
of the wire or bar or strand.
19.5.2 Losses in Prestress
While assessing the stresses in concrete and steel during
tensioning operations and later in service, due regard
shall be paid to all losses and variations in stress from
creep of concrete, shrinkage of concrete, relaxation of
steel, the shortening (elastic deformation) of concrete
at transfer, and friction and slip of anchorage. Unless
otherwise determined by actual tests, allowance for
these losses shall be made in accordance with the values
specified under 19.5.2.1 to 19.5.2.6.
19.5.2.1 Loss of prestress due to creep of concrete
The loss of prestress due to creep of concrete under
load shall be determined for all the permanently applied
loads including the prestress.

The creep loss due to live load stresses, erection stresses
and other stresses of short duration may be ignored.
The loss of prestress due to creep of concrete is
obtained as the product of the modulus of elasticity of
the prestressing steel and the ultimate creep strain of
the concrete fibre integrated along the line of centre of
gravity of the prestressing tendon at the section at which
creep loss is being calculated for bonded tendons. In
case of unbonded tendons, the creep loss is a product
of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel and creep
strain calculated by integrating and averaging creep
stress along the line of centre of gravity between the
anchorage points.
The total creep strain during any specific period shall
be assumed for all practical purposes, to be the creep
strain due to sustained stress equal to the average of
the stresses at the beginning and end of the period.
19.5.2.2 Loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete
The loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete shall
be the product of the modulus of elasticity of
prestressing steel and the shrinkage strain of concrete
calculated as per 6.2.4.
19.5.2.3 Loss of prestress due to relaxation of steel
The relaxation losses in prestressing steels vary with
type of steel, initial prestress, age and temperature and,
therefore, shall be determined from experiments. When
experimental values are not available, the relaxation
losses may be assumed as given in Table 6.
Table 6 Relaxation Losses for Prestressing Steel
at 1 000 h at 20 ± 2°C
Sl Initial Stress Relaxation Loss, Percent
No.
Normal Relaxation Low Relaxation
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) 0.5 fp 0 0
ii) 0.6 fp 3.0 1.0
iii) 0.7 fp 5.0 2.5
iv) 0.8 fp 8.0 4.5
NOTE — fp is the characteristic strength of prestressing steel.
For long-term relaxation losses, the values of relaxation
losses given in Table 6 may be multiplied by 3.
For tendons at higher temperatures or subjected to
large lateral loads, greater relaxation losses as
specified by the engineer-in-charge shall be allowed
for. No reduction in the value of the relaxation losses
should be made for a tendon with a load equal to or
greater than the relevant jacking force that has been
applied for a short time prior to the anchoring of the
tendon.
25
IS 1343 : 2012
19.5.2.4 Loss of prestress due to elastic shortening of
concrete
This type of loss occurs when the prestressing tendons
upon release from tensioning devices cause the
concrete to be compressed. This loss is proportional to
the modular ratio and initial stress in the concrete and
shall be calculated as below, assuming that the tendons
are located at their centroid:
a) For pretensioning, the loss of prestress in the
tendons at transfer shall be calculated on a
modular ratio basis using the stress in the
adjacent concrete.
b) For members with post-tensioned tendons
which are not stressed simultaneously, there
is a progressive loss of prestress during
transfer due to the gradual application of the
prestressing forces. This loss of prestress
should be calculated on the basis of half the
product of the stress in the concrete adjacent
to the tendons averaged along their lengths
and the modular ratio. Alternatively, the loss
of prestress may be exactly computed based
on the sequence of tensioning.
19.5.2.5 Loss of prestress due to slip in anchorage
Any loss of prestress which may occur due to slip of
wires during anchoring or due to the strain of anchorage
shall be allowed for in the design.
19.5.2.6 Loss of prestress due to friction
The design shall take into consideration all losses in
prestress that may occur during tensioning due to friction
between the prestressing tendons and the surrounding
concrete or any fixture attached to the steel or concrete.
For straight or moderately curved structures, with
curved or straight cables, the value of prestressing force
Px at a distance x metres from tensioning end and
acting in the direction of the tangent to the curve of
the cable, shall be calculated as below:
Px = P0 e(µα + kx)
where
P0 = prestressing force in the prestressed steel at
the tensioning end acting in the direction of
the tangent to the force of the cable,
α = cumulative angle in radians through which
the tangent to the cable profile has turned
between any two points under consideration,
µ = coefficient of friction in curve, and
k = coefficient for wave effect.
The value of µ and k given below may be adopted for
calculating the friction losses:
IS 1343 : 2012

Type of High Type of Duct or Values 19.6.2 End Zone in Post-tensioned Members
Tensile Steel Sheath Recommended 19.6.2.1 Bearing stress
to be Used in
Design a) On the areas immediately behind external
anchorages, the permissible unit bearing stress
k per µ on the concrete, after accounting for losses
metre due to relaxation of steel, elastic shortening
(1) (2) (3) (4) and seating of anchorages, shall not exceed
Bright metals 0.009 1 0.25
Abr
Wire cables Galvanized 0.004 6 0.20 0.48 fci
Lead coated 0.004 6 0.18 Apun

Bright metals 0.004 6 0.25

Uncoated stress Galvanized 0.003 0
relieved strand Lead coated 0.003 0
Corrugated HDPE 0.002 0
19.6 Considerations Affecting Design Details
19.6.1 Transmission Zone in Pre-tensioned Members
19.6.1.1 Transmission length
The considerations affecting the transmission length
shall be the following:
a) The transmission length depends on a number
of variables, the most important being the
strength of concrete at transfer, the size and
type of tendon, the surface deformations of
the tendon. The transmission length of the
tendon towards the top of a unit is usually
greater than that at the bottom.
b) The following values may be used, provided
the concrete is well-compacted and detailing
is as per the relevant provisions of this
standard, and its strength at transfer is not less
than 35 N/mm2 and the tendon is released
gradually:
1) For plain and indented wire 100 × φ
2) For crimped wires 65 × φ
3) Strands 30 × φ
c) The development of stress in the tendon may
be assumed to vary parabolically along the
length of the member.
d) For general guidance, it is recommended that
one-half of the transmission length shall
overhang the support in a simply supported
beam. Where there is end-fixing, the whole
of the transmission length shall overhang.
NOTES
1 φ is the diameter of the tendon.
2 The transmission length may vary depending on the
site conditions and therefore should be determined
from tests carried out under the most unfavourable
conditions.
or 0.8 fck whichever is smaller, where fci is the
0.20
cube strength at transfer, Abr is the bearing
0.18
area and Apun is the punching area.
0.17
b) During tensioning, the allowable bearing
stress specified in (a) may be increased by
25 percent, provided that this temporary value
not exceed fci .
c) The effective punching area shall generally
be the contact area of the anchorage devices
which, if circular in shape, shall be replaced
by a square of equivalent area. The bearing
area shall be the maximum area of that portion
of the member which is geometrically similar
and concentric to the effective punching area.
d) Where a number of anchorages are used, the
bearing area Abr shall not overlap. Where there
is already a compressive stress prevailing over
the bearing area, as in the case of anchorage
placed in the body of a structure, the total
stress shall not exceed the limiting values
specified in (a), (b) and (e). For stage stressing
of cables, the adjacent unstressed anchorages
shall be neglected when determining the
bearing area.
e) The bearing stress specified in (a) and (b) for
permanent and temporary bearing stress may
be increased suitably if adequate hoop
reinforcement complying with manufacturer’s
recommendations is provided at the
anchorages.
f) When the anchorages are embedded in
concrete, the bearing stress shall be
investigated after accounting for the surface
friction between the anchorage and the
concrete. The reinforcement details, concrete
strength, cover and other dimensions shall
conform to manufacturer’s specifications/
specialist literature.
19.6.2.2 Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks,
or regions of bonded post-tensioned members,
should be assessed on the basis of the tendon

26

jacking load. For unbonded members, the
bursting tensile forces should be assessed on
the basis of the tendon jacking load or the load
in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater (see Annex D).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an
individual square end block loaded by a
symmetrically placed square anchorage or
bearing plate, may be derived from the
equation below:
Fbst y p0
= 0.32 − 0.3
P0 y0
where
Fbst = bursting tensile force,
P0 = load in the tendon assessed as
above,
yp0 = side of loaded area, and
y0 = side of end block.
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region
extending from 0.1 y0 to y0 from the loaded
face of the end block. Reinforcement provided
to sustain the bursting tensile force may be
assumed to be acting at its design strength
(0.87 times characteristic strength of
reinforcement) except that the stress should
be limited to a value corresponding to a strain
of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile
forces in the two principal directions should
be assessed on the basis of 19.6.2.2. When
circular anchorage or bearing plates are used,
the side of the equivalent square area should
be used. Where groups of anchorages or
bearing plates occur, the end blocks should
be divided into a series of symmetrically
loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks
having a cross-section different in shape from
that of the general cross-section of the beam,
reference should be made to specialist
literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b)
and (c) will generally ensure that bursting
tensile forces along the load axis are provided
for. Alternative methods of design which
make allowance for the tensile strength of the
concrete may be used, in which case reference
should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the
spalling tensile stresses that occur in end
27
IS 1343 : 2012
blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates
are highly eccentric; these reach a maximum
at the loaded face.
19.6.3 Detailing of Reinforcement (Untensioned) in
Prestressed Concrete
19.6.3.1 The detailing of reinforcement in prestressed
concrete shall generally conform to the requirements
given in relevant clauses of IS 456. In addition, the
requirements of 19.6.3.2 and 19.6.3.3 shall be
satisfied.
19.6.3.2 Transverse reinforcement
a) The amount and spacing of transverse
reinforcement shall be governed by shear and
torsion considerations. It is, however,
desirable to provide transverse reinforcement
in the web when the web is thin and cables
are located in the web.
b) In the case of all members subjected to
dynamic loading, webs shall be provided with
transverse reinforcement, not less than
0.3 percent of the sectional area of the web in
plan. This percentage of reinforcement may be
reduced to 0.2 percent in members where the
depth of the web is not more than four times
the thickness of the web. These values may be
reduced to 0.2 and 0.15 percent respectively
when high strength reinforcement is used.
c) In case of members not subjected to dynamic
loading, reinforcement shall be provided
when the depth of the web is more than
4 times the thickness. Such reinforcement
shall not be less than 0.1 percent of the
sectional area of the web in plan. The
reinforcement shall be spaced at a distance
not greater than the clear depth of the web
and the size of such reinforcement shall be as
small as possible.
d) Reinforcement in the form of links or helix
shall be provided perpendicular to the line of
heavy compression or shock loading to resist
the induced tensile stresses.
19.6.3.3 Longitudinal reinforcement
a) A minimum longitudinal reinforcement of
0.2 percent of the total concrete area shall be
provided in all cases except in the case of
pretensioned units of small sections. This
reinforcement may be reduced to 0.15 percent
in the case of high yield strength deformed
reinforcement. The percentage of steel
provided, both tensioned and untensioned
taken together, should be sufficient so that
when the concrete in the precompressed
IS 1343 : 2012
tensile zone cracks, the steel is in a position
to take up the additional tensile stress
transferred on to it by the cracking of the
adjacent fibres of concrete and a sudden
failure is avoided.
b) When the depth of the web exceeds 500 mm,
longitudinal distribution reinforcement not
less than 0.05 percent of the area of the web
shall be provided on each face. The spacing
of the individual bars of such reinforcement
shall not exceed 200 mm.
c) All untensioned longitudinal reinforcement
shall be restrained in the lateral direction.
28
19.6.4 Continuity
In the design of continuous prestressed concrete
structures, due consideration shall be given to the
effects of the support restraints on both the external
moment and the moment due to prestressing.
19.6.5 Butted Assembly
Where a butted assembly is used, or where like
conditions of abuttal are employed, proper provision
shall be made to transfer all shear stresses. Wherever
the shear stresses exceed the limits specified
under 23.4, this provision shall include keying of all
abutting faces.

SECTION 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: LIMIT STATE METHOD
20 SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY
REQUIREMENTS
20.1 Limit State Design
The structural design shall be based on limit state
concepts. In this method of design, the structure shall
be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act
on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the
serviceability requirements, such as limitations on
deflection, cracking and maximum compression. The
acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability
requirements before failure occurs is called a ‘Limit
State’. The aim of design is to achieve acceptable
probabilities that the structure will not become unfit
for the use for which it is intended, that is, it will not
reach a limit state.
20.1.1 All relevant limit states shall be considered in
design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and
serviceability. In general, the structure shall be
designed on the basis of the most critical limit state
and shall be checked for other limit states.
20.1.2 For ensuring the specified objective, the design
should be based on characteristic values for material
strengths and applied loads, which take into account
the variations in the material strengths and in the loads
to be supported. The characteristic values should be
based on statistical data if available; where such data
are not available, they should be based on experience.
The ‘design values’ are derived from the characteristic
value through the use of partial safety factors, one for
material strengths and the other for loads. In the
absence of special considerations, these factors should
have the values given in 21.4 according to the material,
the type of loading and the limit state being considered.
20.2 Limit State of Collapse
The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of
the structure could be assessed from rupture of one or
more critical sections and from buckling due to elastic
or plastic instability (including the effects of sway
where appropriate) or overturning. The resistance to
bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every section
shall not be less than appropriate value at that section
produced by the probable most unfavourable
combination of loads on the structure using the
appropriate partial safety factors.
20.3 Limit States of Serviceability
20.3.1 Limit State of Serviceability Deflection
The deflection of a structure or part thereof shall not
adversely affect the appearance or functional
29
IS 1343 : 2012
requirements of the structure or finishes or partitions.
The deflection shall generally be limited to the
following:
a) The final deflection, due to all loads including
the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level
of the supports of floors, roofs and all other
horizontal members, should not normally
exceed span/250.
b) The deflection including the effects of
temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring
after erection of partitions and the application
of finishes should not normally exceed span/
350 or 20 mm whichever is less.
c) If finishes are to be applied to prestressed
concrete members, the total upward deflection
should not exceed span/300, unless
uniformity of camber between adjacent units
can be ensured.
20.3.2 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking
Cracking of concrete shall not affect the appearance
or durability of the structure. The criteria of limit state
of cracking for the three types of prestressed concrete
members shall be as follows:
a) For Type 1, no tensile stress.
b) For Type 2, tensile stresses are allowed but
no visible cracking.
c) For Type 3, cracking is allowed, but should
not affect the appearance or durability of the
structure; the acceptable limits of cracking
would vary with the type of structure and
environment and will vary between wide
limits and the prediction of absolute
maximum width is not possible.
NOTE — For design of type 3 members, as a guide, the
following may be regarded as reasonable limits. The
surface width of cracks should not, in general, exceed
0.1 mm for members exposed to a particularly
aggressive environment such as the ‘severe’ category
and not exceeding 0.2 mm for all other members.
20.3.3 The flexural tensile stress at any section of the
structure, both at transfer and under the most
unfavourable combination of design loads, shall satisfy
the criteria for the corresponding type of structure.
20.3.4 Limit State of Serviceability; Maximum
Compression
The compressive stresses both at transfer and under
design loads shall be limited to the values given in 24.3
for all types of structures.
IS 1343 : 2012
20.3.5 Other Limit States
Additional limit states such as limiting vibrations for
human comforts shall be complied with to meet the
functional requirements of such structures as may be
applicable.
21 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES
AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS
21.1 Characteristic Strength of Materials
The term ‘characteristic strength’ means that value of
the strength of the material below which not more than
5 percent of the test results are expected to fall. The
characteristic strength for concrete shall be in
accordance with Table 1. The characteristic strength
shall be assumed for prestressing steel and the
characteristic strength for reinforcing steel shall be
assumed as minimum yield/0.2 percent proof stress.
21.2 Characteristic Loads
The term ‘characteristic load’ means that value of load
which has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceeded during the life of the structure. Since data
are not available to express loads in statistical terms,
for the purpose of this standard, the dead load given in
IS 875 (Part 1), imposed load given in IS 875 (Part 2),
wind load given in IS 875 (Part 3) and snow load given
in IS 875 (Part 4) and seismic forces given in IS 1893
shall be assumed as the characteristic loads.
21.3 Design Values
21.3.1 Materials
The design strength of the materials, fd is given by
f and Frames
fd = m
γm
where
fm = characteristic strength of the material (see
21.1), and
γm = partial safety factor appropriate to the
material and the limit state being considered
(see 21.4).
21.3.2 Loads
The design load, Fd is given by
Fd = F γ f
where
F = characteristic load (see 21.2), and
γf = partial safety factor appropriate to the nature
of loading and the limit state being
considered (see 21.4).
21.3.3 Consequences of Attaining Limit State
Where the consequences of a structure attaining a limit
30
state are of a serious nature such as huge loss of life
and disruption of the economy, higher values for γm
and γf than those given under 21.4.1 and 21.4.2 may
be applied.
21.4 Partial Safety Factors
21.4.1 Partial Safety Factor γm for Material Strength
21.4.1.1 When assessing the strength of a structure or
structural member for the limit state of collapse, the
values of partial safety factor γm should be taken as 1.5
for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
NOTE — γm values are already incorporated in the equations
and tables given in this standard.
21.4.1.2 When assessing the deflection, the material
properties such as modulus of elasticity of concrete
should be taken as those associated with the
characteristic strength of the material and safety factor
shall not be applied.
21.4.2 Partial Safety Factor γf for Loads
The value of γf is given in Table 7 shall normally be
used.
22 ANALYSIS
22.1 Analysis of Structure
Methods of analysis as in IS 456 shall be used. The
material strength to be assumed shall be characteristic
values in the determination of elastic properties of
members, irrespective of the limit state being
considered. Redistribution of the calculated moments
may be made as given in 22.1.1.
22.1.1 Redistribution of Moments in Continuous Beams
The redistribution of moments may be carried out
satisfying the following conditions:
a) Equilibrium between the internal forces and
the external loads is maintained.
b) The ultimate moment of resistance provided
at any section of a member is not less than
80 percent of the moment at that section
obtained from an elastic maximum moment
diagram covering all appropriate combinations
of loads.
c) The elastic moment at any section in a
member due to a particular combination of
loads shall not be reduced by more than
20 percent of numerically largest moment
given anywhere by the elastic maximum
moment diagram for the particular member,
covering all appropriate combination of loads.
d) At sections where the moment capacity after
redistribution is less than that from the elastic
 IS 1343 : 2012

Table 7 Values of Partial Safety Factor γ f for Loads

(Clause 21.4.2)
Sl No. Load Combination Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability

DL IL WL P DL IL WL P
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

i) DL + IL + P 1.5 — 1.0 1.0 1.0 — 1.1 or 0.92)

1.1 or 0.92)
ii) DL + WL + P 1.5 or 0.91) — 1.5 1.0 1.0 — 1.0
1.1 or 0.92)
iii) DL + IL + WL + P 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8
NOTES
1 While considering earthquake effects, substitute EL for WL.
2 While assessing the long-term effects due to creep, the dead load and that part of the imposed load likely to be permanent may only
be considered.
3 While verifying the limit state for stability, with external prestress where an increase of the value of prestress can be unfavourable,
partial safety factor of 1.3 shall be used.
1)
This value is to be considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is critical.
2)
The structure shall be checked both for upper characteristics values and lower characteristics value shown. The values are for post tensioning
with bonded tendons. In case of pretensioning or unbonded tendons, it shall be taken as 1.05 or 0.95 instead of the above value.

maximum moment diagram, the following
relationship shall be satisfied:
xu δ M
+ ≤ 0.6
d 100
where
xu = depth of neutral axis,
d = effective depth, and
δM = percentage reduction in moment.
e) In structures in which the structural frame
provides the lateral stability, the reduction in
moment allowed by condition given
in 22.1.1 (c) shall be restricted to 10 percent
for structures over 4 storeys in height.
22.1.2 Analysis of Slabs Spanning in Two Directions
at Right Angles
In general, the provisions of IS 456 shall apply.
23 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE
23.1 Limit State of Collapse: Flexure
23.1.1 Assumptions
Design for the limit state of collapse in flexure shall
be based on the assumptions given below:
a) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane
after bending.
b) The strain in the bonded reinforcement or
bonded prestressing steel whether in tension
or in compression is the same as that in the
surrounding concrete.
c) The maximum strain in concrete at the
outermost compression fibre is taken as
0.003 5 in bending.
d) The relationship between the compressive
stress distribution in concrete and the strain
in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle,
trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which
results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with the results of tests. An
acceptable stress-strain curve is given in
Fig. 3. For design purposes, the compressive
strength of concrete in the structure shall be
assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic
strength. The partial safety factor γm = 1.5 shall
be applied in addition to this.
NOTE — For the stress-strain curve in Fig. 3, the design
stress block parameters for rectangular section are as
follows (see Fig. 4):
Area of stress block = 0.36 fck xu
Depth of centre of compressive force = 0.42 xu
from the extreme fibre in compression
where
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete,
and
xu = depth of neutral axis.
e) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
f) The stresses in bonded prestressing tendons,
whether initially tensioned or untensioned, and
in additional reinforcement are derived from
the representative stress-strain curve for the
type of steel used given by the manufacturer
or typical curves given in Fig. 5 for
prestressing tendons and in IS 456 for
reinforcement. For design purposes, the partial
safety factor γm equal to 1.15 shall be applied.
In addition, the tendon will have an initial
prestrain due to prestress after all losses.
For members with permanently unbonded internal or
externally prestressed tendons, the deformation of the

31
IS 1343 : 2012
whole member shall be taken into account for
calculating strain and stress in the tendon at ultimate
condition. In the absence of rigorous analysis, the strain
in unbonded tendon shall be assumed not to increase
above the initial value due to prestress after all losses.
F IG. 3 STRESS-S TRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE
FIG. 4 STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS
FIG. 5 REPRESENTATIVE STRESS-S TRAIN C URVE FOR
PRESTRESSING STEEL WIRES (S TRESS R ELIEVED
STRANDS AND BARS )
32
23.1.2 Design Formulae
In the absence of an analysis based on the assumptions
given in 23.1.1, the moment of resistance of rectangular
sections and flanged sections in which the neutral axis
lies within the flange may be obtained by the procedure
given in Annex D.
For flanged sections in which the neutral axis lies
outside the flange, the moment of resistance shall be
determined using assumptions given in 23.1.1.
23.2 Limit State of Collapse: Compression
Prestressed concrete compression members in framed
structures, where the mean stress in the concrete section
imposed by tendons is less than 2.5 N/mm2, may be
analysed as reinforced concrete compression members
in accordance with IS 456; in other cases specialist
literature may be referred to.
23.3 Limit State of Collapse: Tension
Tensile strength of the tension members shall be used
on the design strength (0.87 times characteristic
strength of prestressing tendons) and the strength
developed by any additional reinforcement. The
additional reinforcement may usually be assumed to
be acting at its design stress (0.87 times characteristic
strength of reinforcement); in special cases it may be
necessary to check the stress in the reinforcement using
strain compatibility.
23.4 Limit State of Collapse: Shear
The ultimate shear resistance of the concrete alone, Vc,
should be considered at both conditions, uncracked and
cracked in flexure, the lesser value taken and, if
necessary, shear reinforcement provided.
23.4.1 Section Uncracked in Flexure
The ultimate shear resistance of a section uncracked in
flexure, Vc = Vco, is given by:
Vco = 0.67 bD ( f t 2 + 0.8 f cp f t )
where
b = breadth of the member which for T, I and L
beams should be replaced by breadth of the
rib bw,
D = overall depth of the member,
ft = maximum principal tensile stress given by
0.24 f ck taken as positive where fck is the
characteristic compressive strength of
concrete, and
fcp = compressive stress at centroidal axis due to
prestress taken as positive.
 IS 1343 : 2012

In flanged members where the centroidal axis occurs in 23.4.3 Shear Reinforcement
the flange, the principal tensile stress should be limited
23.4.3.1 When V, the shear force due to the ultimate
to 0.24 f ck at the intersection of the flanged web; in
this calculation, 0.8 times of the stress due to prestress Table 8 Design Shear Strength of Concrete,
at this intersection may be used, in calculating Vco. ζ c, N/mm2
For a section uncracked in flexure and with inclined (Clause 23.4.2)
tendons or vertical prestress, the component of Sl Concrete Grade
Ap
prestressing force normal to the longitudinal axis of No. 100
bd
the member may be added to Vco. M 30 M 35 M 40 and
Above
23.4.2 Sections Cracked in Flexure (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

The ultimate shear resistance of a section cracked in i) ≤ 0.15 0.29 0.29 0.30
ii) 0.25 0.37 0.37 0.38
flexure, Vc = Vcr is given by: iii) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51
iv) 0.75 0.59 0.59 0.60
Ê fpe ˆ V v) 1.00 0.66 0.67 0.68
Vcr = Á1-0.55 ˜ æ c bd + M 0 vi) 1.25 0.71 0.73 0.74
Ë f p ¯ M vii) 1.50 0.76 0.78 0.79
viii) 1.75 0.80 0.82 0.84
ix) 2.00 0.84 0.86 0.88
where x) 2.25 0.88 0.90 0.92
xi) 2.50 0.91 0.93 0.95
fpe = effective prestress after all losses have xii) 2.75 0.94 0.96 0.98
occurred, which shall not be taken as greater xiii) 3.00 0.96 0.99 1.01
than 0.6 fp,
NOTE — Ap is the area of prestressing tendon.
fp = characteristic strength of prestressing steel,
ζc = ultimate shear stress capacity of concrete
obtained from Table 8, loads, is less than Vc, the shear force which can be
carried by the concrete, minimum shear reinforcement
b = breadth of the member, which, for flanged should be provided in the form of stirrups such that:
sections, shall be taken as the breadth of the
web bw, Asv 0.4
=
d = distance from the extreme compression-fibre bsv 0.87 fy
to the centroid of the tendons at the section
considered, where
M0 = moment necessary to produce zero stress in Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs
the concrete at the depth, given by: effective in shear;
I b = breadth of the member which for T, I and L
M 0 = 0.8 f pt
y beams should be taken as the breadth of the
rib, bw;
where fpt is the stress due to prestress only
at depth of d and distance y from the sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the
centroid of the concrete section which has member; and
second moment of area I, and fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup
reinforcement which shall not be taken
V and M = shear force and bending moment
greater than 415 N/mm2.
respectively, at the section considered due
to ultimate loads. However, shear reinforcement need not be provided in
the following cases:
Vcr should be taken as not less than 0.1 bd f ck .
a) where V is less than 0.5 Vc , and
The value of Vcr calculated at a particular section may
be assumed to be constant for a distance equal to d/2, b) in members of minor importance.
measured in the direction of increasing moment, from 23.4.3.2 When V exceeds Vc , shear reinforcement shall
that particular section. be provided such that:
For a section cracked in flexure and with inclined Asv V − Vc
tendons, the component of prestressing forces normal =
sv 0.87 f y dt
to the longitudinal axis of the member should be
ignored. In rectangular beams, at both corners in the tensile zone,

33
IS 1343 : 2012

a stirrup should pass around a longitudinal bar, a tendon where

or a group of tendons having a diameter not less than
M = applied ultimate bending moment at the
the diameter of the stirrup. The depth dt is then taken
cross-section acting in combination with T;
as the depth from the extreme compression fibre either
to the longitudinal bars or to the centroid of the tendons 2D
whichever is greater. Mt = T 1 + , the sign of Mt being the same
b
The spacing of stirrups along a member should not as that of M;
exceed 0.75 dt nor 4 times the web thickness for flanged
D = overall depth of the beam; and
members. When V exceeds 1.8 Vc, the maximum
spacing should be reduced to 0.5 dt. The lateral spacing b = breadth of the member which for T and I
of the individual legs of the stirrups provided at a cross beams shall be taken as the breadth of the
section should not exceed 0.75 dt. web, bw.

23.4.4 Maximum Shear Forces 23.5.3.2 Where the numerical value of M is less than
that of M t, the member shall also be designed to
In no circumstances should the shear force V, due to withstand a moment Me2 given by:
ultimate loads, exceed the appropriate values given in
Table 9 multiplied by bd. Me2 = Mt –M
the moment Me2 being taken as acting in the opposite
Table 9 Maximum Shear Stress sense to the moment M.
Concrete Grade M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 M 55 and 23.5.3.3 Where the numerical value of M is less than
Over
or equal to that of Mt, the beam shall be designed to
Maximum shear 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.8 withstand an equivalent transverse bending moment
stress, N/mm2
Me3 (not acting simultaneously with Me1 ), given by

23.5 Limit State of Collapse: Torsion Ê 2b ˆ

+
x1 ˆ Á 1 D ˜
2
Ê
23.5.1 General Me3 = M t Á1 + ˜
Ë 2e ¯ ÁÁ + 2 D ˜˜
1
In general, where the torsional resistance or stiffness Ë b ¯
of members has not been taken into account in the
analysis of the structure, no specific calculations for and acting about an axis at right angles to the axis of
torsion will be necessary, adequate control in torsional M, where x1 is the smaller dimension of a closed hoop
cracking being provided by the required nominal shear used as torsional shear reinforcement and e is as defined
reinforcement. Where the torsional resistance or in 23.5.4.1.
stiffness of members is taken into account in the
analysis, the members shall be designed for torsion. 23.5.4 Transverse Reinforcement

23.5.2 Application of Design Rules for Torsion 23.5.4.1 Torsional moment and shear carried by
concrete
The design rules laid down in 23.5.3 to 23.5.5 apply
to, The reduced torsional moment carried by the concrete
Tc1 is given by:
a) beams of solid rectangular cross-section
(D > b),  e 
Tc1 = Tc  
b) hollow rectangular beams with D > b and with  e + ec 
a wall thickness t ≥ b/4, and
c) T-beam and I-beams. where
In all these cases the average intensity of prestress in
 b 
the concrete shall be less than 0.3 fck. Tc = Σ 0.15 b2D  1 − λv f ck
 3 D 
23.5.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement
23.5.3.1 The longitudinal reinforcement shall be T
e =
designed to resist an equivalent ultimate bending V
moment Me1 given by:
Tc
Me1 = M + Mt ec =
Vc

34
 IS 1343 : 2012

d1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars

12 f cp
λv = 1+
f ck
In the above expressions,
Tc = torsional moment carried by concrete;
b = breadth of the member, which for T and I
beams shall be taken as the breadth of the
web, bw.
D = overall depth of beam;
fck = characteristic compressive strength of
concrete;
T = torsional moment applied to a cross-section
under ultimate load conditions;
V = shearing force at a cross-section calculated
for the specified ultimate loads;
Vc = theoretical shear strength at a cross-section,
assuming the most unfavourable conditions
for inclined cracking, that is, smaller of Vco
and Vcr (see 23.4.1 and 23.4.2); and
fcp = average intensity of effective prestress in
concrete at this section.
23.5.4.2 The shear force carried by the concrete Vc1 is
given by:
e (x1 + y1)/4 or 200 mm whichever is smaller,
Vc1 = Vc e + e
c
where
Vc = smaller of Vco and Vcr obtained as in 23.4.1
and 23.4.2.
23.5.4.3 Design of transverse reinforcement
The area of cross-section, Asv of the closed stirrup
enclosing the corner longitudinal bars shall be taken
as the larger of the following two values:
in the direction of the depth,
fy = characteristic strength of shear
reinforcement,
V = as defined in 23.5.4.1,
Vc1 = as defined in 23.5.4.2, and
T and Tc1 = as defined in 23.5.4.1.
23.5.4.4 Minimum reinforcement
The value of Asv shall not be taken lesser than that given
by:
Asv 0.4
=
bsv 0.87 f y
There shall be at least one longitudinal bar not less
than 12 mm in diameter in each corner of the stirrups.
23.5.5 Distribution of Torsion Reinforcement
When a member is designed for torsion, torsion
reinforcement shall be provided as below:
a) All transverse reinforcement provided for
torsion shall be in the form of closed stirrups
perpendicular to the axis of the members;
b) The spacing, sv, of the stirrups shall not exceed
where x1 and y1 are respectively short and long
dimensions of the stirrup;
c) Each end of the bar forming the stirrup shall
be anchored in accordance with IS 456; and
d) Torsional reinforcement shall be continued to
a distance not less than (D + bw) beyond the
point at which it is no longer than theoretically
required, where D is the overall depth and bw
is the effective width of the web of a flanged
member.

M t sv 24 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY

Asv = , and
1.5 b1d1 f y 24.1 Limit State of Serviceability: Deflection
Asv = Av + 2 AT 24.1.1 Type 1 and Type 2 Members
where
24.1.1.1 Short-term deflection
(V − Vc1 ) sv The instantaneous deflection due to design loads may
Av =
0.87 f y d1 be calculated using elastic analysis based on the
uncracked section and the modulus of elasticity of
(T − Tc1 ) sv concrete as given in 6.2.3.
AT =
0.87 b1 d1 f y
24.1.1.2 Long-term deflection
In the above expressions,
The total long-term deflection due to the prestressing
Mt = as defined in 23.5.3.1, force, dead load and any sustained imposed load may
sv = spacing of the stirrup reinforcement, be calculated using elastic analysis, taking into account
the effects of cracking and of creep and shrinkage
b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars
(see 6.2.4 and 6.2.5). Due allowance shall be made for
in the direction of the width,

35
IS 1343 : 2012

the loss of prestress (see 19.5.2) after the period the stress remains compressive.
considered. The deflections should comply with the
c) Type 3 — For Type 3 members in which
limits given in 20.3.1.
cracking is permitted, it may be assumed that
24.1.2 Type 3 Members the concrete section is uncracked, and that
hypothetical tensile stresses exist at the
Where the permanent load is less than or equal to maximum size of cracks. The hypothetical
25 percent of the design imposed load, the deflection tensile stresses for use in these calculations
may be calculated as in 24.1.1.1. When the permanent for members with either pre-tensioned or post-
load is more than 25 percent of the design imposed tensioned tendons are given in Table 10,
load, the vertical deflection limits for beams and slabs modified by coefficients given in Fig. 6.
may generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that
the span to effective depth ratios are not greater than
the values obtained as below:
a) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios
for spans up to 10 m:
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
b) For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may
be multiplied by 10/span in metres, except for
cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.

24.2 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking

24.2.1 In members made up of precast units, no tension
shall be allowed at any stage at mortar or concrete
joints. For a member which is free of joints, the tensile
stress shall not exceed the values specified below for
the 3 types of members:
a) Type 1 — No tensile stress.
b) Type 2 — The tensile stress shall not exceed
3 N/mm2. However, where part of the service
loads is temporary in nature, this value may
be exceeded by 1.5 N/mm2, provided under
the permanent component of the service load
F IG. 6 DEPTH F ACTORS FOR TENSILE STRESSES FOR
TYPE 3 M EMBERS
24.3 Limit State of Serviceability: Maximum
Compression
24.3.1 Maximum Stress Under Service Conditions
24.3.1.1 Compressive stress in flexure
The maximum permissible compressive stress, prestress
and service loads after deduction of the full losses in
the specified prestress shall be determined by a straight
line relation as in Fig. 7; but different stress limits shall

Table 10 Hypothetical Flexural Tensile Stresses for Type 3 Members

[Clause 24.2.1(c)]
Sl Type of Tendons Limiting Stress of Concrete for Grade
No. Crack
Width M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 and
mm Above
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
i) Pre-tensioned tendons 0.1 — — 4.1 4.4 4.8
0.2 — — 5.0 5.4 5.8
ii) Grouted post-tensioned tendons 0.1 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.8
0.2 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.4 5.8
iii) Pre-tensioned tendons distributed in the tensile zone 0.1 — — 5.3 5.8 6.3
and positioned close to the tension faces of concrete 0.2 — — 6.3 6.8 7.3

NOTE — When additional reinforcement is distributed within the tension zone and positioned close to the tension face of concrete,
the hypothetical tensile stresses may be increased by an amount which is proportional to the cross-sectional areas of the additional
reinforcement expressed as a percentage of the cross-sectional area of the concrete. For 1 percent of additional reinforcement, the
stress may be increased by 4 N/mm2 for members with pre-tensioned and grouted post-tensioned tendons and by 3 N/mm2 for other
members. For other percentages of additional reinforcement the stresses may be increased in proportion excepting that the total
hypothetical tensile stress shall not exceed 0.25 times the characteristic compressive strength of concrete.

36

apply to the concrete of the structure depending on
whether it falls in a part of the of the section where the
compressive stresses are not likely to increase in service
(Zone I) or in part of the section where the compressive
stresses are likely to increase in service (Zone II) (see
Fig. 7).
For Zone I, the straight line relation of permissible stress
shall be determined by the straight line joining a point
given by a permissible stress of 0.41 fck for concrete of
Grade M 30 to another point given by a permissible
stress of 0.35 fck for concrete of Grade M 60.
For Zone II, the determining points of the graph shall
be reduced to 0.34 fck and 0.27 fck respectively.
24.3.1.2 Stress in direct compression
Except in the parts immediately behind the anchorage,
the maximum stress in direct compression shall be
limited to 0.8 times the permissible stress obtained
from 24.3.1.1.
24.3.2 Maximum Stress at Transfer
24.3.2.1 Compressive stress in flexure
The maximum permissible compressive stress due to
FIG. 7 C OMPUTATION OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE C OMPRESSIVE STRESS
8A Post-tensioned Work
FIG. 8 COMPUTATION OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE S TRESS IN FLEXURE AT TRANSFER
37
IS 1343 : 2012
bending and direct force at the time of transfer of
prestress shall be determined from a graph in which a
straight line joins a point given by 0.54 fci for a concrete
of Grade M 30 to a second point giving a permissible
stress of 0.37 fci for concrete of Grade M 60 (see
Fig. 8A); fci being cube strength of concrete at transfer
which in no case shall be less than half the
corresponding characteristic compressive strength of
concrete. These values apply to post-tensioned work;
for pre-tensioned work the variation represented by
Fig. 8B will apply.
NOTE — The strength of concrete at the time of transfer fc1
shall be established by tests carried out on cubes at the age of
the concrete at transfer for bridges and such other major
structures and in other cases, if more convenient, from the
straight line graph, joining the characteristic compressive
strength of concrete and cube strength at 7 days. The transfer
of prestress shall be made only after the concrete has attained a
strength of at least half the characteristic compressive strength
of concrete.
24.3.2.2 Stress in direct compression
Except in the parts immediately behind the anchorages,
the maximum stress in direct compression shall be
limited to 0.8 times the permissible stress obtained
from 24.3.2.1.
IN FLEXURE DUE TO FINAL PRESTRESS
8B Pre-tensioned Work
1.1 What is the finite element method

The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for solving problems which are described
by partial differential equations or can be formulated as functional minimization. A domain of interest
is represented as an assembly of finite elements. Approximating functions in finite elements are deter-
mined in terms of nodal values of a physical field which is sought. A continuous physical problem is
transformed into a discretized finite element problem with unknown nodal values. For a linear problem
a system of linear algebraic equations should be solved. Values inside finite elements can be recovered
using nodal values.

Two features of the FEM are worth to be mentioned:

simple approximating functions (increasing the number of elements we can achieve any precision).

1)

Piece-wise approximation of physical fields on finite elements provides good precision even with

2) Locality of approximation leads to sparse equation systems for a discretized problem. This helps to
solve problems with very large number of nodal unknowns.

1.2 How the FEM works

To summarize in general terms how the finite element method works we list main steps of the finite
element solution procedure below.
1. Discretize the continuum. The first step is to divide a solution region into finite elements. The
finite element mesh is typically generated by a preprocessor program. The description of mesh consists
of several arrays main of which are nodal coordinates and element connectivities.
2. Select interpolation functions. Interpolation functions are used to interpolate the field vari-
ables over the element. Often, polynomials are selected as interpolation functions. The degree of the
polynomial depends on the number of nodes assigned to the element.
3. Find the element properties. The matrix equation for the finite element should be established
which relates the nodal values of the unknown function to other parameters. For this task different
approaches can be used; the most convenient are: the variational approach and the Galerkin method.
4. Assemble the element equations. To find the global equation system for the whole solution
region we must assemble all the element equations. In other words we must combine local element
equations for all elements used for discretization. Element connectivities are used for the assembly
process. Before solution, boundary conditions (which are not accounted in element equations) should
be imposed.

5
6 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

u1 u2
1 2 3
x
x
0 L 2L x1 x2

Figure 1.1: Two one-dimensional linear elements and function interpolation inside element.

5. Solve the global equation system. The finite element global equation sytem is typically sparse,
symmetric and positive definite. Direct and iterative methods can be used for solution. The nodal values
of the sought function are produced as a result of the solution.
6. Compute additional results. In many cases we need to calculate additional parameters. For
example, in mechanical problems strains and stresses are of interest in addition to displacements, which
are obtained after solution of the global equation system.

1.3 Formulation of finite element equations

Several approaches can be used to transform the physical formulation of the problem to its finite element
discrete analogue. If the physical formulation of the problem is known as a differential equation then the
most popular method of its finite element formulation is the Galerkin method. If the physical problem
can be formulated as minimization of a functional then variational formulation of the finite element
equations is usually used.

1.3.1 Galerkin method

Let us use simple one-dimensional example for the explanation of finite element formulation using the
Galerkin method. Suppose that we need to solve numerically the following differential equation:

d2 u
a + b = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2L (1.1)
dx2

with boundary conditions

u|x=0 = 0
du (1.2)
a |x=2L = R
dx

where u is an unknown solution. We are going to solve the problem using two linear one-dimensional
finite elements as shown in Fig. 1.1.
Fist, consider a finite element presented on the right of Figure. The element has two nodes and
approximation of the function u(x) can be done as follows:

u = N1 u1 + N2 u2 = [N ]{u}
[N ] = [N1 N2 ] (1.3)
{u} = {u1 u2 }
1.3. FORMULATION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS 7

where Ni are the so called shape functions

x − x1
N1 = 1 −
x2 − x1 (1.4)
x − x1
N2 =
x2 − x1

which are used for interpolation of u(x) using its nodal values. Nodal values u1 and u2 are unknowns
which should be determined from the discrete global equation system.
After substituting u expressed through its nodal values and shape functions, in the differential
equation, it has the following approximate form:

d2
a [N ]{u} + b = ψ (1.5)
dx2
where ψ is a nonzero residual because of approximate representation of a function inside a finite ele-
ment. The Galerkin method provides residual minimization by multiplying terms of the above equation
by shape functions, integrating over the element and equating to zero:
Z x2 Z x2
d2
[N ]T a [N ]{u}dx+ [N ]T bdx = 0 (1.6)
x1 dx2 x1

Use of integration by parts leads to the following discrete form of the differential equation for the finite
element:
Z x2 · ¸ · ¸ Z x2 ( ) ( )
dN T dN T 0 du 1 du
a dx{u}− [N ] bdx − a |x=x2 + a |x=x1 = 0 (1.7)
x1 dx dx x1 1 dx 0 dx

Usually such relation for a finite element is presented as:

[k]{u} = {f }
Z x2 · ¸ · ¸
dN T dN
[k] = a dx
x1 dx dx( ) ( ) (1.8)
Z x2
T 0 du 1 du
{f } = [N ] bdx + a |x=x2 − a |x=x1
x1 1 dx 0 dx

In solid mechanics [k] is called stiffness matrix and {f } is called load vector. In the considered simple
case for two finite elements of length L stiffness matrices and the load vectors can be easily calculated:
" #
a 1 −1
[k1 ] = [k2 ] = L −1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) (1.9)
bL 1 bL 1 0
{f1 } = 2 , {f2 } = 2 +
1 1 R

The above relations provide finite element equations for the two separate finite elements. A global
equation system for the domain with 2 elements and 3 nodes can be obtained by an assembly of element
equations. In our simple case it is clear that elements interact with each other at the node with global
number 2. The assembled global equation system is:
      
1 −1 0  u1 
  1  
 0 
a  bL   
 −1 2 −1  u2 = 2 + 0 (1.10)
L   2   
 R 
0 −1 1  u3   1  
8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

4
u
3
Exact
2
1
FEM x
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Figure 1.2: Comparison of finite element solution and exact solution.

After application of the boundary condition u(x = 0) = 0 the final appearance of the global equation
system is:

      
1 0 0  u1 
  0  
 0 
a  bL   
 0 2 −1  u2 = 2 + 0 (1.11)
L   2   
 R 
0 −1 1  u3   1  

Nodal values ui are obtained as results of solution of linear algebraic equation system. The value of
u at any point inside a finite element can be calculated using the shape functions. The finite element
solution of the differential equation is shown in Fig. 1.2 for a = 1, b = 1, L = 1 and R = 1.

Exact solution is a quadratic function. The finite element solution with the use of the simplest element is
piece-wise linear. More precise finite element solution can be obtained increasing the number of simple
elements or with the use of elements with more complicated shape functions. It is worth noting that
at nodes the finite element method provides exact values of u (just for this particular problem). Finite
elements with linear shape functions produce exact nodal values if the sought solution is quadratic.
Quadratic elements give exact nodal values for the cubic solution etc.

1.3.2 Variational formulation

The differential equation

d2 u
a + b = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2L
dx2
u|x=0 = 0 (1.12)
du
a |x=2L = R
dx

with a = EA has the following physical meaning in solid mechanics. It describes tension of the
one dimensional bar with cross-sectional area A made of material with the elasticity modulus E and
subjected to a distributed load b and a concentrated load R at its right end as shown in Fig 1.3.
Such problem can be formulated in terms of minimizing the potential energy functional Π:

Z µ ¶2 Z
1 du
Π= a dx − budx − Ru|x=2L
L 2 dx L (1.13)
u|x=0 =0
1.3. FORMULATION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS 9

b R

1 2 3
x
0 L 2L

Figure 1.3: Tension of the one dimensional bar subjected to a distributed load and a concentrated load.

Using representation of {u} with shape functions (1.3)-(1.4) we can write the value of potential energy
for the second finite element as:
Z x2 · ¸T · ¸
1 T dN dN
Πe = a{u} {u}dx
x 2 dx
dx ( )
Z x21 (1.14)
T T T 0
− {u} [N ] bdx − {u}
x1 R

The condition for the minimum of Π is:

∂Π ∂Π
δΠ = δu1 + ... + δun = 0 (1.15)
∂u1 ∂un
which is equivalent to

∂Π
=0, i = 1...n (1.16)
∂ui
It is easy to check that differentiation of Π in respect to ui gives the finite element equilibrium equation
which is coincide with equation obtained by the Galerkin method:
Z x2 · ¸ · ¸ Z x2 ( )
dN T dN 0
EA dx{u}− [N ]T bdx − =0 (1.17)
x1 dx dx x1 R

Example. Obtain shape functions for the one-dimensional quadratic element with three nodes. Use
local coordinate system −1 ≤ ξ ≤ 1.

1 2 3

x
-1 0 1

Solution. With shape functions, any field inside element is presented as:
X
u(ξ) = Ni ui , i = 1, 2, 3

At nodes the approximated function should be equal to its nodal value:

u(−1) = u1
u(0) = u2
u(1) = u3
10 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Since the element has three nodes the shape functions can be quadratic polynomials (with three coeffi-
cients). The shape function N1 can be written as:

N1 = α1 + α2 ξ + α3 ξ 2

Unknown coefficients αi are defined from the following system of equations:

N1 (−1) = α1 − α2 + α3 = 1
N1 (0) = α1 = 0
N1 (1) = α1 + α2 + α3 = 0

The solution is: α1 = 0, α2 = −1/2, α3 = 1/2. Thus the shape function N1 is equal to:

1
N1 = − ξ(1 − ξ)
2

Similarly it is possible to obtain that the shape functions N2 and N3 are equal to:

N2 = 1 − ξ 2
1
N3 = ξ(1 + ξ)
2
Chapter 2

Finite Element Equations for Heat

Transfer

2.1 Problem Statement

Let us consider an isotropic body with temperature dependent heat transfer. A basic equation of heat
transfer has the following appearance:
µ ¶
∂qx ∂qy ∂qz ∂T
− + + + Q = ρc (2.1)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

Here qx , qy and qz are components of heat flow through the unit area; Q = Q(x, y, z, t) is the inner
heat generation rate per unit volume; ρ is material density; c is heat capacity; T is temperature and t is
time. According to the Fourier’s law the components of heat flow can be expressed as follows:

∂T
qx = −k
∂x
∂T
qy = −k (2.2)
∂y
∂T
qz = −k
∂z

where k is the thermal conductivity coefficient of the media. Substitution of Fourier’s relations gives
the following basic heat transfer equation:
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂T
k + k + k + Q = ρc (2.3)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂t

It is assumed that boundary conditions can be of the following types:

1. Specified temperature

Ts = T (x, y, z, t) on S1

2. Specified heat flow

qx nx + qy ny + qz nz = −qs on S2

3. Convection boundary conditions

11
12 CHAPTER 2. FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSFER

qx nx + qy ny + qz nz = h(Ts − Te ) on S3

where h is the convection coefficient, Ts is an unknown surface temperature and Te is a known envi-
ronmental temperature.

4. Radiation

qx nx + qy ny + qz nz = σεTs4 − αqr on S4

where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant; ε is the surface emission coefficient; α is the surface absorp-
tion coefficient and qr is incoming heat flow per unit surface area.
For transient problems it is necessary to specify a temperature field for a body at the time t = 0:

T (x, y, z, 0) = T0 (x, y, z) (2.4)

2.2 Finite element discretization of heat transfer equations

A domain V is divided into finite elements connected at nodes. We are going to write all relations for a
finite element. Global equations for the domain can be assembled from finite element equations using
connectivity information.
Shape functions Ni are used for interpolation of temperature inside a finite element:

T = [N ]{T }
[N ] = [ N1 N2 ... ] (2.5)
{T } = { T1 T2 ... }

Differentiation of the temperature interpolation equation gives the following interpolation relation for
temperature gradients:
   

 ∂T /∂x 
 ∂N1 /∂x ∂N2 /∂x ...
 
∂T /∂y =  ∂N1 /∂y ∂N2 /∂y ... {T } = [B]{T } (2.6)
 
 ∂T /∂z  ∂N1 /∂z ∂N2 /∂z ...

Here {T } is a vector of temperatures at nodes; [N ] is a matrix of shape functions and [B] is a matrix
for temperature gradients interpolation.
Using Galerkin method, we can rewrite the basic heat transfer equation in the following form:
Z µ ¶
∂qx ∂qy ∂qz ∂T
+ + − Q + ρc Ni dV = 0 (2.7)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
V

Applying the divergence theorem to the first three terms, we arrive to the relations:
Z Z · ¸
∂T ∂Ni ∂Ni ∂Ni
ρc Ni dV − {q}dV
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
V Z ZV
= QNi dV − {q}T {n}Ni dS (2.8)
V S
{q}T = [ qx qy qz ]
{n}T = [ nx ny nz ]
2.3. DIFFERENT TYPE PROBLEMS 13

where {n} is an outer normal to the surface of the body. After insertion of boundary conditions into the
above equation, the discretized equations are as follows:
Z Z · ¸
∂T ∂Ni ∂Ni ∂Ni
ρc Ni dV − {q}dV
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
V Z ZV
= QNi dV − {q}T {n}Ni dS (2.9)
ZV ZS1 Z
+ qs Ni dS − h(T − Te )Ni dS − (σεT 4 − αqr )Ni dS
S2 S3 S4

It is worth noting that

{q} = −k[B]{T } (2.10)

The discretized finite element equations for heat transfer problems have the following finite form:

[C]{Ṫ } + ([Kc ] + [Kh ] + [Kr ]){T }

(2.11)
= {RT } + {RQ } + {Rq } + {Rh } + {Rr }
Z
[C] = ρc[N ]T [N ]dV
VZ
[Kc ] = k[B]T [B]dV
VZ
[Kh ] = h[N ]T [N ]dS
S3 Z
[Kr ]{T } = σεT 4 [N ]dS
Z S4
[RT ] = − {q}T {n}[N ]T dS (2.12)
Z S1
[RQ ] = Q[N ]T dV
VZ
[Rq ] = − qs [N ]T dS
SZ2
[Rh ] = − hTe [N ]T dS
S
Z3
[Rr ] = − αqr [N ]T dS
S4

2.3 Different Type Problems

Equations for different type problems can be deducted from the above general equation :

Stationary linear problem

([Kc ] + [Kh ]){T } = {RQ } + {Rq } + {Rh } (2.13)

14 CHAPTER 2. FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSFER

Stationary nonlinear problem

([Kc ] + [Kh ] + [Kr ]){T }

(2.14)
= {RQ (T )} + {Rq (T )} + {Rh (T )} + {Rr (T )}

Transient linear problem

[C]{Ṫ (t)} + ([Kc ] + [Kh (t)]){T (t)}

(2.15)
= {RQ (t)} + {Rq (t)} + {Rh (t)}

Transient nonlinear problem

[C(T )]{Ṫ } + ([Kc (T )] + [Kh (T, t)] + [Kr (T )]){T }

(2.16)
= {RQ (T, t)} + {Rq (T, t)} + {Rh (T, t)} + {Rr (T, t)}
Chapter 3

FEM for Solid Mechanics Problems

3.1 Problem statement

Let us consider a three-dimensional elastic body subjected to surface and body forces and temperature
field. In addition, displacements are specified on some surface area. For given geometry of the body,
applied loads, displacement boundary conditions, temperature field and material stress-strain law, it is
necessary to determine the displacement field for the body. The corresponding strains and stresses are
also of interest.
The displacements along coordinate axes x, y and z are defined by the displacement vector {u}:

{u} = {u v w} (3.1)

Six different strain components can be placed in the strain vector {ε}:

{ε} = {εx εy εz γxy γyz γzx } (3.2)

For small strains the relationship between strains and displacements is:

{ε} = [D]{u} (3.3)

where [D] is the matrix differentiation operator:

 
∂/∂x 0 0
 0 ∂/∂y 0 
 
 0 0 ∂/∂z 
 
[D] =   (3.4)
 ∂/∂y ∂/∂x 0 
 
 0 ∂/∂z ∂/∂y 
∂/∂z 0 ∂/∂x

Six different stress components are formed the stress vector {σ}:

{σ} = {σx σy σz τxy τyz τzx } (3.5)

which are related to strains for elastic body by the Hook’s law:

{σ} = [E]{εe } = [E]({ε} − {εt })

(3.6)
{εt } = {αT αT αT 0 0 0}

15
16 CHAPTER 3. FEM FOR SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEMS

Here {εe } is the elastic part of strains; {εt } is the thermal part of strains; α is the coefficient of thermal
expansion; T is temperature. The elasticity matrix [E] has the following appearance:
 
λ + 2µ λ λ 0 0 0
 λ λ + 2µ λ 0 0 0 
 
 λ λ λ + 2µ 0 0 0 
 
[E] =   (3.7)
 0 0 0 µ 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 µ 0 
0 0 0 0 0 µ

where λ and µ are elastic Lame constants which can be expressed through the elasticity modulus E and
Poisson’s ratio ν:

νE
λ=
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν) (3.8)
E
µ=
2(1 + ν)

The purpose of finite element solution of elastic problem is to find such displacement field which
provides minimum to the functional of total potential energy Π:
Z Z Z
1 e T
Π= {ε } {σ}dv − {u}T {pV }dV − {u}T {pS }dS (3.9)
V 2 V S

Here {pV } = {pVx pVy pVz } is the vector of body force and {pS } = {pSx pSy pSz } is the vector of
surface force. Prescribed displacements are specified on the part of body surface where surface forces
are absent.
Displacement boundary conditions are not present in the functional of Π. Because of these, dis-
placement boundary conditions should be implemented after assembly of finite element equations.

3.2 Finite element equations

Let us consider some abstract three-dimensional finite element having the vector of nodal displacements
{q}:

{q} = {u1 v1 w1 u2 v2 w2 ...} (3.10)

Displacements at some point inside a finite element {u} can be determined with the use of nodal dis-
placements {q} and shape functions Ni :
P
u = Ni ui
P
v = Ni vi (3.11)
P
w = Ni wi

These relations can be rewritten in a matrix form as follows:

{u} = [N ]{q} 

N1 0 0 N2 ...
  (3.12)
[N ] =  0 N1 0 0 ... 
0 0 N1 0 ...
3.2. FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS 17

Strains can also be determined through displacements at nodal points:

{ε} = [B]{q}
(3.13)
[B] = [D][N ] = [B1 B2 B3 ...]

Matrix [B] is called the displacement differentiation matrix. It can be obtained by differentiation of
displacements expressed through shape functions and nodal displacements:

 
∂Ni /∂x 0 0
 0 ∂Ni /∂y 0 
 
 0 0 ∂Ni /∂z 
 
[Bi ] =   (3.14)
 ∂Ni /∂y ∂Ni /∂x 0 
 
 0 ∂Ni /∂z ∂Ni /∂y 
∂Ni /∂z 0 ∂Ni /∂x

Now using relations for stresses and strains we are able to express the total potential energy through
nodal displacements:
Z
1
Π= ([B]{q} − {εt })T [E]([B]{q} − {εt })dV
Z V 2 Z (3.15)
− ([N ]{q})T {pV }dV − ([N ]{q})T {pS }dS
V S

Nodal displacements {q} which correspond to the minimum of the functional Π are determined by the
conditions:
½ ¾
∂Π
=0 (3.16)
∂q

Differentiation of Π in respect to nodal displacements {q} produces the following equilibrium equations
for a finite element:
Z Z
T
[B] [E][B]dV {q} − [B]T [E]{εt }dV
VZ Z V (3.17)
− [N ]T {pV }dV − [N ]T {pS }dS = 0
V S

which is usually presented in the following form:

[k]{q} = {f }
{f } = {p} + {h}
Z
[k] = [B]T [E][B]dV (3.18)
ZV Z
{p} = [N ]T {pV }dV + [N ]T {pS }dS
ZV S
{h} = [B]T [E]{εt }dV
V

Here [k] is the element stiffness matrix; {f } is the load vector; {p} is the vector of actual forces and
{h} is the thermal vector which represents fictitious forces for modeling thermal expansion.
18 CHAPTER 3. FEM FOR SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEMS

3.3 Assembly of the global equation system

The aim of assembly is to form the global equation system

[K]{Q} = {F } (3.19)

using element equations

[ki ]{qi } = {fi } (3.20)

Here [ki ], [qi ] and [fi ] are the stiffness matrix, the displacement vector and the load vector of the ith
finite element; [K], {Q} and {F } are global stiffness matrix, displacement vector and load vector.
In order to derive an assembly algorithm let us present the total potential energy for the body as a
sum of element potential energies πi :
X X1 X X
Π= πi = {qi }T [ki ]{qi } − {qi }T {fi } + Ei0 (3.21)
2

where Ei0 is the fraction of potential energy related to free thermal expansion:
Z
1 t T
Ei0 = {ε } [E]{εt }dV (3.22)
Vi 2

Let us introduce the following vectors and a matrix where element vectors and matrices are simply
placed:

{Qd } = {{q1 } {q2 }

(3.23)
{Fd } = {{f1 } {f2 } ...}
 
[k1 ] 0 0
 
[Kd ] =  0 [k2 ] 0  (3.24)
0 0 ...

It is evident that it is easy to find matrix [A] such that

{Qd } = [A]{Q}
(3.25)
{Fd } = [A]{F }

The total potential energy for the body can be rewritten in the following form:

1 X
Π = {Qd }T [Kd ]{Qd } − {Qd }T {Fd } + Ei0
2 X (3.26)
1
= {Q}T [A]T [Kd ][A]{Q} − {Q}T [A]T {Fd } + Ei0
2
Using the condition of minimum of the total potential energy
½ ¾
∂Π
=0 (3.27)
∂Q

we arrive at the following global equation system:

[A]T [Kd ][A]{Q} − [A]T {Fd } = 0 (3.28)

3.3. ASSEMBLY OF THE GLOBAL EQUATION SYSTEM 19

The last equation shows that algorithms of assembly the global stiffness matrix and the global load
vector are:

[K] = [A]T [Kd ][A]

(3.29)
{F } = [A]T {Fd }

Here [A] is the matrix providing transformation from global to local enumeration. Fraction of nonzero
(unit) entries in the matrix [A] is very small. Because of this the matrix [A] is never used explicitly in
actual computer codes.

Example. Write down a matrix [A], which relates local (element) and global (domain) node numbers
for the following finite element mesh:

7 8
Node order
3 for an element
4 5 6 4 3

1 2
1 2 3 1 2

Solution. To make the matrix representation compact let us assume that each node has one degree of
freedom (note that in three-dimensional solid mechanics problem there are three degrees of freedom at
each node). The matrix [A] relates element and global nodal values in the following way:

{Qd } = [A]{Q}

where {Q} is a global vector of nodal values and {Qd } is vector containing element vectors. The
explicit rewriting of the above relation looks as follows:
     

 
 Q1 
 
 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 
 Q  
 

 2 
 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 
  

  Q5  
 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0  Q1 

 
 
   

   











 Q
 4   0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 
 Q2 


 
 
 


 
 Q 
2  
 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 Q3 


  
 Q   
 

3  0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0  Q4
= 

 
 Q 
6  
  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  Q5 

 
 
 
  
 

   
 



  Q5  

  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 
 Q6 


 Q5  
  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 
 Q7





  
  
 




 
 
  
 


 Q6 
  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  Q8

 
  

 
 Q8 
 
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 
 
   
 
Q7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
20 CHAPTER 3. FEM FOR SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEMS
Chapter 4

Finite Elements

4.1 Two-dimensional triangular element

Triangular finite element was the first finite element proposed for continuous problems. Because of
simplicity it can be used as an introduction to other elements. A triangular finite element in the co-
ordinate system xy is shown in Fig. 4.1. Since the element has three nodes, linear approximation of
displacements u and v is selected:

u(x, y) = N1 u1 + N2 u2 + N3 u3
v(x, y) = N1 v1 + N2 v2 + N3 v3 (4.1)
Ni = αi + βi x + γi y

Shape functions Ni (x, y) can be determined from the following equation system:

u(xi , yi ) = ui , i = 1, 2, 3 (4.2)

Shape functions for the triangular element can be presented as:

1
Ni = (ai + bi x + ci y)
2∆
ai = xi+1 yi+2 − xi+2 yi+1
bi = yi+1 − yi+2 (4.3)
ci = xi+2 − xi+1
1
∆ = (x2 y3 + x3 y1 + x1 y2 − x2 y1 − x3 y2 − x1 y3 )
2

y 3
v2
1 2
u2
x

Figure 4.1: Triangular finite element is the simplest two-dimensional element.

21
22 CHAPTER 4. FINITE ELEMENTS

where ∆ is the element area. The matrix [B] for interpolating strains using nodal displacements is equal
to:
 
b 0 b2 0 b3 0
1  1 
[B] =  0 c1 0 c2 0 c3  (4.4)
2∆
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3

The elasticity matrix [E] has the following appearance for plane problems:
 
λ + 2µ λ 0
 
[E] =  λ λ + 2µ 0  (4.5)
0 0 µ

where λ and µ are Lame constants:

νE
λ= for plane strain
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)
νE
λ= for plane stress (4.6)
1 − ν2
E
µ=
2(1 + ν)
Here E is the elasticity modulus and ν is the Poisson’s ratio.
The stiffness matrix for the three-node triangular element can be calculated as:
Z
[k] = [B]T [E][B]dV = [B]T [E][B]∆ (4.7)
V

Here it was taken into account that both matrices [B] and [E] do not depend on coordinates. It was
assumed that the element has unit thickness. Since the matrix [B] is constant inside the element the
strains and stresses are also constant inside the triangular element.

4.2 Two-dimensional isoparametric elements

Isoparametric finite elements are based on the parametric definition of both coordinate and displacement
functions. The same shape functions are used for specification of the element shape and for interpolation
of the displacement field.

4.2.1 Shape functions

Linear and quadratic two-dimensional isoparametric finite elements are presented in Figure 4.2. Shape
functions Ni are defined in local coordinates ξ, η (−1 ≤ ξ, η ≤ 1). The same shape functions are
used for interpolations of displacements and coordinates:
P P
u = Ni ui , v = Ni vi
P P (4.8)
x = Ni xi , y = Ni yi

where u, v are displacement components at point with local coordinates (ξ, η); ui , vi are displacement
values at the nodes of the finite element; x, y are point coordinates and xi , yi are coordinates of element
nodes. Matrix form of the above relations is as follows:
{u} = [N ]{q}
{u} = {u v} (4.9)
{q} = {u1 v1 u2 v2 ...}
4.2. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS 23

6 h
4 7 5 1
3
h h
8 x 4 -1 1 x
x
2
1 3
1 2
-1
Linear element Quadratic element

Figure 4.2: Linear and quadratic finite elements and their representation in the local coordinate system.

{x} = [N ]{xe }
{x} = {x y} (4.10)
{xe } = {x1 y1 x2 y2 ...}

where the interpolation matrix for nodal values is:

" #
N1 0 N2 0 ...
[N ] = (4.11)
0 N1 0 N2 ...

Shape functions for linear and quadratic two-dimensional isoparametric elements are given by:
linear element (4 nodes):

1
Ni = (1 + ξ0 )(1 + η0 ) (4.12)
4

quadratic element (8 nodes):

1 1
Ni = (1 + ξ0 )(1 + η0 ) − (1 − ξ 2 )(1 + η0 )
4 4
1 2
− (1 + ξ0 )(1 − η ) i = 1, 3, 5, 7
4 (4.13)
1
Ni = (1 − ξ 2 )(1 + η0 ) , i = 2, 6
2
1
Ni = (1 + ξ0 )(1 − η 2 ) , i = 4, 8
2

In the above equations the following notation is used: ξ0 = ξξi , η0 = ηηi where ξi , ηi are values of
local coordinates ξ, η at nodes.

4.2.2 Strain-displacement matrix

For plane problem the strain vector contains three components:

½ ¾
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
{ε} = {εx εy γxy } = + (4.14)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
24 CHAPTER 4. FINITE ELEMENTS

The strain-displacement matrix which is employed to compute strains at any point inside the element
using nodal displacements is:

[B] = [B 1 B2 ...] 

∂Ni
 ∂x 0 
 
 ∂Ni  (4.15)
[Bi ] = 
 0


 ∂y 
 ∂Ni ∂Ni 
∂y ∂x

While shape functions are expressed through the local coordinates ξ, η the strain-displacement matrix
contains derivatives in respect to the global coordinates x, y. Derivatives can be easily converted from
one coordinate system to the other by means of the chain rule of partial differentiation:
      


∂Ni 
 

∂x ∂y  ∂Ni 
  
 ∂Ni 

      
∂ξ = ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂x ∂x
= [J] ∂N (4.16)

 ∂N i 
   ∂x ∂y 
 ∂N i   i 
   
 
 
 

∂η ∂η ∂η ∂y ∂y

where [J] is the Jacobian matrix. The derivatives in respect to the global coordinates are computed with
the use of inverse of the Jacobian matrix:
   

 ∂Ni 
 

∂Ni 

   
∂x ∂ξ
= [J]−1 ∂N (4.17)


∂Ni 
 
 i 

   
∂y ∂η

The components of the Jacobian matrix are calculated using derivatives of shape functions Ni in respect
to the local coordinates ξ, η and global coordinates of element nodes xi , yi :

∂x X ∂Ni ∂x X ∂Ni
= xi , = xi
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂η ∂η (4.18)
∂y X ∂Ni ∂y X ∂Ni
= yi , = yi
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂η ∂η

The determinant of the Jacobian matrix |J| is used for the transformation of integrals from the global
coordinate system to the local coordinate system:

dV = dxdy = |J|dξdη (4.19)

4.2.3 Element properties

Element matrices and vectors are calculated as follows:

stiffness matrix
Z
[k] = [B]T [E][B]dV (4.20)
V

force vector (volume and surface loads)

Z Z
{p} = [N ]T {pV }dV + [N ]T {pS }dS (4.21)
V S
4.2. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS 25

thermal vector (fictitious forces to simulate thermal expansion)

Z
{h} = [B]T [E]{εt }dV (4.22)
V

The elasticity matrix [E] is given by relation (4.5).

4.2.4 Integration in quadrilateral elements

Integration of expressions for stiffness matrices and load vectors can not be performed analytically for
general case of isoparametric elements. Instead, stiffness matrices and load vectors are typically evalu-
ated numerically using Gauss quadrature over quadrilateral regions. The Gauss quadrature formula for
the volume integral in two-dimensional case is of the form:

Z 1 Z 1 n X
X n
I= f (ξ, η)dξdη = f (ξi , ηj )wi wj (4.23)
−1 −1 i=1 j=1

where ξi , ηj are abscissae and wi are weighting coefficients of the Gauss integration rule. Abscissae
and weights of Gauss quadrature for n = 1,2,3 are given in Table:

Abscissae and weights of Gauss quadrature

n ξi wi
1 0√ 2
2 ∓1/ 3 1
3 p0 8/9
∓ 3/5 5/9

To compute the nodal equivalent of the surface load, the surface integral is replaced by line integration
along element side. The fraction of the surface load is evaluated as:

Z Z 1
ds
{p} = [N ]T {pS }dS = [N ]T {pS } dξ (4.24)
S −1 dξ

sµ ¶2 µ ¶2
ds dx dy
= + (4.25)
dξ dξ dξ

Here s is a global coordinate along the element side and ξ is a local coordinate along the element side.
If the distributed load load is applied along the normal to the element side as shown in Fig. 4.3 then the
nodal equivalent of such load is:

   
dy   

dy 

R 
 ds R  
{p} = S [N ]T p ds 1
dξ = −1 [N ]T p dξ dξ (4.26)
 dx 
  dξ 
 dx 

−  − 
ds dξ

Example. Calculate nodal equivalents of a distributed load with constant intensity applied to the side
of a two-dimensional quadratic element:
26 CHAPTER 4. FINITE ELEMENTS

dx
ds
Px
Py P
Figure 4.3: Distributed normal load on a side of a quadratic element.

p=1

1 2 3
x
-1 0 1
l=1 x

Solution. The nodal equivalent of the distributed load is calculated as:

Z 1
dx
{p} = [N ]T p dξ
−1 dξ
or
   

 p1 
 Z 1 
 N1 
 dx dx 1
{p} = p2 = N2 p dξ, =

    dξ dξ 2
p  3
−1 
N  3

The shape functions for the one-dimensional quadratic element are:

1 1
N1 = − ξ(1 − ξ), N2 = 1 − ξ 2 , N3 = ξ(1 + ξ)
2 2
The values of nodal forces at nodes 1, 2 and 3 are defined by integration:
Z 1
1 1 1
p1 = − ξ(1 − ξ) dξ =
Z 1−1 2 2 6
2 1 2
p2 = (1 − ξ ) dξ =
Z−1 2 3
1 1 1 1
p3 = ξ(1 + ξ) dξ =
−1 2 2 6
The example shows that physical approach cannot be used for the estimation of nodal equivalents
of a distributed load. It works for linear elements; however, it does not work for more complicated
elements.

4.2.5 Calculation of strains and stresses

Strains at any point an element are determined using Cauchy relations (4.14) with the use of the dis-
placement differentiation matrix (4.15):

{ε} = [B]{q} (4.27)

4.2. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS 27

4 h 3

(4) (3)
x

(1) (2)

1 2

Figure 4.4: Numbering of integration points and vertices for the 8-node isoparametric element.

Stresses are calculated with the Hook’s law:

{σ} = [E]{εe } = [E]({ε} − {εt }) (4.28)

where {εt } is the vector of free thermal expansion:

{εt } = {αT αT 0} (4.29)

Precision of strains and stresses is significantly dependent on the point location where they are com-
puted. The highest precision for displacement gradients are at the geometric center for the linear ele-
ment and at reduced integration points 2 × 2 for the quadratic quadrilateral element.
For quadratic elements with 8 nodes, strains
√ and stresses have best precision at 2 × 2 integration
points with local coordinates ξ, η = ±1/ 3. A possible way to create continuous stress field with
reasonable accuracy consists of: 1) extrapolation of stresses from reduced integration points to nodes;
2) averaging contributions from finite elements at all nodes of the finite element model. Later stresses
can be interpolated from nodes using quadratic shape functions.
Let us consider quadratic element in the local coordinate system ξ, η as shown in Fig. 4.4 where
integration points are numbered as (1)...(4); corner nodes have numbers 1...4. For extrapolation (inside
quadratic element) we are going to employ linear shape functions. In matrix form the extrapolation
relation can be presented as follows:

fi = Li(m) f(m) (4.30)

where f(m) are known function values at reduces integration points; fi are function values at vertex
nodes and Li(m) is the symmetric extrapolation matrix:

 
A B C B
 A B C 
 
Li(m) =  
 A B 
√ A
3 (4.31)
A=1+
2
1
B=−
2 √
3
C =1+
2
28 CHAPTER 4. FINITE ELEMENTS

8 19 18
7 20 17
5
6 13 14 15 16 z h
12 11
9 10 x
4 8 7 6
3
5
1 1 2 4
2 3
Linear element Quadratic element

Figure 4.5: Linear and quadratic three-dimensional finite elements and their representation in the local
coordinate system.

4.3 Three-dimensional isoparametric elements

4.3.1 Shape functions

Hexahedral (or brick-type) linear 8-node and quadratic 20-node three-dimensional isoparametric ele-
ments are depicted in Fig. 4.5. The term ”isoparametric” means that geometry and displacement field
are specified in parametric form and are interpolated with the same functions. Shape functions used for
interpolation are polynomials of the local coordinates ξ, η and ζ (−1 ≤ ξ, η, ζ ≤ 1). Both coordinates
and displacements are interpolated with the same shape functions:

{u} = [N ]{q}
{u} = {u v w} (4.32)
{q} = {u1 v1 w1 u2 v2 w2 ...}

{x} = [N ]{xe }
{x} = {x y z} (4.33)
{xe } = {x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 ...}

Here u, v, w are displacements at point with local coordinates ξ, η, ζ; ui , vi , wi are displacement values
at nodes; x, y, z are point coordinates and xi , yi , zi are coordinates of nodes. The matrix of shape
functions is:

 
N1 0 0 N2 0 0 ...
 
[N ] =  0 N1 0 0 N2 0 ...  (4.34)
0 0 N1 0 0 N2 ...

Shape functions of the linear element are equal to:

1
Ni = (1 + ξ0 )(1 + η0 )(1 + ς0 )
8 (4.35)
ξ0 = ξξi , η0 = ηηi , ς0 = ςςi
4.3. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS 29

For the quadratic element with 20 nodes the shape functions can be written in the following form:
1
Ni = (1 + ξ0 )(1 + η0 )(1 + ς0 )(ξ0 + η0 + ς0 − 2) vertices
8
1
Ni = (1 − ξ 2 )(1 + η0 )(1 + ς0 ) , i = 2, 6, 14, 18
4 (4.36)
1
Ni = (1 − η 2 )(1 + ξ0 )(1 + ς0 ) , i = 4, 8, 16, 20
4
1
Ni = (1 − ς 2 )(1 + ξ0 )(1 + η0 ) , i = 9, 10, 11, 12
4
In the above relations ξi , ηi , ζi are values of local coordinates ξ, η, ζ at nodes.

4.3.2 Strain-displacement matrix

The strain vector {ε} contains six different components of the strain tensor:

{ε} = {εx εy εz γxy γyz γzx } (4.37)

The strain-displacement matrix for three-dimensional elements has the following appearance:

[B] = [D][N ] = [B1 B2 B3 ...] (4.38)

 
∂Ni /∂x 0 0
 0 ∂Ni /∂y 0 
 
 0 0 ∂Ni /∂z 
 
[Bi ] =   (4.39)
 ∂Ni /∂y ∂Ni /∂x 0 
 
 0 ∂Ni /∂z ∂Ni /∂y 
∂Ni /∂z 0 ∂Ni /∂x

Derivatives of shape functions in respect to global coordinates are obtained as follows:

   

 ∂Ni /∂x 
 
 ∂Ni /∂ξ 

∂N /∂y
i = [J]−1 ∂N /∂η
i (4.40)

 ∂N /∂z 
 
 ∂N /∂ς 

i i

where the Jacobian matrix has the appearance:

 
∂x/∂ξ ∂y/∂ξ ∂z/∂ξ
 
[J] =  ∂x/∂η ∂y/∂η ∂z/∂η  (4.41)
∂x/∂ς ∂y/∂ς ∂z/∂ς

The partial derivatives of x, y, z in respect to ξ, η,ζ are found by differentiation of displacements

expressed through shape functions and nodal displacement values:
∂x X ∂Ni ∂x X ∂Ni ∂x X ∂Ni
= xi , = xi , = xi
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂η ∂η ∂ζ ∂ζ
∂y X ∂Ni ∂y X ∂Ni ∂y X ∂Ni
= yi , = yi , = yi (4.42)
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂η ∂η ∂ζ ∂ζ
∂z X ∂Ni ∂z X ∂Ni ∂z X ∂Ni
= zi , = zi , = zi
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂η ∂η ∂ζ ∂ζ
The transformation of integrals from the global coordinate system to the local coordinate system is
performed with the use of determinant of the Jacobian matrix:

dV = dxdydz = |J|dξdηdς (4.43)

30 CHAPTER 4. FINITE ELEMENTS

4.3.3 Element properties

Element equilibrium equation has the following form:

[k]{q} = {f }
(4.44)
{f } = {p} + {h}

Element matrices and vectors are:

stiffness matrix
Z
[k] = [B]T [E][B]dV (4.45)
V

force vector (volume and surface loads)

Z Z
{p} = [N ]T {pV }dV + [N ]T {pS }dS (4.46)
V S

thermal vector (fictitious forces to simulate thermal expansion)

Z
{h} = [B]T [E]{εt }dV (4.47)
V

The elasticity matrix [E] is:

 
λ + 2µ λ λ 0 0 0
 λ λ + 2µ λ 0 0 0 
 
 λ λ λ + 2µ 0 0 0 
 
[E] =   (4.48)


0 0 0 µ 0 0 

 0 0 0 0 µ 0 
0 0 0 0 0 µ

where λ and µ are elastic Lame constants which can be expressed through the elasticity modulus E and
Poisson’s ratio ν:
νE
λ=
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν) (4.49)
E
µ=
2(1 + ν)

4.3.4 Efficient computation of the stiffness matrix

Calculation of the element stiffness matrix by multiplication of three matrices involves many arithmetic
operations with zeros. After performing multiplications in closed form, coefficients of the element
stiffness matrix [k] can be expressed as follows:
Z · µ ¶¸
∂Nm ∂Nn ∂Nm ∂Nm ∂Nm ∂Nm
kiimn = β +µ + dV
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi+1 ∂xi+1 ∂xi+2 ∂xi+2
Z Ã
V !
mn ∂Nm ∂Nn ∂Nm ∂Nn (4.50)
kij = λ +µ dV
∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi
V
β = λ + 2µ

Here m, n are local node numbers; i, j are indices related to coordinate axes (x1 , x2 , x3 ). Cyclic rule
is employed in the above equation if coordinate indices become greater than 3.
4.3. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS 31

4.3.5 Integration of the stiffness matrix

Integration of the stiffness matrix for three-dimensional isoparametric elements is carried out in the
local coordinate system ξ, η, ζ:
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
[k] = [B(ξ, η, ς)]T [E][B(ξ, η, ς)]|J|dξdηdς (4.51)
−1 −1 −1

Three-time application of the one-dimensional Gauss quadrature rule leads to the following numerical
integration procedure:
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
I= f (ξ, η, ς)dξdηdς
−1 −1 −1
n X
X n X
n (4.52)
= f (ξi , ηj , ςk )wi wj wk
i=1 j=1 k=1

Usually 2 × 2 × 2 integration is used for linear elements and integration 3 × 3 × 3 is applied to the
evaluation of the stiffness matrix for quadratic elements. Fore more efficient integration, a special 14-
point Gauss-type rule exists, which provides sufficient precision of integration for three-dimensional
quadratic elements.

4.3.6 Calculation of strains and stresses

After computing element matrices and vectors, the assembly process is used to compose the global
equation system. Solution of the global equation system provides displacements at nodes of the finite
element model. Using disassembly, nodal displacement for each element can be obtained.
Strains inside an element are determined with the use of the displacement differentiation matrix:

{ε} = [B]{q} (4.53)

Stresses are calculated with the Hook’s law:

{σ} = [E]{εe } = [E]({ε} − {εt }) (4.54)

where {εt } is the vector of free thermal expansion:

{εt } = {αT αT αT 0 0 0} (4.55)

It should be noted that displacement gradients (and hence strains and stresses) have quite difference
precision at different point inside finite elements. The highest precision for displacement gradients are
at the geometric center for the linear element and at reduced integration points 2×2×2 for the quadratic
hexagonal element.

4.3.7 Extrapolation of strains and stresses

For quadratic elements, displacement√ derivatives have best precision at 2 × 2 × 2 integration points with
local coordinates ξ, η, ζ = ±1/ 3. In order to build a continuous field of strains or stresses, it is
necessary to extrapolate result values from 2 × 2 × 2 integration points to vertices of 20-node element
(numbering of integration points and vertices is shown in Fig. 4.6).
32 CHAPTER 4. FINITE ELEMENTS

8 7
5 6
(8) (7)
(5) (6)

(4) (3)
(1) (2)
4 3

1 2
Created using UNREGISTERED Top Draw 7/13/101 11:17:01 PM

Figure 4.6: Numbering of integration points and vertices for the 20-node isoparametric element.

Results are calculated at 8 integration points, and a trilinear extrapolation in the local coordinate
system ξ, η, ζ is used:

fi = Li(m) f(m) (4.56)

where f(m) are known function values at reduces integration points; fi are function values at vertex
nodes and Li(m) is the symmetric extrapolation matrix:
 
A B C B B C D C
 A B C C B C D 
 
 
 A B D C B C 
 
 A C D C B 
Li(m) =



 A B C B 
 
 A B C  (4.57)
 
 A B 
√ √ A
5+ 3 3+1
A= , B=−
√ 4 √4
3−1 5− 3
C= , D=
4 4

Stresses are extrapolated from integration points to all nodes of elements. Values for midside nodes can
be calculated as an average between values for two vertex nodal values. Then averaging of contributions
from the neighboring finite elements is performed for all nodes of the finite element model. Averaging
produces a continuous field of secondary results specified at nodes of the model with quadratic variation
inside finite elements. Later, the results can be interpolated to any point inside element or on its surface
using quadratic shape functions.
Chapter 5

Discretization

5.1 Discrete model of the problem

In order to apply finite element procedures a discrete model of the problem should be presented in
numerical form. A typical description of the problem can contain:

Scalar parameters (number of nodes, number of elements etc.);

Material properties;
Coordinates of nodal points;
Connectivity array for finite elements;
Arrays of element types and element materials;
Arrays for description of displacement boundary conditions;
Arrays for description of surface and concentrated loads;
Temperature field.

Let us write down numerical information for a simple problem depicted in Fig. 5.1.
The finite element model can be described as follows:

1. Scalar parameters
Number of nodes = 6
Number of elements = 2
Number of constraints = 5

y 2 4 6 0.5
1

1 2
1 3 5 0.5
0
x
0 1 2

Figure 5.1: Discrete model composed of two finite elements.

33
34 CHAPTER 5. DISCRETIZATION

Number of loads = 2

2. Material properties

Elasticity modulus = 2.0e+8 MPa

Poisson’s ratio = 0.3

3. Node coordinates (x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 etc.)

1) 0 0 2) 0 1 3) 1 0 4) 1 1 5) 2 0 6) 2 1

4. Element connectivity array (counterclockwise direction)

1) 1 3 4 2 2) 3 5 6 4

5. Constraints (node, direction: x = 1; y = 2)

1 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 5 2

6. Nodal forces (node, direction, value)

5 1 0.5 6 1 0.5

While for simple example like the demonstrated above the finite element model can be coded by hand,
it is not practical for real-life models. Various automatic mesh generators are used for creating finite
element models for complex shapes.

5.2 Mesh generation

5.2.1 Mesh generators
The finite element models for practical analysis can contain tens of thousands or even hundreds of
thousands degrees of freedom. It is not possible to create such meshes manually. Mesh generator is
a software tool, which divides the solution domain into many subdomains – finite elements. Mesh
generators can be of different types.
For two-dimensional problems, we want to mention two types: block mesh generators and trian-
gulators.
Block mesh generators require some initial form of gross partitioning. The solution domain is
partitioned in some relatively small number of blocks. Each block should have some standard form.
The mesh inside block is usually generated by mapping technique.
Triangulators are typically generate irregular mesh inside arbitrary domains. Voronoi polygons
and Delaunay triangulation are widely used to generate mesh. Later triangular mesh can be transformed
to the mesh consisting of quadrilateral elements. Delaunay triangulation can be generalized for three-
dimensional domains.

5.2.2 Mapping technique

Suppose we want to generate quadrilateral mesh inside a domain that has the shape of curvilinear
quadrilateral. Mapping technique shown in Fig. 5.2 can be used for this purpose.
If each side of the curvilinear quadrilateral domain can be approximated by parabola then the do-
main looks like 8-node isoparametric element. The domain is mapped to a square in the local coordinate
5.2. MESH GENERATION 35

y
h

E1 6 7
8 h
1 2 9
3 10
4 Dh
E2 5
x Dx

Figure 5.2: Mesh generation with mapping technique.

system ξ, η. The square in coordinates ξ, η is divided into rectangular elements then nodal coordinates
are transformed back to the global coordinate system x, y.

Algorithm of coordinate calculation for node i

nξ = number of elements in ξ direction

nη = number of elements in η direction

Row: R = (i − 1)/(nξ + 1) + 1
Column: C = mod((i − 1), (nξ + 1)) + 1

∆ξ = 2/nξ ∆η = 2/nη

ξ = −1 + ∆ξ(C − 1)
η = −1 + ∆η(R − 1)
P
x = Nk (ξ, η)xk
P
y = Nk (ξ, η)yk

Connectivities for element e

Element row: R = (e − 1)/nξ + 1

Element column: C = mod((e − 1), nξ ) + 1
Connectivities (global node numbers):

i1 = (R − 1)(nξ + 1) + C
i2 = i1 + 1
i3 = R(nξ + 1) + C + 1
i4 = i3 − 1

Shifting of midside nodes closer to some corner of the domain helps to refine (make smaller elements)
mesh near this corner. If refinement is done on the element side which is parallel to the local axis ξ and
the size of the smallest element near the corner node is ∆l then the midside node should be moved to
36 CHAPTER 5. DISCRETIZATION

Figure 5.3: Voronoi polygons and Delaunay triangulation.

the position:

lm 1 + ∆l
l nξ − nξ
2
α= = ³ ´
l 4 1 − n1ξ

Here nξ is the number of elements in ξ direction; lm is a distance from the corner node to the midside
node and l is the element side length.

5.2.3 Delaunay triangulation

Consider two-dimensional domain of an arbitrary shape. Let p1 , p2 , ..., pn be distinct points inside the
domain and at its boundary. Voronoi poligon Vi represents a region in the plane whose points are nearer
to node pi than to any other node. Thus, Vi is an open convex polygon whose boundaries are portions
of the perpendicular bisectors of the lines joining node pi to node pj when Vi and Vj are contiguous.
Voronoi polygons are shown in Fig. 5.3 by dashed lines.
A vertex of a Voronoi polygon is shared by three adjacent polygons. Connecting of three points
associated with such adjacent three polygons form a truangle, say Tk . The set of triangles Tk is called
the Delaunay triangulation.
Generated triangular mesh can be used for creation of a mesh consisting of quadrilateral elements.
Usually joining triangles with subsequent quality improvement is employed for this purpose.
Chapter 6

Assembly and Solution

6.1 Disassembly and assembly

Disassembly is a creation of element vectors from a given global vector. The disassembly operation is
given by the relation:

{Qd } = [A]{Q} (6.1)

Here [A] is the matrix providing correspondence between global and local numbers of nodes (or degrees
of freedom), {Q} is the global vector and {Qd } is the vector composed of the element vectors

{Qd } = {{q1 } {q2 } ...} (6.2)

For matrices the disassembly operation is not necessary for the finite element procedure implementa-
tion.
Assembly is the operation of joining element vectors (matrices) in a global vector (matrix). For
vectors the assembly operation is given by the relation:

{F } = [A]T {Fd } (6.3)

and for matrices the assembly operation is given by the relation:

[K] = [A]T [Kd ][A] (6.4)

Here [K] is the global matrix and [Kd ] is the following matrix consisting of the element matrices:

 
[k1 ] 0 0
 
[Kd ] =  0 [k 2 ] 0  (6.5)
0 0 ...

Fraction of nonzero (unit) entries in the matrix [A] is very small. Because of this the matrix [A] is never
used explicitly in actual computer codes.

37
38 CHAPTER 6. ASSEMBLY AND SOLUTION

6.2 Disassembly algorithm

Disassembly operation include matrix multiplication with the use of large matrix [A], which gives
correspondence between local and global enumerations. Matrix [A] is almost completely composed of
zeros. It has only one nonzero entry (= 1) in each row. Nonzero entries in [A] provide information
on global addresses where local entries should be taken. Instead of matrix multiplication it is possible
just to take vector elements from their global positions and to put to correspondent positions in element
vector.
Disassembly for one element vector
n = number of degrees of freedom per element
N = total number of degrees of freedom
E = number of elements
C[E, n] = connectivity array
f [n] = element load vector
F [N ] = global load vector
e = element number for which we need local vector
do i = 1, n
f [i] = F [C[e, i]]
end do

In the above algorithm we used connectivity information related to degrees of freedom. If connectivity
array contains global node numbers and each node has more than one degrees of freedom then instead
of one number the block related to the node should be selected. For example, in three-dimensional
elasticity problem each node is associated with three displacements (three degrees of freedom).

6.3 Assembly

6.3.1 Assembly algorithm for vectors

Instead of matrix [A], assembly procedures are usually based on direct summation with the use of the
element connectivity array.
Suppose that we need to assemble global load vector F using element load vectors f and connec-
tivity array C. A pseudocode of assembly algorithm is as follows:
Assembly of the global vector
n = number of degrees of freedom per element
N = total number of degrees of freedom
E = number of elements
C[E, n] = connectivity array
f [n] = element load vector
F [N ] = global load vector
do i = 1, N
F [i] = 0
end do
do e = 1, E
generate f
do i = 1, n
6.4. DISPLACEMENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 39

F [C[e, i]] = F [C[e, i]] + f [i]

end do
end do

Element load vectors are generated when they are necessary for assembly. It can be seen that connec-
tivity entry C[e, i] simply provides address in the global vector where the ith entry of the load vector for
element e goes. We assume that connectivity array is written in terms of degrees of freedom. In actual
codes the connectivity array contains node numbers which are transformed to degrees of freedom for
the current assembled element.

6.3.2 Assembly algorithm for matrices

An algorithm of assembly of the global stiffness matrix K from contributions of element stiffness
matrices k can be expressed by the following pseudo-code:
Assembly of the global matrix
n = number of degrees of freedom per element
N = total number of degrees of freedom in the domain
E = number of elements
C[E, n] = connectivity array
k[n, n] = element stiffness matrix
K[N, N ] = global stiffness matrix
do i = 1, N
do j = 1, N
K[i, j] = 0
end do
end do
do e = 1, E
generate k
do i = 1, n
do j = 1, n
K[C[e, i], C[e, j]] = K[C[e, i], C[e, j]] + k[i, j]
end do
end do
end do
Here for simplicity, element matrices are assembled fully in the full square global matrix. Since the
global stiffness matrix is symmetric and sparse, these facts are used to economize space and time in
actual finite element codes.

6.4 Displacement boundary conditions

Displacement boundary conditions were not accounted in the functional of the total potential energy.
They can be applied to the global equation system after its assembly.
Let us consider application of the displacement boundary condition

Qm = d (6.6)

to the global equation system. Two methods can be used for the specification of the displacement
boundary condition.
40 CHAPTER 6. ASSEMBLY AND SOLUTION

6.4.1 Explicit specification of displacement BC

In the explicit method, we substitute the known value of the displacement Qm = d in the mth column
and move this column to the right-hand side. Then we put zeros to the mth column and mth row of the
matrix except the main diagonal element, which is replaced by 1.

Explicit method:
Fi = Fi − Kim d, i = 1...N, i 6= m
Fm = d
Kmj = 0, j = 1...N
Kim = 0, i = 1...N
Kmm = 1

6.4.2 Method of large number

Method of large number uses the fact that computer computations have limited precision. Results of
double precision computations contain about 15-16 digits. So, addition 1.0 + 1e−17 produces 1.0 as the
result.

Method of large number ( M >> Kij ):

Kmm = M
Fm = M d

The method of large number is simpler than the explicit method of displacement boundary condition
specification. The solution of the finite element problem is the same for both methods.

6.5 Solution of Finite Element Equations

6.5.1 Solution methods

Practical applications of the finite element method lead to large systems of simultaneous linear algebraic
equations.
Fortunately, finite element equation systems possess some properties which allows to reduce stor-
age and computing time. The finite element equation systems are: symmetric, positive definite and
sparse. Symmetry allows to store only half of the matrix including diagonal entries. Positive definite
matrices are characterized by large positive entries on the main diagonal. Solution can be carried out
without pivoting. A sparse matrix contains more zero entries than nonzero entries. Sparsity can be used
to economize storage and computations.
Solution methods for linear equation systems can be divided into two large groups: direct methods
and iterative methods. Direct solution methods are usually used for problems of moderate size. For large
problems iterative methods require less computing time and hence they are preferable.
Matrix storage formats are closely related to the solution methods. Below we consider two solution
methods which are widely used in finite element computer codes. The first method is the direct LDU
solution with profile global stiffness matrix. The second one is the preconditioned conjugate gradient
method with sparse row-wise format of matrix storage.
6.5. SOLUTION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS 41

j
1 2 4

3 5 9

6 7 10

i 8 11 13 16

12 14 17

15 18 20

19 21

22 23

24

Figure 6.1: Symmetric profile storage of the global matrix.

6.5.2 Direct LDU method with profile matrix

Using symmetric profile format, the global stiffness matrix [A] = Aij of the order N is stored by
columns as shown in Fig. 6.1. Each column starts from the first top nonzero element and ends at the
diagonal element. The matrix is represented by two arrays:
a[pcol[N + 1]] array of doubles containing matrix elements
pcol[N + 1] integer pointer array for columns.

The ith element of pcol contains the address of the first column element minus one. The length of the
ith column is given by pcol[i + 1] − pcol[i]. The length of the array a is equal to pcol[N + 1] (assuming
that array indices begin from 1).
For example, for the matrix shown above, array pcol has the following contents:

pcol = {0, 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, 24}

It should be noted that proper node ordering can decrease the matrix profile significantly. Usually node
ordering algorithms are based on some heuristic methods because full ordering problem with seeking
global minimum is too time consuming.
We are going to present algorithms in full matrix notation aij . Then, it is necessary to have
relations between two-index notation for the global stiffness matrix aij and array a used in FORTRAN
or C codes. The location of the first nonzero element in the ith column of the matrix a is given by the
following function:

F N (i) = i − (pcol[i + 1] − pcol[i]) + 1). (6.7)

The following correspondence relations can be easily obtained for a transition from two-index notation
to FORTRAN/C notation for a one-dimensional array a:

Aij → a[i + pcol[j + 1] − j] (6.8)

Solution of symmetric linear algebraic system consists of three stages:

Factorization: [A] = [U ]T [D][U ]

Forward solution: {y} = [U ]−T {b}
Back substitution: {x} = [U ]−1 [D]−1 {y}
42 CHAPTER 6. ASSEMBLY AND SOLUTION

The right-looking algorithm of factorization of a symmetric profile matrix is as follows:

LDU factorization (right-looking)

do j = 2, N
Cdivt(j)
do i = j, N
Cmod(j, i)
end do
end do
do j = 2, N
Cdiv(j)
end do

Cdivt(j) =
do i = F N (j)), j − 1
ti = Aij /Aii
end do

Cmod(j, i) =
do k = max(F N (i), F N (j)), i − 1
Aji = Aji − tk Aki
end do

Cdiv(j) =
do i = F N (j)), j − 1
Aij / = Aii
end do

Forward solution with triangular matrix and back substitution are given by the pseudo-code:

Forward reduction and back substitution

do j = 2, N
do i = F N (j), j − 1
bj = bj − Aij ∗ bi
end do
end do
do j = 1, N
bj = bj /Ajj
end do
do i = N, 1, −1
do i = F N (j), j − 1
bi = bi − Aij ∗ bj
end do
end do
6.5. SOLUTION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS 43

6.5.3 Tuning of the LDU factorization

Do loop, which takes most time of LDU decomposition is contained in the procedure Cmod(j, i). One
column of the matrix is used to modify another column inside inner do loop. Two operands should
be loaded from memory in order to perform one Floating-point Multiply-Add (FMA) operation. Data
loads can be economized by tuning with the use of blocking technique. After unrolling two outer loops,
the tuned version of the LDU decomposition is as follows:
do j = 1, N, d
Bdivt(j, d)
do i = j + d, N, d
BBmod(j, i)
end do
end do
do j = 2, N
Cdiv(j)
end do

Bdivt(k, d) =
do j = k, k + d − 1
do i = F N (k)), j − 1
tij = Aij /Aii
end do
do i = j, k + d − 1
do l = max(F N (j), F N (i)), j − 1
Aji = Aji − tlj Ali
end do
end do
end do

BBmod(j, i, d = 2) =
do k = max(F N (j), F N (i)), j − 1
Aji = Aji − tkj Aki
Aj+1i = Aj+1i − tkj+1 Aki
Aji+1 = Aji+1 − tkj Aki+1
Aj+1i+1 = Aj+1i+1 − tkj+1 Aki+1
end do
if j >= F N (j)then
Aj+1i = Aj+1i − tjj+1 Aji
Aj+1i+1 = Aj+1i+1 − tjj+1 Aji+1
end if

Procedure BBmod(j, i, d) performs modification of a column block, which starts from column i by a
column block, which starts from column j and contains d columns. The pseudo-code above is given
for the block size d = 2 for brevity. Such block size is suitable for the solution of two-dimensional
problems. In three-dimensional problems, where each node contains tree degrees of freedom, the block
size d = 3 should be used. In the algorithm above, it is assumed that columns in the block start at the
same row of the matrix A. This is fulfilled automatically if the column block contains columns, which
are related to one node of the finite element model.
44 CHAPTER 6. ASSEMBLY AND SOLUTION

Tuning of the LDU decomposition significantly affects the solution speed. For C codes the solution
time can be decreased by about two times. For Java code, tuned solution can take four times less time
than untuned algorithm.

6.5.4 Preconditioned conjugate gradient method

A simple and efficient iterative method widely used for the solution of sparse systems is the conjugate
gradient (CG) method. In many cases the convergence rate of CG method can be too slow for practical
purposes. The convergence rate can be considerably improved by using preconditioning of the equation
system:

[M ]−1 [A]x = [M ]−1 {b} (6.9)

where [M ]−1 is the preconditioning matrix which in some sense approximates [A]−1 . The simplest
preconditioning is diagonal preconditioning, in which [M ] contains only diagonal entries of the matrix
[A]. Typical algorithm of PCG method can be presented as the following sequence of computations:

PCG algorithm
Compute [M ]
{x0 } = 0
{r0 } = {b}
do i = 0, 1...
{wi = [M ]−1 {ri }
γi = {ri }T {wi }
if i = 0 {pi } = {wi }
else {pi } = {wi } + (γi /γi−1 ){pi−1 }
{wi } = [A]{pi }
βi = {pi }T {wi }
{xi } = {xi−1 } + (γi /βi ){pi }
{ri } = {ri−1 } − (γi /βi ){pi }
if γi /γ0 < ε exit
end do

In the above PCG algorithm, matrix [A] is not changed during computations. This means that no
additional fill arise in the solution process. Because of this, the sparse row-wise format is an efficient
storage scheme for PCG iterative method. In this scheme, the values of nonzero entries of matrix [A] are
stored by rows along with their corresponding column indices; additional array points to the beginning
of each row. Thus the matrix in the sparse row-wise format is represented by the following three arrays:
A[pcol[N + 1]] = array containing nonzero entries of the matrix;
col[pcol[N + 1]] = column numbers for nonzero entries;
pcol[N + 1] = pointers to the beginning of each row.
The following pseudocode explains matrix-vector multiplication {w} = [A]{p} when matrix [A] is
stored in the sparse row-wise format:

Matrix-vector multiplication in sparse-row format

do j = 1, N
w[j] = 0
do i = pcol[j], pcol[j + 1] − 1
6.5. SOLUTION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS 45

w[j] = w[j] + A[i] ∗ p[coln[i]]

end do
end do
IS 1343 : 2012
ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title
269 : 1989 Specification for ordinary
Portland cement, 33 grade (fourth
revision)
383 : 1970 Specification for coarse and fine
aggregates from natural sources
for concrete (second revision)
432 (Part 1) : 1982 Specification for mild steel and
medium tensile steel bars and
hard-drawn steel wire for concrete
reinforcement: Part 1 Mild steel
and medium tensile steel bars
(third revision)
455 : 1989 Specification for Portland slag
cement ((fourth revision)
456 : 2000 Code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete (fourth
revision)
516 : 1959 Method of test for strength of
concrete
875 Code of practice for design loads
(other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures:
(Part 1) : 1987 Dead loads — Unit weights of
building materials and stored
materials (second revision)
(Part 2) : 1987 Imposed loads (second revision)
(Part 3) : 1987 Wind loads (second revision)
(Part 4) : 1987 Snow loads (second revision)
(Part 5) : 1987 Special loads and load
combinations (second revision)
1199 : 1959 Methods of sampling and analysis
of concrete
1489 Specification for Portland
pozzolana cement:
(Part 1) : 1991 Fly ash based (third revision)
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based (third
revision)
1566 : 1982 Specification for hard-drawn steel
wire fabric for concrete rein-
forcement (second revision)
1785 (Part 1) : 1983 Specification for plain hard-
drawn steel wire for prestressed
concrete: Part 1 Cold drawn stress
relieved wire (second revision)
1786 : 2008 Specification for high strength
deformed steel bars and wire for
concrete reinforcement (fourth
revision)
1791 : 1985 General requirements for batch
type concrete mixers (second
revision)
38
IS No. Title
1893 : 1984 Criteria for earthquake resistance
design of structures (fourth
revision)
1893 (Part 1) : 2002 Criteria for earthquake resistance
design of structures: Part 1
General provisions and buildings
(fifth revision)
2090 : 1983 Specification for high tensile steel
bars used in prestressed concrete
(first revision)
2386 (Part 3) : 1963 Methods of test for aggregates for
concrete: Part 3 Specific gravity,
density, voids, absorption and
bulking
3812 (Part 1) : 2003 Specification for pulverized fuel
ash: Part 1 For use as pozzolana
in cement, cement mortar and
concrete (second revision)
4082 : 1996 Recommendations on stacking
and storage of construction
materials and components at site
(second revision)
4845 : 1968 Definitions and terminology
relating to hydraulic cement
4925 : 2004 Specification for concrete
batching and mixing plant (first
revision)
4926 : 2003 Code of practice for ready-mixed
concrete (second revision)
5816 : 1999 Method of test for splitting tensile
strength of concrete (first
revision)
6003 : 2010 Specification for indented wire for
prestressed concrete (second
revision)
6006 : 1983 Specification for uncoated stress
relieved strand for prestressed
concrete (first revision)
6452 : 1989 Specification for high alumina
cement for structural use (first
revision)
6461 Glossary of terms relating to
cement concrete:
(Part 1) : 1972 Concrete aggregates
(Part 2) : 1972 Materials (other than cement and
aggregate)
(Part 3) : 1972 Concrete reinforcement
(Part 4) : 1972 Types of concrete
(Part 5) : 1972 Formwork for concrete
(Part 6) : 1972 Equipment, tools and plant
 IS 1343 : 2012

IS No. Title IS No. Title

(Part 7) : 1973 Mixing, laying, compaction, 8112 : 1989 Specification for 43 grade
curing and other construction ordinary Portland cement (first
aspects revision)
(Part 8) : 1973 Properties of concrete 9103 : 1999 Specification for admixtures for
(Part 9) : 1973 Structural aspects concrete (first revision)
(Part 10) : 1973 Tests and testing apparatus 12089 : 1987 Specification for granulated slag
(Part 11) : 1973 Prestressed concrete for manufacture of Portland slag
(Part 12) : 1973 Miscellaneous cement
6909 : 1990 Specification for supersulphated 12119 : 1987 General requirements for pan
cement (first revision) mixers for concrete
7861 Code of practice for extreme 12269 : 1987 Specification for 53 grade
weather concreting: ordinary Portland cement
(Part 1) : 1975 Recommended practice for hot 12330 : 1988 Specification for sulphate resisting
weather concreting Portland cement
(Part 2) : 1981 Recommended practice for cold 12600 : 1989 Specification for low heat
weather concreting Portland cement
8041 : 1990 Specification for rapid hardening 14268 : 1995 Specification for uncoated stress
Portland cement (second revision) relieved low relaxation seven ply
8043 : 1991 Specification for hydrophobic strand for prestressed concrete
Portland cement (second revision)

ANNEX B
(Clause 12.2)
SHEATHING DUCTS FOR PRESTRESSING

B-1 MILD STEEL SHEATHING DUCTS B-2 CORRUGATED HDPE SHEATHING DUCTS
Unless otherwise specified, the material shall be Cold Unless otherwise specified, the material for the ducts
Rolled Cold Annealed (CRCA) Mild Steel intended for shall be high-density polyethylene with more than
mechanical treatment and surface refining but not for 2 percent carbon black to provide resistance to
quench hardening or tempering. ultraviolet degradation and shall have the following
properties:
The material shall be clean and free from rust and
normally of bright metal finish. However, in case of Specific density : 0.954 g/cm3 at 23 °C
use in aggressive environment, galvanized or lead Yield stress : 18.0 N/mm2
coated mild steel strips shall be adopted. Tensile strength : 21.0 N/mm2
The thickness of metal sheathing shall not be less than Shore hardness D
0.3 mm, 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm for sheathing ducts having a) 3 s : 60
internal diameter up to 50 mm, 75 mm and 90 mm b) 15 s : 58
respectively. For bigger diameter of ducts, thickness Notch impact strength at
of sheathing shall be based on recommendations of a) 23°C : 10 kJ/m2
prestressing system supplier. b) 40 °C : 4 kJ/m2
The sheathing shall conform to the requirements Coefficient of : 1.50 × 10–4
specified in B-3 and a test certificate shall be furnished thermal expansion
by the manufacturer. for 20°C-80°C
The joints of all sheathing shall be watertight and The thickness of the wall shall be 2.3 ± 0.3 mm as
conform to the provisions specified in B-5. manufactured and 1.5 mm after loss in the compression

39
IS 1343 : 2012

test, for duct size up to 160 mm outer diameter. Couplers shall be placed so that the load is applied
approximately at the centre of two corrugations
The ducts shall be corrugated on both sides. The ducts
(see Fig. 10). The load as specified below is applied
shall transmit full tendon strength from the tendon to
in increments.
the surrounding concrete over a length not greater than
40 duct diameters. The sample is considered acceptable if the permanent
deformation is less than 5 percent.
These ducts shall be joined by adopting any one or
more of the following methods, as convenient to suit B-3.3 Tension Load Test
the individual requirements of the location, subject to
The test specimen is subjected to a tensile load. The
the satisfactory pressure tests, before adoption:
hollow core is filled with a wooden circular piece
a) Screwing together with male and female having a diameter of 95 percent of the inner dia of the
threads. sample to ensure circular profile during test loading
b) Joining with thick walled HDPE shrink (see Fig. 11).
couplers with glue. This can also be used for A coupler is screwed on and the sample loaded in
connection with trumpet, etc. increments, till specified load. If no deformation of
c) Welding with electro fusion couplers. the joints nor slippage of couplers is noticed, the test
The joints shall be able to withstand an internal pressure shall be considered satisfactory:
of 0.5 kg/cm2 for 5 min as per test procedure given in
B-3. Diameter of Sheath Load
mm N
B-3 TESTS ON SHEATHING DUCTS 25 to 35 300
a) All tests specified below shall be carried out More than 35 up to 45 500
on the same sample in the order given below. More than 45 up to 55 800
More than 55 up to 65 1 100
b) At least 3 samples for one lot of supply (not
More than 65 up to 75 1 400
exceeding 7 000 m length) shall be tested.
More than 75 up to 85 1 600
B-3.1 Workability Test More than 85 up to 90 1 800

A test sample 1 100 mm long is soldered to a fixed
base plate with a soft solder (see Fig. 9). The sample is
then bent to a radius of 1 800 mm alternately on either
side to complete 3 cycles. Thereafter, the sealing joints
will be visually inspected to verify that no failure or
opening has taken place.
B-3.2 Transverse Load Rating Test
The test ensures that stiffness of the sheathing is sufficient
to prevent permanent distortion during site handling.
B-3.4 Water Loss Test
The sample is sealed at one end. The sample is filled
with water and after sealing, the end is connected to a
system capable of applying a pressure of 0.05 MPa
(see Fig. 12) and kept constant for 5 min; hand pump
and pressure gauge or stand pipe system can be used.
The sample is accepted if the water loss does not exceed
1.5 percent of the volume. The volume is worked out
as follows:

The sample is placed on a horizontal support 500 mm Another sample 500 mm long is sealed at one end and
long so that the sample is supported at all points of the volume of hollow space arrived at by pouring water
outward corrugations. from a measuring cylinder.

A load as specified in the table below is applied The computation of relative profile volume is worked
gradually at the centre of the supported portion through out as follows:
ð f 2l
a circular contact surface of 12 mm diameter:
Relative profile volume = Vp - 4 cm3/cm2
Diameter of Sheath Load ð fl
where
mm N
25 to 35 250 Vp = actual volume = Va – Vb;
More than 35 up to 45 400 Va = premeasured quantity of water in a
More than 45 up to 55 500 measuring cylinder;
More than 55 up to 65 600 Vb = balance quantity of water left in the cylinder
More than 65 up to 75 700 after completely filling of the test sample;
More than 75 up to 85 800 l = length of specimen; and
More than 85 up to 90 1 000 φ = internal diameter of sheathing.

40
 IS 1343 : 2012

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 9 WORKABILITY TEST

B-4 TESTS ON CORRUGATED HDPE a) Three similarly reinforced concrete beams

SHEATHING DUCTS with a HDPE duct of length equal to 40 times
the duct diameter,
The additional acceptance tests for the prestressing
systems employing corrugated HDPE ducts shall cover b) Prestressing tendon of adequate length for
the following two tests: stressing and for embedding in the beam,
c) Tendon anchorage system,
B-4.1 Bond Test d) Load cells and meters, and
B-4.1.1 The test is carried out to establish satisfactory e) Grout constituents.
bond characteristics between the tendon and concrete, B-4.1.2 Method
in the ultimate condition. The test requires the
following equipment: Cast an adequately reinforced beam to withstand the

41
IS 1343 : 2012

All dimensions in millimetres.

F IG. 10 TRANSVERSE L OAD R ATING TEST

42
 IS 1343 : 2012

prestressing operation and of length to embed 40 times

the diameter of duct to suit the tendon to be adopted.
Introduce the strands of the tendon by spacing them
parallel by means of ply-spacers as shown in Fig. 13
and fill the duct with grout of strength not less than
27 N/mm2. When the grout has attained the necessary
strength, stress the tendon slowly increasing the load
to the failure capacity. The failure capacity of the bond
shall be at least equal to the anchorage efficiency or
0.95 of failure capacity of the tendon. At least three
tests shall be carried out to ascertain the adequacy of
the duct.

B-4.2 Compression Test for the Loss of Wall

Thickness
B-4.2.1 The test is carried out to establish the wear
and tear of the sheathing material and the rigidity of
the duct surface against indentation and abrasion under
concentrated line loading from the tendon constituents.
The test requires the following equipment:
a) Three concrete blocks,
b) One 1 000 mm long strand forming the
tendon,
c) A 3 MN press,
d) A loading beam of 300 mm length to transmit
5 kN load,
e) A rubber pad for placing between the press
and the beam for uniform and constant load
transfer,
f) A bearing plate with a monostrand jack to pull
the strand under loaded condition, and
All dimensions in millimetres. g) A digital caliper.
FIG. 11 TENSION LOAD TEST

FIG. 12 TEST FOR WATER LOSS STUDY

43
IS 1343 : 2012
FIG. 13 BOND TEST ARRANGEMENT
B-4.2.2 Method
Cast three concrete cubes of 300 mm size, of the same
strength as the main structure, with half cut HDPE
sheathing ducts embedded in it at the top as shown in
Fig. 14. Care shall be exercised to ensure that the duct
surface has uniform contact with concrete all around.
Place the concrete block over the press with a 1 000 mm
length of strand forming the tendon placed in the duct
and apply the 5 kN uniform load gradually as shown.
Pull the strand under the stressed condition by 200 mm
across the duct. Repeat the test on all the three ducts
so embedded. Measure the indentations formed in all
the three ducts along the length of the strand, by means
44
of digital calliper. The residual thickness of the duct
shall not be less than 1.5 mm.
B-5 SPECIFICATION FOR SHEATHING DUCT
JOINTS
The sheathing ducts shall be of the spiral corrugated
type. For major projects, the sheathing ducts should
preferably be manufactured at the project site utilising
appropriate machines. With such an arrangement, long
lengths of sheathing ducts may be used with consequent
reduction in the number of joints and couplers.
Where sheathing duct joints are unavoidable, such
joints shall be made cement slurry tight by the use of
 IS 1343 : 2012

corrugated threaded sleeve couplers which can be Typical details of a sleeve coupler is shown in Fig. 15.
tightly screwed on to the outer side of the sheathing The length of the coupler should not be less than
ducts. A heat-shrink coupler could also be used if 150 mm but should be increased upto 200 mm
suitable.

DIGITAL CALIPER

FIG. 14 COMPRESSION TEST A RRANGEMENT

FIG. 15 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A SLEEVE C OUPLER

45
IS 1343 : 2012
wherever practicable. The joints between the ends of
the coupler and the duct shall be sealed with adhesive
sealing tape to prevent penetration of cement slurry
during concreting. The couplers of adjacent ducts
should be staggered wherever practicable. As far as
possible, couplers should not be located in curved
zones. The corrugated sleeve couplers are being
conveniently manufactured using the sheath making
machine with the next higher size of die set.
FIG. 16 TYPICAL DETAILS OF HEAT-SHRINK COUPLER
ANNEX C
(Clause 13.1.4.4)
TESTING OF SYSTEMS WITH MECHANICAL ANCHORAGES
C-1 STATIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON-
ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY
The aim of the test is to assess the performance of the
tendon-anchorage assembly and to determine any
decrease of the breaking load of the prestressing steel
due to the influence of the anchorage. The test is also
relevant for couplings.
C-1.1 Test Specimen
The tendon and anchorage to be tested should be
assembled according to the envisaged application,
using all the components necessary for anchoring the
tendon. The geometrical configuration of the individual
wires, strands or bars in the specimen should be
identical to that of the actual tendon-anchorage
assembly and so the following properties should be
established:
a) Main geometrical and mechanical properties
of the prestressing steel used in the test;
b) Actual mean breaking load;
c) Mean total elongation at maximum load;
d) Mean cross-section;
46
The heat-shrink coupler (see Fig. 16) is supplied in the
form of bandage rolls which can be used for all
diameters of sheathing ducts. The bandage is coated
on the underside with a heat sensitive adhesive so that
after heating the bandage material shrinks on to the
sheathing duct and ensures formation of a leak proof
joint, without the need for extra taping or support in
the form of corrugated sleeve couplers. The heating is
effected by means of a soft gas flame.
e) Surface characteristics, etc; and
f) Minimum of three single unit tensile tests.
Relevant geometrical and mechanical properties of
anchorage components should also be determined. The
free length of the individual wires, strands or bars in
the specimen to be tested should be not less than 3.0 m.
If one grade of prestressing steel of the same type is to
be used with the same type of anchorage, the tests
should be performed using the grade with the highest
characteristic tensile strength.
C-1.2 Test Procedure
The tendon specimen is mounted in a calibrated test
rig or testing machine and should be stressed in
increments of force corresponding to 20 percent,
40 percent, 60 percent and 80 percent of the
characteristic tensile strength of the prestressing steel,
fp. In each increment the force is increased at a constant
force rate corresponding to about 100 MPa/min. At
the 80 percent level, the force is held constant for one
hour. Subsequently, the force is increased gradually to
total failure.

The described test procedure is normally applicable to
systems where the prestressing steel is connected to
the anchorage before applying the stressing force. In
systems where the prestressing level is locked in the
anchorage after the stressing force has been applied,
the above test procedure should be adapted as follows:
a) The tendon should be mounted in the test rig
or testing machine, using an identical
geometrical configuration of the individual
wires, strands or bars in the specimen to that
in the actual tendon-anchorage assembly.
b) The tendon should be stressed at one end with
the equipment used on the construction site,
in steps as described, to 80 percent of the
characteristic tensile strength of prestressing
steel, fp.
c) After the tendon has been locked at this force,
the further testing procedure should be as
previously described.
The test can be carried out in the manner described in
the first instance if it can be proved that locking the
prestressing steel in anchorage after the stressing force
has been applied has no significant influence on the
behaviour of the tendon-anchorage assembly.
C-1.3 Measurements and Observations
The following measurements and observations should
be made and recorded:
17A Before Locking
FIG. 17 DISPLACEMENTS D URING TESTING
47
IS 1343 : 2012
a) Relative force and time dependent
displacement ∆a of the prestressing steel with
respect to the anchorage (see Fig. 17),
b) Relative force and time dependent
displacement ∆b between the individual
components of the anchorage (see Fig. 17),
c) Deformation of the anchorage components,
d) Elongation of the tendon on free length up to
failure,
e) Measured ultimate force FTu, and
f) Location and mode of failure.
C-1.4 Test Requirements
The test result should meet the following requirements:
a) Residual deformations of anchorage
components after the test should confirm the
reliability of the anchorage.
b) The increase in the displacements between the
anchorage components as well as between the
prestressing steel and anchorage components
should not be disproportionate to the increase
in tendon force.
c) The above relative displacements during the
0.8 fp load stage should stabilize within the
first 30 min of the load duration of 1 h.
d) The mode of failure of tendon should be by
the fracture of the prestressing steel. Failure
17B After Locking
IS 1343 : 2012
of the tendon should not be induced by the
failure of anchorage components.
e) The measured anchorage efficiency is:
F themselves, depending on load and on number
ç A = Tu ≥ 0.95
Fpm
Fpm = actual mean breaking load
The total elongation in free length of the tendon under
the load FTu should be not less than 2 percent.
C-2 DYNAMIC LOAD TEST WITH TENDON-
ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY
The aim of the test is to determine the capacity of the
tendon-anchorage assembly under load fluctuations as
an indication of the reliability and durability of the
assembly.
C-2.1 Test Specimen
The type of specimen should correspond to the
requirements of C-1.1. If one grade of prestressing steel
of the same type is to be used with the same type of
anchorage, the tests should be performed with
prestressing steel using the grade with the highest
characteristic tensile strength.
Where the capacity of the testing machine to be used
could be exceeded, the number of wires, strands or
bars in the tendon-anchorage assembly to be tested may
be reduced, provided that the prestressing steel units
with the most severe angular deviation of tendon axis
from the prescribed are included and that the test results
are representative for the complete tendon.
C-2.2 Test Procedure
The test should be performed in a tensile testing machine
with a pulsator at a constant force frequency of not more
than 500 load cycles per min, and with a constant upper
force of 65 percent of the characteristic strength of the
prestressing steel. The range of forces, ∆f = FMax – FMin
should be maintained at a constant level throughout
testing.
The specimen should be tested in such a way that
secondary oscillations are precluded. When assembling
the specimen and fitting it in the testing machine,
special care should be taken to ensure that the force is
evenly distributed to all the tensile elements of the
tendon. In the case of grouted tendons special devices
may be used to avoid premature fretting failure of the
prestressing steel remote from the anchorage.
C-2.3 Measurements and Observations
The following measurements and observations should
be made and recorded:
48
a) Relative displacement between prestressing
steel and individual anchorage components
as well as between the anchorage components
of load cycles (see Fig. 17).
b) Examination of anchorage components and
prestressing steel after test with respect to
fatigue damage and deformation.
C-2.4 Steel Requirements
Each test result should meet the following
requirements:
a) Fatigue failure of anchorage components
should not occur.
b) The minimum fatigue strength of a post-
tensioning system should be
∆σp Min = 80 MPa
The fatigue strength is defined as the stress range
∆σ p which is endured for 2 million cycles without
failure of 5 percent of the initial cross-section of the
tested tendon at beginning of the test.
C-3 LOAD TRANSFER TEST
With the load transfer test, the transfer of the
prestressing force from the mechanical anchorage and
its components to the concrete should be verified.
C-3.1 Test Specimen
The test specimen is schematically depicted in Fig. 18.
The specimen should contain those anchorage
components which will also be embedded in the
structural concrete. Their arrangement should comply
with the practical application and with the prestressing
contractor’s specification.
The test specimen should be a concrete prism tested in
axial compression.
The part of the specimen containing the anchorage
should be provided with bursting reinforcement of the
same size and configuration as specified for the
particular system and tendon respectively.
Reinforcement may be used for the assembly of the
bursting reinforcement. It should not be considered part
of the technical approval if the following conditions
are not complied with:
a) Longitudinal bars have a total cross-section
more than 200 mm2.
b) Stirrups, that is, the secondary reinforcement,
uniformly distributed along the height of
specimen, should constitute more than
0.05 t steel/m3 concrete.
The concrete of the test specimen should correspond

FIG. 18 TEST SPECIMEN FOR LOAD TRANSFER TEST
to the actual concrete used for prestressed concrete
structures with respect to materials, composition,
compaction and its characteristic strength fck. After
casting the specimen should be demoulded after one
day and then moist-cured until testing. The cubes cast
for the determination of compressive strength should
be treated similarly.
C-3.2 Test Procedure
The specimen should be mounted in a calibrated test
49
IS 1343 : 2012
rig or testing machine. The load should be applied
corresponding to actual loading conditions in the
structure either by loading the tendon or by applying
the force directly to the anchorage. The force is
increased in increments of 20 percent from 0 percent
up to 80 percent of the characteristic strength of the
prestressing steel, fp (see Fig. 19).
After reaching the load 0.8 fp at least ten slow load cycles
should be performed, with at least 0.8 fp and 0.12 fp
being the upper and lower load limits respectively.
IS 1343 : 2012
The necessary number of load cycles depends upon the
stabilization of strain readings and crack widths as
described below. Following cyclic loading, the
specimen should be loaded incrementally to failure.
During cyclic loading measurements should be taken
at the upper and lower loads of several cycles in order
to decide whether a satisfactory stabilization of strains
and crack widths is being attained. Cyclic loading
should be continued until stabilization is satisfactory
(see C-3.4). Figure 19 shows the sequence of loading
and measurements.
At the final test to failure the mean compressive strength
of concrete of specimen should be:
fcm.e < fck.o and fcm.e < 0.85 fck
F
Fp
F IG. 19 PROCEDURE FOR THE LOAD TRANSFER TEST
C-3.3 Measurements and Observations
The following measurements and observations should
be taken and recorded:
a) Longitudinal and transverse concrete strains
on the side faces of the specimen in the region
WMax (mm)
F IG. 20 R EQUIREMENTS FOR CRACK WIDTHS
50
of maximum bursting effect under the upper
and lower load at different times for increasing
numbers of load cycles.
b) Formation, width and propagation of cracks
on the side faces of the specimen, as
mentioned above.
c) Visual inspection and/or measurement of
deformation of anchorage components in
contact with the concrete.
d) Location and mode of failure.
C-3.4 Requirements
Each specimen should meet the following requirements
(see Fig. 20):
a) Crack width upon first attainment of upper
force 0.8 (load point 4) should be ≤ 0.10 mm.
b) Crack width upon last attainment of lower
force 0.12 (load point n–1) should be
≤ 0.10 mm.
c) Crack width upon final attainment of upper
force 0.8 (load point n) should be ≤ 0.25 mm.
d) Readings of longitudinal and transverse
strains should have stabilized during cyclic
loading. The strains can be assumed to have
stabilized if the increase of strain in last two
load cycles is less than 5 percent.
e) Readings of crack widths should have
stabilized during cyclic loading. The crack
widths can be assumed to have stabilized if
the crack width does not increase by 0.02 mm
in the last two load cycles.
f) The measured failure load Fu shall meet each
of the following requirements:
fcm.e
Fu ≥ Fp and Fu ≥ 1.1 Fp
fck.o
 IS 1343 : 2012

ANNEX D
(Clauses 19.6.2.2 and 23.1.2)
MOMENTS OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR AND T-SECTIONS

D-1 The moment of resistance of rectangular sections d = effective depth to the centroid of the steel
or T-sections in which neutral axis lies within the flange area, and
may be obtained as follows: xu = neutral axis depth.
Mu = fpb Aps (d – 0.42 xu) For pretensioned members and for post-tensioned
where members with effective bond between the concrete and
tendons, values of fpb and xu are given in Table 11. It
Mu = moment of resistance of the section, shall be ensured that the effective prestress, fpe after all
fpb = tensile stress in the tendon at failure, losses is not less than 0.45 f pu , where f pu is the
fpe = effective prestress in tendon, characteristic tensile strength of tendon. Prestressing
tendons in the compression zone should be ignored in
Aps = area of pretensioning tendons in the tension
the strength calculations when using this method.
zone,

Table 11 Conditions at the Ultimate Limit State for Rectangular Beams with Pre-tensioned Tendons
or with Post-tensioned Tendons having Effective Bond
(Clause D-1)

Sl Aps . fpu Stress in Tendon as Proportion Ratio of the Depth of Neutral Axis to that of
No. bd.fck of the Design Strength the Centroid of the Tendon in the Tension Zone
fpb
0.87 fpu xu/d

Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning

with Effective Bond with Effective bond
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

i) 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.054 0.054

ii) 0.05 1.0 1.0 0.109 0.109
iii) 0.10 1.0 1.0 0.217 0.217
iv) 0.15 1.0 1.0 0.326 0.316
v) 0.20 1.0 0.95 0.435 0.4141)
vi) 0.25 1.0 0.90 0.542 0.4881)
vii) 0.30 1.0 0.85 0.655 0.5581)
viii) 0.40 0.9 0.75 0.783 0.6531)
1)
The neutral axis depth in these cases is too low to provide the necessary elongation for developing 0.87 fpu stress level. Hence, it is
essential that the strength provided exceeds the required strength by 15 percent for these cases.

51
IS 1343 : 2012

ANNEX E
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, CED 2

Organization Representative(s)
Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Ltd, SHRI JOSE KURIAN (Chairman)
New Delhi
ACC Ltd, Mumbai SHRI NAVEEN CHADHA
SHRI P. SRINIVASAN (Alternate)
Ambuja Cements Limited, Ahmedabad SHRI C. M. DORDI
DR A. N. VYASA RAO (Alternate)
Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India), Bangalore SHRI AVINASH D. SHIRODE
SHRI K. K. MEGHASHYAM (Alternate)
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai DR PRABIR C. BASU
SHRI L. R. BISHNOI (Alternate)
Builders’ Association of India, Mumbai REPRESENTATIVE
Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SHRI J. K. PRASAD
SHRI C. N. JHA (Alternate)
Cement Corporation of India Limited, New Delhi SHRI R. R. DESHPANDE
SHRI M. K. AGARWAL (Alternate)
Cement Manufacturers’ Association, Noida SHRI N. A. VISWANATHAN
DR S. P. GHOSH (Alternate)
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi MEMBER SECRETARY
DIRECTOR (CIVIL) (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee DR B. K. RAO
DR S. K. AGARWAL (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi CHIEF ENGINEER (DESIGN)
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (S&S) (Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), New Delhi DR RAKESH KUMAR
DR RENU MATHUR (Alternate)
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI MURARI RATNAM
SHRI N. CHANDRASEKHRAN (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR (CMDD) (N&W)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (CMDD) (NW&S) (Alternate)
Conmat Technolgies Pvt Ltd, Kolkata DR A. K. CHATTERJEE
Construction Industry Development Council, New Delhi SHRI P. R. SWARUP
SHRI RAVI JAIN (Alternate)
Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi CHIEF ENGINEER (QAC)
DIRECTOR (MATERIAL MANAGEMENT) (Alternate)
Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals, New Delhi SHRI P. K. LAHIRI
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (QA) (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI VINAY KUMAR
SHRI A. K. MISHRA (Alternate)
Fly Ash Unit, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi DR VIMAL KUMAR
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai SHRI V. N. HEGGADE
Grasim Industries Limited, Mumbai SHRI A. K. JAIN
DR S. P. PANDEY (Alternate)
Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited, New Delhi SHRI DEEPAK BANSAL
Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur SHRI S. S. DAS
SHRI MEERUL HASAN (Alternate)
Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai SHRI VIVEK NAIK
SECRETARY GENERAL (Alternate)

52
 IS 1343 : 2012

Organization Representative(s)
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee PROF V. K. GUPTA
DR BHUPINDER SINGH (Alternate)
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi SECRETARY GENERAL
DIRECTOR (Alternate)
Institute for Solid Waste Research & Ecological Balance, DR N. BHANUMATHIDAS
Visakhapatnam SHRI N. KALIDAS (Alternate)
Jai Prakash Associates Ltd, New Delhi SHRI M. K. GHOSH
Lafarge India Pvt Ltd, Mumbai SHRI RAMAKRISHNA MAGANTI
SHRI SANJAY JAIN (Alternate)
Madras Cements Ltd, Chennai SHRI V. JAGANATHAN
SHRI BALAJI K. MOORTHY (Alternate)
Military Engineer Services, Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, Army HQ, SHRI B. D. PANDEY
New Delhi SHRI RAJENDRA SHARMA (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI A. N. DHODAPKAR
SHRI S. K. PURI (Alternate)
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
DR M. M. ALI (Alternate)
National Test House, Kolkata SHRI B. R. MEENA
SHRIMATI S. A. KAUSHIL (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRI ARVIND SHRIVASTAVA (Alternate)
OCL India Limited, New Delhi DR S. C. AHLUWALIA
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (Alternate)
Research, Design & Standards Organization (Ministry of Railways), SHRI R. M. SHARMA
Lucknow SHRI V. K. YADAVA (Alternate)
Sanghi Industries Limited, Sanghi Nagar SHRI D. B. N. RAO
DR H. K. PATNAIK (Alternate)
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited, Gujarat SHRI K. J. TRIVEDI
SHRI S. B. VASAVA (Alternate)
Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Chennai DR M. NEELAMEGAM
SHRI J. PRABHAKAR (Alternate)
The India Cements Limited, Chennai DR D. VENKATESWARAN
SHRI S. GOPINATH (Alternate)
The Indian Hume Pipe Company Limited, Mumbai SHRI P. D. KELKAR
SHRI S. J. SHAH (Alternate)
The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata DR H. C. VISVESVARAYA
SHRI BALBIR SINGH (Alternate)
Ultra Tech Cement Ltd, Mumbai SHRI SUBRATO CHOWDHURY
SHRI BISWAJIT DHAR (Alternate)
Voluntary Organization in Interest of Consumer Education, New Delhi SHRI HEMANT KUMAR
In personal capacity (36, Old Sneh Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
In personal capacity (E-1, 402, White House Apartments, R.T. Nagar, SHRI S. A. REDDI
Bangalore)
BIS Directorate General SHRI A. K. SAINI, Scientist ‘F’ & Head (Civ Engg)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]
Member Secretaries
SHRI SANJAY PANT
Scientist ‘E’ & Director (Civ Engg), BIS
SHRI S. ARUN KUMAR
Scientist ‘C’ (Civ Engg), BIS

53
IS 1343 : 2012

Concrete Subcommittee, CED 2:2

Organization Representative(s)
Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation Ltd, SHRI JOSE KURIAN (Convener)
New Delhi
ACC Concrete Ltd, Mumbai SHRI ANIL K. BANCHHOR
SR MANAGER (RCD) (Alternate)
Ambuja Cements Limited, Ahmedabad SHRI C. M. DORDI
DR A. N. VYASA RAO (Alternate)
Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India), Bangalore SHRI AVINASH D. SHIRODE
SHRI K. K. MEGHASHYAM (Alternate)
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai DR PRABIR C. BASU
SHRI L. R. BISHNOI (Alternate)
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SHRI J. K. PRASAD
SHRI PANKAJ GUPTA (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee DR B. K. RAO
DR S. K. AGARWAL (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (DESIGN III) (Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), New Delhi DR RENU MATHUR
DR A. K. MISRA (Alternate)
Central Soil & Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI MURARI RATNAM
SHRI N. CHANDRASEKHARAN (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR (C&MDD)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (C&MDD) (Alternate)
Civil-Aid Technoclinic Pvt Ltd, Bangalore SHRI M. S. SUDARSHAN
SHRI R. NAGENDRA (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI VINAY KUMAR
SHRI T. BALRAJ (Alternate)
Fly Ash Unit, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi DR VIMAL KUMAR
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai DR N. K. NAYAK
Grasim Industries Ltd, Mumbai SHRI A. K. JAIN
DR S. P. PANDEY (Alternate)
Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai SHRI K. C. TAYADE
SECRETARY GENERAL (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi DR B. BHATTACHARJEE
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur DR SUDHIR MISHRA
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee DR ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
Larsen and Toubro Limited, Chennai DR B. SIVARAMA SARMA
SHRI KINGSLEY J. D. ERNEST (Alternate)
Military Engineer Services, Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army HQ, BRIG N. P. PADHI
New Delhi COL V. P. SINGH (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI A. K. SHARMA
SHRI KAMLESH KUMAR (Alternate)
National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited, New Delhi SHRI L. P. SINGH
SHRI DARSHAN SINGH (Alternate)
National Council for Cement & Building Materials, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
SHRI S. SHARMA (Alternate)
National Institute of Technology, Warangal DR C. B. KAMESWARA RAO
DR D. RAMA SESHU (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRI ARVIND SHRIVASTAVA (Alternate)
Pidilite Industries Limited, Mumbai SHRI P. K. PATRY
SHRI K. PADMAKAR (Alternate)
Ready Mixed Concrete Manufacturers’ Association, Mumbai SHRI VIJAYKUMAR R. KULKARNI
SHRI ANUJ MAHESHWARI (Alternate)

54
 IS 1343 : 2012

Organization Representative(s)
Research, Design & Standards Organization (Ministry of Railways), JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS (B&S)/CB-I
Lucknow JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS (B&S)/CB-II (Alternate)
Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Chennai SHRI T. S. KRISHNAMOORTHY
DR B. H. BHARATH KUMAR (Alternate)
Tandon Consultants Pvt Limited, New Delhi SHRI MAHESH TANDON
SHRI VINAY GUPTA (Alternate)
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai SHRI J. P. HARAN
SHRI S. M. PALEKAR (Alternate)
In personal capacity (35, Park Avenue, Annamma, Naicker Street, DR C. RAJKUMAR
Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore)
In personal capacity (36, Old Sneh Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
In personal capacity (EA-92, Maya Enclave, Hari Nagar, New Delhi) SHRI R. C. WASON
In personal capacity (E-1, 402, White House Apartments, R.T. Nagar, SHRI S. A. REDDI
Bangalore)

Panel for IS 456 and Revision of IS 1343, CED 2:2/P5

In personal capacity (35, Park Avenue, Annamma, Naicker Street, DR C. RAJKUMAR (Convener)
Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore)
Aarvee Associates Architects, Engineers and Consultants Private SHRI T. VISWANATHAN
Limited, New Delhi
BBR (India) P Ltd, Bangalore SHRI P. JAYACHANDRAN
SHRI J. GOPINATH (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SHRI S. S. MONDAL
SHRI R. K. DUGGAL (Alternate)
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd, New Delhi DR H. R. YADAV
Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation Ltd, SHRI JOSE KURIAN
New Delhi SHRI SHAILENDRA SHARMA (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI V. K. GUPTA
SHRI M. B. LAL (Alternate)
Gammon India Ltd, Mumbai REPRESENTATIVE
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi SHRI A. K. BANERJEE
SHRI S. VARSHNEY (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI A. K. SHARMA
SHRI D. K. SHARMA (Alternate)
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
SHRI S. SHARMA (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRI ARVIND SHRIVASTAVA (Alternate)
Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi SHRI VIJAY KUMAR
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai DR K. RAMANJANEYULU
DR B. H. BHARATH KUMAR (Alternate)
Stup Consultants Ltd, Navi Mumbai SHRI S. G. JOGLEKAR
Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi SHRI MAHESH TANDON
The Freyssinet-Prestressed Concrete Co Ltd, Mumbai SHRI P. Y. MANJURE
In personal capacity (K-L/2, Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002) DR A. K. MITTAL
In personal capacity (House No. 2103, Sector 7D, Faridabad) SHRI H. K. JULKA
In personal capacity (36, Old Sneh Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
In personal capacity (EA-92, Maya Enclave, Hari Nagar, New Delhi) SHRI R. C. WASON
In personal capacity (E-1, 402, White House Apartments, R.T. Nagar, SHRI S. A. REDDI
Bangalore)

55
Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 2 (7494).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 2323 0131, 2323 3375, 2323 9402 Website: www.bis.org.in

Regional Offices: Telephones

Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
NEW DELHI 110002 { 2323 7617
2323 3841
Eastern : 1/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Kankurgachi
KOLKATA 700054 { 2337 8499, 2337 8561
2337 8626, 2337 9120
Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022
{ 60 3843
60 9285
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113
{ 2254 1216, 2254 1442
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MUMBAI 400093 { 2832 9295, 2832 7858
2832 7891, 2832 7892
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VISAKHAPATNAM.
Published by BIS, New Delhi