Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
D
DEEC
CEEM
MBBEER
R 22001188
Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation Report for B+G+8 Mixed
Used Building
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
2. METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION............................................................ 5
2.1 Drilling............................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Drilling Equipment and Operation.................................................................. 5
2.3 Testing and Sampling...................................................................................... 6
2.3.1 Field Testing .................................................................................. 6
2.3.2 Sampling ....................................................................................... 8
2.3.3 Laboratory Testing ........................................................................ 8
5. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 20
Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation Report for B+G+8 Mixed
Used Building
List of Tables
List of Figures
Appendices
BH - Boreholes
BS - British Standards
m - Meters
kPa - Kilo-Pascal (kN/m2)
GWL - Ground water level
N-value - Number of blows for 300mm penetration
NMC - Natural moisture content
LL - Liquid limit
PI - Plasticity index
PL - Plastic limit
UCSC - Unified soil classification system
FS - Free Swell
D - Disturbed sample
UDS - Undisturbed sample
Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation Report for B+G+8
Mixed Used Building
1. INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of the geotechnical investigation works for
mixed use building project which is located in Addis Ababa, Bole sub city
around 22. The proposed development consists of the construction of eight
story building with one basement and ground floor (B+G+8).
The field work of the geotechnical site investigation was conducted from
November 12 to November 21, 2018.
The site investigation has been carried out by drilling two exploratory bore
holes to a depth of 15.00m in BH-1 and 13.00m in BH-2 at the proposed
locations shown in the attached site plan (Appendix 3). Laboratory tests were
performed on selected soil samples to identify and determine their properties.
The results of laboratory tests are included in Appendix 4 of this report.
1.4 Location
The project site is located in Addis Ababa, Bole sub city around 22. Based on
the area to be covered by structure; two boreholes were selected for the
investigation. The project site is generally characterized by nearly flat
topographic feature.
Addis Ababa city is situated in the western margin of the Main Ethiopian Rift
and represents a transition zone between the Ethiopian Plateau and the rift
with poorly defined escarpment.
Addis Ababa basalt extensively crops out along Akaki, Kebena, and Dukem
rivers at the east to southeastern part of Addis Ababa, and represents the oldest
unit of the area. It consists of essentially sub-horizontal lava flows with
thickness ranging from few meters up to 20m. Maximum exposed thickness
was found east of Addis Ababa, along the Kebena River. Addis Ababa basalt is
predominantly constituted by alkaline and olivine basalts with three main
textural attributes, that is, porphyritic, aphyric, and sub-aphyric.
Addis Ababa Ignimbrite is exposed close to Addis Ababa along the Akaki and
Kebena rivers. It overlies the Addis Ababa basalt and locally covers the
products of the composite central volcanoes of Wechecha and Furi. The
sequence is constituted by different flow units, consisting of pale-green to pale-
yellow welded and crystal rich ignimbrites.
Central volcanoes unit includes the Yerer volcano and the product of the two
composite volcanoes wechecha and Furi west and southeast of Addis Ababa,
respectively. Wechecha and Furi volcanoes are two large edifices composed by
predominant trachyte with minor pyroclastics. Yerer represents the largest
volcanic edifice in the region, with a relief of 1000m from the plain and 14km
wide along east-west direction. Products mainly consist of trachytes, even if
pyroclastics are widespread mainly in the central part eastern sector. The
highest part of Yerer volcano was affected by a more recent volcanic activity
that produces spatter cones and associated basalt.
Akaki unit crops out east of Addis Ababa and consists of scoria and spatter
cones with associated tabular lava flows and phreato- magmatic deposits.
Alluvial deposits covering these units consists of regolith, reddish brown soils,
talus and alluvium with maximum thickness of about two meters.
The upper most layer of the project site is covered by backfill material
comprises of concrete, clay, gravel & silt in BH-1 up to a depth of 2.10m and
boulder,corestone,gravel, silt & clay up to a depth of 0.80m in BH-2. Beneath
the backfill layer is medium stiff, dark to light grey, high plastic clayey SILT soil
layer and extends up to a drilling depth of 7.25m around BH-1 and 7.40m
around BH-2. following clayey SILT soil layer is weak, light grey, slightly
weathered IGNIMBRITE rock extends up to a drilling depth of 13.10m around
BH-1 and 12.00 around BH-2. The lowest profile of explored depth is medium
stiff to very stiff, variegated color, high plastic clayey SILT/silty CLAY up the
end of exploration depth.
The detailed geological strata are presented in the borehole logs attached with
this report (Appendix 1) and generalized ground profile is shown in figure 2
below.
2. METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
The site investigation was conducted by deploying one Spindle type China
made XY-200 core drilling rig having the capacity to perform boring
operations to the required standard and quality.
The main tasks undertaken as per the requirements for the geotechnical
investigation are:
2.1 Drilling
For the top soil formation dry drilling method has been utilized using single
core barrels fitted with appropriate size tungsten carbide bits at the bottom in
order to achieve good quality core recovery. When the formation changed to
rock, water was pumped down to the diamond bit through hollow drill rods,
thus, lubricating the bit and flushing the debris up the borehole. Telescopic
drilling was used whereby the drilling size was reduced progressively starting
from 108mm hole-diameter through 89mm and remains till the completion
depth.
The core drilling was carried out by using spindle type rotary core drilling rig.
Equipment to conduct in-situ testing and sampling, such as SPT apparatus
including split spoon sampler, water pump, rods, casings and a wide range of
heavy-duty tools were used during the drilling operation.
Field investigation
Drilling
BH-1 m 15.00
BH-2 m 13.00
- Standard penetration test, SPT No. 8
Laboratory Tests
Atterberg Limit No. 4
Grain size analysis No. 4
Free swell No. 4
Specific gravity No. 3
Natural moisture content No. 3
UCS of rock No. 5
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) utilizes a 51mm external diameter and
450mm long thick-walled split spoon tube sampler driven into the ground
under the impact of semi-automatic sliding hammer weighing 63.5kg through a
free fall height of 760mm in accordance with test procedure mentioned in test
No. 19 of BS 1377; 19750. The 'N' value, which is the measure of the density or
consistency of the ground under testing, is recorded as the number of hammer
blows required to achieve penetration of the last 300mm. The initial blows
required to penetrate the first 150mm are normally regarded as seating blows
to allow for any disturbed materials at the bottom of the borehole, and are
discarded. Upon completion of the test, the sampler tube is removed and
disassembled to obtain 'disturbed' but representative sample of the tested
ground.
The N-values of the SPT are an indication of the relative density of cohesion
less soils and the consistency of cohesive soil. General N-value ranges are
correlated with relative density and consistency as shown in table 3 below. It is
emphasized that for gravels and clays the correlations to relative density and
consistency should serve only as general estimates
SPT N-
BH ID Depth (m) SPT N-value vs depth Plot Layer Description
value
2.3.2 Sampling
Four disturbed soil samples were taken from the boreholes for laboratory
determinations of specific gravity, gradation, Atterberg limits and free swell
tests to characterize the types of soil in the profile. Five intact rock samples
were taken and uniaxial compression was conducted to characterize the rock
layer.
Representative soil/rock samples were selected and tested in ARCON Soil and
Construction Materials Laboratory, to check field classification and to
determine pertinent engineering properties. Summary of laboratory test results
are shown in summary table of Appendix 4.
Atterberg
Lab. Limit FS, % % %
BH ID Depth(m) Gs, USCS
Description LL, PI, (%) Gravel Sand Fine
(%) (%)
High plastic
3.00 - 3.50 86 40 100 2.75 NIL 1 99 MH
clayey SILT
BH-1
High plastic
4.50 - 5.00 88 44 140 2.69 NIL 1 99 MH
clayey SILT
High plastic
3.50 - 4.00 86 40 130 2.70 NIL 2 98 MH
clayey SILT
BH-2
High plastic
5.50 - 6.00 91 43 150 - NIL 1 99 MH
clayey SILT
3. GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Descriptive analysis was made on the soil/rock samples derived from the two
boreholes. This was used together with the classification tests and relative
compactions as indicated from the SPT tests, and the following generalized
geo-technical layers are identified.
Details on type and extent of the geotechnical layers are given in Appendix 1
(Borehole logs).
The upper most layer of the project site is covered by backfill material
comprises of concrete, clay, gravel & silt in BH-1 up to a depth of 2.10m and
boulder,corestone,gravel, silt & clay up to a depth of 0.80m in BH-2 soil layer.
B. Medium stiff to stiff, dark to light grey, high plastic clayey SILT soil
layer
Beneath the backfill layer is medium stiff, dark to light grey, high plastic clayey
SILT soil layer and extends up to a drilling depth of 7.25m around BH-1 and
7.40m around BH-2.
Representative disturbed soil samples were taken and laboratory tests were
conducted. From lab test results, the percentage of materials passing through
0.075mm sieve is 98% to 99%. The soil consistency test results for the strata
shows Plasticity Index and Liquid Limit values are ranging from 40% to 44%
and 86% to 91% respectively. The recorded maximum free swell is 150%.
These results indicate that the soil in this layer is dominantly fine grained soil
with high degree of expansion potential.
Following clayey SILT soil layer is weak, light grey, slightly weathered
IGNIMBRITE rock extends up to a drilling depth of 13.10m around BH-1 and
12.00 around BH-2.
The rock quality designation (RQD) is taken and gives values in a range from 0
to 100% in all boreholes for the entire rock layer and an average RQD value
of 70.88% around BH-1 and 43.14% around BH-2. The RQD measurements
show that the rock is in poor to fair quality in terms of RQD measurement.
Five intact rock core samples were taken to the laboratory for uniaxial
compressive strength tests. The test results gave compressive strength in a range
from 158.10 kg/cm2 to 227.18 kg/cm2 shows weak (according to Brown 1981).
D. Medium stiff to very stiff, variegated color, high plastic clayey SILT
soil layer
The lowest profile of explored depth is medium stiff to very stiff, variegated
color, high plastic clayey SILT which extends up the end of depth of
exploration in both boreholes.
4. FOUNDATION RECOMMENDATION
For the study area, two alternative shallow foundation types -Isolated footing
and mat foundation - are considered appropriate to support the proposed
structure based on the site geologic setting and anticipated load of the building.
Mat foundation is commonly used where the base soil has a low bearing
capacity and/or the column loads are so large that more than 50 percent of the
area is covered by conventional spread footings. It is common to use mat
foundations for deep basements both to spread the column loads to a more
uniform pressure distribution and to provide the floor slab for the basement.
Allowable bearing capacity for the selected foundation layer shall be discussed
based on correlation of the relative compaction of the in-situ ground as
indicated from SPT values. Then, all the necessary adjustments are made to
determine the actual SPT values.
Allowable bearing capacity for the selected foundation layer shall be discussed
based on correlation of the consistency/ relative compaction of the in-situ
ground as indicated from SPT. Then, all the necessary adjustments are made to
determine the actual SPT values. The depths at which the SPT N-values are
obtained, the SPT N-values and the adjusted N-values (i.e., N’55) are given
below and they are considered for determining the design N-values.
SPT values will be used to calculate the bearing capacity of the geotechnical soil
layers below the foundations. The depths at which the SPT N-values are
obtained, the SPT N-values and the adjusted N-values (i.e., N’55) are given
below and they are considered for determining the design N-values. Note that
for the rock layer SPT blow count of 50blows/300mm is considered.
Before using in-situ SPT values, the site N-values shall be adjusted to N55
standard energy ratio value using the following formula (Bowles, 1988).
,
𝑁55 = 𝐶𝑁 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝜂1 ∗ 𝜂2 ∗ 𝜂3 ∗ 𝜂4
,
Where 𝑁55 = adjusted N
𝑃 ′′
𝐶𝑁 = adjustment for overburden pressure =( 𝑃𝑂, )1/2
𝑂
𝑃𝑂, =overburden pressure
𝑃𝑂′′ = reference overburden pressure (95.76 kPa or
1.0kg/cm )
2
Note 1: (*) indicates assumed SPT N values for rock layer. N = 50blows/300m
is considered for the analysis of bearing capacity.
After adjusting the N-values, a design N-values are chosen from consecutive
depths where the test is performed. The design N-values are taken as the
average of adjusted N-values which are found in between ½ B above and 2B
below the proposed footing depths where B is the width of the foundation.
The bearing capacity for and isolated footing can be calculated from the SPT
N- values using Meyerhof’s equation as follows (Bowles, 1997):-
𝑁,
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ∗ (1 + 𝐹3 /𝐵)2 ∗ 𝐾𝑑 … … … … … … … … … 𝐵 > 𝐾𝑑
𝐹2
Where
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = Allowable bearing capacity for settlement limited to 25 mm.
B > F4
𝐾𝑑 = 1+0.33D/B, ≤ 1.33
𝐹2 = 0.08
𝐹3 = 0.3
𝐹4 = 1.2
𝐵 = Width of foundation
𝐷 = Depth of foundation
The following allowable bearing capacities values are computed for isolated
footings placed at a depth of 3.60m below the lowest ground level.
Foundation widths are varied from 1.50m to 4.00m. A settlement of 25mm is
assumed for the allowable bearing capacity computation. The figures below
illustrate the computations made.
590
BH-1
560
BH-2
530
Bearing Capacity (kPa)
500
470
440
410
380
350
320
290
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Width of Footing (m)
From the above analysis, one can see a little variation of bearing capacity
computed using two boreholes data. The allowable bearing pressure range in
value from 412kPa to 527Pa in BH-1 and 393kPa to 503kPa in BH-2 based on
various widths of footings.
The allowable bearing capacity value of isolated footing for this project may
not be sufficient to support the proposed structure. Accordingly, mat
foundation is proposed as a second option.
The bearing capacity for Mat foundation is calculated from the SPT N- values
using Meyerhof’s equation as follows (Bowles, 1997):
𝑁′55 ∆𝐻𝑎
𝑞𝑎= 𝐾
0.06 25 𝑑
Where,
qa= allowable bearing capacity
Kd = 1+0.33D/B 1.33
Ha = allowable settlement
B = Width of foundation
The following allowable bearing capacity values are computed for mat
foundation placed at 3.60m depth from the lowest ground level. Foundation
widths are varied from 8.0m to 26.0m with 2 unit interval. A settlement of
50mm is assumed for the allowable bearing capacity computation. The table
below illustrates the computations made.
780 BH-1
BH-2
750
Bearing Capacity (kPa)
720
690
660
630
600
6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0
Width of Footing (m)
From the above analysis, the allowable bearing pressure can be stated as
The above allowable bearing capacity values for both options discussed above
shall be checked for settlement criterion using lower values of bearing capacity
obtained from SPT N
For saturated fine grained soils, the major part of the settlement is contributed
by the consolidation settlement. The calculation of consolidation settlement is
presented below.
Cc = -0.156+0.411e0 + 0.00058WL
300
280
260
settelment (mm)
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Width of Isolated Fotting (m)
For Normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm often
acceptable. (Ethiopian standards – Based on European Norm, ES EN 1997:2015).
From the above analysis, calculated settlement values are not within the
tolerable limit. Hence, bearing capacity values shall be further reduced until the
desired settlements are achieved.
420
415
settelment (mm)
410
405
400
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Width of Mat (m)
The following section shows the allowable bearing capacity considering both
bearing failure and settlement criteria. Bearing capacity values which satisfy
settlement criteria are presented in the section below.
Note 2:
Since about 2.00m soil will be excavated and removed for foundation
and architectural requirement of basement construction the net
recommended bearing capacity has to consider relief load of
36kPa(2.00m*18kN/m3).
Width of Mat (m) 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
Recommended
Allowable Bearing 170 168 167 166 166 165 165 165 164 164
Capacities (kPa)
The recommended allowable bearing capacity can be directly read from the
table or interpolate for intermediate foundation width for any foundation
width described above.
Note 3:
5. CONCLUSION
Backfill soil;
Medium stiff to stiff, dark to light grey, high plastic clayey SILT soil
layer;
Weak, light grey, slightly weathered IGNIMBRITE rock layer and
Stiff to very stiff, reddish brown, high plastic clayey SILT soil layer.
APPENDICES
Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation Report for B+G+8
Mixed Used Building
Appendix 1
Borehole Logs
Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation Report for B+G+8
Mixed Used Building
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Borehole Locations
Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendation Report for B+G+8
Mixed Used Building
Appendix 4
Appendix 5