Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GRAMÁTICA
5ª Edição – 2017
Curso Preparatório Cidade - SCLN 113 Bloco C - Salas 207/210 Tel.: 3340-0433 / 9975-4464 / 8175-4509 - www.cursocidade.com.br / cursocidade@gmail.com
EQ U I P E Equipe de Professores
5.5. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES...................................... 21 12.2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS ..................................................................................... 41
5.7. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (AND ADVERBS) ..................................................... 22 12.4. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ....................................................................... 42
1. ALPHABET Herein under we can see the first twenty (20) numbers:
Aqui abaixo podemos ver os primeiros vinte números:
Each single letter has a specific, unique and characteristic sound, although this sound 0 – zero 7 – seven 14 – fourteen
can differ when combined with other letters in order to form a word. Nevertheless, it is 1 – one 8 – eight 15 – fifteen
fundamental to know how to pronounce the English alphabet correctly. It will be
2 – two 9 – nine 16 – sixteen
needed when someone asks you to spell your name or any other word.
3 – three 10 – ten 17 – seventeen
4 – four 11 – eleven 18 – eighteen
Cada letra tem um som específico, característico e único, embora este som possa diferir quando
combinado com outras letras, de modo a formar uma palavra. No entanto, é fundamental saber 5 – five 12 – twelve 19 – nineteen
pronunciar o alfabeto inglês corretamente. Será necessário quando alguém perguntar como se 6 – six 13 – thirteen 20 – twenty
soletra o seu nome ou qualquer outra palavra.
After twenty, for each of the tens, we add the numbers from one to nine.
A = ei E=i I = ai M = em Q = kiu U = iu Y = uai
Depois do vinte, para cada uma das dezenas, acrescentamos os números de um a nove.
Examples: 21 – twenty-one; 22 – twenty-two; 25 – twenty-five; 29 – twenty-nine.
B = bi F = ef J = djei N = em R = ar V = vi Z = zi
After number ten, all the tens are always ended with TY.
*
Depois do número dez, todas as dezenas terminam com TY.
Examples: 20 – twenty; 30 – thirty; 40 – forty; 50 – fifty; 60 – sixty; 70 – seventy;
C = ci G = dgi K = kei O = ou S = ess W = dabliu 80 – eighty; 90 – ninety.
Hundreds, thousands and millions are written with the correspondent number in front
of the words HUNDRED, THOUSAND or MILLION.
D = di H = eitch L = el P = pi T = ti X = ecs
Centenas, milhares e milhões são escritas com o número correspondente na frente (antes) das
palavras HUNDRED, THOUSAND or MILLION.
FIQUE LIGADO!
2.2. ORDINALS
◘ Em Inglês, a vírgula (,) é usada para separar milhares e milhões.
Exemplos: Herein under, we can see the main ordinal numbers used on a day-to-day basis:
23,500 = twenty-three thousand (and) five hundred Aqui abaixo podemos ver os principais números ordinais usados diariamente:
400,301 = four hundred thousand three hundred (and) one 0 – zero 1st – first 2nd – second
905,720 = nine hundred five thousand seven hundred (and) twenty 3rd – third 4th – fourth 5th – fifth
1,630,014 = one million six hundred thirty thousand (and) fourteen th
6 – sixth th
7 – seventh 8th – eighth
22,000,600 = twenty-million (and) six hundred 9th – ninth 10th – tenth 11th – eleventh
3,000,000,297 = three billion two hundred (and) ninety seven 12th – twelfth 13th – thirteenth 14th – fourteenth
◘ O ponto (.) é usado para separar decimais. 15th – fifteenth 16th – sixteenth 17th – seventeenth
Exemplos: th
18 – eighteenth th
19 – nineteenth 20th – twentieth
0,5 (Português) = 0.5 (Inglês)
1.500,34 (Português) = 1,500.34 (Inglês) After number ten, all the tens with zero are always ended with TIETH.
3.456.809,77 (Português) = 3,456,809.77 (Inglês) Depois do número dez, todas as dezenas terminam com TIETH.
Examples: 20th – twentieth; 30th – thirtieth; 40th – fortieth; 50th – fiftieth; 60th –
sixtieth; etc.
After the twentieth (ordinal number), we put twenty (numeral) plus the numbers from
one to nine (in ordinal). For the consecutive tens, this rule is equally applicable.
Depois do vigésimo (número ordinal), colocamos vinte (numeral) mais os números ordinais do
primeiro ao nono. Para as dezenas subsequentes, esta regra é igualmente aplicável.
Hundreds, thousands and millions are written with the correspondent number in front
of the words HUNDRED, THOUSAND or MILLION.
Centenas, milhares e milhões são escritas com o número correspondente na frente (antes) das
palavras HUNDRED, THOUSAND or MILLION.
EXERCISES:
Examples:
Write the respective ordinals and numerals:
Escreva os respectivos ordinais e numerais:
100th – a/one hundredth; 301st – three hundred (and) first;
03 – _________ 03rd – ________ 15 – __________
1,000th – a/one thousandth; 2,702nd – two thousand seven hundred second; th
15 – ________ 27 – _________ 27th – _________
1,000,000th – a/one millionth; 6,000,047th – six million forty-seventh; th
49 – _________ 49 – ________ 32 – ___________
8,056,763rd – eight million fifty six thousand seven hundred sixty (and) third; nd
32 – ________ 11 – _________ 11th – __________
32,600,001 – thirty two million six hundred thousand (and) first
68 – _________ 68th – ________ 76 – ___________
th
76 –_________ 12 – ________ 12th – __________
99 – _________ 99th – ________ 14 – ___________
FIQUE LIGADO! th
14 – ________ 100 – ________ 100th – _________
◘ Em Inglês, as abreviações dos números ordinais seguem as regras apresentadas abaixo e têm a
1,345 – ____________________________________________________________________
seguinte grafia:
1,560,300 – ________________________________________________________________
FIRST=1st SECOND=2nd THIRD=3rd THE OTHERS=Xth
322nd – ____________________________________________________________________
◘ No caso específico das centenas, milhares e milhões (ordinais) observa-se a regra de composição dos
numerais, com o acréscimo de TH no final do último número: 2,761st – ___________________________________________________________________
Os artigos indefinidos UM/UMA podem ambos ser utilizados para palavras masculinas ou femininas.
The definite article THE can be used for male or female words, as well as for singular
Contudo, eles só podem ser utilizados com palavras no singular, NUNCA no plural.
and plural ones.
Os artigos definidos O/A/OS/AS podem ser utilizados para palavras masculinas ou femininas, bem
Examples: It is a book. They are books.
como para as singulares ou plurais.
That is an apple. Those are apples.
c) Before countries whose names include words like UNION, UNITED or h) Before names of deserts, poles, imaginary lines and tropics.
REPUBLIC or the ones presented in the plural form. Antes de nomes de desertos, pólos, linhas imaginárias e trópicos.
Antes de países cujos nomes incluem palavras como UNIÃO, UNIDOS (UNIDO) ou REPÚBLICA, ou Examples: The Tropic of Cancer
aqueles que são apresentados na forma plural.
The Sahara Desert
Examples: The United States
The South Pole
The Netherlands
The Ecuador
The Soviet Union
The Republic of Ireland
i) Before superlatives.
Antes de superlativos.
d) Before names of groups of mountains, islands, straits and canals.
Examples: The best student
Antes de nomes de cadeias montanhosas, ilhas, estreitos e canais.
The largest house in the city
Examples: The Bahamas
The hottest day of the year
The Himalaya
j) Before musical instruments and names of rhythms and dances.
The Bering Strait
Antes de instrumentos musicais e nomes de ritmos e danças.
The Panama Canal
Examples: The flamenco
The guitar
e) Before ship names.
The samba
Antes de nomes de embarcações (marítimas ou espaciais).
k) Before ordinal numbers.
Antes de números ordinais.
Examples: The Queen Mary
The USS Eisenhower
EXERCISES: 05. On my last vacation, I visited ____ England, ____ U.S.A. and ____ Soviet Union.
Use the appropriate article(s) to complete the following sentences. Choose the best possible (A) ____; ____; the
answer. (B) ____; ____; ____
(C) ____; the; the
(D) ____; a; a
01. Entering ____ university should be ____ exciting experience for ____ men and women .
08. The boys brought ____ ewe, ____ European bird and ____ milk. 13. ____ baker works in ____ bakery and bakes ____ lot of bread every day.
09. ____ girl at ____ back of ____ room is eating ____ sandwich. 14. Entering ____ bank, I saw ____ man trying to mug ____ old lady.
10. ____ death of ____ friend of mine made me sad. 15. When I was talking to ____ woman in black, she was in ____ University full of young people
with ____ hats on their heads.
(A) a; the
(B) ____; a (A) a; a; a
(C) the; a (B) the; a; ____
(D) the; the (C) ____; ____; an
(D) the; ____; a
(A) the; ____; a 22. ____ Captain said: “it is ____ honor to finally meet ____ whole class of 1999”.
(B) the; the; the
(C) a; a; a
(A) ____; the; ____
(D) a; ____; the
(B) The; an; the
(C) The; a; the
18. Mike is always ____ first student in his class. Actually, he can consider himself ____ best (D) ____; a; the
student in ____ whole school.
4. PLURAL
(A) a; a: a
(B) a; a; the 4.1. MAIN RULE
(C) a; the; the
(D) the; the; the The main rule for the formation of the plural is to add one S to
the singular.
19. ____ General on ____ left side of ____ President of ____ Federative Republic of Brazil is ____ A regra principal para a formação do plural é acrescentar um S à
very well-known man. forma singular.
Book Books
(A) the; the; the; a; a
(B) the; the; the; the; a
(C) a; a; a; a; the
(D) the; the; a; the; the
Girl Girls
20. When we were living in ____ Bahamas, my father was living in ____ Florida. Five years later,
all ____ family was living together on ____ very nice farm in ____ state of Alabama.
a) For words finishing in CH, X, S, SH, SS or Z, we add ES at the end. WIFE → WIVES LIFE → LIVES
Para palavras terminadas em CH, X, S, SH, SS, Z, acrescentamos ES no final. KNIFE → KNIVES WOLF → WOLVES
CALF → CALVES LEAF → LEAVES
WITCH WITCHES OAF → LOAVES HALF → HALVES
BOX BOXES SHEAF → SHEAVES SELF → SELVES
GAS GASES SHELF → SHELVES THIEF → THIEVES
BUS BUSES
KISS KISSES
4.3. COMPOUND NOUNS
FIQUE LIGADO!
When it comes to compound words disjointed by hyphen, the first part of the
Exceções:
compound word will go to plural. This happens because, usually, the first one is the
piano → pianos photo → photos negro → negros noun and the second one its qualifier.
soprano → sopranos euro → euro No que toca a palavras compostas por justa-posição (com hifen), a primeira parte da palavra
composta irá para o plural. Isto acontece, porque, normalmente, a primeira é o substantivo e a
segunda o seu qualificador.
c) For words finishing in Y after consonants, we eliminate it and add IES at the end.
MOTHER-IN-LAW → MOTHERS-IN-LAW
Para palavras terminadas em Y depois de consoantes, eliminamo-lo e acrescentamos IES no final.
LOOKER-ON → LOOKERS-ON
Irregular plurals are totally different from their respective singular words. The only
d) For words finishing in F or FE we add S, but there are exceptions. Most common
way to know them is by memorizing. Most relevant examples:
examples:
◘ There are words in English that are always singular, even though they
4.5. THE SAME AS IN LATIN OR GREEK might have plural meanings. They are:
• anybody • each (+ noun) • everybody • nobody
There are some specific words that have their plural formed according to Latin and • somebody
Greek rules. Examples: • anyone • every (+ noun) • everyone • no one
Há algumas palavras específicas que têm os seus plurais formados de acordo com as regras do • someone
Latim e do Grego. Exemplos: • anything • something • nothing • something
With these words the verb always comes in the singular form. Examples:
NUCLEUS → NUCLEI SYLLABUS → SYLLABI Everybody is watching TV.
FOCUS → FOCI FUNGUS → FUNGI There is nobody home.
CACTUS → CACTI or CACTUSES THESIS → THESES Is there anything in the fridge?
CRISIS → CRISES PHENOMENON → PHENOMENA
INDEX → INDICES or INDEXES APPENDIX → APPENDICES
CRITERION → CRITERIA HYPOTHESIS → HYPOTHESES 4.6. THE SAME AS SINGULAR
Some English words are invariable, which means they are the same when in singular or plural
forms. Examples:
Algumas palavras inglesas são invariáveis, o que quer dizer que as suas formas singulares e plurais
são as mesmas. Exemplos:
DEER → DEER
SHEEP → SHEEP
SERIES → SERIES
FISH → FISH
TROUT → TROUT
FIQUE LIGADO!
5. They read several interesting (story) ____________ last night.
◘ Certas palavras são SEMPRE utilizadas no plural, pelo que não têm singular (e o verbo que as
acompanha também é SEMPRE utilizado no plural). Exemplos: police; clothes; tools; todas as
roupas de duas partes (shorts, pants, slacks, trousers, etc.); objetos formados por duas partes 6. Those (fungus) ____________ are very common in the Amazon forest.
(glasses, scissors, clippers, etc.).
7. There are more (girl) _______ than (boy) _______ in most of the (city) ________ of
◘ Nomes de ciências são GERALMENTE apresentados no plural, embora o verbo que os acompanha these (country) ________.
seja apresentado no singular. Exemplos: Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Statistics,
Politics, etc.
8. My husband invited our (parent-in-law) _________ to have dinner.
Mathematics is the hardest subject this year.
I don‟t like to think that Politics is a science. 9. He broke three (tooth) _________ playing volley with these (child) ________.
13. Natural (disaster) _________ are among the most unpredictable (phenomenon)
EXERCISES: __________ in the planet.
Fill in the blanks with the PLURAL of the words in parentheses.
14. Their (mother) _________ have always told them: take your (foot) ________ off the
table.
1. There are several pretty (secretary) ____________ at that South African company.
15. When we were (kid) ________, we used to go to music (show) ________ together. Back
Good (job) ____________ have never been that easy to find.
then, it was normal for (child) _________ to have (louse) _______.
In English, all clauses must have at least one subject and one verb, except for the ones
18. As soon as I knew that these (issue) _________ were being debated in the (conference) that are presented in the imperative. Along with the subject of the clause, it is possible
____________, I bought our (ticket) __________. to have a noun or a subject pronoun. So, in general terms, we can say that subject
pronouns work as the subject of the clause (1), do the action (2), replace the noun (3)
19. How many (species) __________ of (fish) ________ are there in the (river) _________ and are placed before the main verb (4).
that cross the Northern (state) __________ of Brazil? Em inglês, todas as orações têm que ter, pelo menos, um sujeito e um verbo, exceto aquelas que
são apresentadas no imperativo. Juntamente com o sujeito da oração é possível ter um nome ou
um pronome sujeito. Por isso, em termos gerais, podemos dizer que os pronomes sujeito
20. We were supposed to type all these (index) ____________ but, unfortunately, we have
funcionam como o sujeito da oração (1), praticam a ação (2), substituem o nome (3) e são
lost the paper where the (professor) ____________ have written the necessary
colocados antes do verbo principal (4).
(information) ____________.
The subject pronouns are: I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, YOU and THEY.
21. Do their (godfather) ____________ know how many (building) ____________ Mr. Brown
owns downtown? Examples:
22. As a matter of fact, the beautiful black (coat) _________ are not as expensive as the Mary and Paul = THEY
yellow (skirt) _____ that our (sister) _______ sold to the flight (attendant) ___________
that came to the store the day before yesterday. You and I = WE
You and your sister = YOU
23. How many (syllabus) _________ are there in the (word) __________ (hypothesis) The cat = IT
____________ and (appendix) ___________ ?
The cat and dog = THEY
Mary = SHE
24. Her little (daughter) ____________ have English (class) ____________ on (Monday)
Paul = HE
____________, (Wednesday) ____________ and (Friday) ____________.
26. I found many old (photo) ____________ when I was cleaning the (drawer)
____________ in my closet.
Other demonstrative pronouns (and/or adjectives) are SUCH, THE ONE and THE ONES.
5.2 OBJECT PRONOUNS
Outros pronomes demonstrativos (e/ou adjetivos) são TAL, TAIS, TÃO, TANTO, O QUAL, A QUAL,
OS QUAIS, AS QUAIS.
The object pronouns work as the object of the clause, as they are the ones that suffer
the action. They are placed after main verbs and prepositions.
Examples:
Os pronomes objeto funcionam como o objeto da oração, uma vez que são eles que sofrem a ação.
Eles são colocados depois de verbos principais e preposições. I have never seen such beautiful kids.
These books are the ones that I told you about.
The object pronouns are: ME, YOU, HIM, HER, IT, US, YOU and THEM.
The possessive pronouns show who or what the noun possesses. Nevertheless, OURSELVES, YOURSELVES and THEMSELVES
possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns don‟t have the same usage. Examples:
Os pronomes possessivos mostram quem ou o quê o nome possui. No entanto, pronomes e The dog is eating by itself.
adjetivos possessivos não têm a mesma utilização. My parents-in-law are traveling by themselves.
I, myself, shall do the work.
Possessive Pronouns: MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, ITS, OURS, YOURS and THEIRS. We are talking to ourselves.
She burnt herself.
These pronouns will NEVER come before a noun (This car is mine). They are used to
avoid the repetition of a noun already present in the sentence (Your book is red and
mine is blue). It is also possible to use them after a noun + OF (He is a friend of mine).
A noun is a word used to name a person, an animal, a place, a thing, a country, a Examples:
region and/or any abstract idea, among others.
Um substantivo ou nome é uma palavra utilizada para nomear uma pessoa, um animal, um local, He has four books.
uma coisa, um país, uma região e/ou qualquer ideia abstrata, entre outras.
They‟ve lived in two continents.
She‟s washing a few dishes.
I‟d love to spend my vacation in a desert island. Did you earn a little money?
Examples:
6.2. CATEGORY
6.3. FORMS The baby looks sick. They seem such nice people.
Whenever the adjective has one or two syllabi (short adjective), we add ER to it.
As a subject: The English teacher is tall.
Sempre que o adjetivo tem uma ou duas sílabas (até 7 letras, inclusive) (adjetivo curto).
As an object: He chose the English teacher. acrescentamos ER ao dito adjetivo.
As a possessive: The English teacher‟s car is green.
NOTE that all comparatives are followed by THAN. Good/well → Best Bad → Worst Far → Furthest
OBSERVE que todos os comparativos são seguidos por DO QUE. This book is the best I‟ve ever read.
This French red wine is the worst I‟ve ever had.
Whenever the adjective has one or two syllabi (short adjective), we add EST to it. NOTE that all superlatives are preceded by THE.
Sempre que o adjetivo tem uma ou duas sílabas (até 7 letras, inclusive) (adjetivo curto). OBSERVE que todos os superlativos são precedidos por O/A (artigo definido).
acrescentamos EST ao dito adjetivo.
Cold + EST = Coldest This city is the coldest in Brazil.
Bright + EST = Brightest This yellow is the brightest one.
Cheap + EST = Cheapest This dress is the cheapest one.
Old + EST = Oldest You are the oldest boy in the classroom.
Whenever the adjective has more than two syllabi (long adjective), we put MOST or
LEAST before the adjective, depending on the comparison that we intend to establish.
Sempre que o adjetivo tem mais de duas sílabas (oito ou mais letras) (adjetivo longo), colocamos
MAIS ou MENOS antes do adjetivo, dependendo da comparação que pretendemos estabelecer.
9. VERB TO BE
EXERCISES:
Organize the sentences correctly according to the adjective categories and orders: 9.1. PRESENT
9.3. FUTURE
Within the Present there are four different tenses. They are presented herein after.
Dentro do Presente há quatro tempos verbais distintos. Eles são apresentados em seguida.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I will be I will not be / I won‟t be Will I be?
You will be You will not be / You won‟t be Will you be? 10.1. SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Repare que o verbo SER/ESTAR não precisa de verbo auxiliar para formar orações negativas e/ou pronoun or noun + to be + She is working now.
interrogativas. Preste atenção aos seguintes exemplos: main verb + ING +
AFFIRMATIVE They are studying upstairs.
complement
You are talking smoothly.
Eu sou brasileiro. → I am Brazilian.
pronoun or noun + to be + She isn’t working now.
Eu não sou brasileiro. → I am not Brazilian.
NEGATIVE not + main verb + ING + They aren’t studying upstairs.
Eu sou brasileiro? → Am I Brazilian? complement
You aren’t talking smoothly.
Eu não sou brasileiro? → Am I not Brazilian?
The same doesn‟t happen to any other regular or irregular verb. In order to check this
difference, take a look at the sentences herein under:
O mesmo não acontece com qualquer outro verbo regular ou irregular. De modo a confirmar esta
diferença, olhe para as frases abaixo:
Main Adverbs: now; this moment; at this moment; at this exact moment; right now; right away,
Main Adverbs: always; usually; generally; never; often; sometimes; regularly; rarely;
etc…
seldom; once; twice; three times; four times, etc…
It is used to actions that happen frequently or, in other words, in a repeated general
It is used to describe an action that: (1) happened at an unknown time in the past; (2) happened
manner. The Simple Present tense requires the verb TO DO as auxiliary. Remember
many times in the recent past; (3) started in the past and continues happening until now; (4) has
that the auxiliary forms are not used in affirmative sentences. The said affirmative
just finished a few moments before the speech was produced. The Present Perfect tense uses the
sentences have their main verb in its base form (infinitive form without TO) and, when
verb TO HAVE as auxiliary. Proper way to make sentences:
in the third singular person (HE, SHE or IT), we use the base form plus an S. Proper
way to construct sentences: O Presente Perfeito é usado para descrever uma ação que: (1) aconteceu em um período não
determinado do passado, ou seja, em um tempo anterior indefinido; (2) aconteceu diversas vezes
no passado recente; (3) começou no passado e continua acontecendo no momento do discurso;
O Presente Simples é usado para ações que acontecem frequentemente ou, em outras palavras, de (4) acabou de terminar pouco tempo antes do discurso ser produzido. Utiliza o verbo TER como
um modo repetitivo. Sempre requer o verbo FAZER como auxiliar para a formação de orações auxiliar. Forma correta de construir frases:
negativas e interrogativas. Lembre que o verbo auxiliar não é usado em orações afirmativas. Estas
têm o verbo principal na sua forma base (infinitivo sem o TO) e, quando está conjugado na terceira
pessoa do singular (ELE, ELA ou COISA/OBJETO), usamos a forma base acrescida de S. Forma SENTENCES HOW TO CONSTRUCT EXAMPLES
correta de construir frases:
pronoun or noun + have / I have studied English since
SENTENCES HOW TO CONSTRUCT EXAMPLES has + past participle of the 2005.
AFFIRMATIVE
main verb + complement She has already gone out.
I/YOU/WE/THEY
noun or pronoun + main verb We work on the weekend. It has eaten recently.
AFFIRMATIVE + complement
pronoun or noun + haven‟t / I haven‟t studied English since
NEGATIVE hasn‟t + past participle of 2005.
HE/SHE/IT She works on the weekend. the main verb + complement She hasn‟t gone out yet.
noun or pronoun + main verb He watches TV every night.
+ s/es/ies + complement It hasn‟t eaten recently.
She studies every day.
Main Adverbs: lately, recently, for a long time; in the last few days; in the last few
weeks, in the last few months; just; already; yet; etc… EXERCISES
5. Nowadays, she ________________ about how to _____________ this to ____________. 10. I don‟t know where John and ____________ brother ____________ now.
6. He ____________ to ______________ farm every first Monday in the month. 11. Where has Chris gone recently?
7. For a long time, I ____________________ such a great success. 12. It doesn‟t matter, I _____________ this over and over again.
(A) doesn‟t he
14. What ____________ now? 19. My father, my mother and I ______________ to church lately.
15. What ____________ lately? 20. Right now, the children ____________ video game and we ___________ the game on TV.
16. What _____________ since 2 p.m.? 21. My father, my mother and I ______________ to church lately.
17. He ____________ there every July. 22. Why _________________ to the door every time I arrive home?
25. ___________________ with us? did + noun or pronoun + Did they work last weekend?
INTERROGATIVE main verb + Did she go to Rio yesterday?
AFFIRMATIVE complement
(A) Is she come
(B) Does she came didn’t + noun or pronoun + Didn’t they work last
(C) Is she coming INTERROGATIVE main verb + weekend?
(D) Has she came NEGATIVE complement Didn’t she go to Rio
yesterday?
(A) arrived Main Adverbs: yesterday; ago; when; last year; last month; last week; the day before
(B) haven‟t arrived yesterday; last Saturday; last winter, etc…
(C) hasn‟t arrived
(D) are arriving
Fique ligado!
11. PAST TENSE Na língua Inglesa, os verbos são divididos em duas grandes categorias: regulares e irregulares. Nos
verbos regulares forma-se o passado acrescentando ED ao respetivo infinitivo. Quanto aos
11.1. SIMPLE PAST irregulares, infelizmente só decorando!
Alguns verbos regulares: to work/worked/worked; to like/liked/liked (atenção, acrescentou-se
It describes a completed/finished action that happened in the past and it is known somente o D); to study/studied/studied (atenção, transformou-se o Y em I); to
when it occurred. The Simple Past tense refers to actions that took place in a previous stop/stopped/stopped (atenção, dobrou-se a última consoante).
specified time. Proper way to construct sentences: Alguns verbos irregulares: to go/went/gone – to see/saw/seen – to read/read/read – to
take/took/taken – to do/did/done – to fall/fell/fallen – to feel/felt/felt.
The Past Continuous tense is the progressive form of the Simple Past tense. This means was/were + not + noun or Weren’t they working last
INTERROGATIVE pronoun + main verb + ING weekend?
that it is used to describe continuous actions that took place in a previous specified
+ complement Wasn’t she going to Rio last
time. Let‟s see its different usages and compare them with the Simple Past. NEGATIVE
weekend?
O Passado Contínuo é a forma progressiva do Passado Simples. Isto significa que é utilizado para
descrever ações contínuas que tiveram lugar em um tempo passado determinado. Vamos ver as
suas diferentes utilizações e compará-las com o Passado Simples.
It is also used to describe a long previous action that was interrupted by another short
previous action. Notice that the short action is generally presented in the Simple Past
It was raining there yesterday (continuous) VS It rained there yesterday (simple)
tense.
Também é utilizado para descrever uma longa ação passada que foi interrompida por outra curta
She was playing the piano last night (continuous) ação passada. Repare que a ação curta é geralmente apresentada no Passado Simples.
VS
She played the piano last night (simple) Have a look at the examples below:
Dê uma olhada nos exemplos abaixo:
My sister was studying the day before yesterday (continuous)
VS
LONG ACTION SHORT ACTION noun or They had worked a lot before
pronoun + had + past she arrived.
AFFIRMATIVE
participle / noun or
pronoun + main verb + ED She had gone to Rio before
Moreover, it can be used to describe two long and simultaneous actions that took place she went to São Paulo.
or irregulars’ list
in the past.
Para além disso, pode ser utilizado para descrever duas ações longas e simultâneas que tiveram noun or pronoun + hadn’t + They hadn’t worked a lot
lugar no passado. NEGATIVE past participle / noun or before she arrived.
pronoun + main verb + ED She hadn’t gone to Rio
or irregulars’ list before she went to São Paulo.
Take a look at the examples below:
Dê uma olhada nos exemplos abaixo: had + noun or pronoun + Had they
past participle / noun or worked a lot before she
INTERROGATIVE
pronoun + main verb + ED arrived?
AFFIRMATIVE Had she gone
It was still raining when she was cooking dinner. or irregulars’ list
to Rio before she went to São
She was playing the piano while he was reading a novel. Paulo?
hadn’t + noun or pronoun + Hadn’t they
My daughter was playing tennis while my son was watching TV. worked a lot before she
INTERROGATIVE past participle / noun or
pronoun + main verb + ED arrived?
NEGATIVE Hadn’t she
or irregulars’ list
gone to Rio before she went
LONG ACTION LONG ACTION to São Paulo?
The main adverbs used in this specific situation are: when; while; meanwhile; in the
meantime.
Os principais advérbios usados nesta situação específica são: quando; enquanto; enquanto isso. Main Adverbs: before; when; previously; etc…
He had gone to the movies when his mother passed
away.
11.3. PAST PERFECT
The book had fallen to the ground before I could avoid it.
It describes a completed action or event that took place in a remote past. Usually, the
Past Perfect characterizes a complete previous action that happened before another PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST
completed action that also took place in the past. The one that is presented in the Past
Perfect happened before the one that is presented in the Simple Past. Proper way to
construct sentences:
It describes a completed continuous action – generally, a long one – that took place in (A) I had work a lot.
the past and happened before another completed action or event that took place in the (B) I had worked a lot.
past. Proper way to construct sentences: (C) I have work a lot.
Descreve uma ação terminada contínua – geralmente longa – que teve lugar no passado e que (D) I have worked a lot.
aconteceu antes de outra ação ou evento completes que também foram levados a efeito no
passado. Forma correta de construir frases:
2. Where had you gone before you graduated?
SENTENCES HOW TO CONSTRUCT EXAMPLES
noun or pronoun + hadn’t + They hadn’t been working 3. When did she come of age?
NEGATIVE been + main verb + ING / before she arrived.
noun or pronoun + main She hadn’t been going to Rio (A) She come of age yesterday.
verb + ED or irregulars’ list before she went to São Paulo. (B) She has come of age yesterday.
ad + noun or pronoun + Had they been
(C) She had come of age yesterday.
been + main verb + ING / working before she arrived? (D) She came of age yesterday.
INTERROGATIVE
noun or pronoun + main Had she been
AFFIRMATIVE going to Rio before she went
verb + ED or irregulars’ list
to São Paulo? 4. How long were they away?
Main Adverbs: before; when; previously; etc… 5. Had he been here before?
(A) For many time. 1. She has already bought (already, to buy) a brand new car.
(B) For a long years.
(C) For a long time.
2. Before they got (to get) married, they had been (to be) engaged for 10 years.
(D) For much years.
4. They had been riding (to ride) their bikes before they met (to meet) their friends.
(A) has; studied
(B) have; been studying
(C) did; studied 5. Our great-grandparents have been living (to live) here since 1937.
(D) have; study
6. He was running (to run) with his wife when she fell (to fall) and hurt herself.
8. All the girls _____________ the party when my brother and I ____________ there. 7. We had just finished (just, to finish) cooking before you came.
3. When the phone __________________, she _____________ a letter to her boyfriend. 8. She _____________ of ______________ there next weekend.
(A) watched; makes There is more than one way of constructing future clauses. In the English language, as
(B) is watching; made it happens to the Portuguese one, we can say “I will work tomorrow” OR “I am going
(C) have watched; had made to work tomorrow”. Both sentences mean that the action will take place in the future,
(D) was watching; was making although the second one uses the Present Continuous to express that thought. Let‟s
see what is the fundamental difference between them.
Há mais de uma maneira de construir orações futuras. Na língua Inglesa, assim como acontece na
5. My stepfather __________________ to Europe.
língua Portuguesa, nós podemos dizer “eu irei trabalhar amanhã” OU “eu vou trabalhar amanhã”.
Ambas as frases significam que a ação ocorrerá no futuro, embora a segunda utilize o Presente
(A) had already traveled Contínuo para expressar esse pensamento. Vamos ver qual é a diferença fundamental entre elas.
(B) was just traveled
(C) has just traveled
(D) is already traveled I will work tomorrow (less than 100% of certainty regarding the future action)
Eu trabalharei amanhã (menos de 100% de certeza em relação à concretização da ação futura)
6. His brother ______________ video game; meanwhile, my sister ___________ the laundry. VS
I am going to work tomorrow (100% of certainty regarding the future action)
(A) has played; had done Eu vou trabalhar amanhã (100% de certeza em relação à concretização da ação futura)
(B) is playing; has already done
(C) was playing; was doing
Thus, we should always use the following combinations:
(D) had played; was doing
Por isso, nós sempre deveríamos usar as seguintes combinações:
a) I think that… I will…
Main Adverbs: the same as the ones used for the SIMPLE FUTURE. She will have gone back home tomorrow at this same hour.
They won‟t have won the game by this time tomorrow.
Will you have studied all your grammar by the end of next month?
12.3. FUTURE PERFECT
The Future Perfect tense describes an action that will have happened at a determined 12.4. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
time in the future. This action won‟t repeat itself continuously during that given period
of time. Proper way to construct sentences:
The Future Perfect Continuous tense describes a continuous action that will have been
Descreve uma ação que terá acontecido em um tempo determinado no futuro. Esta ação não se happening at a determined time in the future. This action won‟t repeat itself
repetirá continuamente durante esse dado período de tempo. Forma correta de construir frases: continuously during that given period of time. Proper way to construct sentences:
Descreve uma ação contínua que terá acontecido em um tempo determinado no futuro. Esta ação
repetir-se-á continuamente durante esse dado período de tempo. Forma correta de construir
frases:
noun or pronoun + will + I will have been studying English (A) have met
AFFIRMATIVE have + been + main verb + for two years by this time next (B) meet
ING + complement year. (C) be going to meet
(D) will meet
noun or pronoun + won‟t + I won‟t have been studying
NEGATIVE have + been + main verb + English for two years by this time
ING + complement next year. 3. Yesterday, as he _________ down the street, he ___________ an old friend of his.
8. Jessica _____________________________ in 1983. 13. She _________________________ give her parents the good news the day after tomorrow.
9. They _____________________________ next holiday. 14. Why ________________________ you so late? Because I _______________________ the bus.
10. Mr. Tribianni ____________________ into the room when the lawyer ______________ dinner. 15. Pablo ______________________ half the homework, when they ______________________ in.
11. Why _______________ those people singing? Because they ______________ gotten some 16. After _________________________ all the accounts, Bianca ___________________ the store.
unexpected good news.
(A) takes
(B) taken 23. _________________________________ a look at that motorcycle.
(C) has taken
(D) has took
(A) take
(B) takes
19. They ______________ to her apartment last night but they ______________ there too late. (C) taking
She _________________ already ___________________. (D) took
(A) went; arrived; has; go 24. I ______________________ tomorrow, but my daughter _____________________ next
(B) go; arrived; has; gone weekend.
(C) have gone; arrived; have; go
(D) went; arrived; had; left
(A) am going; are going
(B) will leave; is going to travel
20. We ________________ surely __________ fleas if we ____________ as dirty as we ________. (C) leave; leave
(D) will go; will have been gone
29. My little sister _________________ worse, so I‟ll have _______________ care of her. Anyway,
I just _______________ she _______________ better as soon as possible.
1.1. FREQUENCY
Sometimes = on some occasions but not always or often Once = only one time He plays in a friendly way. (adjective)
These adverbs designate the place where something happens. We can find some examples in the These adverbs are applied to situations or events where a doubt, or a lack of absolute
following lines. certainty, is present. Herein under we can find some examples.
Here There Everywhere Maybe = Perhaps Probably Possibly
Above Around Beside
Upstairs Downstairs Between Perhaps, they won‟t be able to arrive on time.
Among Beneath Below Maybe, they will arrive on time.
We are coming after six, probably.
We are going upstairs in a few minutes. Possibly, she is trying to call you.
She is between my two brothers.
Our books are among yours. Other examples on how to use some adverbs:
I saw your children around there.
These adverbs specify the degree to which an adjective, or another adverb, applies. I will always love you!
There are some examples below. Say it once, say it twice!
Very Too Almost It‟s too late, baby. Now it‟s too late!
More Less Again I am definitely going to be there tomorrow.
My father is getting more and more impatient.
They said that you were very stubborn. Sometimes, she really crosses the boundaries.
She almost went to your birthday party. Where is he trying to go so early in the morning?
Your mother-in-law is too stubborn. They must do it. Otherwise, they will be absurdly punished.
We should do less things everyday. How often does he go out before midnight?
Here we go again. What genre of music do you listen to when you get up?
Luckily, he had to leave the house very soon.
Your shoes often stay under the bed.
( ) adverb ( ) adjective
l. He was talking with her in a friendly way.
( ) adverb ( ) adjective
b)________ (usual), Tom goes out with his girlfriend. Every preposition has an object. An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a
(Frequency) preposition to form a prepositional phrase.
Examples:
c)My daughter went to school ________ (the day before today). The trip that we are planning to Fernando de Noronha may be in December.
An object of a preposition can cause confusion when it comes to the comprehension of the
d)I think she is ________ (on the upper floor).
sentence’s structure because it can be taken as the subject of the said sentence.
(Place) Examples:
To Jane the wedding request was a big surprise.
e)________ (probable) we will need to go to the hospital. To = preposition; Jane = object of preposition;
(Doubt) The weeding request = subject of the sentence.
Prepositions are small words that create a relation among the several different words PLACE, STATE, CITY or COUNTRY
or expressions that are part of one sentence. They are used to link nouns,
pronouns and idiomatic expressions within a sentence, in a cohesive and coherent Examples:
way. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relation between
I live in that neighborhood.
the elements that constitute a sentence.
She lives in Florida.
Your son is in New York.
He used to live in the States.
Examples:
DURATION OF AN ACTION (TIME)
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
2.1.3. The preposition AT is applied to the following situations.
We‟ll have to be there at noon.
PLACE OR RESIDENCE IN A STREET, WHENEVER THE NUMBER IS MENTIONED I can‟t tell you that at this moment.
Examples:
I live at 570, Santa Monica Boulevard. 2.1.4. The preposition FOR is applied to the following situations.
EXACT HOUR
Examples:
Examples:
She played the piano for three hours.
I‟ve been studying English for the last three years.
We arrived at 10:00 a.m.
They went to their apartment at 8:30 p.m.
WHEN MENTIONING AN EXCHANGE OR A PERMUTE
Examples:
I rent my apartment for little money.
2.1.5. The preposition BY is applied to the following situations. The dog is under the table.
Under These children are all under seven.
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION (exception: ON FOOT) John works under Bob Thompson‟s.
Inside = in The pen is inside the desk.
Examples: Outside The boss is outside the office.
Near = next to = close to She lives near me.
I came here by car. She goes to school by subway. Across = in front of The bank is across the street.
They are against your ideas.
WHENEVER THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ARE SINONYMS OF ALONE Against He is always against our ideals.
The chair is against the wall.
He lives by himself in São Paulo. = He lives alone in São Paulo. Up He was walking up that avenue.
They study by themselves. = They study alone. In back of The taxi is parked in back of the building.
We have done it by ourselves. = We have done it alone. In front of The ball rolled in front of the bus.
Through The bird flew through the open window.
Among (more than two things or Paul is among us.
AS SYNONYM OF UNTIL WHEN INDICATING TIME
people) It‟s among those books.
It is between the bank and the post office.
Examples:
Between (two things or people) He‟s between her two sisters.
She was between them both.
They will finish their job by 7:00 o‟clock.
I think I‟ll be there by Friday.
We will be having fun by this time next week.
You‟ll have succeeded by 2011.
Before Take this medicine before lunch. throughout = during the whole time; It rained throughout the week at the beach.
all around; everywhere The news was spread throughout the country.
Until We must wait until ten p.m.
2.5. PREPOSITIONS OF POSSESSION to = indication of place or destiny I walked over to the window.
3.1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Or You must call her or she won‟t forgive you.
Neither.... nor Neither the orchestra nor the choruses were able to play harmoniously.
They can join single words or groups of words, but the structures must always have
He is neither a prince nor a frog.
elements with the same value. For instance: subject + subject; verb phrase + verb
phrase, sentence + sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join Either ...or Either she leaves or I do! I haven‟t been to either the U.S.A. or Greece.
elements, the element becomes a compound element. The most common coordinating
conjunctions are presented below. Otherwise She should study more; otherwise she won‟t pass the test.
Both.... and Both my sister and my mother play the piano. CONJUNCTION SAMPLE SENTENCES
Yet I‟m tired, yet I‟m glad I came. This is a simple yet effective solution.
But then I pass the test, but then it was really easy.
Though He seemed sad, though he had to go. In order to Men work in order to live.
Despite Despite our hard job we couldn‟t finish the work. In order (that) Politicians make promises in order (that) they could win more votes.
In spite of In spite of the bad weather, we decided to go to the beach house. So that Men work so that they can eat.
Unless I won‟t go to your home unless you come here to pick me up.
CONJUNCTION SAMPLE SENTENCES
Provided that I won‟t go to your home provided that you come here to pick me up.
As soon as I will meet you as soon as I can.
After We are going out to eat after we finish taking the test.
1. This book belongs _________ John. 17. He thanked me ____________ my interest ____________ the matter.
2. We all went ________ a walk _________ the park. 18. How much did they pay _____________________ their new house?
3. Sam bought this car _______ August. 19. They buy everything ______________ credit.
4. They plan to trade it ________ a new one ____________ spring. 20. She sold it ______________ me, and I bought it ____________ my mother.
5. He was looking _______ the pen that John lost. 21. Do you know what happened _____________________ Martha?
25. I think they were talking ________ us ________ the party last night.
9. She spends a lot ___________ time _____________ her English homework.
26. Where does your cousin like to go __________ Friday and Saturday nights?
10. We read _____________ the accident ______________ the newspaper this morning.
27. His sister has spent a lot _____________ that blue skirt.
11. I must write a letter ______________ my aunt.
4. MODAL VERBS
12. She went ____________ the forest _____________ find some wood.
Modal verbs are special verbs that behave very differently from regular and irregular ones. They
13. Julia sits ________ front __________ me, and Helen sits ____________ Harry and Hope. are auxiliary verbs, which along with main verbs give us the ideas of desire, intention,
probability, advice, capacity, permission and prohibition, among others. They have
neither participles nor infinitives. The modal verbs are:
14. The boat moved slowly _______________________ the coast.
CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD
15. Everyone laughed ____________ William‟s story.
Modal Example Uses Jeff will definitely leave NY after he finishes college. Certain prediction
She can play the piano really well. Ability / Possibility Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Asking for permission
Can
We can‟t buy a new car now. Inability / Impossibility Would you pass the salt, please? Request
Can I eat here? Asking for permission Would you mind waiting a moment? Request
Can‟t you help me? Request "Would three o‟clock suit you?" "That‟d be fine." Making arrangements
They could find a nice job if they decided to move. Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us. Ability in the past * More common in the UK than the US
May May I have another cup of tea? Asking for permission PAY ATTENTION!
China may become a major economic power. Future possibility Modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.
Modals are the same for all pronouns.
I can play tennis.
Might Susan might bring some cookies for us today Future possibility
He can play tennis.
We must pay our bills before the end of the month. Necessity / Obligation Don‟t use “to” before or after a modal verb. Exception: Ought to.
Must
They mustn‟t go out so late been so young. Prohibition
Shall I help you with your homework? Offer These expressions are closely related to modal verbs in meaning. They are often interchanged with
Shall *
them.
Shall we say 3.50 then? Suggestion
Should We should sort out this problem at once. Saying what‟s right or correct
You really should see a doctor about your illness. Recommending action
In spoken British English you can also use HAVE GOT TO and HAVEN‟T GOT TO. The past of HAVE
TO is HAD TO. The negative form is WOULD RATHER NOT.
Examples:
Examples:
Pamela is a waitress. She's got to work on weekends.
Have I got to do it right now? Do you want to go to the movies?
I haven't got to take my sister to school, my parents do it.
No, I´d rather not go to the movies. I‟m tired.
Tip! We do not use HAVE TO when talking about a supposedly good idea that was not yet put into
practice. Instead, in this context we use SHOULD.
NEED
HAD BETTER
When NEED is followed by another verb, it can have the forms either of an ordinary verb (with to do) or
of a modal auxiliary verb (mostly in British English).We can use NEED in the present and future to show
HAD BETTER is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express the
following ideas: desperate hope and/or warning people. necessity.
Examples: Examples:
You had better take your umbrella if you want to go out today.
(RECOMMENDATION) I need to buy something for dinner.
That bus had better get here soon! We will need to repair the roof next year.
(DESPERATE HOPE)
You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! (WARNING)
In the interrogative form, we use it with the hope of getting a negative answer.
Note that it can be used on Present and Future tenses, but always like HAD BETTER. Examples:
Do I need to stay until late?
Does he need to redo the composition?
WOULD RATHER
In the negative, we use it to express a necessity that was extinct or modified.
Examples:
Use the MODAL VERBS or MODAL EXPRESSIONS that correctly complete each one of sentences (A) necessity
below. (B) obligation
(C) advise
(D) possibility
1. She ________ go to bed early last night.
9. She ____________ not lie to me. 4. I will talk _____ you _____ the last time. Don‟t go _____ this place again!
(A) at; in; until; in (A) one main clause; one concessive subordinate clause
(B) at; in; at; until (B) one adversative coordinative clause; one main clause
(C) to; in; until; in (C) one conditional subordinate clause; one main clause
(D) at; at; at; until (D) one consecutive subordinate clause; one coordinative clause
6. ABOVE, TOWARD and AROUND are respectively prepositions of: 11. Whether she had traveled to Europe, she would have visited Italy. In the following sentence
we have:
(A) place; way; time
(B) time; place; way (A) probable condition
(C) place; direction; time (B) not probable condition
(D) place; time; direction (C) unreal condition
(D) impossible condition
7. I had a great grade in my last test. However, I have to study more and more.In the sentence
above we have: 12. By 2015, I‟ll have had a baby. If I save money, I‟ll buy a beautiful house, a nice car and get
married with a handsome man. Then, we should build a nice and comfortable home to wait for our
(A) an additive conjunction baby. However, we must work hard to provide him a good future.
(B) an alternative conjunction In the paragraph above we have:
(C) an explicative conjunction
(D) an adversative conjunction
(A) a future Simple; a probable condition; an advise; a coordinative conjunction
8. Although she doesn‟t have money, she insists on spending a lot of it. In the sentence above we (B) a future perfect; a probable condition; a possibility; a coordinative conjunction
have: (C) a future perfect; a probable condition; a possibility; a subordinate conjunction
(D) a future continuous; a not probable condition; a possibility; a subordinate conjunction
(A) a conditional subordinate clause
(B) a consecutive subordinate clause 5. WISH
(C) a comparative subordinate clause
(D) a concessive subordinate clause
The word WISH expresses a DESIRE. In terms of meaning, we can say that it is similar to the
expression WOULD LIKE (although this one is always attached to a condition).
9. Whereas you insist on doing that, I prefer to study hard. In the sentence above we have:
I, You, We, They WISH He, She, It WISHES
We use WISH + PAST SIMPLE to express an imaginary situation.
(A) a final subordinate clause
(B) a consecutive subordinate clause
Examples:
(C) a temporal subordinate clause
(D) an integrant subordinate clause I wish I had a car, but I don‟t.
We use WISH + PAST PERFECT to express regret or to say that you would like that a situation
occurred in the past could be different. Examples:
I wish it would come home earlier.
Examples: They wish their children would be more dedicated.
I wish I had bought a new car last year.
PAY ATTENTION!
PAY ATTENTION!
When WOULD describes something out of your control, the subject of WISH is different from the subject
It is mainly used to express regret, desiring that things were different. It is possible
of WOULD, to avoid any kind of incoherence.
to use WISH – in this sense – to talk about actions from both the present and future tenses, as
well as and the past tense:
I wish (that) I weren't here now.
We use WISH + INFINITVE in the same way as we use the verb “to want”, although it is much
I wish (that) I didn't have to go to more formal.
school tomorrow.
EXERCISES
We use WISH + COULD to express a desire about something that you are unable to be or to do. Choose the best possible answer.
(A) I wish I earned more money. (A) I wish I knew more people.
(B) I wish it was Friday. (B) I wish I were on vacation.
(C) I wish it wasn‟t raining. (C) I wish I had more money.
(D) I wish I could have the weekend off. (D) I wish it weren‟t so late.
(A) I wish I earned more money. (A) I wish I were more powerful.
(B) I wish I finished earlier. (B) I wish I finished earlier.
(C) I wish I had an interesting one. (C) I wish I were not here.
(D) I wish I had a laptop. (D) I wish I could have more friends.
5. I don't have anything to eat. 10. Robert has gone to the farm and I really need to speak with him.
6. I don‟t have much time to finish this. Put the sentences in the correct order.
The sentences with if are conditional clauses. They consist on a main clause plus (+) a subordinate PAY ATTENTION!
conditional clause. UNREAL PRESENT
The Past Subjunctive of “to be” is “were” for all people.
Possible Future IF Simple Present + Simple Future If you study hard,
If I were you, I would go.
you will learn If he were you, he could buy a new car.
(possible (subordinate clause) (main clause)
condition) English. For other verbs, the PAST SUBJUNCTIVE is the same that
-------------------------------------------
(you will get it) SIMPLE PAST.
+ Imperative
Or, IF Simple Present + Can, May, Must +
Main Verb
5. I‟m sure she isn‟t here. She ____________ be at home. 10. I ____________ to the Caribbean, if I ______________ enough money.
The passive voice happens when the subject of the sentence suffers the action. It is often used in PRESENT PERFECT Active John has delivered the mail.
English when a fact or happening is more important than what caused it. We form the passive Passive The mail has been delivered by John.
voice of the present, past, and future tenses with the appropriate form of the verb TO BE and the
past participle of the main verb. CAN; MAY; MUST; Active She must finish this wedding dress
SHOULD with BE today.
ACTIVE VOICE x PASSIVE VOICE Of Present perfect sentences with have (has) been + the past participle of the main verb.
John has delivered the mail.
EXERCISE:
Change the sentences from the active voice to the passive voice:
Examples: He has told me recently: “You were in need of special attention a couple of months ago.”
Maria said, “Ballroom dancing classes are gorgeous.” He has told me recently (that) I had been in need of special attention a couple of months before.
1. Joshua: “Mary is home”. 6. Alice: “I‟ve spent a lot to buy this LCD”.
(A) Joshua tells that Mary is home. (A) Alice complained that she had spent a lot to buy that LCD.
(B) Joshua told that Mary was home. (B) Alice complained that she had spent a lot to buy this LCD.
(C) Joshua said that Mary was home. (C) Alice complained that she spent a lot to buy that LCD.
(D) Joshua says that Mary was home. (D) Alice complained that she spent a lot to buy this LCD.
2. Peggy: “The girls helped in the house”. 7. Cindy: “When did you come”?
(A) Peggy told me that the girls had helped in the house. (A) Cindy wants to know when I had come.
(B) Peggy told me that the girls helped in the house. (B) Cindy wanted to know when I had come.
(C) Peggy said that the girls had been helping in the house. (C) Cindy wanted to know when I came.
(D) Peggy says that the girls were helping in the house. (D) Cindy wants to know when I came.
(A) Christopher asked her if she wants to dance. (A) David said Robert was ill.
(B) Christopher asked me if I want to dance. (B) David said Robert had been ill.
(C) Christopher asked me if I wanted to dance. (C) David says Robert had been ill.
(D) Christopher asked her if she want to dance. (D) David says Robert was ill.
4. Liz: “Tom went downtown an hour ago”. 9. Clair: “I didn't have time to do my homework”.
(A) Liz said that Tom went downtown an hour before. (A) Clair remarked that she hadn't had time to do her homework.
(B) Liz said that Tom was going downtown an hour before. (B) Clair remarked that she didn‟t have time to do her homework.
(C) Liz said that Tom had gone downtown an hour ago. (C) Clair remarked that she hadn't time to do her homework.
(D) Liz said that Tom had go downtown an hour ago. (D) Clair remarked that she wasn‟t having time to do her homework.
5. Barbra: “I'm watching a talk show”. 10. Joseph and Joe: “We will do our best in the exams tomorrow”.
(A) Barbra said to me that she is watching a talk show. (A) Joseph and Joe told me they have to do their best in the exams the next day.
(B) Barbra says me that she was watching a talk show. (B) Joseph and Joe told me they will do their best in the exams the next day.
12. Chandler: “My wife and I definitely don‟t like to eat here.”
Robert‟s sister Rachel started studying to become a nurse after his other sister Alice got seriously
sick.
(A) Chandler complained that they didn‟t like to eat here.
(B) Chandler complained that they didn‟t like to eat there.
EXERCISE:
(C) Chandler complained that they don‟t like to eat there.
(D) Chandler complained that they don‟t like to eat here. Combine the following sentences below into a single clear sentence.
8. APPOSITIVE a) Marilia is a single woman. / Marilia always helped her friends with their marriage.
________________________________________________________________________________
An appositive is a word, or group of words, that identifies or renames the noun – subject or object b) Mike is a shy guy. / Mike is the best dancer we have in our dance class.
– which commonly appears right after it and offers concise ways of describing or defining a person, ________________________________________________________________________________
place or thing. In fact, it may be looked upon as a simplified adjective clause that serves to identify
c) William was an excellent student in high school. / William isn‟t working due to his drugs
the subject. Occasionally, it can be found in the beginning of the sentence, before the noun that it
addiction.
wants to identify. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words.
________________________________________________________________________________
d) Cole is the priest of my church. / Cole is helping homeless kids.
After the noun → My dog, a little female poodle that I bought one month ago , is running around
the kitchen table. OR Roxanne argued with Josh, her fifteen years old messy son. ________________________________________________________________________________.
Before the noun → Being a funny guy, Tom wants to be a comedian at that famous Italian show. e) Raphael is a sneaky boy. / Raphael is a creepy boy. / Raphael was following Susan yesterday.
OR Intending to stay home on Saturday, Joan turned off her mobile. ________________________________________________________________________________
f) Bruno is a peaceful man. / He is a shy young man. / He was the army‟s best shooter.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
g) John is a private detective. / He found new evidences about Nicole‟s murder.
________________________________________________________________________________.
1.1. SUBJECT Notice that on these examples the pronoun (YOU) is always implied – it is not written – because
the person who is giving the order is talking directly with the person who is receiving it. Thus, they
The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause. It says what or whom the sentence is are in the same context.
referring to. Every subject is built around at least one noun or pronoun that governs
agreement – forms and number – regarding the verb or auxiliary verb. There are simple
subjects – when they consist of one noun or a singular pronoun – and compound subjects – when 1. 1.1 FORMS OF SUBJECT
they consist of more than one noun or a plural pronoun.
The subject can be realized, or taken to effect, according to the following forms.
Cataphoric IT – this is the use of it when co-referring to a subordinate clause that comes after it.
2. OBJECTS OF SENTENCE
Example: It was known by everyone (that) he had travelled the world.
When nouns are not subjects they are usually objects and they are often part of the
sentence predicate. Some predicates include action verbs that can stand alone in
1.2. PREDICATE
the sentence, such as: “Sarah cried” or “John ate”.
However, there are quite a few verbs that can‟t stand alone, requiring another word or
sentence and it modifies the subject,
A predicate is one of the two main parts of a
phrase in order to complete the sentence and its sense – the noun or pronoun that help
including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb. It describes the these verbs are called objects.
property of the person or thing referred to by the subject or the situation in which this An example of an object can be seen in the sentence “Jim bought a car”. The verb
person or thing plays some rule. A predicate serves to make an assertion or denial “bought” can‟t stand alone in the sentence or the sentence would have no sense. There
about the subject of the sentence and must contain a verb that requires, permits, or are three kinds of objects: Direct Object; Indirect Object; and Object of Preposition.
precludes other sentence elements to complete it. Thus, it tells the action or condition.
There are simple predicates – when there is only one verb pertaining to the object – 2.1. DIRECT OBJECT
and compound predicates – when there is more than one verb pertaining to the same
object. Whatever the subject of the sentence does, its action is done directly over the object –
Judy reads the book. Simple Predicate noun and/or pronoun that receive the action of a verb. Therefore, the direct object refers
They walked through the art gallery and admired the sculptures. Compound Predicate to a person or thing affected by the action of the verb placed directly after a
verb; unless the sentence contains an indirect object. A direct object answers the
questions about “whom” or "what" is being targeted by the action.
PAY ATTENTION!
Bill gave a car to Fernando and me for us to go to the hospital.
There is a clear difference between a subject and a direct object. A direct object
(Fernando and me – object of preposition to)
receives the action, whereas the subject is performing the action (where an action verb
is involved)..
PAY ATTENTION!
An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the comprehension of the
2.2 INDIRECT OBJECT structure section because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.
Example: To Jane the wedding request was a big surprise.
Indirect objects, like all objects, must be nouns or pronouns. They are included in sentences when
the subject of the sentence practices an action (direct object) over something or someone
Pay Attention Jane is not the subject of this sentence!
indirectly. It refers to a person or things who/which receive the said action.
To = preposition; Jane = object of preposition; The weeding request = subject of
Examples: the sentence.
I lent Sally my tools. (My tools – direct object; Sally – indirect object)
Joshua sent Emma a postcard. (A postcard – direct object; Emma – indirect object) 3. VERBALS: INFINITIVES, GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES
These are words that seem to carry the idea of action or being, although they don‟t essentially
PAY ATTENTION! function as a true verb. There are three types of verbals: Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles.
An infinitive functions as a noun, but we typically call it a verbal – a form that is based on a verb
2.3. OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
and expresses action or a state of being.
When it introduces a main clause, an infinitive phrase requires a comma if it is used as an adverb
at the beginning of a sentence.
Examples:
To buy a basket of flowers, James spent more than he thought he would do.
To go to the States, they needed more money than they thought.
This basket of flowers, to be perfectly honest, was more expensive than I I love spending time with my family. (direct object)
thought. Living a balanced life is about integrating all parts of it. (subject)
These glasses, to talk clearly, are damn expensive! Here are some tips for getting a healthy perspective on life. (object of preposition)
The best part of life is learning new things. (subject complement)
They resented us living a successful life. (indirect object)
PAY ATTENTION!
Be sure not to confuse an infinitive with a prepositional phrase beginning with TO. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based
Infinitives – to + base verb form: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, to stand, to catch, to on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, it occupies the
belong, to understand, to believe, to imply, to infer, to keep, to climb, to dare, to improve. same positions that a noun ordinarily would: subject, direct or indirect object, subject
Prepositional Phrases – to + noun or pronoun and any modifiers: to him, to the complement, and object of preposition.
committee, to my house, to the mountains, to us, to this address, to those guys, to them.
Simple
Form We had planned to watch all the soap opera.
3.2. GERUNDS
WE CANNOT SAY
3.2.3. GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
He prefers relaxing at home, to spend time with his family and to get things
done around his house.
She can‟t stand getting up late and to miss the bus. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.
Among others, our son's best skill was writing.
In a series, either use TO with all the infinitives or only with the first one.
His everyday‟s occupation has been reading.
Her favorite hobby was golfing.
WE CAN SAY
Our first love was swimming.
When he takes time off from work, he prefers to relax at home, spend time
with his family and get things done around his house.
We love to sit by the pool, eat a nice meal, have a cold drink and enjoy the
sun. 3.2.4. GERUND AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Traveling with your parents might satisfy your desire for new experiences. A participle is a verbal that is commonly used as an adjective and it often ends with ED or ING.
Studying abroad is an experience (that) we‟ll never forget. The term verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb
and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they function as adjectives,
Finding a needle in a haystack is as difficult as it sounds.
participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of participles:
Finding a parking space is quite difficult in this area.
Present participles – end with ING.
Learning about other cultures makes people more tolerant.
Past participles – end in ED, EN, D, T or N, as in asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.
The crying baby had a wet diaper.
3.2.5.2. GERUND PHRASE AS DIRECT OBJECT
Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
They don‟t appreciate singing out loud. The burning log fell off the fire.
I love watering and taking care of my plants. A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and a modifier(s) and/or a noun(s)
Our parents don‟t like fighting with each other. or pronoun(s) that function as direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or
state of being expressed in the referred participle.
Do you watch boxing or wrestling on TV?
The law forbids eating and screaming in public libraries.
Examples
In the first sentence there is no clear indication of whom or what is performing the action
expressed in the participle carrying. Certainly foot can't be logically understood to function in this Examples:
way. This situation is an example of a dangling modifier error since the modifier (the participial The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.
phrase) is not modifying any specific noun in the sentence and is thus left "dangling". Since a
(The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
person must be doing the carrying for the sentence to make sense, a noun or pronoun that refers
to a person must be in the place immediately after the participial phrase, as it happens in the Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
second sentence. (The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)
Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas should
Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
be used.
Starting the Writing Process
Understanding Writing Assignments
The same pattern is shown in these other examples presented herein under. Agree Decide Expect Hesitate
Note that in the first sentence, a gerund (noun-function) is used. On the other hand, the second I hope to go on a vacation soon.
sentence uses a participle (adjective-function). In what concerns the meaning of each statement, it (not: I hope going on a vacation soon.*)
is fundamental to emphasize the subtle change in meaning between the first and the second.
He promised to go on a diet.
He was not impressed with their competing.
(The competition – competing – did not impress him) (not: He promised going on a diet. *)
They agreed to sign the treaty.
He was not impressed with them competing. (not: They agreed signing the treaty.*)
(They did not impress him as they competed)
Because she was nervous, she hesitated to speak.
(not: Because she was nervous, she hesitated speaking.*)
The difference in the form of gerunds and infinitives is quite clear just from comparing the
following lists: They will attempt to resuscitate the victim
Gerunds: swimming, hoping, telling, eating, dreaming (not: They will attempt resuscitating the victim.*)
Infinitives: to swim, to hope, to tell, to eat, to dream
Their functions, however, overlap. Gerunds always function as nouns, while infinitives often serve Verbs that take only GERUNDS as verbal direct objects
as nouns. Deciding which to use can be confusing in many situations, especially for people whose
deny risk delay consider
first language is not English.
Examples:
to feel to hear to notice to watch
She has continued to work at the store. to see to smell to observe to sound
She has continued working at the store.
They like to go to the movies.
They like going to the movies.
6. Mrs. Jones, I regret _____ you that your credit limit has been exceeded.
1. I remembered _____ the Queen in London, in 1999.
(A) make A main clause of any sentence is also called an independent clause because it can stand alone
(B) to make as a sentence, without the help of another clause. A main clause contains a subject and a verb and
(C) making expresses a complete idea. All complete sentences have at least one main clause. A sentence with
(D) to making only one clause is called a simple sentence. A sentence with two or one more independent
clauses is called a compound sentence. In a compound sentence, you can join the independent
clauses with a comma and a conjunction such as: and; but; or; although; so; yet; nor; etc.
8. I wanted to stop _____ some presents, but we didn't have enough time.
(A) to
Examples of Simple Clauses:
(B) to buy
(C) buying The steam turbine was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
(D) to buying Brazil has won the World Cup Soccer on five different occasions.
The consistent economical growing of Brazil puts it among the developed countries.
9. Look, it is starting _____.
Examples of Compound Sentences:
(A) rain The first thermometer was invented by the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit, and the
(B) to rain Fahrenheit temperature scale bears his name.
(C) raining
Brazil has won the World Cup Soccer on five different occasions, so it is the sole five times winning
(D) to raining
champion of this tournament.
The consistent economical growing of Brazil puts it among the developed countries, although it
10. I finished _____ English when I was twenty. still needs to improve in other crucial areas.
(A) it brings
(A) smoke
(B) bringing
(B) to smoke
(C) for bringing
(C) to smoking
(D) brings
(D) smoking
A noun clause functions as a noun in a phrase. It has a subordinate, a subject and a verb and it is
(A) there is formed with subordinator + subject + verb (+ rest of clause). In a sentence, a noun clause can
(B) has serve the following functions: subject, direct object and object of preposition.
(C) there are
(D) with
6.1.1. AS SUBJECT
4. Even before _________________, Spain had begun to devise an administrative system to
control its empire in the New World. How life began has been a topic of debate for many centuries.
Where she lives I didn‟t know and I still don‟t.
(A) to be over the heroic age Who to go with is my now my main problem.
(B) it the heroic age
(C) was the heroic age over
(D) the heroic age was over
5. Biologically speaking, women are ____________________________ men. 6.1.2. AS DIRECT OBJECT
(A) usually older about In 1978 scientists discovered that the planet Pluto has a satellite.
(B) bound to live longer than She will be there whenever she feels the urge to do so.
(C) used to be older with I‟ve tried talking to you when you were in town.
(D) bound living longer than
A subordinate clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete idea. A Noun clauses usually begin with words called subordinating conjunctions or subordinators.
subordinate clause is an incomplete sentence; it cannot stand alone. You must connect it to a main Subordinators in Noun Clauses
clause by using a subordinating word, which is also called a subordinator. Because a
subordinate clause depends on a main clause to express a complete idea, it is sometimes called
how how soon whenever who
dependent clause. A sentence with at least one subordinate clause is called a complex
sentence. Whenever the subordinate clause comes first, it is followed by a comma. however if where whoever
how long that wherever whom
EXERCISES
NOTES Choose the option that best completes the sentences.
In some sentences, the subordinator is also the subject of the noun clause. 1. A good college History textbook includes ______________________ about History.
Example:
Whoever bothers to read junk mail is probably wasting a lot of time. (A) every student knowing
(B) should every student know
When a noun clause is the subject of a sentence, there must be a verb in the main clause. (C) in that every student should know
(D) what every student should know
Example:
That goods are scarce is the central fact behind the science of economics.
2. The Counseling and Career Center provides academic and career advising, and it will also tell
NC V
students ____________________ for other community resources.
When a noun clause is the direct object of a sentence, there must be a subject and a verb in the
main clause.
(A) where to go
Example:
(B) where go
Children usually imitate whatever their parents do. (C) where going
S V NC (D) wherever
When a noun clause begins with THAT and it is used as a direct object in a sentence, you can omit
it without changing the desired meaning. 3. How vines climb, ____________________, and what special needs they have, all make a big
difference when deciding where to put which vine.
Example:
Most astronomers believe that some form of life must exist on other planets. (A) when they can be planted
Most astronomers believe soform of life must exist on other planets. (B) they can be planted
(C) can they be planted
(D) when were they being planted
Some noun clauses can be reduced to infinitive phrases. Look at some examples herein under.
4. A female tiger signals _______ ready to mate by leaving her scratch marks ad scent on trees.
Noun Clause:
How society should distribute scarce goods is a central economic problem in any society.
(A) that its
(B) that it‟s
Infinitive Phrase: (C) that is it
5. They were the only ones to tell me ___________________ the previously arranged spot. 6.2.2 SUBJECT
(A) what to get Frederick Douglass was a former slave who became a leader in the anti-slavery movement.
(B) when to get The big fat lion was the one that attacked many people in the African savanna.
(C) which to get to
(D) how to get to
6.2.3. DIRECT OBJECT
6. She doesn‟t know _______________________ her to arrive to our apartment.
Abraham Lincoln is the president whom historians believe was the greatest.
(A) how many it will take The cat is the animal that many Americans choose as their pet.
(B) how much she will take
(C) how long it will take Note that when WHOM, THAT or WHICH function as the direct object of the adjective clause, you
(D) how long will she take can omit it, with no change in meaning. Check it below.
6.2.1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Bermuda is an area of islands and coral rocks to which thousands of tourists are attracted every
year.
People Animals and Things Note that the preposition before the relative pronoun is part of the adjective clause. Use a
preposition whenever it is needed or if you want to communicate a specific meaning. Look at the
Subject who, that which, that
same sentence written in a different way.
Object whom, that which, that
Possessive whose whose
Thousands of tourists are attracted to an area of islands and coral rocks called Bermuda.
Note that adjectives clauses can also begin with the following subordinators:
Therefore, as the phrasal verb ARE ATTRACTED needs the preposition TO, the preposition must
When, Where, Whereby and Why. come before which in the adjective clause.
Note that when an adjective clause is needed to identify a noun, it is called a necessary or
restrictive adjective clause. No commas are used in these cases. Check the example below.
6.2.5. ACTIVE VOICE
Of all living things, the chimpanzee has a genetic make-up that is most similar to ours.
Therefore, when commas on an adjective clause, THAT cannot begin the referred clause. Yellowstone, which was authorized by Congress in 1872, is the oldest park in the US.
Yellowstone, authorized by Congress in 1872, is the oldest park in the US.
Adjective clauses often appear in written and spoken English. A sentence might contain several
adjective clauses. An adjective clause can contain other adjective clauses. Check the following Note that if the adjective clause needs commas, the adjective phrase will also need commas. Check
example. the following examples.
There are social situations where people who give information are higher in status than Crater Lake, which was formed by a volcano, is a superb setting for day hikes.
those who need information. Crater Lake, formed by a volcano, is a superb setting for day hikes.
Some adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases, with no change in meaning. An
6.2.7. APPOSITIVE PHRASE
adjective clause can be reduced to an adjective phrase only when it has WHO, WHICH or THAT
as its subject.
Sometimes adjective clauses can be reduced to appositive phrases. An appositive is a noun
phrase that is placed near another noun to define it or to explain it. Appositives do not have verbs.
Adjective Clause:
The general who had led the Union Army to victory was Ulysses S. Grant.
Adjective Clause
Adjective Phrase:
One application of the laser is holography, which is the production of three-dimensional
The general leading the Union Arm to victory was Ulysses S. Grant. images.
In order to reduce an adjective clause to an adjective phrase, you must: Appositive Phrase
Omit the subject of the clause (the relative pronoun); One application of the laser is holography, the production of three-dimensional images.
Omit the auxiliary verbs, if there are any;
Change the verb to its ING form.
Choose the option that best completes the sentence. (A) whom has come
(B) which has come
1. Hammurabi, ___________________ his capital at Babylon, issued a famous code of laws for the (C) who has come
management of his large empire. (D) that has come
(A) who had 6. That was a historical victory ________________________ before they had gone to fight abroad.
(B) had
(C) whose (A) that has been achieved
(D) whom had (B) who has been achieved
(C) who had been achieved
2. Composer Maurice Ravel based some of his finest works on the Oriental scales (D) that had been achieved
______________________ he was introduced at the Paris Exhibition of 1889.
7. Once, we‟ve tried to get his help but he had traveled to an Eastern country
(A) at which _________________________________.
(B) to which
(C) which
(A) whose name I have forgotten.
(D) that
(B) who name I have forgotten.
(C) what name I have forgotten.
3. When changing banks, credit card companies may assign a lower cash advance limit than the (D) whom name I have forgetten.
one _______________________________ by a full credit line.
Martin Luther King was such a powerful orator that his speeches continue to inspire people many
years afterward.
6.3.1. SUBORDINATORS IN ADVERB CLAUSES
TIME Even though it appears to help some people, doctors disagree on melatonin‟s safety.
Malcolm X had been assassinated by the time his autobiography was published.
CAUSE/RESULT
=
because since so that in order that
By the time his autobiography was published, Malcolm X had been assassinated.
so… that such…that
Please note that when the adverb clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, it is always
CONTRAST followed by a comma.
although even if even though despite the fact that
though whereas while
Some adverb clauses can be reduced to adverb phrases, with no change in meaning. Nevertheless,
in spite of the fact that
an adverb clause can only be reduced to an adverb phrase when the subject of the clause is the
same as the subject of the main clause.
MANNER
as as if as though just as Adverb clauses that begin with AFTER, BEFORE, SINCE, WHEN and WHILE are often reduced to
like adverb phrases.
ADVERB CLAUSE
CONDITION When a substance undergoes a slow oxidation, the substance can burst into flame.
as long as if in case whether or not
provided unless AVERB PHRASE
When undergoing a slow oxidation, a substance can burst into flame.
1. ___________ golf became increasingly accessible to Americans after World War II, the sport
achieved popularity with both average people and professional players.
7,770,777 – seven million seven hundred seventy thousand seven hundred seventy 16. B (the; the; a; a; a; the)
seven 17. B (the; the; the)
18. D (the; the; the)
Complete the numbers according to the example: 19. B (the; the; the; the; a)
20. D (the; ____; the; a; the)
1. secretaries
2. jobs 1. her ; my
3. saleswomen 2. her
5. housewives 4. your
6. stories 5. their
7. fungi 6. its ; our
8. girls ; boys ; cities ; countries. 7. his
9. parents-in-law 8. her
10. teeth ; children. 9. its
11.people 10. their
12. Churches ; discotheques.
13. Subways ; buses ; means ; towns. Choose the correct form.
14. disasters ; phenomena 1. them
15. mothers ; feet 2. us
16. kids ; shows ; children lice. 3. We
17. forests ; deer. ; brothers-in-law ; trout. 4. us
18. criteria ; faculties 5. me
19. issues ; conferences ; tickets. 6. them
20. species ; fish ; rivers ; states 7. him
7. This is its. 2. They made that long trip through the woods by themselves.
8. Are these ours or are they theirs? 3. I don‟t like to go to the movies by myself.
9. Which house do you prefer: mine, hers or his? 4. Helen, however, prefers to go to the movies by herself.
10. Will they go to theirs or ours next weekend? 5. John likes to take long walks in the woods by himself.
6. The old couple lives by itself/themselves in a cottage in the woods.
Complete the following sentences with a possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun. 7. John works by himself in a small office.
8. My aunt, although she is rather rich, prefers to live by herself.
Complete the sentences using the comparative form of the adjectives between brackets . 5. worse ; than
6. easier ; than
7. more valuable ; than
1. younger ; than
8. more attractive ; than
2. older ; than
9. warmer ; than
3. bigger ; than
10. more expensive; than.
4. better ; than
11. more satisfactory ; than
5. worse ; than
12. wider ; than
6. easier ; than
13. more difficult ; than
7. more valuable ; than
14. better ; than
8. more attractive ; than
15. cleverer ; than
16. hotter ; than
Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjectives between brackets.
17. prettier ; than
18. larger ; than
1. warmer ; than
2. more expensive ; than
3. more satisfactory ; than
Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjectives between brackets.
4. wider ; than
5. more difficult ; than
1. the oldest
6. better ; than
2. the most expensive
7. cleverer ; than
3. the worst
8. hotter ; than
4. the most important
9. prettier ; than
5. the largest
10. larger ; than.
6. the most ambitious
1. Classify the adverbs below according to what you‟ve just learned. ( ) adverb ( x ) adjective
k. Computers work better nowadays.
( x ) adverb ( ) adjective
Mainly – degree Usually – frequency Where – place
l. He was talking with her in a friendly way.
Deadly – manner Behind – place Maybe – doubt
( ) adverb ( x ) adjective
Almost – degree Tonight – time Rarely – frequency
4. Complete the sentences below with the adverbs that relate to the words or expressions in
2. Find the adverbs that correspond to each adjective:
brackets, and classify each one of them:
Complete the sentences herein under with appropriate preposition. Use the MODAL VERBS or MODAL EXPRESSIONS that correctly complete each one of sentences
below.
3. Sam bought this car in August. 2. They have to/must buy some stamps because there aren‟t any at the office.
4. They plan to trade it for a new one after/before spring. 3. We have to/must rush because we are late for class.
8. The man walked quickly into the room and went to bed. 6. My mother can swim very well.
9. She spends a lot of time with her English homework. 7. I think you should/ought to call her.
10. We read about the accident in the newspaper this morning. 8. I would rather go to the farm tonight than tomorrow morning.
11. I must write a letter to my aunt. 9. She had better not lie to me.
12. She went through the forest to find some wood. 10. What do you think I should/ought to do?
13. Julia sits in front of me, and Helen sits between Harry and Hope. 11. He could have helped us last night.
14. The boat moved slowly through/outside the coast. 12. I would go if I could.
15. Everyone laughed at/about William‟s story. 13. They couldn‟t do it last Saturday.
18. How much did they pay for their new house?
19. They buy everything on credit. 1. C (advise)
20. She sold it to me, and I bought it for my mother. 2. C (a desire about something or somebody)
21. Do you know what happened to Martha? 3. B (She can call me later)
22. You must always listen to your parents. 4. D (to; for; to)
23. She wants to arrive there before them. 5. A (at; in; until; in)
24. What do you like to do after having dinner? 6. C (place; direction; time)
25. I think they were talking about us at/in the party last night. 7. D (an adversative conjunction)
26. Where does your cousin like to go on Friday and Saturday nights? 8. D (a concessive subordinate clause)
27. His sister has spent a lot on that blue skirt. 9. D (an integrant subordinate clause)
10. C (one conditional subordinate
clause; one main clause)
13. I will be studying English all night long. William, an excellent student in high school, isn‟t working due to his drugs‟ addiction.
English will be studied by me all night long. d) Cole is the priest of my church. / Cole is helping homeless kids.
14. We have not agreed to this issue. Cole, the priest of my church, is helping homeless kids.
This issue has not been agreed by us. e) Raphael is a sneaky boy. / Raphael is a creepy boy. / Raphael was following Susan yesterday.
15. He could not sell that dresser. Raphael, a sneaky and creepy boy, was following Susan yesterday.
That dresser could not be sold by him. f) Bruno is a peaceful man. / He is a shy young man. / He was the army‟s best shooter.
Bruno, a peaceful and shy young man, was the best army‟s shooter.
8. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHES g) John is a private detective. / He found new evidences about Nicole‟s murder.
Choose the best possible answer. John, a private detective, found new evidences about Nicole‟s murder.
h) Helen was a great cooker. / She opened a restaurant at the most crowded street of
Copacabana.
1. C (Joshua said that Mary was home)
Helen, a great cooker, opened a restaurant at the most crowded street of Copacabana.
2. A (Peggy told me that the girls had helped in the house)
i) Madonna is a famous ballerina. / She is a successful singer. / I once saw Madonna.
3. C (Christopher asked me if I wanted to dance)
I once saw Madonna, a famous ballerina and a successful singer.
4. C (Liz said that Tom had gone downtown an hour ago)
j) Adolfo is an elderly. / He is a grouchy man. / Adolfo bought a dog named Snoopy.
2. B (to post)
3. D (to getting) 1. A (who had)
11. D (smoking)
6.3. ADVERB CLAUSE
5. MAIN CLAUSE Choose the option that best completes the sentences.
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentences.
1. C (As)
6. Whick of the relative clauses below modifies the object of the sentence?
GABARITO COMENTADO
4. Resposta: Letra A
Nesta questão, deve-se, primeiramente, levar em conta que se trata de uma carta. O destinatário é
1. Resposta: Letra B
uma segunda pessoa “you”. Na primeira frase, “Dear friend, thanks for _____ e-mail”. Deve-se
A primeira frase está correta, pois utiliza-se o modal “could” para indicar possibilidade, habilidade utilizar o adjetivo possessivo “your”, pois trata-se de uma segunda pessoa. O que torna já a
ou capacidade no passado. “I was so tired last night, but I couldn‟t sleep.” Estava tão cansado(a) questão fechada com o gabarito LETRA (A).
ontem à noite, mas eu não conseguia dormir. “could” significa “conseguir” no passado.
Na segunda frase, “It is so Nice to hear from ____”. É muito bom ouvir de ___ . Deve-se usar um
A segunda frase – “She not must help you” – está errada pelo posicionamento do “not” antes do pronome objeto. O melhor que encaixa no contexto é “you”.
modal “must”. O correto seria “She must not help you.”
Na terceira frase, Let ____ tell you ___ news... (Deixe-me falar a ti sobre minhas novas). Então
Na terceira frase, o uso do modal de possibilidade remota “might” está corretamente empregado. utiliza-se o pronome objeto “me” após “tell” e “my” news. (Adjetivo possessivo).
Pelo fato de o falante não ter certeza de que irá ao cinema, ele pode utilizar o “might”. “I‟m not
sure.” (Eu não tenho certeza). “I might not go to the movies.” (Eu não devo ir ao cinema – sentido
5. Resposta: Letra C
de dúvida ou possibilidade remota.)
A questão versa sobre o uso dos adjetivos superlativos de superioridade. Na frase “______ place
I‟ve ever visited was the Netherlands”. O adjetivo em questão é “far” (longe). O correto uso do
2. Resposta: Letra C
superlativo de superioridade deste adjetivo é “the farthest”. Trata-se de um adjetivo irregular. The
Uma questão que cobra o uso de preposições. “On Christmas é utilizado mais especificamente farthest place I‟ve visited was the Netherlands. O lugar mais longe que eu visitei foi os países
quando se tem “Day” ou “eve”. On Christmas Day; on Christmas Eve. Todavia, o uso tornou-se Baixos (Holanda).
costumeiro com a preposição “on” para Christmas em geral. “He lives On a boat.” (Ele mora em
Na alternativa B, “which” refere-se a “stories”, que é o sujeito de “end”. (A) Simple past.
(B) Past perfect.
Na alternativa C, “that” refere-se à palavra “Idea” e está junto à oração substantiva subjetiva “she
(C) Simple present.
could fly” (ela conseguia voar). Em That she could fly (que ela conseguia voar), thatmodifica
“Idea” e está no sujeito da oração. (D) Present perfect continuous.
(E) Present perfect.
Na alternativa D, o pronome relativo “whose” modifica “The girl” que também é sujeito de “died”.
Na alternativa E, o pronome relativo “whom” modifica “person” e este está no objeto. You talked to
25. Chose the alternative that shows a superlative form.
whom (the person). Você conversou com a qual (pessoa).
A alternativa C completa corretamente todos os espaços. A primeira frase está no passado e é uma (C) Scientists think that most of the footprints are children‟s.
pergunta. Por esta razão, utiliza-se o auxiliar referente ao passado “did”. No segundo espaço, há (D) There are only three other sets of the footprints that are older an they are in Africa.
também uma pergunta no contexto de passado, mas pergunta-se se o jogo foi bom. O verbo “to (E) Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and created a 3D image from them.
be” (ser/estar) no passado e melhor empregado no singular é “was”. Na terceira frase, trata-se de
uma frase negativa, ainda no contexto de passado. Usa-se o auxiliar did + not (didn‟t) para o verbo
“score” (pontuar). Na quarta oração, usa-se o verb to be no passado, conjugando com o sujeito “I” 26. Chose the correct alternative according to the text.
(I was there) – Eu estive lá. Na última, usa-se novamente a partícula “not” junto ao auxiliar “did”,
do passado, formando “didn‟t” para completar a ironia (eu não sabia que você era doido). I. The oldest human footprints were found in Britain.
II. The footprints are children‟s.
III. The findings are quite common.
2015/2016
The alternative that correctly transforms the sentence above to the simple present is:
30. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below:
(A) Scientists take digital photographs of the footprints an create a 3D image from them.
_________ March 25th she Will be _________ the plane. She arrives ________ 7
(B) Scientists tooks digital photographs of the footprints an creates a 3D image from them. am. Once _________ London she Will call us.
(C) Scientists takes digital photographs of the footprints an create a 3D image from them.
(D) Scientists tooks digital photographs of the footprints an create a 3D image from them. (A) On – in – on – on.
(E) Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints an creates a 3D image from them. (B) At – in – at – in.
(C) On – on – at – in.
28. Read the sentences below. (D) Since – on – in – at.
(E) From – at – at – in.
Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints an created a 3D image from them.
Scientists say that the discovery will rewrite our understanding of human occupation of Britain and
Europe. Gabarito Comentado
Read the text below and answer questions 24 to 28 according to the text:
The alternative that correctly identifies the pronouns is:
The oldest human footprints in Europe have been discovered in Britain. There are only
(A) Subject – object. three other sets of footprints that are older and they are in Africa.
(B) indefinite – demonstrative.
Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and created a 3D image from them.
(C) object – possessive. The images and model were unveiled in a news conference at the British Museum in London.
(D) possessive – subject. Scientists think that most of the footprints are children‟s. There was at least one adult, too.
(E) demonstrative – indefinite. Discoveries of ancient man‟s footprints are extremely rare. Scientists say that the
discovery will rewrite our understanding of human occupation of Britain and Europe.
29. Chose the correct alternative (s) according to the use of modals. 24. In the sentence: “The oldest human footprints have been discovered in Britain,” choose the
correct verb tense.
I. We must go to school yesterday.
II. I don‟t think she should buy that purse. (A) Simple past.
(B) Past Perfect.
III. She can to travel with us.
(C) simple Present.
(D) Present Perfect Continuous.
(A) I, II and III. (E) Present Perfect.
25. Choose the correct alternative that shows a superlative form. 27. Read the sentence below.
(A) There was at least one adult, too. Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and created a 3D image from
(B) The oldest human footprints in Europe have been discovered in Britain. them.
(C) Scientists think that most of the footprints are children‟s.
(D) There are only three other sets of footprints that are older and they are in Africa. The alternative that correctly transforms the sentence above to the simple present is:
(E) Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and created a 3D image from them.
(A) Scientists take digital photographs of the footprints and create a 3D image
LETRA B. Comentário. from them.
O superlativo dos adjetivos tem duas formas: adjetivos que apresentam de uma a duas (B) Scientists tooks digital photographs of the footprints and creates a 3D image from them.
sílabas, acrescenta-se –EST. A estrutura é: The + adj.-EST. O adjetivo “old” é de uma (C) Scientists takes digital photographs of the footprints and create a 3D image from them.
sílaba, portanto, deve ter a forma superlativa: “The oldest...”. Outra forma é quando o (D) Scientists tooks digital photographs of the footprints and create a 3D image from them.
adjetivo apresenta mais de duas sílabas ou é considerado um adjetivo grande. (E) Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and creates a 3D image from them.
Exemplos: intelligent, interesting, stupid etc. A forma correta do superlativo é: the +
most + adjetivo. Exemplos: the most intelligent; the most interesting; the most stupid. LETRA A. COMENTÁRIO.
A letra B está correta por mostrar a forma superlativa “The oldest” de forma correta. A única alternativa que apresenta a forma correta da frase, em questão, no presente
simples é a letra “A”. O sujeito da frase “Scientists” está na terceira pessoa do plural e
26. Choose the correct alternative according to the text. é sujeito dos verbos “to take” e “to create”. Portanto, conjuga-se: they take. They
create.
I. The oldest human footprints were found in Britain.
II. The footprints are children‟s. 28. Read the sentences below.
III. The findings are quite common.
Scientists took digital photographs of the footprints and created a 3D image from them.
(A) Only I and III are correct. Scientists say that the discovery will rewrite our understanding of human occupation of
(B) Only II and III are correct. Britain and Europe.
(C) Only I and II are correct.
(D) I, II and III are correct. The alternative that correctly identifies the pronouns is:
(E) I, II and III are incorrect.
(A) subject - object
LETRA E. COMENTÁRIO. (B) indefinite – demonstrative
I. The oldest human footprints were found in Britain. É falsa, pois o texto diz que as (C) object – possessive
primeiras pegadas humanas não foram encontradas na Grã-Bretanha, mas na África. (D) possessive – subject
“There are only three other sets of footprints that are older and they are in Africa.” (E) demonstrative – indefinite
30. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below. 25. Choose the alternative that best completes the sentence below.
_____ March 25th she will be ____ the plane. She arrives ____ 7 a.m. Once ____ London she will Lucy rented _________ yellow car about _________ hour ago and lent it to ________ students.
call us.
(A) a – a – a
(A) On – in – on – on (B) the – the – the
(B) At – in – at – in (C) an – an – an
(C) On – on – at – in (D) a – a - the
Gabarito Comentado
28. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below:
My car wasn‟t big enough, so, I needed a _________ one. My new car is _________ and 24. LETRA C.
_________ than the one I had. It is _________ car in the world.
Name a celebrity and Naomi ___ probably _____ (1) them. She ______ (2) famous for her photos
a) bigger – nicer – better – the most beautiful of John Lennon and The Rolling Stones.
b) more big – more nice – good – the beautiful. Her new book, The Female Gaze, ___________(3), a hundred intimate portraits of different types
of women. Last night, Dave Weigh ______________ (4) Naomi for an interview in New York,
c) the biggest – the more nice – the better – the more beautiful.
where she ___________________ (5) to him four of her favorite photographs.
d) the bigger – the nice – better – the beautiful.
e) the most big – nicer – the best – the more beautiful.
(C) has photographed; became; presents; met; described
Na primeira frase: Naomi has probably photographed them. Trata-se de um tempoverbal em que
29. Identify the correct (C) questions and the incorrect ones (I). Then choose the best alternative. não há referência temporal. Utilizamos, portanto, o present perfect. Na segunda frase, she
became famous for her photos of John Lennon and The Rolling Stones. Trata-se de um tempo
1. ( ) How old Ana is? verbal definido – the past simple – pelo simples fato das fotos de John Lennon e Rolling. Na
2. ( ) Where are going these kids? terceira frase Her new book presents a hundred a hundred intimate portraits of different types of
3. ( ) Are you waiting for us? women. O assunto é o seu novo livro “The Female Gaze”, o qual apresenta (presente simples para
I spent six years planning the flight and failed twice before we managed to secceed. Our route took
30. LETRA C
us over China, but we could only get permission to travel over the south. This meant going first to
North Africa to catch the right winds. That added 10,000 kilometers, and another week, to our
(C) In – to – in – on
journey. But because of this, our flight broke all the records for distance and time spent in the air.
I left Rio ____ 2013 and went ___ Salvador and I will get married ___ July. The wedding is ____
August 25th. My main memory of the trip is that we lived in the air for 20 days and the rising sun was the most
I left Rio in 2013. (Eu saí do Rio em 2013.) Se utiliza a preposição in no caso de tempo em ano, amazing thing we saw. We had to go out of the balloon‟s capsule, in which we were transported,
mês e algumas partes do dia: “in the morning (manhã), in the evening (noitinha) e in the afternoon three times while in the air to repair the fuel system. We didn‟t have any safety equipment but
(tarde). “and went to Salvador.” (E foi a Salvador). Se utiliza a preposição to, que regida pelo when you are in a situation like that, you just do what you have to do without thinking about
verbo “go" , no passado “went” (ir). Go to Salvador. (Ir a Salvador). “I will get married in July.” feeling afraid.
(Vou me casar em julho). Se utiliza a preposição “in” para meses do ano. The wedding is on Landing was a fantastic moment. I remember when I got out of the capsule, looked at my footprint
August 25th. (O casamento é no dia 25 de agosto). Como se trata de uma data com dia do mês, in the sand. I remembered the astronaut Neil Armstrong who was so happy to put his footprint on
então, utiliza-se on. the moon, so far away from Earth. At that moment, I was so happy to have my foot back on Earth!
(Fonte: Original)
2013/2014
25. What‟s Piccard‟s main reason for writing this text?
24. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below:
(A) To warn readers about the dangers of a balloon trip.
I remember ______ names, but they don`t remember ______ . ______ name is Ana and ______ (B) To compare the sport of ballooning with mountain climbing.
name is David. I told _______ that _______ name is Carlos. (C) To recommend ballooning as a means of transport.
(D) To describe the lessons that failure has taught him.
(A) their – mine – Her – his – them – my.
(E) To report on succeeding at something he‟d dreamt of for years.
(B) they – my – She‟s – he‟s – they – mine.
(C) they – mine – She – he – their – my.
26. Why did the balloon fly over south China?
(D) their – I‟m – Her – his – them – I‟m.
(E) them – my – She‟s – he‟s – they. (A) The wind took it in the wrong direction.
(B) The pilots were‟t allowed to cross any other part.
(C) The pilots were running out of time.
(D) The route made the journey shorter.
27. Why did the pilots get out of the capsule during the flight? 24. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below:
(A) To practice what to do in an emergency. I remember ______ names, but they don‟t remember ______ . ______ name is Ana and ______
(B) To watch the sunrise. name is David. I told _______ that _______ name is Carlos.
(C) To mend something which had a fault. (A) their – mine – Her – his – them – my.
(D) To check if the safety equipment was working. (B) they – my – She‟s – he‟s – they – mine.
(C) they – mine – She – he – their – my.
(E) To test their courage in a dangerous situation. (D) their – I‟m – Her – his – them – I‟m.
28. What was the newspaper headline after the balloon landed? (E) them – my – She‟s – he‟s – they.
(A) Balloon pilot flies alone around the world. O primeiro espaço é seguido pela palavra “names” (substantivo plural), logo só pode
ser corretamente preenchido com o correspondente adjetivo possessivo “their” (deles,
(B) Non-stop from North Africa to China. delas). A segunda lacuna só pode ser corretamente preenchida com o pronome
(C) Magnificent record flight for Piccard and Jones. possessivo “mine”, uma vez que está seguida de ponto final. Assim sendo, e sem ser
necessário olhar as outras lacunas, concluímos que apenas a alínea A responde
(D) New record – 10,000 km in a week. cabalmente à pergunta 24.
(E) Balloon pilot suffers a serious fall upon returning.
Answer questions 25, 26, 27 and 28 according to the text below.
29. Choose the alternative according to the right use of adverbs. Bertrand Piccard and his co-pilot Brian Jones were the first people to fly around the Earth in a
balloon non-stop in 1999.
(A) The meat is cooked very bad. I learnt to fly in a balloon in a race across the Atlantic Ocean in 1992 and became fascinated by the
sport. In the same way that a mountain climber dreams of climbing the world‟s highest mountain, I
(B) It is terrible hot today. dreamed about flying non-stop around the world.
(C) He is driving unusual fast. I spent six years planning the flight and failed twice before we managed to succeed. Our route took
us over China, but we could only get permission to travel over the south. This meant going first to
(D) She writes very good. North Africa to catch the right winds. That added 10,000 kilometers, and another week, to our
(E) I speak German Well. journey. But because of this, our flight broke all the records for distance and time spent in the air.
My main memory of the trip is that we lived in the air for 20 days and the rising sun was the most
amazing thing we saw. We had to go out of the balloon‟s capsule, in which we were transported,
30. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below: three times while in the air to repair the fuel system. We didn‟t have any safety equipment but
when you are in a situation like that, you just do what you have to do without thinking about
She left Serrinha _______ 1968 and went ______ Salvador. She will get married _______ feeling afraid.
Landing was a fantastic moment. I remember when I got out of the capsule, looked at my footprint
July. The wedding is _______ July 25th. in the sand. I remembered the astronaut Neil Armstrong who was so happy to put his footprint on
the moon, so far away from Earth. At that moment, I was so happy to have my foot back on Earth!
(A) on – from – on – on. (Source: Original)
(B) at – for – at – in. 25. What‟s Piccard‟s main reason for writing this text?
(C) in – to – in – on.
(A) To warn readers about the dangers of a balloon trip.
(D) since – on – in – at.
(B) To compare the sport of ballooning with mountain climbing.
(E) from – for – at – in.
27. Why did the pilots get out of the capsule during the flight? She left Serrinha _______ 1968 and went ______ Salvador. She will get married _______
July. The wedding is _______ July 25th.
(A) To practice what to do in an emergency.
(B) To watch the sunrise. (A) on – from – on – on.
(C) To mend something that had a fault. (B) at – for – at – in.
(D) To check if the safety equipment was working. (C) in – to – in – on.
(E) To test their courage in a dangerous situation. (D) since – on – in – at.
(E) from – for – at – in.
Os pilotos tiveram que sair da cápsula de segurança durante o vôo para reparar o
sistema de combustível. Não foi para praticar o que fazer em uma emergência (a); não Preposição IN, no contexto de tempo, é utilizada para semanas, meses e anos: “in the
foi para assistir o nascer do sol (b); não foi para verificar se o equipamento de following week”; “in March”; “in 2001”.
segurança estava funcionando (d); não foi para testar a sua coragem em situações de Preposição IN, no contexto de espaço, é utilizada para países, estados, regiões, cidades
perigo (e). Como constatámos, foi para consertar algo que estava com um defeito – e bairros: “in Brazil”; “in Pernambuco”; “in the North”; “in Brasília”; “in Ipanema”.
resposta certa traduzida pela alínea C. Preposição ON, no contexto de tempo, é utilizada para dias (da semana ou do mês): “on
Saturday”; “on April 1st”.
28. What was the newspaper headline after the balloon landed? Preposição ON, no contexto de espaço, é utilizada para ruas, estradas e avenidas: “on
the street”; “on the road”; “on 5th Avenue”. Também cabe destacar aqui dois casos
particulares da Língua Inglesa: “on the farm” e “on the beach = at the beach”.
(A) Balloon pilot flies alone around the world.
(B) Non-stop from North Africa to China.
Preposição TO indica destino, finalidade, meta, objetivo.
(C) Magnificent record flight for Piccard and Jones.
(D) New record – 10,000 km in a week. Preposição FROM indica origem, ponto de partida.
(E) Balloon pilot suffers a serious fall upon returning.
01. Complete the passage below with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Then choose the 04. How many glasses of water do you drink a day?
correct alternative.
(A) Too little (incontável)
Ranulf Fiennes is Britain‟s best known explorer, and, at 65, the perfect example of the idea that (B) Not much (incontável)
people ___________ old like they used to. He ___________ an explorer since the 1960s. He (C) Not many
___________ 40 years ___________ the world, from polar ice caps to deserts. (D) A little (incontável)
He ___________ many records. In 1993, for example, he and a friend tried to cross Antarctica (E) Too much (incontável)
without help. They pulled food supplies across the ice, ___________ 1,300 miles before they had
to call for help. 05. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the dialogue below:
(A) are growing – was – spent – explored – set - covering. You don‟t look very _______. Are you ill? No, just a bit tired. Did you like the party last night? Yes,
(B) aren‟t growing – was - has spent – exploring – set - has covered. it was quite ______ .
(C) grow - has been - has spent – explored - has set - covering
(D) aren‟t growing - has been - has spent – exploring - has set - covered (A) good - well
(E) grow – is – spent – exploring – set - covered. (B) better - worse ( adjetivos comparativos)
(C) worse - well
02. Choose the answer with the verbs that appropriately complete the text below. (D) gooder - better
(E) well - good
Most bank employees these days have to wear a uniform. Women employees ______wear a
uniform top and matching skirt or trousers in the company colour, and they ______.wear any
06. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below:
jewellery. However, they ______ wear uniform shoes. Unlike some other
financial companies they don‟t have a dress-down Friday, so they ______.wear their own clothes at
What time _______________? Sorry. I don‟t know ___________
all.
(A) do the bus leaves - when is it.
(A) can – can – mustn‟t – don‟t have to
(B) does the bus leaves - when it is.
(B) must - can‟t – don‟t have to – mustn‟t
(C) did the bus left - when it was.
(C) don‟t have to – have to – can‟t - must
(D) did the bus leave - when did it.
(D) can – can‟t – must – have to
(E) does the bus leave - when it is.
(E) can‟t – mustn‟t – have to – must
(A) on
02. Choose the answer with the verbs that appropriately complete the text below.
(B) in
(C) at
Most bank employees these days have to wear a uniform. Women employees _______ wear a
(D) to
uniform top and matching skirt or trousers in the company color/colour, and they _______ wear
(E) for
any jewelry/jewellery. However, they _______ wear uniform shoes. Unlike some other financial
companies they don‟t have a dress-down Friday, so they _______ wear their own clothes at all.
GABARITO COMENTADO A maioria dos funcionários bancários, atualmente, tem que usar uniforme. As funcionárias
(mulheres) têm que usar um top (camisa, camiseta ou blusa) com saia ou calças condizentes, nas
01. Complete the passage below with the correct form of the verb. Then choose the correct cores da companhia, e elas não podem usar quaisquer jóias. Contudo, elas não têm que usar
alternative. sapatos de uniforme. Ao contrário de outras companhias financeiras, elas não têm uma sexta-feira
informal, por isso não podem (têm que) usar as suas próprias roupas de jeito nenhum.
Ranulf Fiennes is Britain‟s best-known explorer and, at 65, the perfect example of the idea that
people _______ old like they used to. He _______ an explorer since the 1960s. He _______ 40 (A) can – can – mustn‟t – don‟t have to
years _______ the world, from polar ice caps to deserts. He _______ many records. In 1993, for (B) must – can‟t – don‟t have to – mustn‟t
example, he and a friend tried to cross Antarctica without help. They pulled food supplies across (C) don‟t have to – have to – can‟t – must
the ice, _______ 1,300 miles before they had to call for help.
(D) can – can‟t – must – have to
Ranulf Fiennes é o mais conhecido explorador da Grã-Bretanha e, aos 65, o exemplo perfeito da (E) can‟t – mustn‟t – have to – must
ideia que as pessoas não estão envelhecendo como costumavam. Ele é (tem sido) um explorador
desde a década de 1960. Ele passou (tem passado) 40 anos explorando o mundo, desde calotas Por quê B e não A ou D? Antes de mais, é essencial saber que: (a) have to = must (ter que:
polares até desertos. Ele estabeleceu (tem estabelecido) muitos recordes. Em 1993, por exemplo, obrigação); (b) can = to be able to (poder = ser capaz de: capacidade, habilidade). Na primeira
ele e um amigo tentaram atravessar a Antártica sem ajuda. Eles arrastaram os seus suprimentos lacuna, a noção implícita no texto é a de obrigação (as funcionárias têm que usar uniforme), logo
/comida através do gelo, cobrindo 1.300 milhas antes de terem que pedir ajuda/assistência. must é a única opção possível. Ainda assim, se a dúvida permanecesse, a segunda lacuna tem um
sentido negativo, pelo que a opção A estaria automaticamente elimanada. Ficamos, então, com as
(A) are growing – was – spent – explored – set – covering opções B ou D. A terceira lacuna está inserida numa frase que começa com a palavra however
(B) aren‟t growing – was – has spent – exploring – set – has covered (contudo, no entanto, porém), que sempre inicia orações adversativas (contrárias ao que foi
(C) grow – has been – has spent – explored – has set – covering anteriormente exposto). Logo, a opção B seria a única capaz de responder cabalmente a esta
(D) aren‟t growing – has been – has spent – exploring – has set – covered questão.
(A) Too little Nesta questão abordamos os adjetivos da língua Inglesa. Primeiramente é necessário saber que,
(B) Not much em Inglês, os adjetivos são invariáveis: she is beautiful (ela é bonita), he is beautiful (ele é bonito),
they are beautiful (elas são bonitas, eles são bonitos). Logo, o adjetivo beautiful signifca bonita,
(C) Not many
bonito, bonitas ou bonitos. Ao mesmo tempo, também se torna necessário conhecer os graus
(D) A little comparativo e superlativo dos ditos adjetivos. Para esta questão em particular, apenas o grau
(E) Too much comparativo seria suficiente. Analisemos cada uma das alíneas. (a) Bom, boa, bons, boas – bem.
(b) Melhor (do que) – pior (do que). (c) Pior (do que) – bem. (d) Gooder não existe em Inglês –
melhor (do que). (e) Bem – boa, bom, boas, bons.
Nesta questão teremos que saber distinguir entre nomes contáveis e incontáveis. Ao mesmo
tempo, é fundamental saber quais são os quantitativos da língua Inglesa (contáveis: many, few;
incontáveis: much, little). O substantivo “água” é incontável em Inglês, pelo que dizemos much 06. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentence below:
water (muita água) e little water (pouca água) ou a little water (um pouco de água). Já a
expressão glasses of water (copos de água) é contável, pelo que dizemos many glasses of water What time _______?
(muitos copos de água) e few glasses of water (poucos copos de água). Olhemos para cada uma Sorry. I don‟t know _______.
das alíneas. (a) Pouca demais ou pouquíssima. Too few (poucos demais ou pouquíssimos) seria A que horas sai/parte o ônibus?
uma resposta correta. (b) Não muita. (c) Não muitos. (d) Um pouco. A few (uns poucos, poucos)
Desculpe. Eu não sei quando é.
seria uma resposta correta. (e) Demasiada ou demasiado. Too many ( demasiados) seria uma
resposta correta.
(A) do the bus leaves – when is it.
(B) does the bus leaves – when it is.
(C) did the bus left – when it was.
As preposições são, normalmente, a matéria na qual os alunos apresentam mais dificuldades, uma 33. Choose the correct alternative:
vez que as regras aplicadas para a sua utilização na língua Inglesa sempre têm exceções. De forma
geral, podemos definir cada uma das cinco preposições assim: (A) I like not the test.
(B) Do not be impolite.
AT – faz referência a espaço ou tempo determinados/específicos. (C) It is important to do not do it.
IN – dentro do espaço ou do tempo. (D) You do not must worry about that.
38. Which alternative best completes the sentence below? (* means noarticle)
Answer questions 36 and 37 according to the text below.
Henry James is one of America‟s greatest novelists, and the author of The Turn of the Screw, a _______ good book is ________ best medicine for ________ loneliness.
well-known short ghost story, published in 1898. It is a story that many people have made into
films and operas. One of the best operas is one written by Benjamin Britten in the mid twentieth (A) - the – a
century. The book is about a governess who looks after two children in a house which has no near (B) The - a - *
neighbours. The story is both haunting and frightening. The children, Flora and Miles, are charming (C) A - the - *
to their teacher, but when she starts to see the figures of a man and woman in the gardens, she (D) The – * – a
begins to believe that supernatural forces possess them, and will lead to their destruction. The (E) - the – the
reader and the listener sometimes wonder if the governess is mad, because both author and
composer cleverly leave a lot of room for the reader‟s / listeners‟ own terrible thoughts and ideas.
39. Write “T” if the sentence is grammatically correct, and “F” if it is grammatically incorrect. Then
Ghost stories and music have a similar effect on us. The best ghost stories try to get into our
choose the alternative with the correct sequence.
minds, and music has the power to go past our conscious thought and appeal directly to our
feelings and emotions. So the terrifying production that opened last night at Covent Garden Opera
1. ( ) Many people are dying in Haiti.
No último parágrafo do texto, nas primeiras 4 linhas o autor do texto diz exatamente qual (TRUE) Not much fresh water is left.
considera ser o fator comum entre as músicas e as histórias de fantasmas. Para ele, é o fato de Water = água – substantive incontável. Logo, está só pode vir precedido por um quantifier
ambas apelarem para os sentimentos e emoções das pessoas. Alternativa correta, letra E. incontável, como está corretamente empregado o MUCH. Lembramos que, por ser incontável, vem
com verbo no singular.
38. ALTERNATIVA (C) (FALSE) The need lot money to rebuild the country.
LoT = terreno, lote.
Para dar o sentido de MUITO, utilize-se A LOT ou A LOT OF.
a) Diante do sujeito good book pede um artigo indefinido. Caso o concursando não tenha
notado essa necessidade, poderá perceber o erro dessa alternativa ao colocar um artigo
· Eating at least seven cloves of garlic a day can lower your blood pressure!
33. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentence: 37. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below in the right order:
The dog bit ____ tail. I play tennis _____ Sundays ____ the morning. My husband prefers to play _____ night.
a) his a) in – on – in
b) it b) on – in – at
c) it‟s c) at – in – on
d) her d) in – at – at
e) its e) on – at – in
34. Choose the alternative that correctly shows the past tense of the verbs below: 38. Choose the answer with the verbs that appropriately complete the sentences below:
See – lie – throw – put Anna ____ go to school today because she ___ walk. Her mother told her she ____ see a doctor.
a) Não pode ser usado por ser referente à pessoas ou animais de estimação. Neste caso o
cachorro não está especificado como animal de estimação e, por isso, se enquadra na
40. Choose the alternative that correctly completes the sentences below in the right order: situação de animal e para todos os animais se utiliza o pronome IT, em suas variação
apropriadas.
We don‟t have _______ money, just ____ rais. Let‟s take only ___ milk. b) “It” não é utilizado neste formato para pronomes possessivos. Todos os pronomes
possessivos são escritos como “Its”.
a) many – few – a few c) ‟s deverá vir sempre junto ao sujeito possuidor do objeto.
b) much – a few – some d) Não pode ser usado por ser referente à pessoas ou animais de estimação. Neste caso o
c) a loto of – many – few cachorro não está especificado como animal de estimação e, por isso, se enquadra na
d) few – some – many situação de animal e para todos os animais se utiliza o pronome IT, em suas variação
e) many – few – some apropriadas.
e) CORRETA. Adjetivo possessivo concordando com o possuidor do objeto.
GABARITO COMENTADO
34. ALTERNATIVA (D)
31. ALTERNATIVA (D)
a) INCORRETA - “Eu gosto muito de flores”. No caso desta frase, as flores são
a) A propaganda 3 fala sobre um livro que ensina a fazer alguns tipos de comida Chinesa, representantes de um nome amplo por representar toda e qualquer flor, portanto, não
não ensina a escrever um livro sobre o assunto(como diz o item em questão). devem vir precedidas de artigo definido (THE).
b) As aulas são 2 vezes na semana, não 1 vez apenas. b) INCORRETA - Não se utiliza a preposição TO (para) sozinha nesta frase. O correto seria
c) Correta utilizar TO THE radio.
d) A propaganda fala sobre aulas para aprender a se alimentar corretamente e prevenir c) INCORRETA - Nesta frase o artigo indefinido está empregado de forma incorreta. O
algumas possíveis doenças. Em momento algum fala sobre adolescentes e a proporção correto seria utilizar AN, pois o H é de som mudo preponderando o som da vogal seguinte
deles com a cegueira provocada por catarata. O.
e) Receitas serão fornecidas durante o curso e o item em questão dizia o oposto. d) CORRETA - Neste caso a frase está gramatical e semanticamente correta. Em nossa
opinião esta é a resposta completamente correta.
e) CORRETA - Esta frase, em nossa opinião, também está completamente correta, apesar
32. ALTERNATIVA (A) de haver a repetição da palavra THE (cacofonia), fato que não invalida a sua correção
gramatical e semântica.
a) CORRETA. A propaganda diz que as pessoas nunca irão pensar novamente que legumes e
vegetais são “monótonos”, logo, terão uma visão diferentes da que tinham antes.
a) she
TEXT I b) he
c) her
d) hers
AMERICAN INDIANS
e) him
The ancestors of today‟s Indians once had the whole of North America for their hunting grounds.
34. Which alternative best completes the dialogue below:
They were descendants of migrants who crossed over from Asia at least before the last ice age
ended, about eleven thousand years ago. A land bridge probably existed where Bering Strait is
A. ________ do you do?
now. The Indians who stayed north of Mexico roamed the continent‟s green forests and swift rivers
B. I am a student.
at will. Then came the white man. Slowly, irrevocably, the Indian was driven from his land. Long,
painful years of adjustment followed, during which attempts were made to pay the Indian for his A. ______ do you go to school?
losses, and some Indians tried to fit into the white man‟s society. B. I am studying law _____ UFRJ.
Both the American and Canadian governments set aside for the Indians tracts of land called A. ______ do you like it?
reservation or reserves. There the Indians could pursue their traditional pattern of living without B. I like it very much, it is a great course.
interference. At the same time the governments provided the reservations with roads, schools,
doctors, hospital service, often farming advisers and social workers. Funds were also available to a) What – Where – at – How
help some Indians obtain a college education. b) How – When – in – What
(Lands and Peoples –the world in color, New York: Grolier Incorporated, 1970, vol 6, p.17) c) When – Where – on – Which
d) What – When – in – What
e) How – What – at – When
31. According to the text, the Indians:
a) were migrants. 35. What is the superlative form of the following adjectives “hot – young – bad – easy”?
b) pursued the white man.
c) crossed over from Asia. a) The hottest – the more young – the worse – the more easy
d) drove to Mexico to escape. b) The hottest – the youngest – the worst – the easiest
e) were paid for their losses. c) The more hot – the youngest – the worst – the easiest
d) The more hot – the more young – the worst – the more easy
e) The hottest – the youngest – the worse – the easiest
32. On line 15, the word “pursue” means:
a) to convince someone of something. 36. Choose the best alternative to complete the question below:
b) to continue doing something.
c) to promise. There _________ seventeen different types of penguins. They can be _________ forty centimeters
d) to ask. to more than one meter tall. They all _________ in the south part of the world. In winter, they
e) to chase or follow someone. swim _________ long way to find warm weather.
GABARITO COMENTADO
38. Choose the answer with the verbs that appropriately completes the text below :
37. Resposta Correta: E “Which animal do you like _________, tigers or lions?” = “De qual animal você gosta mais, tigres
ou leões?” É uma pergunta comparativa. A pessoa está querendo que seja comparado o gostar de
a) “types of penguins” = tipos de pinguins. Tipos de pingüins é contável e HOW MUCH é tigre (qualquer tigre) com o gostar de leão (qualquer leão).
referente à coisas incontáveis.
b) A pergunta “WHERE do they leave the South Pole?” = “Aonde eles deixam o Pólo Sul?”, a) Most = forma incorreta de superlativo. A forma correta de superlativo seria THE MOST,
além de não fazer sentido, jamais poderia ter como resposta “Probably in winter.” = entretanto, a pergunta em questão é comparativa.
“Provavelmente no inverno”. “No inverno”= período de tempo = WHEN. b) The most = superlativo. A pergunta é comparativa.
c) “types of penguins” = tipos de pinguins. Tipos de pingüins é contável e HOW MUCH é c) Many = determiner. Não se aplica por falta de sentido.
referente à coisas incontáveis. d) Correta.
d) WHO = quem. WHO tall não existe como pergunta. O correto seria HOW tall = “o quão e) Much = determiner. Não se aplica por falta de sentido.
alto”.
e) CORRETA. 2008/2009
a) the Pilgrims. 45. Which alternative best completes the paragraph below? (* means no article).
b) a feast.
c) the Indians. _____Americans celebrate ______Thanksgiving with ______ big feast. They eat _____turkey and
d) God. pumpkin pie.
e) the crops.
a) *–a–*
b) The – * – a – a
43. Choose the alternative that best completes the note below. c) the – * – a
d) The – a – a – the
Dear Mrs. Jones, e) * – the – the
Please_______my daughter Jennifer for missing school yesterday.
We_______to take the Sunday paper off the porch and when we 46. Which alternative best completes the dialogue below?
________it on Monday we ________it was Sunday.
A: _________did the Pilgrims arrive in America?
Your B: In 1620.
Laura Grey
A: And ________ did they get there?
a) excused – forget – find – think
B: In a big ship called the Mayflower.
b) excuse – forgot – found – thought
c) will excuse – forgetting – finding – thinking A: _________ did they first settle in?
d) will excuse – will forget – will find – will think B: In Massachusetts.
e) excuse – will forget – will find – thought A: __________ helped them?
B: The Indians.
44. Which alternative best completes the dialogue below?
a) When – when – What – Who
A: What ____________ for Christmas? b) Who – how – When – What
B: We are not sure yet. Bob thinks we __________ visit c) When – how – Where – Who
his parents but I‟d rather spend the holiday at home. d) What – who – Where – How
e) How – when – Who – Where
A: If you stay here, you _________ come to our house
a) most
b) the most GABARITO COMENTADO
c) much
d) the more 41. Resposta: Letra D
e) more
a) Incorreta – Os índios não ensinaram os peregrinos a plantar, ensinaram sobre milho e a
48. Which alternative best completes the sentence below? pescar.
b) Incorreta – Quem assiste TV após o jantar são as pessoas da atualidade, como forma de
__________ of the new toys cost so ___________ money that only __________ people can afford tradição após o jantar de Ação de Graças.
them. c) Incorreta – Eles chegaram em Novembro, quando já era muito tarde para o plantio.
d) Correta
a) Much – a few – many e) Nada se fala sobre a troca cultural religiosa entre Índios e Peregrinos no texto
b) Some – much – a few
c) Some – many – a few 42. Resposta: Letra B
d) Much – some – some
e) Many – much – a few “… os Peregrinos agradeceram a Deus em um banquete no qual convidaram os Índios.”
De acordo com a compreensão do texto, torna-se evidente que o “no qual” é referente ao
49. Choose the answer with the verbs that appropriately complete the sentences below. banquete. Logo, a palavra correspondente ao banquete é a alternativa correta.
Yesterday I _________ to my daughter‟s dance recital. I had never been to a dance recital before.
Banquete = feast = Alternativa B
I _________ dancing lessons when I _________ a child.
a) Incorreta. Para que a resposta seja feita com o verbo TO BE, como é o caso da resposta a) Para a resposta “In a big ship called the Mayflower”, a pergunta correta seria HOW e não
dada pela pessoa B, a pergunta deve conter o verbo TO BE. Além disto, esta pergunta WHEN. WHEN = quando ; HOW = como. “Em um grande navio chamado Flor de Maio” é
refere-se a um conceito de ação futura, o que impossibilitaria o emprego do verbo TO DO como ele foi e não quando.
no presente. b) Para a resposta “In 1620”, a pergunta correta seria WHEN e não WHO. WHEN = quando ;
b) Incorreta – “are you doing – sould” estão corretas, entretanto o will não se emprega WHO = Quem. “Em 1620” é QUANDO eles chegaram na América e não QUEM eles
nessa situação. A está fazendo um convite à B, logo, se utilizarmos WILL parecerá que B chegaram na America. Para a resposta “In Massachusetts”, a pergunta correta seria
é obrigado a fazer algo. O ideal seria a utilização de CAN. WHERE e não WHEN. WHEN = quando ; WHERE = aonde. “Em Massachusetts” é ONDE
c) Incorreta. Para que a resposta seja feita com o verbo TO BE, como é o caso da resposta eles primeiro se acomodaram e não QUANDO eles primeiro se acomodaram.
dada pela pessoa B, a pergunta deve conter o verbo TO BE. Além disto, esta pergunta c) Correta
refere-se a um conceito de ação futura, o que impossibilitaria o emprego do verbo TO DO d) Para a resposta “In 1620”, a pergunta correta seria WHEN e não WHAT. WHEN = quando
no presente ; WHO = O que. “Em 1620” é QUANDO eles chegaram na América e não O QUE eles
d) Correta chegaram na America.
e) Incorreta – “are you doing” está correta, entretanto o will não se emprega nessa e) Para a resposta “In 1620”, a pergunta correta seria WHEN e não HOW. WHEN = quando ;
situação. B está comentando sobre uma algo que BOB acredita que deveriam fazer HOW = como. “Em 1620” é QUANDO eles chegaram na América e não COMO eles
juntos, mas não necessariamente que farão. Tanto que no início na mesma sentença B chegaram na America
afirma não saber o que será feito. O ideal seria a utilização de SHOULD.
a) NEW TOYS é contável, logo não é possível se utilizar a palavra MUCH nesta situação.
b) Correta, assim como a alternativa E.
50. Resposta: Letra D When Mr Wong _____, the police _____ out that he _____ a fortune under his bed.
a) CAN`T é um modal referente a permissão (poder/não poder). Por estar na negativa, a) died – found – was hiding.
informa que Joan NÃO PODE “contar com um intérprete” quando está na Rússia pois ele b) was dying – was fiding – was hiding.
já fala Russo. Entretanto, essa proibição é incorreta já o fato dele falar Russo não o c) dead – find – hide.
proíbe de ter um intérprete. d) died – finds – hides.
b) MUST NOT é um modal referente a necessidade/ obrigação (dever/não dever). Por estar
e) dead – found – hides.
na negativa, informa que Joan NÃO DEVE “contar com um intérprete” quando está na
Rússia pois ele já fala Russo. Entretanto, essa proibição é incorreta já o fato dele falar
Russo não o impossibilita de ter um intérprete caso ele assim o queira. 43. Which group of verbs complete the dialogue below appropriately?
c) SOULDN`T é um modal referente a recomendação (deveria/não deveria). Por estar na
negativa, informa que Joan NÃO DEVERIA “contar com um intérprete” quando está na
Rússia pois ele já fala Russo. Apesar desta frase fazer sentido, sua continuação torna a DOCTOR – How are you today?
alternativa completamente incorreta. Veja: PATIENT – Bad. My back hurts.
Na sequencia ele informa que Joan NÃO PODE (can`t) contratar um intérprete pois ele DOCTOR – _____ you bend over and touch your knee?
PODE (can) falar Japonês. Entretanto, essa proibição é incorreta já o fato dele falar
PATIENT – I _____ but it hurts a lot.
japonês não o proíbe de ter um intérprete desta língua.
DOCTOR – Well, you _____ take some aspirin and lie
d) Correta.
e) MUST NOT é um modal referente a necessidade/ obrigação (dever/não dever). Por estar down. Oh, and you _____ lift any weight.
na negativa, informa que Joan NÃO DEVE “contar com um intérprete” quando está na PATIENT – OK. Thanks.
Rússia pois ele já fala Russo. Entretanto, essa proibição é incorreta já o fato dele falar
Russo não o impossibilita de ter um intérprete caso ele assim o queira.
a) Must – mustn‟t – have to – don‟t have to.
b) Can – can – should – shouldn‟t.
a) At the concert Sunday last beautifully they played. 48. All the sentences below are correct, except:
b) Beautifully they played at the concert last Sunday.
c) Last Sunday at the concert they beautifully played. a) The police were here yesterday.
d) They played beautifully at the concert last Sunday. b) I‟m afraid the news are not good.
e) They played last Sunday at the concert beautifully. c) There are a lot of sheep in the barn.
d) Could you give me some informations?
e) There are many furnitures in the room.
45. Choose the sentence in which the preposition on can be appropriately used.
a) Wait for me _____ the intersection, will you? Answer questions 49 and 50 according to the text below.
b) Joseph went _____ the farm yesterday.
c) You can buy batteries _____ the corner store.
WHAT‟S IN A NAME
d) It was crowded _____ the cafeteria today.
e) There‟s a good show _____ TV tonight.
People from cultures around the globe have always believed names have magical powers, and that
just by giving a certain name, you can instill positive qualities in your baby. It is such “magical” or
46. Which answer contains the articles that appropriately complete the sentences below?
even sub-conscious thinking that may have been behind names such as Faith, Hope, and Charity,
which were popular many years ago in the U.S.Astrological names, for example, are chosen
Frank‟s farm is near _____ university. Many of us,
according to the time of birth, in the hopes that such names will be lucky and work with harmony
biology students from _____ university, go to his farm
under the stars. A child born under the sign of Leo might be given a name that means lion – the
to observe _____ animals which live on _____ farm. zodiac symbol of Leo. Oriental astrologers believe there must be a balance of the basic elements –
Last time I went there I had to observe two mammals, earth, fire, metal, water, air and wood – to have a smooth course in life. When a baby‟s horoscope
so I chose to observe _____ horse and _____ ox. is read, if there appears to be too much of one element, metal for example, the baby might be
given a name which means “Earth” to balance the elements in his/her life.Names are chosen for a
a) an – the – the – the – the – an. variety of reasons. Sometimes, names have deep personal meaning for the parents, or they have
b) a – the – a – the – a – the. traditionally been names given to children in their families. Some names have religious significance
c) an – a – a – the – an – an. for the parents, and others are chosen simply because the parents like the sound of the name.
d) a – the – the – the – a – an. Whatever the reason, it is important for parents to remember that, like it or not, others will form
e) an – a – the – the – a – a. opinions about their child according to their name. Research has shown that people are often
stereotyped as successful, plain, popular or otherwise all because of their name.
47. Choose the answer whose items appropriately complete the sentence below.
49. Choose the statement which is supported by the information in the text.
There were _____ people at the flea market yesterday, but very _____ things were sold.
a) A baby named Jupiter will be adventurous and impulsive.
Read the text below to answer the items 61, 62, 63 and 64: a) was flown to Panama because the cruise ship had made her feel sick.
b) regretted having chartered a helicopter, after she checked her e-mail in the café.
I used to think I could quit checking my e-mail any time I wanted to, but I stopped kidding c) left the cruise ship on a helicopter sent by her uncle to check her e-mail in the nearest
myself years ago. My e-mail program is up and running 24 hours a day, and once I submit to its Internet café.
siren call, whole hours can go missing. I have a friend who recently found herself stuck on a cruise d) was offered a helicopter to take her to Panama because her cruise ship was stuck.
ship near Panama that didn´t offer e-mail, so she chartered a helicopter to take her to the nearest e) was glad she had left the cruise ship on a helicopter to check her e-mail in the café.
internet café.
There was nothing in her queue but junk mail and other spam, but she thought the trip was
worth it. I know how she felt. You never know when you´re going to get that note from Uncle Eric 65. Choose the correct alternative that completes the following sentence. _______ you in Miami
about your inheritance. Or that White House dinner invitation with a time-sensitive R.S.V.P. last month?
Time, June 10, 2002.
a) Were.
b) Are.
61. The passage tell us that the writer:
c) Is.
d) Was.
a) believes it´s about time he stopped thinking he can break the e-mail habit any time.
e) Am.
b) is fully aware that he´s a compulsive e-mail checker.
c) used to think only kids wasted whole hours checking their e-mail.
d) didn´t think it would take him years to break the e-mail habit. 66. Which alternative contains the right answer to the following sentences.
e) thinks that once he´s able to stay away from his e-mail for 24 hours, he´ll get rid of his
addiction. 1. There are __________ irrigated areas in the northeastern region of Brasil.
2. There is not __________ water in the refrigerator.
62. Choose the correct translation for “... whole hours can go missing”. (line 4): 3. There is __________ superstition among ancient civilizations.
4. We see __________ people destroying natural resourches today.
a) não sinto falta das horas perdidas.
a) him; hers. 71. Choose the best alternative which completes the sentence:
b) she; her.
c) he; her. This radio is old, but _______ sound is good.
d) she; him.
e) he; she. a) it.
b) their.
c) its.
68. Choose the correct alternative that completes the following sentence.
d) his.
e) her.
Einstein, __________ theory is very famous, was not American.
76. Put the words in order. Choose the correct alternative. The money is _______ the box. Just open it.
64. Resolução:
63. Resolução:
a) Ela não voou para o Panamá porque o cruzeiro estava lhe fazendo passar mal. Ela pegou
Correta. Mensagens não importantes/ sem importancia um helicóptero do cruzeiro onde se encontrava para a Lan House mais próxima, pois no
“There was nothing in her queue but junk mail and other spam”. cruzeiro não era fornecido acesso à internet e ela sentia a necessidade de verificar seus
emails.
Junk = porcaria / besteira ; junk mail = emails com bobagens, nada importantes
b) Ela não se arrependeu em momento algum de ter fretado o helicóptero. Mesmo
SPAM = programas que se recebe por email e direcionam para outras páginas de internet, percebendo que em sua caixa de email não havia nada de importante, ela considerou que
geralmente relacionados à vendas de produtos. Na maioria das caixas de email atuais já são valeu a pena.
automaticamente direcionados para a lixeira devido à sua insignificância. c) Ela própria fretou o helicóptero, pois queria verificar seus emails e o cruzeiro não fornecia
Ela não nenhuma mensagem do escritor da matéria. De acordo com o texto “There was serviço de internet.
nothing in her queue but junk mail and other spam”. d) Não havia nenhum problema com o cruzeiro. Ela pegou um helicóptero do cruzeiro onde
Junk = porcaria / besteira ; junk mail = emails com bobagens, nada importantes ela estava para a Lan House mais próxima, pois no cruzeiro não era fornecido acesso à
internet e ela sentia a necessidade de verificar seus emails.
SPAM = programas que se recebe por email e direcionam para outras páginas de internet,
e) Correta. Ficou satisfeita de ter fretado o helicóptero para ir à um “café”/ lan house para
geralmente relacionados à vendas de produtos. Na maioria das caixas de email atuais já são
verificar seus emails.
automaticamente direcionados para a lixeira devido à sua insignificância.
Ela não encontrou nenhum convite para jantar. De acordo com o texto “There was nothing in 65. Resolução:
her queue but junk mail and other spam”.
Junk = porcaria / besteira ; junk mail = emails com bobagens, nada importantes a) Correta. LAST NIGHT = Simple Past. Afirmativa: YOU WERE; Interrogativa: WERE YOU.
b) LAST NIGHT = Simple Past. Afirmativa: YOU WERE; Interrogativa: WERE YOU.
Diferente do Português, no Inglês a altura e a idade não são algo que a pessoa tenha e sim
a) Last night = passado. David and Sue = They. THEY WERE.
algo que ela seja. A explicação para isso é que a altura e a idade não são algo que a pessoa
b) Last night = passado. David and Sue = They. THEY WERE. They are = present.
possui e possa deixar de possuir ou alterar conforme seu desejo, é algo que faz parte dela.
c) David and Sue = They. They are. Is é utilizado para a Terceira pessoa do singular. Esse é
Não é opcional. Então, assim como para idade, para altura utilizamos verbo TO BE e não
o primeiro erro. O segundo erro é que a opção dá um verbo no presente, enquanto a
verbo TO HAVE, fazendo com que a frase correta seja “she IS medium height”.
frase está no passado (last night).
d) Be é a forma infinitiva do verbo. A frase está no passado e, portanto, o verbo deveria
FIQUEM ATENTO À PEGADINHA – PARTE 2: estar conjugado na forma de passado. THEY WERE.
Na lacuna 4 temos USE no lugar de WEAR. Qual seria a diferença do uso entre um e outro? e) Correta.
Por que USE não poderia ser usado?
Utilizamos USE quando nos referimos a “usar” algo e WEAR quando nos referimos à
“vestir”algo. Em português “usamos” óculos, chapeis, lentes de contato... mas em Inglês, tudo
Caso o concursando não consiga perceber como completar a primeira lacuna, existe a Jane = SHE. Conjugação do verbo to be para she = SHE IS.
possibilidade de se descobrir o erro nessa alternativa pelas lacunas 2 e 3. Correta. “To be going to” é um futuro com 100% e, com isso, se aplica às duas lacunas na
Na lacuna 2 temos os dias da semana e com dias da semana utilizamos a preposição ON e não questão.
a preposição AT. DICA: Caso uma questão como esta caia em sua prova (onde as alternativas B, C e D
Na lacuna 3 temos que Jane está à porta, logo ela está AT the door e não ON the door – que possuem respostas válidas e que podem ser consideradas corretas), dê preferência para
seria NA porta (pendurada ou algo assim). marcar a resposta que você considera a mais correta. No caso dessa questão, sugeriríamos
que marcassem a alternativa B pois, apesar da questão ter sido anulada, poderia ter sido
Correta.
alegado pela banca que o fato dela estar grávida não implica necessariamente que ela terá o
Lacuna 3 – “in the door” = “dentro da porta”. Não há como a pessoa estar dentro de uma bebê naquele mês pois o bebê pode nascer prematura ou ela pode perder o bebê.
porta.
O Yate está sob a água e por isso a preposição adequada na primeira lacuna é ON e não AT.
Caso o concursando não consiga perceber o erro no emprego da preposição da primeira
lacuna, pode optar pela 2ª lacuna, que apresenta a preposição IN para dias da semana. Como
já foi possível aprender durante os estudos, com dias da semana se utiliza a preposição ON e
não a preposição IN.
80. Resolução:
Lacuna 2 – “later” nesta sentence é igual à “depois”. “depois” é designativo de futuro, logo o
tempo verbal utilizado para completar a lacuna 2 deveria ser no futuro e está no presente.
Correta. “Will have”é um futuro sem 100% e “to be going to” é um futuro com 100% .
Independente de ter 100% certeza ou não ambos estão no futuro e, com isso, se aplicam às
duas lacunas na questão.
DICA: Caso uma questão como esta caia em sua prova (onde as alternativas B, C e D
possuem respostas válidas e que podem ser consideradas corretas), dê preferência para
marcar a resposta que você considera a mais correta. No caso dessa questão, sugeriríamos
que marcassem a alternativa B pois, apesar da questão ter sido anulada, poderia ter sido
alegado pela banca que o fato dela estar grávida não implica necessariamente que ela terá o
bebê naquele mês pois o bebê pode nascer prematura ou ela pode perder o bebê.
Correta. “To be going to” é um futuro com 100% e “will have”é um futuro sem 100%.
Independente de ter 100% certeza ou não ambos estão no futuro e, com isso, se aplicam às
duas lacunas na questão.
DICA: Caso uma questão como esta caia em sua prova (onde as alternativas B, C e D
possuem respostas válidas e que podem ser consideradas corretas), dê preferência para