Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
580036500
EdD Module 3
Teaching with a difference: Exploring neurodiversity in the
teaching profession.
Explaining the problem
This research project intends to explore issues of inclusivity in the teaching profession,
with particular focus on the experiences of teachers who have identified and confirmed
specific learning differences. The purpose of the research is to enhance the support to
colleagues new to the profession and who are engaging in teacher education programmes
or other professional development. A possible outcome of the research project will be to
assess the transferability of student‐centred support mechanisms currently focused on
learning development to enable effective teaching strategies.
Creating a pedagogy that is inclusive and meets the needs of a diverse range of learners is
now a key tenet at all levels of education. Policy, driven by legislation, ensures that no
student may be discriminated against in accessing education on the grounds of disability,
ethnicity, creed or gender (DfEE, 2001) (Disability_Rights_Commission, 2007). Teachers, in
their post‐graduate training courses, are made aware of the need to be inclusive in their
pedagogic approaches, not merely to address a range of learning styles, but also to
accommodate particular physical, cognitive or psychological learning needs identified by
medical professionals.
Legislation also impacts on access to employment, including professions such as teaching.
There is a growing number of teachers who themselves have identified specific learning
needs and throughout their own learning have had to develop strategies to cope with the
rigours of academic study. The number of students entering and graduating from higher
education with a declared impairment has grown substantially in recent years with a
consequent impact on access to employment (Higher_Education_Statistics_Agency,
2008b). A key problem in access to both education and employment is that any learning
difference is seen as a deficit model in a world that is predominantly linear, text‐led, time‐
focused, norm‐referenced and standardized (Pollak, 2009)(p.243‐5). This provides
particular problems for those wishing to enter the teaching profession and who have a
significantly diverse mode of thinking and communicating. The Disability Rights
Commission in its scrutiny of access to three key professions: nursing, teaching and social
work states that ‘Across the professions the review has also identified some academic
standards that may adversely impact on disabled people, particularly those standards that
relate to English language’ which may amount to disability‐related discrimination
(Disability_Rights_Commission, 2006) (p.5). The paradox is that whilst learning is deemed
to be a universal right and the field of education has itself been at the forefront of this
issue of social justice, the education profession remains unattainable for many with
specific learning differences. Whilst education has made great leaps forward to celebrate
and accommodate the creative and lateral strengths of learners with a wide cognitive
ability, the same cannot be said for the teaching profession itself. Yet there is an
unacknowledged recognition of teachers who have particular cognitive differences, as
Sally Brown, Professor of Diversity of Learning and Teaching in Higher Education at Leeds
Metropolitan University, points out in her stereotype of “absent‐minded professors” and
“brainy boffins” (Foreword to Pollak, 2009). Such people who display unconventional
behaviour which is matched by high intelligence have managed to establish themselves in
contexts where their eccentricities are tolerated and their intellectual contributions
valued. How they have entered and advanced in their careers may provide inspiration and
personal development strategies for others wishing to enter the field of education.
This paper will limit the range of specific learning differences to the field of neurodiversity
rather than medical ailments, mental health or physical impairment. Neurodiversity is an
umbrella term, attributed by Singer in 1998 (cited in Pollack, 2009) to cover the range of
cognitive abilities in the autistic spectrum, emphasizing the positive aspects of an
alternative wiring of the brain in comparison to a consideration of what is deemed as
neurologically typical (‘neurotypical’)1. This concept of neurodiversity soon expanded to
include a wide range of cognitive processing types categorized by DSM‐IV2 as specific
learning differences. These include dyslexia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia, Tourette’s Syndrome,
Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder (AD(H)D) as well as the autistic spectrum
including Aspergers. Common to these SLDs is the altered development of neural
pathways which affect the way that information is processed and communicated (Wolf,
2008). Indicators of such SLDs include difficulties with reading and writing, interpreting
symbols, problems with time‐management and organization. This often results in a loss of
social and academic confidence and may even lead to bouts of depression (Grant, 2009).
Such differences may also evidence particular strengths such as a keen spatial awareness,
numerical processing abilities and practical capabilities. Such neural developments result
in life‐long cognitive variation and are therefore very much the identity of the individual.
Baker (2006) differentiates between the terms ‘neurodiversity’ and ‘neurological
disability’ in that the former highlights the ‘element of identity for individuals, families or
communities’ whereas the latter relates to how individuals are included in (or restricted
by) ‘general public activities’ (Baker, 2006). Support and treatment of such ‘conditions’
remains rooted in the medical model of diagnosis, though there is an increasing emphasis
to follow the example of physical impairment and move towards a social model of
response in creating positive recognition of difference. Over the past twenty years there
has been a shift from policy solutions based on a medical model that seek a ‘cure’ in order
that individuals may function to a satisfactory level in society, to a more ‘rights‐based’
policy which minimizes the ‘disabling aspects of public infrastructures’ (Baker, 2006).
1
Neurodiversity is present when an exceptional degree of variation between neurocognitive processes results
in noticeable and unexpected weaknesses in the performance of some everyday tasks when compared with
might higher performances on a subset of measures of verbal and/or visual abilities for a given individual.
(Grant in ND p.35)
2
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) publish and update a manual that categories all currently
recongised mental health disorders, now in its 4th edition this is commonly referred to as DSM-IV see
http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/_misc/complete_tables.htm .
A number of instances in recent years has led me to believe that it is becoming
increasingly difficult for people with specific learning differences to enter and be
adequately supported in the teaching profession. The impetus to conduct this research
comes from three key sources:
1. As Course Leader for a teacher education programme that has been running for two
years for colleagues already teaching and supporting learning in higher education, I have
found that in both years of the course 25% of the participants have expressed concern at
achieving the written outcomes of the course as a result of dyslexic tendencies. None of
these colleagues have been formally assessed for dyslexia since school and none of them
have disclosed to the personnel department any difficulty or disability that may impact on
their ability to work. Of these participants (n=8) two have taught for less than a year and
the remainder between 3‐5 years. At no point has the contribution of these colleagues
been the subject of any disciplinary review, which would point towards satisfactory
performance when compared with neurotypical teaching colleagues. On requesting what
institutional support is available for such colleagues I was directed to the Academic Skills
team whose primary aim is to support students’ learning development.
2. A request to support a post‐graduate application to a primary teaching programme
from a student graduating from a practical design‐based. Although formally identified a
significantly dyslexic, Lucy was an articulate, high‐achieving student. She was concerned
that the application process to the teaching course included an English language test
which she felt was to her disadvantage. Yet her practical skills, numerical confidence,
outgoing and sociable nature, highly articulate manner and keenness to enter the field of
primary education would indicate her fitness for the profession. She was subsequently
awarded a place on a postgraduate teacher training programme and although successfully
completing the programme, left her first teaching position because of lack of
understanding and support for her dyslexia.
3. Working in a small specialist higher education institution that focuses predominantly on
a creative curriculum comprising art, design, media and performance I have learnt to
appreciate the richness of creative, imaginative, non‐linear modes of thought and
expression. As a neurotypical thinker who enjoys the linear cognitive processes and with
high abilities in academic reading and writing, I have been challenged out of a narrow‐
focused complacency in text‐privileged, linear structures by colleagues and students who
are far more able to provide a holistic structure and visualize and explain concepts in a
way that relates parts to a working whole (Edwards, 1979/2008). Woolf (2007) explores
the possibility that the linear ‘reading/writing’ brain may be a contrived neural
development and that the holistic ‘dyslexic’ brain is perhaps better ‘wired’ for a visual,
multi‐medial, super‐complex twenty‐first century. If this is so, then we need to reconsider
the hegemony of text‐privileged academic structures and realize the untapped potential
of neurodiverse thinkers in shaping the future through and in education.
Considerations and approaches to research:
The oft‐quoted and pithy definition of educational research as ‘systematic enquiry made
public’ (Stenhouse, 1975) focuses on the need for educational research to provide a
clearly demarcated process and to be open to the scrutiny of peer review. This definition
is extended by Bassey and endorsed by Wellington to include the phrase ‘critical and self‐
critical’(Bassey, 1990) (Wellington, 2000). This places responsibility on the researcher to
be rigorous about data collection and analysis and also to ensure that the researcher
openly acknowledges his or her position and values in relation to the line of enquiry. In
pursuing this particular line of enquiry I am conscious that I do not categorise myself as
‘neurodiverse’ and yet to a certain extent we may all be considered to be so in the widest
definition of the umbrella term. This positions me as an ‘outsider’ in terms of identity, but
with a key interest in improving access and support of new teaching staff who enroll on
the post‐graduate teaching course for which I have responsibility. This will be discussed
further under ‘ethical considerations’ (see below).
In addition, I am also conscious that the identification and labeling of specific learning
differences is based on a medical model which lies within a positivist paradigm of
measurement, benchmarking, normative and objective values. This gives rise to fraught
tensions within the language used to describe such diverse modes of thinking that
objectify the ‘conditions’ and divorce them from the identity of the individual. As Pollak
(2009) points out, language in the field of learning difference is ‘a highly sensitive matter’
and in following his guidance I intend to use those terms that are accepted by BRAIN.HE
and DANDA3 in describing aspects of neurodiversity.
Consideration of the topic of neurodiversity in the teaching profession may be explored
from a number of perspectives, and this paper gives me the opportunity to consider,
compare three differing approaches to researching the topic.
a) Setting a benchmark through a quantitative approach
A positivist approach implies an ‘objective, value‐free, generalizable and replicable’
mode of enquiry (Wellington, 2000 p.15). Hammersley critiques this absolutist position
of positivist research but highlights the danger of denigrating the value of quantitative
approaches to educational research (Hammersley, 1993). Wellington considers that
quantitative ‘hard’ data may complement and inform qualitative approaches by
providing a structure and framework around which qualitative data may woven. Glaser
and Strauss in their repositioning of theory as ‘inductive’ consider that ‘There is no
fundamental clash between the purposes and capacities of qualitative and
quantitative methods or data’ (Glaser and Strauss, 1967)(p.17).
With this in mind it would be beneficial to endeavour to get an overview of access and
support in the teaching profession for those with specific learning differences. This
may be conducted through an interrogation of existing large scale datasets such as
HESA and those held by the Department of Work and Pensions. These may help reveal
3
BRAIN-HE, Best Resources for Achievement and Intervention in Neurodiversity in Higher Education
http://www.brainhe.com/
DANDA, Developmental Adult Neuro-Diversity Association http://www.danda.org.uk/
the number of teaching professionals at different levels of education who have
disclosed particular needs and are receiving support. There has been a recent
explosion in the availability, quality and ease of access to such large‐scale data sets
and such information has the potential to inform and enhance the ‘robustness and
generalisability’ of educational research. Such datasets have considerable advantages
in economy of scale and effort in creating a ‘census of individuals’ (Hansen and
Vignoles, 2007). The disadvantage of such large scale quantitative data is that the
administrative information lacks detail and needs to be further informed through
additional levels of enquiry such as surveys.
This level of enquiry would include a large scale survey of teaching staff, conducted by
the researcher, reaching out to a range of levels and institutions within the UK.
According to Crotty this would be a method in keeping with a positivist paradigm and
would lend itself to statistical analysis and the generation of further more detailed
quantitative data (Crotty, 1998). Bell considers that ‘surveys can provide answers to
the questions What? Where? When? and How?’ (Bell, 1993)(p.9). Whilst potentially
generating a large accumulation of data, the detailed causal relationships of Why? are
difficult interpret and establish through surveys. In addition is important to
acknowledge the possible bias in such datasets: the HESA dataset notes that members
of staff are not obliged to report a disability and that the ‘figures reported in analyses
are derived from a subset which may not be representative of the total staff
population’ (Higher_Education_Statistics_Agency, 2008a). This is evidenced in my
immediate experience of participants on the PGCHE and MA in Education, a significant
proportion of whom have disclosed such SLDs to neither their line managers nor to the
personnel department.
A key issue in the creation and administration of a survey is that of representative
sampling. In this particular enquiry the aim would be to target teaching professionals
who have entered the profession with specific learning differences and who are
willing to share their experiences. This in itself may be seen as an intrusion into
identity and requires a sensitive approach with much care taken over the
presentation and distribution of the survey (Wellington 2000 p.103). Inevitably
respondents are likely to self‐select creating an inherent bias to the data, but this
might be minimized with a systematic approach to stratified sampling, taking account
of the different levels of education in which teaching professionals are operating e.g.
primary, secondary, further education, higher education, adult education. Through
this approach key agencies and organizations might become allies in the distribution
of the survey. Networks such as NIACE, HEA, BRAIN‐HE and DANDA plus relevant
Jiscmail group e‐mail lists may become mechanisms for distribution of responses,
helping to increase response rate whilst also targeting a representative sample of
teaching professionals. Such agencies would have some interest in the conduct and
outcomes of the research, and whilst it will be worthwhile to consult them at the
outset of the survey design, though care must be taken that the research is not
overtaken by their various and particular agenda and perspectives.
The risk of non‐representation in this survey is high as those who respond are more
likely to be teaching professionals who have already disclosed specific learning
differences. In order to counter criticism of lack of rigour, non‐representation and
bias, it may be more feasible to aim for non‐probability sampling that is purposive and
targeted through the use of such networks, organizations and agencies mentioned
above.
There is much literature and guidance on the creation of questionnaires and surveys
(Cohen et al., 2007) but key to the success of a survey would appear to be the
development of a pilot questionnaire to test for clarity and identify ambiguity,
omission or areas of confusion. This would be conducted within my own institution,
using the critical appraisal of colleagues and former MA in Education participants. In
addition this pilot project would also provide opportunity to set up and test a
framework for data analysis and exploring possible software options such as SPSS.
Given the encouragement to explore mixed methods, particularly for qualitative data
to enhance the depth of quantitative findings, the survey would include open‐ended
questions allowing respondents to expand on their views and experiences. Analysis of
these responses is less straightforward and would be indexed, coded, categorized in a
more interpretive manner and provide a point of comparison with the data generated
from qualitative approaches (see below).
b) Critical theory approach to creating a participatory and extended literature
review
According to Crotty (1998) a critical theory approach to research ‘calls current
ideology into question and initiate actions in the cause of social justice.’ (p. 157). Both
Brookfield and Crotty highlight the need for critical thought to be linked to action and
like Friere’s consider praxis to be ‘reflection and action upon the world in order to
transform it’ (Freire, 1972)(p. 28). Critical enquiry is thus not a passive form of
research but embeds critical consciousness within praxis. An initial research literature
review exposes the fact that whilst there is much literature focusing on equality of
access to education and some that addresses access to employment, there is a dearth
of literature that explores equality of access and support within the teaching
profession itself and very little specific to the UK context with a focus on
neurodiversity (Stockdale et al., 2004).
Kincheloe and McLaren (1994 pp139‐40, cited in Crotty p.157) provide a framework of
social and cultural criticism that may provide steerage for reviewing the literature
around equality and diversity in the teaching profession.
1. Exploration of the power relations that influence social and cultural structures and
the ways in which these have been historically constructed
2. How facts are infused by values and ideological positions
3. That the relationship between concept and object, signifier and signified is
constantly shifting and is often mediated by relations of capitalist production and
consumption
4. The centrality of language to empowerment of disenfranchisement
5. Oppression of subordinate groups and the notion of privilege
6. Multiple faces of oppression which ignores interconnectedness
7. Mainstream research practice that endorses the status quo
Using this framework the field of neurodiversity may be explored through a range of
disciplinary perspectives: medical and scientific enquiry such as neuroscience and
psychology; disability and inclusivity; socio‐political; historical and educational. This
would give an understanding of the history and policies around disability and
inclusivity, disclose some of the tensions and misunderstandings between the medical
and social models, expose some of the existing practices that create barriers in
educational and professional aspirations. Through applying a post‐positive critical
reading informed, for example by Foucault’s understanding of governmentality, it
would be possible to explore the interconnectedness of mechanisms that seek to
enhance inclusive practice but that are inherently divisive (Rabinow, 1986). Brookfield
(2007), in considering Marcuse’s notion of repressive tolerance, considers that any
minority perspective, when placed within other majority perspectives, will be
confirmed in its minority status (Brookfield, 2007). When trying to create a diverse
curriculum that gives equal weight to all abilities the majority view will favour the
existing hierarchies and end up legitimising an unfair status quo’ (p.558). In trying to
give equal weight to radical or minority ideas, by placing them alongside mainstream
beliefs, policy‐makers risk ‘diluting their radical qualities’ (p.558). Taking critical
perspective would allow exploration of the repressive tolerance inherent in the
language of the medical model of difference that pathologizes individuals and
contributes to what may be perceived as an increasingly therapeutic culture made up
of ‘diminished subjects’. (Ecclestone and Hayes, 2009).
In making a critical theory approach linked to practice it would be important to include
research participants in the critical review of theory. With this in mind colleagues and
PGCHE participants would be invited to form a discussion group to explore the
discourse of inclusivity, neurodiversity and pedagogic practice. Following Habermas
this would provide opportunity for a communicative critique of society through social
and political discourse (Crotty, 1998 pp140‐147). As primary researcher my role will
be to convene the ‘critical theory group’, initially select readings and resources
(though it is intended that this would become a shared activity with members of the
group contributing readings and resources such as video clips, case studies,
broadcasts, news items and conference presentations). In addition, my role will be to
keep and share records of the group discussions in a way that may be readily accessed
and provide a continuing forum for debate and discussion. The possibility of a web‐
based blog or wiki would provide both a transparent and accessible mechanism that
may be easily shared with a wider audience. In order to practice the inclusivity and
diversity that this research seeks to critique, the critical theory group will actively seek
include colleagues from a range of neurodiverse perspectives.
c) Interpretive approach
Denzin locates the intepretivist approach within the qualitative paradigm which
produces data that may be interrogated in a constructivist manner and with ‘social
imagination’ on the part of the researcher (Denzin, 2001). His particular methodology
is that of phenomenology through which he creates the context for a hermeneutic
reading of the phenomenon, taking into account historical and biographical elements,
in a critical reading influenced by Derridian deconstruction (Derrida, 1981). This mode
of research places the subject and the researcher in an overlapping sphere of interest
and experience that Heidegger terms the ‘hermeneutic circle’ (Crotty, 1998 p. 90ff). In
a sense this is a double circle of the self‐story of the subject and the interpretation of
that story by the researcher. In an acknowledgement that absolute truth is
unknowable, Denzin acknowledges that ‘these circles will never overlap completely,
for the subject’s experiences will never be those of the researcher.’ (Huberman and
Miles, 2002)( p.354), but that the quest in such research is to answer the question
‘How?’. Through locating the research in a personal history approach the research
question seeks not to establish why or what the problem may be, but how it manifests
itself in the experiences of the people who live the phenomenon. In this manner the
research question that I might formulate for this approach could be “How do teaching
professionals with specific neurodiverse differences experience the entry, training,
support and on‐going responsibilities of the profession?” As a result of this research I
would hope to be able to put forward some suggestions as to how best support such
colleagues within a teacher education programme.
Key to this approach is Husserl’s notion of ‘bracketing’ (1962 cited in Crotty, 1998) in
which the researcher treats the phenomenon (in this case neurodiversity) as a text or
document and critical deconstructs it attempting to suspend all known preconceptions
about the topic. Doing this would include identifying key words and phrases used
within self‐stories that address the phenomenon directly; re‐interpretation of these
words and phrases by the researcher; semiotic reading of recurring features which
would lead to a tentative re‐definition of the phenomenon. In the case of
neurodiversity this would re‐visit well‐trodden ground much explored through
medical, psychological and educational (learning development) perspectives but which
has yet to achieve clarity of medical, social and professional definition. The
opportunity offered by a phenomenological approach would be to explore the lived
experience of teaching professionals with neurodiverse modes of thinking. Merleau‐
Ponty (1964, cited in Huberman and Miles, 2002, p.359) describes this process: ‘One
gathers together the lived facts involving emotion and tries to subsume them under
one essential meaning in order to find the same conduct in all of them.’
Relocating the reconstructed experiential definition within the established context of
the phenomenon provides opportunity to compare, contrast and synthesise the lived
experiences with the existing known definitions and features of the phenomenon. In
his guidelines for evaluating interpretive materials, Denzin stresses the importance of
interpretive accounts being both processual and interactional, encompassing both a
critical study of the phenomenon itself as well as the experiences and self‐stories of
the human subject as interpreted by the researcher. He points out that the
interpretive process is always unfinished, but not necessarily inconclusive, as the
hermeneutic circle (or spiral) drives the researcher onward from the phenomenon to
the experience and to the interpretation and back to a further definition of the
phenomenon. Denzin warns that such research should not expect to ‘exhaust all that
can be known about the phenomenon’ as it is a continual changing landscape
influenced by history, biography, social and personal construction as well as structures
of power, discourse and identity (Denzin, 2005).
The personal account is at the heart of this mode of research and the basic unit of
analysis. These the ways in which individuals make sense of their experiences and
extend their understanding of the world to be able to predict events and direct
outcomes. Yet such accounts that are typical of a naturalistic approach result in rich
data for interpretation. The risk, however, as Cohen et al. point out, is that ‘the social
and educational world is a messy place, full of contradictions, richness, complexity,
connectedness, conjunctions and disjunctions. It is multilayered and not easily
susceptible to the atomization process inherent in much numerical research’ (Cohen et
al., 2007)(p.167) . The meanings and realities constructed by both subject and
researcher are multiple and influenced by social interactions and contexts. Such
enquiries and responses are inevitably value‐bound and demand a considerable
amount of critical reflexivity on the part of the researcher to expose and be
transparent about assumptions, values and influences impacting on the enquiry.
‘Reflexivity recognizes that researchers are inescapably part of the social world that
they are researching’ (Hammersley and Atkinson 1983 cited in Cohen et al. 2007
p.171) and openly acknowledge their influence on the research rather than eliminate
the research effects as would be expected within a scientific or positivist paradigm.
As with the orchestration of a survey, the selection of individuals for biographical, life‐
story is problematic in terms of representation. It may be possible to select individuals
as a follow up to the survey for further in depth discussion, or to conduct entirely
separate in‐depth interviews with teaching professionals which would provide a point
of verification, triangulation, cross‐referencing with the collected survey data.
Given the possible difficulties of linear thinking and expression (Grant, 2009) (Jurecic,
2007) a loose semi‐structured interview process would allow the respondent to create
their own story of access and experience of the teaching profession. These stories may
be subjected to transcription and discourse analysis to disclose and explore moments
of empowerment and repression as such utterances are ‘never simply sentences
disembodied from context…. their meaning derives from the intersubjective contexts
in which they are set’ (Habermas, cited in C&M p.398).
Visual research
A further creative possibility opens up at this point when considering the holistic,
creative, non‐linear, non‐text preferences of the research group, would be for
individuals to undertake an heuretic approach by creating or producing an artifact
representing their own experience of neurodiversity and for this to form the centre‐
piece of interaction between the researcher and the individual creator. Emmison and
Smith seek to extend the range of visual enquiry to the every‐day visual decoding of
information from negotiating car space on the motorway to placing plants in a room
(Emmison and Smith, 2000). For many visual researchers, visual data generally
comprises photographs, film, advertisements, drawings and other images. Emmison
and Smith highlight a tension in identifying the most basic issue of visual research,
whether it should comprise images generated by the researchers themselves or
whether such research should be primarily concerned with analysis of images
produced by ‘institutions of culture’. The former would be seen as a wholly qualitative
and interpretive exercise whereas the latter may generate either qualitative or
quantitative data that may contribute to the field of cultural and social studies. They
categorise four key approaches to visual research: the generation of images to
document social and cultural processes; the analysis of institutionally or commercially
produced images; the analysis of diagrams, sketches produced as a by‐product of
scientific research and communication; video recordings of social interaction.
I propose yet another mode of visual research is which is generated by the research
enquiry itself and becomes part of the interpretive interaction between researcher
and subject. Dialogue around subject‐generated visual response to the research topic
would allow the researcher and subject/creator to move within the hermeneutic
double circle to explore the connotation and denotation in ‘reading’ the visual artifact
with the potential of revealing and decoding experiences of neurodiversity and
professional teaching aspirations (Wellington, 2000 p. 117). Eisner (1981 cited in
Denzin and Lincoln 2005) encourages the use of many different art forms to challenge
the inherent power structures of conventional social research, particularly to ‘critique
the privilege of language‐based ways of knowing’ (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005, p. 685)
and giving opportunity to include subjects as collaborators or co‐researchers rather
than ‘othering’ their perspectives or ‘leaving them voiceless in the telling of their own
stories’ (ibid. p 682). Such representation allows those with reduced political
representation to express their experiences in a multidimensional manner, in stark
contrast to the objectivity and hard data of scientific models of research. Such modes
of arts‐based research, have a relatively recent history and as such are viewed with
some diffidence in the fields of social science and education. There are, however,
some strong examples and proponents of arts‐based research with an increasing
awareness of theoretical approaches (Pink, 2001).
Many would argue that the artistic enterprise should speak for itself, but in terms of
this research enquiry the dialogue that it generates between a researcher who is
predominantly a left‐brain, text‐based linear thinker and a right‐brain, creative and
holistic thinker may generate insights and understandings that cross the cognitive
divide (Edwards, 1979/2008). This would provide a forum that would embrace diverse
cognitive perspectives and seek to encourage greater awareness of the ways in which
the barriers and labeling of difference may be overcome. In terms of artistic
representation, the creative enterprise may give both parties the means to voice a
‘radical ethical aesthetic’ through critical interpretive interaction which, put simply,
means learning to look afresh from ‘other’ perspectives. (Finley, 2000).
Ethical considerations
There are some overarching ethical considerations to be taken into account in
approaching this research topic of neurodiversity in the teaching profession. Wellington
(2000) defines an ‘ethic’ as ‘a guiding principle or code of conduct which governs … the
way that people act or behave’. (p.54) and differentiates this from morals which are the
values that underpin ethics. Key to this particular topic is maintaining sensitivity to the
fact that cognitive processing differences are integral to an individual’s identity, outlook
on the world and life‐development. This research, whilst selecting participants on the
basis of their specific learning difference needs to negate any notion of ‘abnormality’ and
seek to focus on the social and institutional contexts that enhance or inhibit creative and
holistic modes of thinking.
The language used in surveys, interviews and discussions needs to address this sensitivity
and be aware of the issues of disability ‘labelling’ that emphasises a medical model of
difference e.g. ‘disorder’, ‘dysfunction’, ‘condition’ and even the word ‘disability’ itself.
Pollak (2007) makes example of the word ‘impairment’ as a word that is commonly used,
but which focuses on the reduced capabilities of the individual rather than difficulties
arising from social organization and contexts. The labelling of others by someone who
does not share the same experience might seem to both pathologize and patronize and
becomes fraught with tautological contrivance. For example, is it preferable to use the
term ‘dyslexics’, ‘dyslexic people’, ‘people with dyslexia’? All these terms ‘other’ the
individual, throwing into relief the inherent tension with this topic of research: that it risks
perpetuating difference in attempting to enhance inclusivity. With this in mind, in addition
to the language supported by BRAIN.HE and DANDA, the terms used will be those selected
by research participants themselves.
As this research aims to give voice to the experience of teaching professionals with
specific learning differences in order to challenge the hegemonic structures of a text‐
privileged and linear education system, I consider it paramount that participants are
wholly and fully informed of their part in the process and that no information will be
sought or used without their prior consent. In line with Wellington’s guidelines (2000,
p.57) confidentiality and anonymity will be maintained at all stages unless participants
particularly wish their views to be known. Transparency of process is of utmost
importance and as far as possible participants will be able to access information about
themselves recorded for the research at any stage of the process and will have the right to
withdraw from the research. The British Educational Research Association’s (BERA) ethical
guidelines will underpin the approach to the research, with an emphasis on each
participant as a collaborator in the research process and with an interest in the outcome
(BERA, 2004). Ensuring that there is a ‘gatekeeper’ who monitors and advises upon issues
of access to participants and the handling of data will ensure that appropriate levels of
both confidentiality and transparency are maintained. The methodology and analysis of
data may be exposed to the critical appraisal of researchers operating within other
disciplines that have an interest in the topic area. Their particular disciplinary perspectives
and critique may lead to fresh perspectives and avenues of enquiry.
Conclusion
Having first selected the broad field of interest, the challenge of this particular assignment
has been to refine it in such a way as to become a manageable research topic relevant to
my own field of activity. Despite honing the research so that the outcome will be
improved support and resources for teachers with SLDs, there are still many avenues of
potential enquiry and many ways in which these might be explored. Hammersley points to
the ‘baffling array of approaches and practices’ in social and education research, in which
simplistic binary models of positivist/intepretivist paradigms are called into question as
researchers seek to make transparent their philosophical assumptions (Hammersley,
2007). There is no set typology of research paradigms and each researcher starts the
process by bringing to the data their own particular values and ontological perspectives
and attempting to pin these to a complex hierarchy of paradigms, epistemology,
methodology and methods. Some would argue that Critical Theory is not a separate
paradigm (Hammersley, 2007, Cohen et al., 2007). In shaping this particular research
enquiry there is an underlying rationale to explore a range of research processes
themselves, recognizing and acknowledging my own particular strengths and preferences,
but also challenging myself to explore paradigms and methodologies that I would
normally avoid. In order to make a comparison between the research perspectives and
approaches considered above, Crotty (1998) provides a useful framework for a tabular
representation of the different approaches. He takes the four major elements of social
research: epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology and methods as a cascading
sequence. Using this outline, and including consideration of ontology to reflect the a
positioning of values, Appendix A sets out the proposed mixed methods approach to
exploring the research questions:
Teaching with a difference: How is neurodiversity experienced in the
teaching profession and how is this addressed in teacher education programmes?
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Appendix 1
EPISTEMOLOGY OBJECTIVISM POST‐POSITIVIST SUBJECTIVISM/HUMANISTIC/
CONSTRUCTIVISM/ POST‐MODERN
CONSTRUCTIONISM
ONTOLOGY Focus on the reality of An appreciation of Individually and socially
the matter and data multiply‐constructed negotiated perspectives
to establish cause and perspectives through a synthesis of
effect. subjects’ personal experiences
and life stories.
Seeking an understanding of
human action.
Acknowledgement that
researcher brings own
perspective through
reading/interpretation of
subjects’ life stories.
THEORETICAL POSITIVISM CONSTRUCTIVIST INTERPRETIVISM/
PERSPECTIVE CRITICAL THEORY HERMENEUTICS
METHODOLOGY QUANTITATIVE CRITICAL ENQUIRY QUALITATIVE,
‘HARD’ DATA PHENOMENOLOGY/SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
METHODS Large scale data sets Exploration of Personal account
literature from a range Creative/Visual representation
Survey (non‐ of disciplinary contexts (Heuretics)
probability sampling) ‐ a process of
intertextuality in which
the texts of one
discipline inform the
reading of another.
Critical theory group
ANALYTICAL Deductive Inductive Inductive
APPROACHES Empirical Empirical
Grounded theory
NOTES: Advantages: Advantages: Advantages:
advantages and Economical and Ability to challenge Provides ‘thick’ descriptions
disadvantages efficient use of orthodoxies and opportunities to explore
(Cohen et al., existing data Trans‐disciplinary depth.
2007) Wide target perspectives Explores situations through the
population Negotiated meanings eyes of the participants.
Standardised Focus on interaction Conducted in natural and
information and language uncontrived contexts.
Generalisation Awareness of power, Hypotheses emerge ‘in situ’.
through patterns of heirarchy and Human relationships and