Microcontroller Protection of Induction Motors

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY
FACULITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL STREAM SEMISTER PROJECT
TITLE: DESIGNING MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROTECTION OF
INDUCTION MOTOR
PREPARED BY: GROUP 15
Name ID NO
1. ERMIYAS ALMAW ENGR/1082/06

2. MULUNEH MIHRTIE ENGR/1233/06
3. SEMHAR SILESHI ENGR/401/06

4. TEREFE TADESSE ENGR/156/06
5. ABDURHEM ADEM ENGR/1283/05
ADVISOR NAME G/YEHUANES
SUBMISSION DATE JUNE 2017

DEBRE BERHAN ETHIOPIA
`PROJECT TITLE: - PROTECTION OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING
MICROCONTROLLER
NAME OF STUDENTS ID NO
1. ERMIYAS ALMAW ENGR/1082/06
2. MULUNEH MIHRTIE ENGR/1233/06
3. TEREFE TADESSE ENGR/156/06

4. SEMHAR SILESHI ENGR/401/06
5. ABDURHEM ADEM ENGR/1283/05
COADVISOR NAME: -DANEIL ABEBE
SIGNATURE: -
EXAMINER NAME SIGNATURE:
1___________________________________ _________________
2 __________________________________ _________________
3____________________________________ _________________
P age |I
SEMISTER PROJET 2009E.C
Declaration
We are declaring that this project is the original work of us, and all sources of materials used for
the project have been fully acknowledged.
Name of the student signature date
Name Id No signature
1. ERMIYAS ALMAW ENGR/1082/06 ______

2. MULUNEH MIHERTIE ENGR/1233/06 ______
3. TEREFE TADESSE ENGR/156/06 ______
4. SEMHAR SILESHI ENGR/401/06 _______
5. ABDURHEM ADEM ENGR/1283/05 _______
Advisor Approval
The project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
Name of advisor signature date
Mr. G/youhaness _______________ _____________
Page | II
Acronyms
AC Alternating current
ADC Analog to digital converter
CT Current transformer
DC Direct current
IC Integrated circuit
LCD Liquid crystal display
LED Light emitting diode
PLC Programming language control
VT Voltage transformer
IEEE International electrical and electronics

engineering
NEMA National electrical manufacture association
Page | III
Acknowledgement
First, we would like to express our gratitude towards our advisor Instructor Gebre Yehuaness,
and Danil Abebe. For his kind advice and help us how we are preparing to project. We would
also like to thank electrical and computer engineering department for helping us from finding
project Title by giving an idea. Our thanks also go to ourselves for actively participating in the
group work to achieve our objective.
Page | IV
Abstract
This project contains objective, methodology, literature review, problem statement scope of the
project, and to design PIC16F877A microcontroller monitor and protection of the induction
motor with the help of PIC microcontroller for large scale Industrial Environment. Protection of
induction motor has been done using the microcontroller, current transformer and step down
transformer through sensor output. This protection scheme protects the induction motor from
under voltage, over voltage and over current, overheat and overheating conditions. The induction
motor can be started and stopped through the relay developed with this system. This is one of the
best technologies and for this purpose we are proposed microcontroller based control system for
industrial plant.
Page | V
Table of Contents page
Declaration ................................................................................................................................... II
Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... III
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................... IV
Abstract........................................................................................................................................ V
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of Study ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Objectives of the project ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1. General Objective .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2. Specific Objectives........................................................................................................ 2
1. 4. Methodology....................................................................................................................... 2
1.5. Scope and contribution of the Project .................................................................................... 3
1.5.1 Major benefits of the project: ........................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 4
Literature Review........................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................ 6
System Design and Analysis ........................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Hardware design system model ........................................................................................... 7
3. 2.1 System Components and Circuit Design .......................................................................... 8
Rectifiers ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Smoothing (filtering) ...................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.3 Rectification circuit....................................................................................................... 10
3.4.1 LM35 temperature sensor .............................................................................................. 15
3.4.2. Voltage measurement................................................................................................... 18
3.4.4. LCD (liquid crystal display) ......................................................................................... 21
Chapter Four................................................................................................................................ 25
Result and Discussion................................................................................................................... 25
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page vi

4.1.1 Normal condition .......................................................................................................... 27
Chapter Five ................................................................................................................................ 30
Conclusion, recommendation and Future Work .............................................................................. 30
5.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................... 31
5.2.1 Recommendation for industries and our university .......................................................... 31
References................................................................................................................................... 32
appendix (a)................................................................................................................................. 33
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page vii

List of figures
Figure 1.1 Block diagram of working methodology ..................................................................... 2
Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the system ....................................................................................... 7
Figure 3.2 block diagram of regulated power supply ................................................................... 8
Figure 3.3 transformer ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3.4 electrolytic capacitor………………………………………………………………….9
Figure 3.5 voltage measurement ………………………………………………………………..10
Figure 3.6 rectification………………………………………………………………………….11
Figure 3.7 filtering circuit ………………………………………………………………………11
Figure 3.8 power supply circuit simulation .................................................................................13
Figure 3.9 pin description of PIC16F877A..................................................................................14
Figure 3.10 (a) pins of LM35 temperature sensor (b) sensor from proteus..............................16
Figure 3.11 output of temperature sensor ....................................................................................17
Figure 3.12 Current sensing circuit............................................................................................. 18
Figure 3.13 Voltage sensing circuit .............................................................................................19
Figure 3.14 Relay ........................................................................................................................20
Figure 3.15 Relay driver .............................................................................................................21
Figure 3.16 LCD and pin configuration ......................................................................................22
Figure 3.17 Flow chart of software design..................................................................................23
Figure 4.1 Simulation of normal condition ................................................................................. 27
Figure 4.2 Simulation of over condition ................................................................................... 28
Figure 4.3 simulation of under condition .................................................................................... 29
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page viii

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1. Background of Study
Induction machines are very popular in industries because of their vast applications. Hence it
becomes necessary to protect them against faults so as to ensure uninterrupted operation and
function. Various parameter controlling and monitoring systems are therefore other types of
machine, but in case of induction machine the controlling and monitoring systems are not
extensively used due to high cost of installation and physical constraints. So as to overcome the
limitations in monitoring and controlling, microcontroller based System is used which makes it
simple and cost-effective.
The motor protection is required as day to day life induction motor usage increases a lot
as it has some specific merits. The circuit was fully controlled by the microcontroller and the
micro controller will continuously monitor the voltage of phase and if the voltage goes abnormal
then it will switch OFF the motor until they are normal. It is not only protecting motor from
transient voltage, it also switches off the motor automatically when power comes without manual
requirement and stop the motor after predetermined time. This motor is manually monitoring is
difficult so automatic protection of induction motor has such an importance.
1.2. Statement of the Problem

Problems that arise with the working of an AC induction motor are common these days if left
unmonitored. Any problems become evident due to faults that normal happen in motor like stator
faults, rotor faults, bearing faults etc. If these faults are occurring in the induction motor, the
motor becomes burn. This is one disadvantage of different faults in the motor. Not only the
burning of motor but also economic distortion, time wastage and even it is difficult for human
life.
Due to this reason we designed a project which solves the above listed problems by developing
of a fault detection and protection method for induction motor to detect external faults
experienced by motor using microcontroller technology
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page 1

1.3. Objectives of the project
1.3.1. General Objective
 The general objective of this project is to design PIC16F877A microcontroller based
protection and controlling of induction motor.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives

 To design temperature, current and voltage sensing circuit that will be interfaced to the
microcontroller for monitoring
 To develop microcontroller based controlling system of induction motors.
 To identify faults in induction motor.
 To simulate electrical system and improve it into practical.
1. 4. Methodology
For successful completion of this project some steps will be followed to carry out different tasks.
Different literature will be revised relating to this project and data will be collected about
condition and control parameter of induction motor. Based on this parameter system model was
designed. Some software's were selected to develop the software programming. So here a system
is designed with an alternative method to prevent the failures that happen in induction motors
using microcontroller and sensors to measure the different parameters related to induction motors
such as current, voltage, temperature and speed.
Generally, the methodology is concluded by the block diagram given bellow.
Figure 1. 1 Block diagram of working methodology

1.5. Scope and contribution of the Project

The scope of this project is to develop continuous protection and control system for induction
motor based on PIC16F877A. All the sensors are used to acquire data from the induction motor
and transfer the data they acquire to PIC16F877A microcontroller board. Finally, we give highest
emphasis to the software design and simulation in order to develop a suitable algorithm that will
promptly interact with the, microcontroller and the LCD. This contributes to detect and repair
induction motor as soon as fault occur so as to reduce man power required which saves time and
energy.
1.5.1 Major benefits of the project:

 To reduce man power required
 To detect and repair induction motor as soon as fault occur
 To reduce unforeseen expenditure due to motor operation interruption.
 To save wastage time

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
A lot of research work has been published in the field of induction motor protection and various
techniques have been proposed.
William H. Kersting stated that three phase induction motor can continue to run when one phase
of the supply gone out of service. [1] This may be due to any fuse blowing or opening of
protective device of the motor, at step-down transformer or at feeder end. At this condition the
three-phase induction motor continue to run but the motor will heat up quickly and it should
be protected by removing it from the service at the instant of single phasing. When phase opens
at step down transformer or at feeder end, the stator and rotor losses increases. To protect the
motor all the terminal should be open.
Sudha M. and Anbalagan proposed a technique to save the three phase induction motor from
single phasing. [2] In this technique, PIC16F877A microcontroller has been used to sample the
values of each phase and converted them to low voltage ac by means of transformer. The signals
are converted to digital value using ADC converter. The controller continuously compares the
digital value with the reference value and when the fault occurs, it opens the normally close
contactor and disconnects it from the power supply. Single phasing, under voltage and over
voltage protection is done practically on a 2kW motor and the motor is isolated if any of these
condition occurs.
Pragasen Pillay et.al. Examines the three phase induction motor under the influence of under
voltage and over voltage. [3] The voltage at motor terminals may be higher than the nominal
value in a complex industrial system and can be well below from nominal value in a heavily
loaded industrial system. IEEE, NEMA and other power communities have different defined the
voltage unbalance. The complex algebra is avoided in these definitions. In this paper calculation
of the unbalance of voltage have been done on true basis with complex algebra and compared
with NEMA standards. Javed A. and Izhar T. have proposed the protection of three phase
induction motor based on voltage measurement and is not enough to protect the motor if the fault
occurs at distribution transformer or at substation feeder. [4] If fault occurs at motor terminals
then the voltage measurement can protect the motor very well.

Here a protection system is implemented using which we monitor the working of an AC
induction motor during normal conditions and trip conditions. If any problems become evident
due to faults that normally happen in the motor like stator faults, rotor faults, bearing faults, etc.,
we can either vary the input voltage and current to bring the motor back to normal condition or
we can shut down the motor before damaging the stator and rotor components of the motor to
point from which recovery is not possible, thus avoiding unexpected failure of the motor and
preventing an entire industrial process from shutting down all of a sudden which can be
dangerous to the people working in the vicinity and helps save unforeseen expenditure that may
result from the above mentioned problems.
Motor faults control

Numerous faults can occur in an induction motor during its course of operation. These faults if
left undetected can lead to catastrophic failures. The following are common electrical faults
which can be found in induction motors. Rotor faults: The several reasons for rotor faults are:
a) During the brazing process in production, non-uniform metallurgical stresses might be

incorporated with cage assembly and these can likewise prompt to failure during operation.
b) A rotor bar may be unable to move longitudinally in the slot it occupies, when thermal
stresses are forced upon it at the starting of the motor.
Stator faults : most of induction motor failures are related to stator winding insulation. A
stator turn fault in a motor causes a substantial flow of current to stream and consequently
produces unreasonable heat in the shorted turns.

CHAPTER THREE
System Design and Analysis
3.1 Introduction
To improve the performance of the induction motor continuous monitoring of the motor is
essential. The monitoring systems are particularly useful because the systems are able to capture
the information from the motor, both real-time and historical, over the motor’s life.
Condition monitoring is defined as the continuous evaluation of the health of the plant and
equipment throughout its service life. It is important to be able to detect faults while they are still
developing. This is called incipient failure detection. The incipient detection of motor failures
also provides a safe operating environment. In addition, it is also possible to schedule future
preventive maintenance and repair work. This can result in minimum down time and optimum
maintenance schedule. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis scheme allows the machine
operator to have the necessary spare parts before the machine is stripped down there by reducing
outage times. Therefore, effective condition monitoring of electric machine is critical in
improving the reliability, safety and productivity.

3.2 Hardware design system model
Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the system

The design model is based on the analysis and architectural requirements of the system. It
represents the application components and determines their appropriate placement and use
within the overall architecture. In the design model, packages contain the design elements of the
system, such as design classes, interfaces, and design subsystems, that evolve from the analysis
classes. The real time monitoring and controlling method is implemented for the better
performance of the motor. The system developed is capable to perform such operations like
measuring, monitoring and controlling the parameters like voltage, current and temperature of
the induction motor. The monitoring devices can provide additional information needed to
maximize energy savings. Monitoring systems also have the ability to providing guidance for
preventive maintenance, and predictive failure analysis.
DEBRE BERHANUNIVERSITY Page 7

3. 2.1 System Components and Circuit Design
Based on the various reviews conducted on induction motor protection and the above block
diagram which was conceived out of those literature reviews conducted, numbers of components
are required in developing the protection system.
3.2.2 Power Supply

Power supply is the circuit from which we get a desired dc voltage to run the other circuits. The
voltage we get from the main line is 230V AC but the other components of our circuit require
5V DC. Hence a step-down transformer is used to get 12V AC which is later converted to 12V
DC using a rectifier.
The output of rectifier still contains some ripples even though it is a DC signal due to which it is
called as Pulsating DC. To remove the ripples and obtain smoothed DC power filter circuits are
used.
`A 5V regulated supply is taken as followed:
Figure 3.2 block diagram of regulated power supply
Transformer
Transformer is the electrical device that converts one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
to a safer low voltage. Here a step down transformer is used to get 12V AC from the supply i.e.
230V AC

TR1
TRAN-2P2S
Figure 3.3 transformer
Rectifiers
A rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signals to DC. A rectifier circuit is made using diodes.
There are two types of rectifier circuits as Half-wave rectifier and Full-wave rectifier depending
Upon the DC signal generated. Here Full-wave bridge rectifier is used to generate dc signal.
Smoothing (filtering)
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply
to act as reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier
is decreasing.
C1
1u
Figure 3.4 Electrolytic capacitor

Voltage regulation
Fixed voltage regulator78xx, produce fixed DC output voltage from variable DC (a small amount
of AC on it). Fixed output is obtained by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the
filtered DC. It can also be used in circuits to get low DC voltage from high DC voltage
U1
7805
1 3
VI VO
Figure 3.5Voltage measurement
3.2.3 Rectification circuit

Rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification and the stage is known as rectification stage. In this stage we use full wave
bridge rectifier .This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes
connected in a closed loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired output. Here we are
used 1N4007

BR1
2 W005G
Figure 3.6Rectification circuit
3.2.4 Filtering circuit
C2
470 u 1 u
Figure 3.7 Filtering circuit
To smooth the output of the rectifier a reservoir capacitor is used - placed across the output of
the rectifier and in parallel with the load. This capacitor charges up when the voltage from the
rectifier rises above that of the capacitor and then as the rectifier voltage falls, the capacitor
provides the required current from its stored charge.

The output V1 of the transformer is fed to voltage transformation unit which transforms the input
voltage into 5 volts range. The voltage transformation unit consists of diode, and resistive divider
network.
×C 1/ …………………………………………. (4)
Where:
= the overall resistance of the load for the supply
C= Value of capacitor in Farads
= the ripple frequency this will be twice the line frequency a full wave rectifier is used shown
in equation 5.
= 2× line frequency………….……………………… (5)
ƒ= 2× 50=100Hz
By rearrange equation (5)
C 1 ×
C 1/100 ×10K
C>>1uf

Figure 3.8power supply circuit simulation
3.3 The main features of PIC16F877A

•PIC16F877A belongs to a class of 8-bit microcontrollers of RISC architecture.
•Instruction Set = 35 Instruction
•Data Memory (bytes) = 368
• I/O PORTS = PORTS A, B, C, D, E
•Interrupts, EEPROM Data Memory, Flash Program Memory, Serial & Parallel Communication
timers are available.

3.3.1. Pin Description
U1
13 33
OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT
14 34
OSC2/CLKOUT RB1
RB2 35
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
4 38
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RB5
5 39
RA3/AN3/VREF+ RB6/PGC
6 40
RA4/T0C KI/C 1OUT RB7/PGD
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 RE0/AN5/ RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 16
9 17
RE1/AN6/ WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
1 24
MCLR/Vp/THV RC5/SDO
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
27
RD4/PSP4
RD5/PSP5 28
29
RD6/PSP6
30
RD7/PSP7
PIC16F877A
Figure 3.9 Pin description of PIC16F877A

PIC16F887A has a total of 40 pins which consist of the following:
• PORTA (5-PIN): its pin RA4 functions as a timer; others have no additional function.
• PORTB( 8- pin); its pin RB0 functions as an input interrupt, RB0 functions as
“Clock” line in program mode. RB7, ‘Data’ line in program mode.
• PORTC (8-pin): its pins are used for transmitting and receiving data from peripheral
components.
• PORTD (8-PIN): all pins are used for parallel slave port with external peripherals.
• PORTE (3-PIN): enable port, can be used as chip select CS. Vcc (2-pin): use for supply
of +5V dc to the microcontroller.
• MCLR (1-PIN): rest input and VPP programming voltage of microcontroller

3.4 Sensors and Transducer Unit

This unit consists of several sensors and transducers used to detect the predetermined parameters
of the induction machine. In this work, we mainly monitor three parameters of induction machine
that are Voltage, Current and Temperature of Stator Windings.
3.4.1 LM35 temperature sensor

Temperature is a common signal to be sensed. The most common type of temperature sensors is;
thermocouple, thermistor and Temperature Detectors (RTDs). In this project a thermistor type
LM35 temperature sensor is used due to the following main advantages:
 Lower cost
 Does not require any external calibration
 Linear output
 Precise and accurate output

1 U1
27.0
2
VOUT
3 LM35
a. b.
Figure3.10 (a) pins of LM35 temperature sensor (b) sensor from proteus
As shown in the figure above the sensor has three terminals.
i. Input source; it ranges from 2.7V to 5V
ii. Ground
iii. Output; analogue voltage output ranges from 201mV to 20v
The temperature of the motor windings is measured using the LM35 temperature Sensor. The
LM35 series are type of precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors. The output of this
sensor is linearly proportional the Celsius. For every 10mv, the temperature value will be increase
in 1 degree. It can measure the temperature from -55° to +150°C range. The measured
temperature from the sensor unit was displayed in LCD through the controller circuit.

1 U1
86.0
V1 DC VOLT
5v
VOUT 2 +0.86
Volts
3 LM35
Figure 3.11Output of temperature sensor
Current measurement
Current measurement is of vital importance in many power and instrumentation systems.
Traditionally, current sensing was primarily for circuit protection and control. However, with
the advancement in technology, current sensing has emerged as a method to monitor and enhance
performance. Knowing the amount of current being delivered to the load can be useful for wide
variety of applications. Current sensing is used in wide range of electronic systems, viz., Battery
life indicators and charger’s over-current protection and supervising circuits, current and voltage
regulators, DC/DC converters, ground fault detectors, programmable current sources, linear and
switch-mode power supplies, communications devices, automotive power electronics, motor
speed controls and overload protection, etc. A current sensor is a device that detects and converts
current to an easily measured output voltage, which is proportional to the current through the
measured path. When a current flow through a wire or in a circuit, voltage drop occurs. Also, a
magnetic field is generated surrounding the current carrying conductor. Both of these phenomena
are made use of in the design of current sensors. Thus, there are two types of current sensing:
direct and indirect.
Direct sensing is based on Ohm’s law, while indirect sensing is based on Faraday’s and Ampere’s
law.

We have to consider 60W load for our system so the current passing through the line is about
10A which is 60W 220V ac induction motor. Therefore, I1=10A the output current is required
to about 25mA therefore by using equation 1 the turn ration is calculated.
= 1/ 2 …………………………………………. (1)
= 10 /25 =400
Some current transformers have a “split core” which allows it to be opened, installed, and closed,
without disconnecting the circuit to which they are attached. The toroidal current transformer
type which have one turn primary winding (N1=1) and secondary winding 400turns (N = 400).
The burden resister is about 35ohm which if the standard resister for lower current value so the
output voltage calculated using equation 2.
= I×R………………………………………………… (2)
2= 2×R
2= 25 ×35ohm=0.875v
Therefore, the maximum output voltage is 0.875V and the maximum secondary
R7 D2 D3 R1
10k 10k
RV4
RV2 1N4007 1N4007
C2
R3
17%
1000u
D10
40%
10k
D4 D5 BZY88C +88.8 U1
Volts 13 33
100k OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT
14 34
100k 1N4007 1N4007 OSC2/CLKOUT RB1
35
RB2
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
4 38
5 39
6 40
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RB7/PGD
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
1 24
MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
27
RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6
30
RD7/PSP7
PIC16F877A
Figure 3.0.12 Current sensing circuit
3.4.2. Voltage measurement

The voltage given to the induction motor is measured using the voltage transformer with the
transformation ratio of 220/5V. The voltage transformer will pass through rectification process
before fed to the ADC. The over voltage and under voltage protection circuit is capable of

measuring and monitoring voltage from 200 to 230VAC. In this project the voltage can be varied
by using the variable resistor and the output of the voltage monitoring circuit is fed to ADC
converter, whenever the voltage is varied to 200VAC, the microcontroller will detect under
voltage fault and whenever the voltage is varied to 230VAC, the microcontroller detects over
voltage fault, consequently the microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay, and the relay trips
the motor from the AC mains, thereby protecting it from damage.
R7 D2 D3 R1
10k 10k
RV4
RV2 1N4007 1N4007
C2
R3
17%
1000u
D10
40%
10k
D4 D5 BZY88C +88.8 U1
Volts 13 33
14 34
35
RB2
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
4 38
5 39
6 40
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
1 24
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
27
RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6
30
RD7/PSP7
PIC16F877A
Figure 3.13 Voltage sensing circuit
3.4.3.1 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor.

RL1
Figure 3.14 Relay
3.4.3.2 Relay deriver

A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use a low
voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply. The
MOSFET and BJT are used as the driver and the basic function of the driver circuit is to provide
the necessary current to energize the relay coil. The required current to run the relay coil is more
than can be supplied by various integrated circuits like Op-Amp, etc. Most electrical and
electronic devices require voltages and currents that will destroy digital circuits, so we must rely
on what I'll broadly call driver circuits.

Q1
ZTX320
Figure 3.15 Relay driver
3.4.4. LCD (liquid crystal display)

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information
such as text, images and moving pictures. Its uses include monitor for computers, televisions,
instrument panels gamin device etc. using polarization of light to display objects. A typical liquid
crystal producing degree shift in the polarization of the light passing through when there is no
electric field present.
LCD pin description for interfacing with PIC16F877A microcontroller

Pin 1 (VSS): is a ground pin and it is certainly needed that this pin should be grounded for LCD
to work properly.
VEE and VDD: are given +5 volts normally. However VEE may have a potentiometer voltage
divider network to get the contrast adjusted. But VDD is always at +5V.
RS, R/W and E: These three pins are numbered 4, 5 and 6 as shown below. RS is used to make
the selection between data and command register. For RS=0, command register is selected and
for RS=1 data register is selected. R/W gives us the choice between writing and reading. If set
(R/W=1) reading is enabled. R/W=0 when writing.

D0-D7: The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents
of LCD's internal register.
LM041L
Figure 3.16 LCD and pin configuration

3.5. Software design
Figure 3.17 Flow chart of software design

3.5.1. Algorithm of System software

1. initialize
2. read ADC V, I, T
3. check V, I, T
4. If V>29, I>19, & T>=76
4.1 YES
4.1.1 if 29<V<36, 19<I<35, T=76
4.1.1.1. YES
4.1.1.1.1 LCD display normal condition
4.1.1.1.. go to step two
4.1.1.2. NO
4.1.1.2.1 LCD display over condition
4.1.1.2.2 go to step two
4.2 NO
4.2.1. Stop motor, LCD display under condition
4.2.2 go to step two

Chapter Four
Result and Discussion
This chapter discusses about the simulation results of the induction motor monitoring system.
The Fig3.1 represents the complete view of the Proteus Software implementation of the induction
motor monitoring system. The temperature of the motor windings is measured using LM35
temperature sensor. The current and voltage rating of the induction motor are measured using
appropriate measuring unit and it can be displayed in LCD display.
Proteus Virtual System Modeling (VSM) combines mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation,
animated components and microprocessor models to facilitate co-simulation of complete
microcontroller based designs. Proteus VSM uses our proven Schematic Capture software to
provide the environment for design entry and development. Proteus capture is a long established
product and combines ease of use with powerful editing tools. It is capable of supporting
schematic capture for simulation. The Proteus schematic capture module also provides a very
high degree of control over the drawing appearance. These capabilities are used to the full in
providing the graphics necessary for circuit animation.
The Proteus design enables us to progress in our project more rapid, giving us the ability to make
hardware or software changes which reduces hardware and software troubleshooting problems.
The project was built and tested in Proteus just by using the software prototype components.
Therefore, using Proteus software, the voltage sensing circuit, current sensing circuit,
temperature sensor, relays, LED’s, LCD display and serial communication were all developed
and tested.

4.1 Schematic Diagram
As designed in chapter 2, the circuit section consists of PIC16F877A microcon troller, step
down transformer circuit for voltage sensing, current sensing circuit, relay circuits and a
temperature sensor. The step down transformer used is a 230VAC to 12VAC transformer
and is used for the purpose of sensing the output voltage of induction motor. The step down
transformer output been rectified and filtered to a pure dc which goes directly to
microcontroller analog pin for monitoring the load voltage. For the purpose of current
sensing, a current transformer was used for that purpose. It passes through rectification
and filtering process then directly connected to the microcontroller analog pin for
monitoring the load current. The motor temperature sensor is used to sense the motor
winding temperature and the sensor output pass through the conditional circuit which goes
directly to microcontroller. The microcontrollers send the monitored parameters to LCD.
While monitoring the parameters, whenever a fault occurs which might be high voltage or
over current, the microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay and thereby protecting the
motor from damaging.

4.1.1 Normal condition
The value of variables (like voltage, current & temperature) depend on the manual or the code
restriction, then the LCD display normal value of the parameters and the LEDs OFF set and the
motor is rotate at normal condition as shown figure below.
R7 D2 D3 R1 LCD1
LM041L
10k 10k
RV4
RV2 1N4007 1N4007
C2
R3
45%
1000u
D10 +5v
38%
10k
D4 D5 BZY88C +4.20 U1
Volts 13 33
14 34
35
RB2
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
VDD
VSS
VEE
4 38 D1
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
5 39 LED-RED
6 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
+5V RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
R6 1
24
D6 D8 1 U2 25
RC6/TX/CK
10k R4 RC7/RX/DT
26
10k
RV5
RV3 19
1N4007 1N4007 31.0 RD0/PSP0
20
C1 RD1/PSP1 +12v
21
R2 RD2/PSP2
52%
1000u 2 22
R5 D7 D9 VOUT RD3/PSP3
39%
10k 27
10k RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
1N4007 1N4007 100k RD6/PSP6
29 RL1
3 LM35 30 Q1 12V
100k +2.86 RD7/PSP7
BC547 V4
Volts PIC16F877A 48V
Figure 4.1 Simulation of normal condition

4.1.2. over condition
The value of the variable (voltage, current, temperature) are restricted by the code LCD is display
over voltage, over current and over temperature. When the values of those variables are greater
than the code restriction the LED is ON set then he motors is stop.
R7 D2 D3 R1 LCD1
LM041L
10k 10k
RV4
RV2 1N4007 1N4007
C2
R3
77%
1000u
D10 +5v
81%
10k
D4 D5 BZY88C +10.9 U1
Volts 13 33
14 34
35
RB2
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
VDD
VSS
VEE
4 38 D1
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
5 39 LED-RED
6 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
+5V RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
R6 1
24
D6 D8 1 U2 25
RC6/TX/CK
10k R4 RC7/RX/DT
26
10k
RV5
RV3 19
1N4007 1N4007 150.0 RD0/PSP0
20
C1 RD1/PSP1 +12v
21
R2 RD2/PSP2
72%
1000u 2 22
81%
10k 27
10k RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
1N4007 1N4007 100k RD6/PSP6
29 RL1
3 LM35 30 Q1
100k +8.28 RD7/PSP7 12V
Volts
BC547 V4
PIC16F877A 48V
Figure 4.2 Simulation of over condition

4.1.3 under condition
The value of variables (like voltage, current temperature) are less than the code restriction then
LCD is display under voltage, under current & temperature and LEDs are ON set and the motor
is switch OFF by using relay.
R7 D2 D3 R1 LCD1
LM041L
10k 10k
RV4
RV2 1N4007 1N4007
C2
R3
28%
1000u
D10 +5v
17%
10k
D4 D5 BZY88C +1.17 U1
Volts 13 33
14 34
35
RB2
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
VDD
VSS
VEE
4 38 D1
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
5 39 LED-RED
6 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
+5V RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
R6 1
24
D6 D8 1 U2 25
RC6/TX/CK
10k R4 RC7/RX/DT
26
10k
RV5
RV3 19
1N4007 1N4007 6.0 RD0/PSP0
20
C1 RD1/PSP1
21
+12v
R2 RD2/PSP2
22%
1000u 2 22
38%
10k 27
10k RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
1N4007 1N4007 100k RD6/PSP6
29 RL1
3 LM35 30 Q1 12V
100k +1.14 RD7/PSP7
BC547 V4
Volts PIC16F877A 48V
Figure 4.3 simulation of under condition

Chapter Five
Conclusion, recommendation and Future Work
5.1 Conclusions
The system developed is capable to perform such operations as running the motor, stopping it,
measuring and monitoring the most parameters of the motor like phase currents, phase voltages,
winding temperature, basic parameters of the induction motors were examined. The system
achieved can be used for industrial applications. All of these values can be transferred and
displayed on the LCD. The system is very cheap as compared to present protective devices
available. The protection system can protect induction motor from under voltage, over voltage,
over current and unbalance voltages.
The utilization of induction motors becomes very popular when compared to other motors for
many of the industries. In this project, induction motor monitor and control and protection using
a microcontroller is done. For motor voltage and current sensing circuits were designed and the
results have been verified with proteus simulation.
The project we have undertaken has helped us to gain a better perspective on various aspects
related to our course of study as well as practical knowledge of induction motor. We became
familiar with software analysis and designing concerned with our project.
The microcontroller which are used in protection Systems are easily available in the market and
can be also used to large protection system.
This makes it possible for the operators to take the proper action which leads to proper operation
of the induction motor. Therefore the aim and objectives of the project were achieved
successfully and project is said to be industrious.

5.2 Recommendation
Any work and investigation on induction motor protection is very advantageous. At present time,
usage of induction motor is common in industry. Therefore, increasing demand of induction
motor and these will lead to demands of highly sophisticated protection devices, which will be
incorporated in induction motor protection schemes.
Based on the work done in this project which protecting induction motor using microcontroller,
some improvements need to be made in the future work.
 We are going forward to implement the project in real time applications.
 The automatic efficiency and power factor of the induction motor should be calculated to improve
the performance of the Induction motor.
 Induction motor parameters (values) in the industries should be monitored and updated in
industrial website through personal computer for providing the easy maintenance.
5.2.1 Recommendation for industries and our university

Our project has different purpose in industries and in our campus to monitoring and controlling
of induction motors they have vast application in different industries to keep the safety of the
motor and to reduce distortion of wealth. Also it is used for real time production for industries.
But not only in industries also it has great importance in our campus in different work shop and
machine labs for controlling and monitoring induction motor.
Especially this project is very important for electrical department to teach machine lab for the
students in our campus with the safety of machines.
So this is not the end of the project but rather is a step towards exploring other possibilities that
it brings with it. We feel very happy to work in such a challenging project which has tremendous
application and possibilities. We would like to ask the department to serve as the necessary
equipment’s to finish this project in hardware form to use in practical application

References
[1] Kersting W.H., "Causes and effects of single-phasing induction motors," IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1499-1505, Dec. 2005.
[2] Sudha M. and Anbalgan P., "A Novel Protecting Method for Induction Motor Against
Faults Due to Voltage Unbalance and Single Phasing," 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE on
Industrial Electronics Society, 2007, pp. 1144-1148, 5-8 Nov. 2007, Taipei.
[3] Pillay P., Hofmann P. and Manyage M., “induction motors operating with a combination of
unbalanced voltages and over or under voltages," IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 485-491, Dec. 2002
[4] Agbo D. O., Kureve D. T, Shittu D. H, “Implementation Of An Automatic Induction Motor
Starter With Delay Using Microcontroller,” International Journal Of Scientific & Technology
Research, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014.
[5] Javed A. and Izhar T., "An improved method for the detection of phase failure faults in poly
phase Induction machines," Third International Conference on Electrical Engineering,
2009, ICEE '09, pp. 1-6, 9-11 April 2009, Lahore[7] Bayındır, R., Demirbaş, Ş., Irmak, E.,
“Design and implementation of microcontroller based starting and protection relay for induction
motors”, Journal of Polytechnic, (2007).
[5] Cunkas M., Akkaya R. and Ozturk A., "Protection of AC motors by means of
microcontrollers," 10th Mediterranean Electro technical Conference, MELECON 200, Vol.3,
May 2000

appendix (a)
// c code
sbit LCD_RS at RB1_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB6_bit;
// Pin direction
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB1_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB6_bit;
int volt,v;
int temp,t;
int current,cu;
int speed,sd;
void voltage()
{
volt=(adc_read(0)/204.6)*8;
if(volt>=36)
{
lcd_out(1,1,"over voltage");
delay_ms(500);
portb.f0=1;
portc.f0=1;
portb.f7=1;

}
else if (volt<=29)
{
lcd_out(1,1,"under voltage");
portb.f0=1;
portc.f0=1;
delay_ms(800);
portb.f7=1;
}
else
{
lcd_out(1,1,"normal voltage");
portb.f0=0;
portc.f0=0;
portb.f7=0;
delay_ms(700);
}
}
void current1()
{
current=(adc_read(1)/204.6)*8;
if(current>35)
{
lcd_out(2,1,"over current");
delay_ms(500);
portb.f0=1;
portc.f1=1;
portb.f7=1;

else if (current<19)
{
lcd_out(2,1,"under current");
delay_ms(800);
portb.f0=1;
portc.f1=1;
portb.f7=1;
}
else
{
lcd_out(2,1,"normal current");
delay_ms(700);
portb.f0=0;
portc.f1=0;
portb.f7=0;
}
}
void temp1()
{
temp=adc_read(3);
t=temp*0.88;
if(temp>76)
{
lcd_out(4,1,"temp over");
delay_ms(500);
portb.f0=1;
portc.f2=1;
portb.f7=1;
}
else

{
lcd_out(4,1,"normal temp");
delay_ms(700);
portb.f0=1;
portc.f2=1;
portb.f7=1;
}
}
void main (){
porta=0,portb=0,portc=0,portd=0;
trisa=7,trisb=0,trisc=0,trisd=0;
Lcd_Init();
adc_init();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_cursor_off);
lcd_out(1,1,"well come to");
lcd_out(2,1,"IM control:");
delay_ms(1000);
while(1)
{
delay_ms(100);
voltage();
current1();
temp1();
}
}

Microcontroller Protection of Induction Motors

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Microcontroller Protection of Induction Motors

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DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY

FACULITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1. ERMIYAS ALMAW ENGR/1082/06

3. SEMHAR SILESHI ENGR/401/06

5. ABDURHEM ADEM ENGR/1283/05

ADVISOR NAME G/YEHUANES

SUBMISSION DATE JUNE 2017

3. TEREFE TADESSE ENGR/156/06

COADVISOR NAME: -DANEIL ABEBE

EXAMINER NAME SIGNATURE:

Name of the student signature date

1. ERMIYAS ALMAW ENGR/1082/06 ______

Name of advisor signature date

Mr. G/youhaness _______________ _____________

ADC Analog to digital converter

LCD Liquid crystal display

LED Light emitting diode

PLC Programming language control

IEEE International electrical and electronics

NEMA National electrical manufacture association

Table of Contents page

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page vi

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page vii

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page viii

1.2. Statement of the Problem

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page 1

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

 To identify faults in induction motor.

 To simulate electrical system and improve it into practical.

Generally, the methodology is concluded by the block diagram given bellow.

Figure 1. 1 Block diagram of working methodology

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page 2

1.5. Scope and contribution of the Project

1.5.1 Major benefits of the project:

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page 3

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page 4

Motor faults control

a) During the brazing process in production, non-uniform metallurgical stresses might be

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page 5

DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY Page 6

3.2 Hardware design system model

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the system

DEBRE BERHANUNIVERSITY Page 7

3.2.2 Power Supply

`A 5V regulated supply is taken as followed:

Figure 3.2 block diagram of regulated power supply

DEBRE BERHANUNIVERSITY Page 8

Figure 3.3 transformer

Figure 3.4 Electrolytic capacitor

DEBRE BERHANUNIVERSITY Page 9

Figure 3.5Voltage measurement

3.2.3 Rectification circuit

DEBRE BERHANUNIVERSITY Page 10

Figure 3.6Rectification circuit

3.2.4 Filtering circuit

Figure 3.7 Filtering circuit

DEBRE BERHANUNIVERSITY Page 11

= the overall resistance of the load for the supply

C= Value of capacitor in Farads

= 2× line frequency………….……………………… (5)

DEBRE BERHANUNIVERSITY Page 12

Figure 3.8power supply circuit simulation

3.3 The main features of PIC16F877A

Mr. G/youhaness ___ _