Sound Field Visualization by Using

Acoustic Holography

YANG-HANN KIM
Noise Control Laboratory
NOVIC
KAIST

Prepared for First Workshop on Vehicle Noise

Visualization and Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 2
Table of contents
Objective
Problem definitions
Solution method
Three types of acoustic holography
Planar acoustic holography
Analysis in space domain and wave number domain
Implementation of planar acoustic holography
Sampling and discrete Fourier analysis
Errors due to finite aperture
Methods to increase aperture size of hologram
Measurement errors
Practical examples

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 3
Objective

See e −i ( t −kx) = e −it  eikx


x : r
 : 1 , 2 , 

Predict “entire picture” based on limited information.

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 4
Problem definitions

Conceptual problem definition

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 5
Problem definitions (continue)

Mathematical problem definition

Differential form
 region of interest
 1 2
 p ( r ;t) 
 p(r ; t ) − 2
2
=0 r 
c t 2
sound 
 r0 sources S0
p (r0 ; t )  
c1 + c2 p = q (r0 ; t ) on S 0
n
O
 
-harmonic analysis p(r ; t ) = P(r ; f )e −i 2 ft

  infinite sphere
 P(r ; f ) + k P(r ; f ) = 0
2 2
;Helmholtz equation

P(r0 ; f )  
c1 + c2 P = Q(r0 ; f ) on S0
n

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 6
Problem definitions (continue)

Mathematical problem definition

Integral form

 1  P(r0 ; f )   G   infinite sphere
P(r ; f ) = −  
4 0 
S n
G (r , r0 ; f ) − P d S 0
n 
; Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation
region of interest

Can we predict p or p n from 

 sound 
limited information ? r r0 sources
S0

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method 7

-Select coordinate system

Three types of acoustic holography according to the select

coordinate system

Planar holography is popular and easy to implement.

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method (continue) 8

-Theory of planar acoustic holography


Planar acoustic holography ; r → ( x, y, z )
If we select G such that G=0 on the boundary surface (S0 is z=zS ),
Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral can be rewritten as
 
1 G( x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z S ; f )
P( x, y, z; f ) =  
4 −−
P( x0 , y0 , z S ; f )
n
dx0 dy0
1 G 1 ( z − zS )
Denote G' = ( G' = (1 − ikr,) e ikr
r = ( x − x0 )2 + ( y − y0 )2 + ( z − zS))2
4 n 2 r 3

then,
 
P( x, y, z; f ) = 
−−
P( x0 , y0 , z S ; f )G' ( x − x0 , y − y0 , z − z S ; f )dx0 dy0

; Linear transform (mapping), convolution

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method (continue) 9

-Holographic prediction in space domain

Hologram and holographic prediction

If one measures sound pressure on z=zH (hologram) then sound
pressure on any prediction plane ( z=zp ) can be predicted by
 
P( x, y, z p ; f ) = 
−−
P( x0 , y0 , z H ; f )G' ( x − x0 , y − y0 , z p − z H ; f )dx0 dy0
Basic equation
P(x,y,z;f) z
of holographic prediction
Prediction plane z=zp y

Hologram z=zH y

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method (continue) 10

-Holographic prediction in wave number domain

Spatial Fourier analysis
; Convolution integral in space domain
Multiplication in wave number domain
; A general sound field can be expressed as a superposition of plane waves
(plane wave is a basis function of planar holography)
Define spatial Fourier transform pair
ˆ
Pˆ (k x , k y , z; f ) = FXY {P( x, y, z; f )}
 
= 
−i ( k x x + k y y )
P ( x, y , z ; f )e dxdy
− −
−1 ˆ
P ( x, y, z; f ) = FXY {Pˆ (k x , k y , z; f )}
1   ˆˆ
 
i(k x+k y )
= P ( k x , k y , z; f )e x y dk x dk y
(2) 2 − −

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method (continue)
11
-Holographic prediction in wave number domain
Graphical representation of spatial Fourier transform

a general
wave number
sound field
spectrum

 
infinite number of
plane waves

 
First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and
Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method (continue) 12

-Holographic prediction in wave number domain

Holographic prediction in wave number domain
The basic equation of holographic prediction in wave number domain
ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ
P (k x , k y , z p ; f ) = P (k x , k y , z H ; f )G ' (k x , k y , z p − z H ; f )

 i k 2 − k x2 − k y2 ( z p − z H ) ( k x + k y  k )
2 2 2
ˆ e
where, Gˆ ' (k x , k y , z p − z H ) =  − k 2 + k 2 −k 2 ( z − z )
 ( k 2
+ k 2
 k 2
)
e
x y p H x y

ˆ
Pˆ (k x , k y , z p , H ; f ) = FXY {P( x, y, z p , H ; f )}
(cf) Pˆˆ (k x , k y , z H ; f ) ; plane wave amplitude in (kx,ky) domain

ˆ
Pˆ (k x , k y , z H ; f )
Spatial Fourier Transform

radiation
circle
space domain wave number domain
First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and
Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method (continue) 13

-Graphical representation of planar acoustic holography

Planar acoustic holography in space and wave number domain
; decomposed plane waves propagates from z=zH to plane z=zp
ˆˆ 
 ei k 2 − k x2 − k y2 ( z p − z H ) (k x2 + k y2  k 2 )
z Propagator G' (k x , k y , z p − z H ) =  − k x2 + k y2 − k 2 ( z p − z H ) (k x2 + k y2  k 2 )
y 
e

z = zp Inverse spatial Fourier transform

ˆ
Ĝ '
evanescent

ˆ
y Ĝ '
propagating

wave

ky
Spatial Fourier transform
z = zH
wave

x radiation circle

Space domain Wave number domain

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and
Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Solution method (continue) 14

-Conventional holography and NAH

Conventional acoustic holography
; spatial resolution is limited to l/2
Near-field holography (NAH)
Reference; Maynard et al. JASA 78(4), 1395-1413 (1985)

by conventional acoustic holography

A0 excluding evanescent waves
propagating evanescent
wave wave
x
A0

A1
kx by nearfield acoustic holography
kx0 3kx0 A+A
01
including evanescent waves

wave number x
spectrum

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Implementation of planar acoustic 15

holography
Sampling in time and space
Temporal sampling (sampling time t)
1
Nyquist frequency; fN =
2t
anti-aliasing filtering before sampling
spatial sampling (sampling space  )
1  2 
Nyquist wave number; k N =  
2  

k N  k must be satisfied to avoid spatial aliasing

Required sampling space
l

2

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Implementation of planar acoustic 16

holography (continue)
Discrete Fourier analysis x → m, y → n, f → f

 
P(m, n, z p ; ) =  2
  P(m' , n' , z
m '= − n '= −
H ; )G ' (m − m' , n − n' , z p − z H ; )

In practice, only finite aperture can be obtained

M /2 N /2
P(m, n, z p ; ) = 
2
  P(m' , n' , z
m '= − M / 2 +1 n '= − N / 2 +1
H ; )G ' (m − m' , n − n' , z p − z H ; )

; aperture size is ( M − 1) ( N − 1)

; M x N point measurement
Introduces errors due to finite aperture

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Implementation of planar acoustic 17

holography (continue)
Errors due to finite aperture
Wrap around error
zero padding

Truncation error
MEW window (Minimum error window)
Reference; H.-S. Kwon and Y. -H. Kim, JASA 98(4), 2104-2111, (1995)

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Implementation of planar acoustic 18

holography (continue)
Methods to increase the aperture size
;Step-by-step measurement
Stationary sound field
Increases aperture size of hologram
(e.g.) STSF (Spatial Transformation of Sound Fields, J.Hald)

(cf) Simultaneous measurement

- Applicable to a transient field
- Expensive

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Implementation of planar acoustic 19

holography (continue)
Methods to increase the aperture size
;Sweep measurement; moving frame acoustic holography
(MFAH)

- Increases aperture size of hologram by using less microphones

- Applicable to a moving source by using a line array microphones
- Applicable to tonal and narrow band noise

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Implementation of planar acoustic 20

holography (continue)
Application of Moving frame acoustic holography to a moving
source
moving vehicle Measured signal by line array (16 mics)
mic. 1
time(sec)
line array mic. 2
(16 microphones)
time(sec)
mic. 3

32ch. analyzer time(sec)

...
mic. 16
time(sec)

Prediction of sound pressure Prediction of acoustic intensity

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 Implementation of planar acoustic 21

holography (continue)
Measurement errors due to sensor mismatch, position mismatch produce large error on source
plane.
Reduction of measurement spacing on hologram plane
Increase of prediction spacing on source plane Reduction of error
Numerical simulation results on source plane on source plane
(monopole source, sensor mismatch case, f=300Hz)
2 2

1
.5 d
B 1
.5 d
B
7
0 7
0
1 6
5 1 6
5
6
0 6
0
5
5 5
5
0
.5 5
0 0
.5 5
0
4
5 4
5
y(m)

4
0

y(m)
4
0
0 3
5 0 3
5
3
0
3
0
2
5
2
5
-0
.5 2
0
-0
.5 2
0

-1 -1
-1
.5 -1
.5
-2
-2 -1
.5 -1 -0
.5 0 0
.5 1 1
.5 2 -2
x
(m) -2 -1
.5 -1 -0
.5 0 0
.5 1 1
.5 2
x
(m)

Measurement spacing: 15cm Measurement spacing: 10cm

Prediction spacing: 15cm Prediction spacing: 20cm

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 22
Practical examples

Sound radiation by King Song-Dok bell

Visualization of natural mode of Zing

Visualization of noise from a motorcycle by MFAH

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
Sound radiation by King Song-Dok bell 23

Experimental Set-up

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
Measured sound pressure signal 24

& power spectrum

Initial Sound

Power Spectrum
Beating Sound

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 25
Sound radiation by King Song-Dok bell
Experimental Set-up

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
Radiated sound field for several 26

frequencies

Initial Sound

Power Spectrum
Beating Sound

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 27
Radiated sound field at different times

0.002 sec 10.002 sec

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
Visualization of natural mode of Zing 28

-Experimental setup

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 29
Reconstructed modes of Zing

112Hz 176Hz 196Hz 228Hz

304Hz 340Hz 416Hz 456Hz

Reconstructed normal velocity of the main plate of Jing by planar acoustic holohraphy

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
Visualization of noise from a motorcycle 30

-Experimental setup

microphone array
(16 microphones)

32 channel signal analyzer

and computer system
photo-electric
sensor
3m 5cm

3m

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19
 31
Visualization of noise from a motorcycle

One Period
of 64.06 Hz
Component

First Workshop on Vehicle Noise Visualization and

Identification
2000. 5. 18- 5. 19