TEMPERATURE DEFINITION

Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules

in an object or system and can be measured with a thermometer or a
calorimeter. It is a means of determining the internal energy contained within
the system.

Several scales and units exist for measuring temperature, the most common
being Celsius (denoted °C; formerly called centigrade), Fahrenheit (denoted
°F), and, Kelvin (denoted K).

The coldest theoretical temperature is absolute zero, at which the thermal

motion in matter would be zero. Absolute zero is denoted as 0 K on the Kelvin
scale, −273.15 °C on the Celsius scale, and −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale.

Temperature scales differ in two ways: the point chosen as zero degrees, and
the magnitudes of incremental units or degrees on the scale.

The United States commonly uses the Fahrenheit scale, on which water freezes
at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F at sea-level atmospheric pressure.

Many scientific measurements use the kelvin temperature scale (unit symbol
K), The temperature of absolute zero occurs at 0K = -273.15°C (or −459.67 °F),
and the freezing point of water at sea-level atmospheric pressure occurs at
273.15K = 0°C.
HEAT
Heat is energy in transfer other than as work or by transfer of matter. When
there is a suitable physical pathway, heat flows from a hotter body to a colder
one. The transfer results in a net increase in entropy. The pathway can be
direct, as in conduction and radiation, or indirect, as in convective circulation.

Heat refers to a process of transfer between two systems, the system of

interest, and its surroundings considered as a system, not to a state or
property of a single system. If heat transfer is slow and continuous, so that the
temperature of the system of interest remains well defined, it can be described
by a process function.

Kinetic theory explains heat as a macroscopic manifestation of the motions

and interactions of microscopic constituents such as molecules and photons.

HEAT CAPACITY
The heat capacity of a defined system is the amount of heat (usually expressed
in calories, kilocalories, or joules) needed to raise the system's temperature by
one degree (usually expressed in Celsius or Kelvin).

When heat is transferred to an object, the temperature of the object increases.

When heat is removed from an object, the temperature of the object
decreases. The relationship between the heat ( q ) that is transferred and the
change in temperature ( ΔT ) is

q = C ΔT = C ( Tf - Ti )

The proportionality constant in this equation is called the heat capacity ( C ).

The heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
an object or substance one degree. The temperature change is the difference
between the final temperature ( Tf ) and the initial temperature ( Ti ).
Quantity Symbol Unit Meaning

Energy transfer that produces or results

heat q joule (J)
from a difference in temperature

o
Measure of the kinetic energy of
temperature T C or K
molecular motion

temperature o
Difference between the final and initial
ΔT C or K
change temperatures for a process

J oC-1 or Heat required to change the temperature

heat capacity C
J K-1 of a substance one degree

HEAT SPECIFIC
Specific heat is another physical property of matter. All matter has a
temperature associated with it. The temperature of matter is a direct measure
of the motion of the molecules: The greater the motion the higher the
temperature:
Motion requires energy: The more energy matter has the higher temperature
it will also have. Typicall this energy is supplied by heat. Heat loss or gain by
matter is equivalent energy loss or gain.

The Specific Heat is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a
substance by one degree in temperature. The heat supplied to a unit mass can
be expressed as

dQ = m c dt (1)

where

dQ = heat supplied (kJ, Btu)

m = unit mass (kg, lb)

c = specific heat (kJ/kg oC, kJ/kg oK, Btu/lb oF)

dt = temperature change (K, oC, oF)

Expressing Specific Heat using (1)

c = dQ / m dt (1b)

Converting between Common Units

1 Btu/lbmoF = 4186.8 J/kg K = 1 kcal/kgoC