Table Of: Institut de Technologie Du Cambodge Tremblement de Terre

INSTITUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE TREMBLEMENT DE TERRE
Table of Contents
LOCATION OF KHAN MEAN CHEY ......................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2. TERMS RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE ................................................................................................... 3
3. HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKE ................................................................................................................ 5
4. OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 7
5. OBASAN ............................................................................................................................................. 7
CALCULATE PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................... 8
1. Formulation....................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Soil Data .......................................................................................................................................... 16
3. Output Data .................................................................................................................................... 17
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 22
1. Acceleration in Sangkat Steong Mean Chey ................................................................................... 22
2. Acceleration in Sangkat BeangTopon ............................................................................................. 23
3. Acceleration in Sankat Chak Angre Ler and Sangkat Chak Angre Krom ......................................... 24
4. The Map of Acceleration in Khan Mean Chey................................................................................. 25
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 26
REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 27
List of Figures
Figure 1 Location of Khan Mean Chey .......................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Anatomy Of Earthquake................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3:Epicenter And Focus ....................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4:: Fault Line, Fault Plane And ........................................................................................................... 4
Figure 5: Layer of soil in Beoung Tumpon 20m) B-13 ............................................................................. 16
Figure 6: Acceleration in (Steoung Mean Chey 15m) B-113 ....................................................................... 22
Figure 7:Acceleration in (Beoung Tumpon 12m) R-174.............................................................................. 23
Figure 8: Acceleration in (Chak Angre 15m) R-9 ......................................................................................... 24
List of Tables
Table 1:The Top 10 Biggest Recorded Earthquakes In The World. ............................................................. 5
Table 2:Result of Accelaration in SangKat Steong Mean Chey ................................................................. 23
Table 3: Result of Accelaration in SangKat Steong Mean Chey ................................................................ 24
Table 4: Result of Accelaration in SangKat Steong Mean Chey ................................................................ 25
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 1

LOCATION OF KHAN MEAN CHEY
Khan Mean Chey is subdivided into 4 Sangkats (communes) and 16 Kroms (villages).
Sangkat (communes) Krom (villages)
Ruessei, Thmei, Trea, Mean Chey, Phneat, Preaek Toal, Damnak

Stueng Mean Chey
Thum
Chamraeun Phal, Sansam Kosal Muoy, Sansam Kosal Pir, Kbal

Boeng Tumpun
Tumnob, Tnaot Chrum
Chak Angrae Leu Preaek Ta Kong, Preaek Ta Nu
Chak Angrae Kraom Tuol Roka, Preaek Ta Long
Figure 1 Location of Khan Mean Chey
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 2

INTRODUCTION
1. GENERAL
Amongst all natural calamities earthquake is the most devastating and dangerous. Beginning
of earthquake is closely related to the origin of earthquake and formation of earth surface. Origin
of earth took place million years ago on detachment of one part from the Sun, which cooled down
slowly-slowly and solidification of upper part took place. The upper part (Surface) is near about
180 Km thick. On this upper surface today’s world is existing. The earth crust could be divided
into six big (few small) plates which are floating over a semi liquid portion. Due to this fact these
plates are in moving condition. When these plates colloid together, a pressure originates which in-
turn shake the earth surface, known as earthquake. There are around 100 earthquakes each year of
a size that could cause serious damage. They strike without warning and many of the Earth's
earthquake zones coincide with areas of high population density. When large earthquakes occur in
such areas the results can be catastrophic, with terrible loss of human lives and untold economic
cost. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. The seismograph records the
seismic waves generated by earthquakes, allowing the seismologist to determine where, and how
deep, a particular earthquake is. Also, the seismic waves from earthquakes can be used to image
the deep interior of the Earth, providing vital clues to the internal structure of our planet.
Figure 2: Anatomy Of Earthquake
2. TERMS RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE
 Focus(Hypocenter): Focus is the point on the fault where rupture location from occurs
and the which seismic waves are released.
 Epicenter: Epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface that is directly above the focus
,the point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates.
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 3
Figure 3:Epicenter And Focus
 Fault Line: A Fault line is the surface trace of a fault, the line of intersection between
the earth’s surface.
 Fault plane: Fault plane are the cracks or sudden slips of the land.
 Fault Scrap: A Fault scrap is the topographic expression of faulting attributed to the
displacement of the land surface by movement along faults.
Figure 4:: Fault Line, Fault Plane And
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 4

3. HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKE
As massive and deadly as Japan's recent magnitude 9.0 earthquake was, it's not the world's
biggest recorded quake.
It is Japan's largest quake, but dating back to 1900, four other earthquakes of magnitude 9.0
or greater have ruptured across the globe, according to data from the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS). We countdown the top 10 biggest recorded earthquakes in the world.
Table 1:The Top 10 Biggest Recorded Earthquakes In The World.
Location Date Magnitude2
1. Valdivia, Chile May 22, 1960 9.5
2. Prince William Sound, Alaska March 28, 1964 9.2
3. Sumatra, Indonesia Dec. 26, 2004 9.1
4. Japan March 11, 2011 9.0
5. Kamchatka Nov. 4, 1952 9.0
6. Bio-bio, Chile Feb.27, 2010 8.8
7. Off the coast of Ecuador Jan. 31, 1906 8.8
8. Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands Feb. 27, 2010 8.7
9. Northern Sumatra, Indonesia March 28, 2005 8.6
10. Assam, Tibet Aug 15, 1950 8.6
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 5

1. Valdivia, Chile, 22 May 1960 (9.5)
This earthquake killed 1655 people, injured 3000 and displaced two million. It caused US$550
million damage in Chile, while the tsunami that it spawned caused deaths and damage as far
away as Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines. The ‘rupture zone’ of the quake was more than 1000
km long. Two days after the initial quake, the nearby volcano Puyehue erupted, sending ash and
steam up to 6 km into the atmosphere over a period of several weeks.
2. Prince William Sound, Alaska, 28 March 1964 (9.2)
Compared to the Chilean earthquake, this earthquake was less damaging: the resulting tsunami
took 128 lives and caused overall US$311 million in damage. The earthquake was felt mainly
over Alaska, as well as some places in Canada, while the tsunami created by it caused damage as
far away as Hawaii. The most damage was sustained by the city of Anchorage, 120 km north-
west of the epicentre. Shaking from the quake itself is reported to have lasted for three minutes.
3. Sumatra, Indonesia, 26 December 2004 (9.1)
In terms of damage and loss of life, the scale of the disaster caused by the resulting Boxing Day
Tsunami was enormous. In total, 227,900 people were killed or presumed dead, with around 1.7
million displaced over 14 countries in South Asia and East Africa. The epicentre was 250 km
south-east of Band Aceh, Indonesia, at a depth of 30 km. Several days later on 28 December, a
mud volcano began erupting near Baratang, Andamar Islands, which is thought to have been
associated with the earthquake.
4. Sendai, Japan, 11 March 2011 (9.0)
So far the official death toll stands at several thousand from the combined effect of the powerful
earthquake, aftershocks and the tsunami. However, the total is expected to rise, with some
estimates of a final toll of over 10,000. Economic impacts are expected to be huge, with the
shutting down of nuclear reactors which many industries rely on for power.
5. Kamchatka, Russia, 4 November 1952 (9.0)
This earthquake generated a tsunami that caused widespread damage in the Hawaiian Islands.
Property damage was estimated at around US$1,000,000. Some reports describe waves of over 9
m high at Kaena Point, Oahu. A farmer on Oahu reported the loss of six cows to the tsunami, but
no people were reported killed.
6. Bio-bio, Chile, 27 February 2010 (8.8)
This earthquake and subsequent tsunami killed at least 521 people, with 56 missing and 12,000
injured. More than 800,000 people were displaced with a total of 1.8m people affected across
Chile, where damage was estimated at US$30 billion. The epicentre was 335 km south-west of
Santiago, at a depth of 35 km. A minor tsunami travelled across the Pacific causing damage to
boats as far away as San Diego, California.
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 6

7. Ecuador coast, 31 January 1906 (8.8)
This earthquake caused a tsunami that is reported to have killed between 500 and 1,500 in
Ecuador and Colombia. The tsunami travelled as far north as San Francisco, on the west coast of
the US, and west to Hawaii and Japan. The tsunami took roughly 12 hours to cross the Pacific to
Hilo, Hawaii.
8. Rat Islands, Alaska, 2 April 1965 (8.7)
The worst of the damage attributed to this earthquake was caused by a tsunami, reported to be
about 10 m high on Shemya Island. The wave caused flooding on Amchitka Island, causing
US$10,000 in property damage. No deaths or injuries were reported.
9. Sumatra, Indonesia, 28 March 2005 (8.6)
This earthquake killed 1313, with over 400 people injured by the tsunami as far away as Sri
Lanka. The epicentre was 205 km north-west of Sibolga, Sumatra, at a depth of 30 km. This
region, also the site of the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, is particularly geologically active, with
three of the 15 biggest known earthquakes having happened here.
10. Assam, Tibet, 15 August 1950 (8.6)
This inland earthquake caused widespread damages to buildings as well as large landslides. 780
people were killed in eastern Tibet, with many villages and towns affected across Assam, China,
Tibet and India. Oscillations to lake levels occurred as far away as Norway. The total death toll
is likely to be higher, as no definitive total was ever estimated. While the earthquake itself is
known as the Assam Earthquake, it is believed the epicentre may have been in Tibet.
4. OBJECTIVE
 Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics

 Define earthquake, and identify the focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
 Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
 Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
 Locate the epicenter of an earthquake
5. OBASAN
OBASAN was integrated into Integrated Earthquake Simulation (IES) [Mori et al., 2006],
which is utilized to estimate and visualize building response simultaneously for any target area in
a city during earthquake disaster. For tsunami simulation, all buildings are modeled the same as
an earthquake simulation to determine hydrodynamic force, which can be varied according to the
location and arrangement of buildings. However, the accuracy of OBASAN for the damaged
estimation and structural analysis are also the crucial issues.
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 7

CALCULATE PROCEDURE
1. Formulation
Equivalent-linear model for soil response

One-dimensional stress-strain relationship
  G  (1)
Where G is shear modulus,  is the viscosity
Horizontal displacement u( z, t ): at depth z and time t as follows:
u ( z , t )

z
(2)
u ( z , t )  2u ( z , t )
 
z zt
Figure1.1: stress-strain model using equivalent linear model
In the case of harmonic motion, the displacement, strain and strain rate are:
u( z, t )  U (z) eit
dU it
 ( z, t )  e  ( z )eit (3)
dz
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 8

 ( z, t )  i ( z, t )
Using equation (3):
 ( z, t )   ( z )eit
dU it
 (G  i ) e (4)
dz
dU it
 G* e
dz
 G  ( z , t )
Where G* : complex shear modulus
 ( z ) : Amplitude of shear stress


After introducing the critical damping ratio  so that:  
2G
The complex shear modulus G* become:
G*  G  i
G*  G(1  2i ) (5)
Equivalent-linear approximation of nonlinear stress-strain response

The nonlinear and hysteretic stress-strain behavior of soils is approximated during
Cyclic loadings as shown in Fig. 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Equivalent-linear model: (a) Hysteresis stress-strain curve; (b) Variation of
GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 9

secant shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain amplitude
The equivalent-linear shear modulus, G, is taken as the secant shear modulus Gs,
which depends on the shear strain amplitude γ.
c
G (6)
c
 c and  c shear stress and strain amplitudes, respectively.
One-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis
The one-dimensional equation of motion for vertically propagating shear waves is:
 2u 
 2  (7)
t z
Where ρ is the mass in any layer

Assuming the soil in all layers behaves as a Kelvin-Voight solid, so the equation is:
 2u  2u  3u
 2  G 2  2 (8)
t z z t
Figure 1.3 One-Dimensional Layered Soil Deposit System

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 10
For harmonic waves, the displacement can be written as:

u  z , t   U  z  eit (9)
Using (9), the (8) becomes:
 2 U ( z )eit   2 U ( z )eit   3 U ( z )eit 

 G 
t 2 z 2 z 2t
So:
d 2U
 G  i  2
  2U (10)
dz
And admits the following general solution:
U  x   Eeik z  Feik z
* *
(11)
Where
 2  2
k *2   2 Complex wave number
G   i G
G*  G  i  G(1  2i ) Complex wave modulus

The solution of Eq. (10)

u  z , t   Eeik z  Feik z eit
* *
 (12)
The corresponding stress is:
dU it
  z, t   G* e
dz
  z , t   ik *G *  Eeik *z  Feik *z  eit (13)

The displacements at the top (z=0) and bottom (z=hm) of layer m of thickness hm are:
um  0, t   um   Em  Fm  eit

um  h m , t   Eeikm *h m  Fe  ikm *h m eit  (14)
The shear stresses at the top and bottom of layer m are:
 m  0, t   ikm*Gm*  Em  Fm  eit
 m  h m , t   ikm*Gm*  Eeik m *h m

 Fe  ikm *h m eit (15)
At the interface between layers m and m+1, displacements and shear stress must
be continuous, which implies that:
um  hm , t   um 1  0, t 
 m  hm , t    m 1  0, t  (16)
Using (14)-(16) the coefficients Em and Fm are related through:
Em 1  Fm 1  Em eikm hm  Fm  ikm hm
* *
(17)
km*Gm*
Em1  Fm1  *
k m1 G* m1
Em e 
ikm*hm
 Fm
 ikm*hm
 (18)
From (17) and (18), Em and Fm are:
Em 1   *m  eikm hm  Fm 1   *m 
1 1  ikm*hm
Em1 
*
(19)
2 2
Fm1  Em 1   *m  eikm hm  Fm 1   *m 
1 * 1  ikm*hm
(20)
2 2
Where is the complex impedance ratio at the interface between layers m and m+1
km*Gm* mGm*
 *
 *  (21)
m
k m1 G* m1 m1G* m1
The recursive algorithm is started at the top free surface, for which there is no

shear stress:
 1  0, t   ik1*G1*  E1  F1  eit (22)
Which implies: E1 = F1 at the surface of a soil deposit.
The transfer function Amn relating the displacements at the top of layers m and n
defined by:
um Em  Fm
Amn     (23)
un En  Fn
The velocity and acceleration are related to displacement through:
u
u  z, t    iu  z , t 
t (24)
 2u
u  z, t     2u  z , t 
t 2
Therefore Amn is also the transfer function relating the velocities and displacements
at the top of layers m and n:
um um um Em  Fm
Amn       (25)
un un un En  Fn
The shear strain at depth z and time t can be derived from (12):
  z, t  
u
t
 
 ik * Eeik z  Feik z eit
* *
(26)
The corresponding shear stress at depth z and time t is:

  z , t   G *  z , t  (27)
Free surface, bedrock outcropping and rock outcropping motions
 Figure 1.4 defines four terms used in site response analysis. The free surface
motion is the motion at the surface of a soil deposit.
 The bedrock motion is the motion at the base of the soil deposit.
 The rock outcropping motion is the motion at a location where bedrock is exposed
at the ground surface.

Figure 1.4 Terminology used in site response analysis

 As shown in Fig. 1.4, the incoming shear wave that propagates vertically upward
has for amplitude EN through the bedrock.
 The bedrock motion has for amplitude EN+FN at the top of the bedrock under the
soil layers.
 The bedrock outcropping motion is 2EN because there is no shear stress
(i.e. EN=FN) on free surfaces.
 Therefore the transfer function relating the bedrock motion and rock outcropping
motion is
2 EN
ANN    (28)
EN  FN
When it is assumed that E1=F1=1 on free surface, then the transfer function relating
the free surface motion and rock outcropping motion is:
1
A'1N    (29)
EN
A real-valued or complex value function x(t) can be approximated by a discrete
series of N values as follows:
N 1 N 1
xn   X k eitn   X k e 2 ikn / N n  0,..............., N  1 (30)
k 1 k 1
The values xn correspond to time tn = nΔt is the constant time interval
(i.e.x(nΔt)=xn for n=0,….., N-1). The discrete frequencies ωk are:
k
 2  2 k  0,....., N  1 (31)
N t
The Fourier components are:

N 1
1
xm 
N
X e
k 1
n
2 ikn / N
n  0,..............., N  1 (31)
Iterative Approximation of Equivalent Linear Response

 As shown in Fig. 1.5, the iteration procedure for equivalent-linear approach in each
layer is as follows:
- Initialize the values of and at their small strain values.
- Compute the ground response, and get the amplitudes of maximum shear strain
γmax from the time histories of shear strain in each layer.
- Determine the effective shear strain γeff from γmax:
 i eff  R  i max
Figure 1.5 Iteration of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain in equivalent-linear
analysis

2. Soil Data
This result we extracted from the soil of Street #371, Ta Chum Village, Boeung Tumpun
Cummune, Mean Chey District, Phnom Penh.
@(Beoung Tumpon 20m) B-13
Figure 5: Layer of soil in Beoung Tumpon 20m) B-13

3. Output Data
# output
output, object, "Out1_Y.xls"
ElementOption, acceleration;
ElementID, 1;
manual;
# output
output, object, "Out Last Layer_Y.txt"
ElementOption, acceleration;
ElementID, 9;
manual;
#System
#System, Type, ICCG, eps, 1.0e-20;
#System, Type, Band;
System, Type, Gauss;
#System, Type, Skyline;
# component classification
ElementType, soil, Shake;
ElementType, rock, Shake;
ElementType, bedrock, Shake;
# Object direct input type
FromHere, Object
# component

Layer, ID, 1, Type, soil, Depth, 0.5[m], Material, Layer1, include1,

"GG0-Clay.txt", include2, "D-Clay.txt";
"GG0-Sand.txt", include2, "D-Sand.txt";
"GG0-Sand.txt", include2, "D-Sand.txt";
# Material
Material, Layer1, Rho, 18.60[kN/m3];
Material, Layer1, Vs, 181.71[m/s];
Material, Layer1, OutputMotionType, 1;
Material, Layer1, InputMotionType, 0;
Material, Layer1, Ds, 0.05;
Material, Layer1, InputMotionLayer, 9;
Material, Layer1, Iteration, 0;
Material, Layer1, InitialStrain, 0;



# wave
acceleration, ID, 0, Dof, dx, Type, peak, include, "Kobe_Y.txt";

# Analysis frequency setting
Analysis, Type, Wavepropagation, Number, 1250, step, 0.02;
# end of object type input
enddata
# end of all data input
enddata
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this report ,out group represent for the data of the Field Free Ground Motion in Khan
Mean Chey. In Khan Mean Chy , have 4 Sangkat like :
 Sangkat Steong Mean Chey
 Sangkat BeangTopon
 Sangkat Chak Angre Le
 Sankat Chak Angre Krom
1. Acceleration in Sangkat Steong Mean Chey
Figure 6: Acceleration in (Steoung Mean Chey 15m) B-113

Table 2:Result of Acceleration in SangKat Steong Mean Chey
Item Sakat Steong Mean Chey BH1 BH2 BH3 BH4 BH5 BH6 BH7
1 (Steoung Mean Chey 15m) B-113 0.58649

2 (Steoung Mean Chey 15m) B-136 0.58127 0.5911
4 (Steoung Mean Chey 15m) R-159 0.60039
6 (Steoung Mean Chey 15m) R-175 0.64396 0.6212
9 (Steoung Mean Chey 20m) B-133 6.44E-01
11 (Steoung Mean Chey 22m) R-163 0.60958 0.6445
14 (Stoeung Mean Chey 15m) B-180 0.59971
15 (Stoeung Mean Chey 17m) R-210 5.84E-01
16 (Stoeung Mean Chey 25m) R-134 0.74399
17 (Stoeung Mean Chey 30m) R-211 0.7305
18 (Stoeung Mean Chey 35m) B-27 0.86837
2. Acceleration in Sangkat BeangTopon
Figure 7:Acceleration in (Beoung Tumpon 12m) R-174

Table 3: Result of Acceleration in SangKat Steong Mean Chey
Item Sakat Beoung Tumpon BH1 BH2 BH3 BH4 BH5 BH6 BH7
1 (Beoung Tumpon 12m) R-174 0.56254
2 (Beoung Tumpon 15.5m) B-190 6.22E-01
3 (Beoung Tumpon 15.5m) R-279 8.65E-01 0.8261
4 (Beoung Tumpon 15m) B-21 0.61603
5 (Beoung Tumpon 20m) B-13 0.83086
7 (Beoung Tumpon 25m) B-6 0.63596 0.6220 0.6120 0.6500 0.7010 0.7200 0.7400
8 (Beoung Tumpon 25m) B-7 0.96942 0.1012
10 (Beoung Tumpon 35m) B-23 1.0368 1.1023
11 (Boeng Tumpon 15m) R-113 5.69E-01
12 (Boeng Tumpon 25m) B-140 0.5292
13 (Boeng Tumpon 35m) R-61 0.88162 0.9001
14 (Boeng Tumpon 43m) R-27 0.67407 0.6812
15 (Beoung Tumpon 15m) R-173 0.58563
3. Acceleration in Sankat Chak Angre Ler and Sangkat Chak Angre Krom
Figure 8: Acceleration in (Chak Angre 15m) R-9

Table 4: Result of Acceleration in SangKat Steong Mean Chey
Item Chak Angre BH1 BH2 BH3 BH4 BH5

1 (Chak Angre 15m) R-99 7.27E-01
2 (Chak Angre 15m) R-170 0.45278
3 (Chak Angre 25m) B-4 green land 0.71394 0.7111 0.7201 0.7512 0.7562
4 (Chak Angre 30m) R-156 0.92036
5 (Chak Angre 31m) R-200 1.0815
6 (Chak Angre 35m) B-142 0.67175
7 (Chak Angre 35m) R-150 0.75014
8 (Chak Angre 38m) B-42 0.81541
9 Chak Angre Le 25m) B-8 1.0369
10 Chak Angre Le(The Green Land ( BH-11)) 0.83759
4. The Map of Acceleration in Khan Mean Chey
Figure 9:The Map of Acceleration in Khan Mean Chey

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we already know that earthquake is the most harmful natural disaster so we
have to consider more on evens it does not exist in our country yet. It is very important to study
on their behavior such as motion, acceleration and other important things on earthquake.
Moreover, as we are engineers, we would better study about earthquake effects which can make
our buildings and structure have trouble and we should put the earthquake ratio while we are
designing our building structure in order to prevent them from earthquake motion effects.
Anyways, the acceleration in this report we are not so sure that it is correct because some parts
of soil properties were lost and no data when we are running. Therefore, it could make some
mistakes and confusing. Additionally, we don’t have any earthquake data which exist in
Cambodia due to this data and Kobe are using data of Japan. So, we can’t use any result in this
assignment to reality and we can’t use acceleration directly into structure design.

REFERENCE
 Soil data form Professor: Seang POv



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INSTITUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE TREMBLEMENT DE TERRE

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 1

LOCATION OF KHAN MEAN CHEY

Sangkat (communes) Krom (villages)

Ruessei, Thmei, Trea, Mean Chey, Phneat, Preaek Toal, Damnak

Chamraeun Phal, Sansam Kosal Muoy, Sansam Kosal Pir, Kbal

Chak Angrae Leu Preaek Ta Kong, Preaek Ta Nu

Chak Angrae Kraom Tuol Roka, Preaek Ta Long

Figure 1 Location of Khan Mean Chey

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 2

Figure 2: Anatomy Of Earthquake

2. TERMS RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE

Figure 3:Epicenter And Focus

Figure 4:: Fault Line, Fault Plane And

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 4

Table 1:The Top 10 Biggest Recorded Earthquakes In The World.

Location Date Magnitude2

1. Valdivia, Chile May 22, 1960 9.5

2. Prince William Sound, Alaska March 28, 1964 9.2

3. Sumatra, Indonesia Dec. 26, 2004 9.1

4. Japan March 11, 2011 9.0

5. Kamchatka Nov. 4, 1952 9.0

6. Bio-bio, Chile Feb.27, 2010 8.8

7. Off the coast of Ecuador Jan. 31, 1906 8.8

8. Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands Feb. 27, 2010 8.7

9. Northern Sumatra, Indonesia March 28, 2005 8.6

10. Assam, Tibet Aug 15, 1950 8.6

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 5

1. Valdivia, Chile, 22 May 1960 (9.5)

2. Prince William Sound, Alaska, 28 March 1964 (9.2)

3. Sumatra, Indonesia, 26 December 2004 (9.1)

4. Sendai, Japan, 11 March 2011 (9.0)

5. Kamchatka, Russia, 4 November 1952 (9.0)

6. Bio-bio, Chile, 27 February 2010 (8.8)

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 6

7. Ecuador coast, 31 January 1906 (8.8)

8. Rat Islands, Alaska, 2 April 1965 (8.7)

9. Sumatra, Indonesia, 28 March 2005 (8.6)

10. Assam, Tibet, 15 August 1950 (8.6)

 Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 7

Equivalent-linear model for soil response

Where G is shear modulus,  is the viscosity

Horizontal displacement u( z, t ): at depth z and time t as follows:

Figure1.1: stress-strain model using equivalent linear model

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 8

 ( z ) : Amplitude of shear stress

The complex shear modulus G* become:

G*  G(1  2i ) (5)

Equivalent-linear approximation of nonlinear stress-strain response

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 9

Where ρ is the mass in any layer

Figure 1.3 One-Dimensional Layered Soil Deposit System

For harmonic waves, the displacement can be written as:

 2 U ( z )eit   2 U ( z )eit   3 U ( z )eit 

And admits the following general solution:

G*  G  i  G(1  2i ) Complex wave modulus

The corresponding stress is:

  z , t   ik *G *  Eeik *z  Feik *z  eit (13)

The shear stresses at the top and bottom of layer m are:

From (17) and (18), Em and Fm are:

GROUP: I5 GCI (B) 12

The velocity and acceleration are related to displacement through:

  z , t   ik G  Eeik z  Feik z  eit (13)