Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Teacher Quality
Fa l l
in Texas Schools 2 010
No.3
No.1
Figure 1
No.2
No.4
Presented by
t h e A s s o c i at i o n o f T e x a s P r o f e s s i o n a l E d u c at o r s
Ed Fuller, Ph.D.,
U n i v e r s i t y C o u n c i l f o r E d u c at i o n a l A d m i n i s t r at i o n ,
T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Te x a s a t A u s t i n
Study on the Distribution
of
Teacher Quality in
Texas Schools
P r e s e n t e d b y
fall 2010
CONTENTS
Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table 2: Average Teacher Qualification Measures Across
Major Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 TQI Rating Groups for Elementary Schools. . . . . . . . . . . 22
Policy Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table 3: Percentage of Novice Teachers by TQI Rating. . 23
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Table 4: Percentage of Teachers Employed at Least
Purpose of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Three of the Past Five Years by TQI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Documenting the Distribution of Teacher Quality. . . . . . 8 Middle Schools
Exploring the Creation of a Composite Table 5: Average Teacher Qualification Measures
Measure of Teacher Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Across TQI Rating Groups (Middle Schools). . . . . . . 23-24
Establishing a Relationship Between Teacher High Schools
Quality and Student Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table 6: Average Teacher Qualification Measures
Review of Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Across TQI Rating Groups (High Schools) . . . . . . . . . 25-26
Teacher Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Findings Section III: distribution of TAKS
Teacher Characteristics Associated with acheivement by TQI Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Gains in Student Achievement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Elementary Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Four Areas of Teacher Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Table 7: Average TAKS Z-Scores by TQI Rating
Teacher Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 for Elementary Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Teacher Certification Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table 8A: Percentage of Hispanic and Economically
Teacher Preparation Program Quality Disadvantaged Students by Octile of TQI Ratings. . . . 27
and Certification Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table 8B: Percentage of Hispanic and Bilingual
Teacher Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Students in Predominantly Hispanic Schools by
Data and Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Octile of TQI Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Constructing and Selecting a TQI Rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Table 8C: Average TAKS Z-Scores for Predominantly
Past Teacher Quality Indices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Hispanic Elementary Schools by TQI Rating. . . . . . . . . . 28
New Texas Teacher Quality Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Middle Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Methodology One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 9: Average TAKS Z-Scores by TQI Rating
Methodology Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 for Middle Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
High Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Components of TQI Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 10: Average TAKS Z-Scores by TQI Rating
Teacher Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 for High Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Teacher Certification Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Teacher Preparation Program and Findings Section IV: Distribution of TQI
Certification Examination Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Ratings by School Accountability Rating
Teacher Retention and Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 and Student Demographics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Elementary Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Sample of Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Accountability Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 1A: Number of Schools Included Table 11: Elementary School TQI by School
in the Final Sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Accountability Rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 1B: Percentage of Schools Included Economically Disadvantaged Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
in the Final Sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 12: Elementary School TQI by the Percentage of
Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Economically Disadvantaged Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 13: Elementary School TQI by the Percentage of
Findings Section I: associations between TQI
Economically Disadvantaged Students for Selected
Ratings and Student Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Region ESCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Findings Section II: TQI and Measures of Minority Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Teacher Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 14: Elementary School TQI by the Percentage
Interpreting the TQI Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 of Minority Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Figure 1: Standard Normal Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Table 15: Elementary School TQI by the Percentage
Elementary Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 of Minority Students for Selected Region ESCs. . . . . . . 32
Major Findings
The major results of this study are as follows:
• Even after controlling for prior achievement, student demographics, and geographic location, teacher quality at the
school level is associated with student achievement—especially at the secondary level.
• At the elementary-school level, teacher quality appears to be more equitably distributed than at the secondary-school
level, but this is more likely a result of the combination of a lack of detailed data and the greater supply of elementary
teachers than the result of any state or district policies to equalize teacher quality across schools.
• Students in lower-performing schools have substantially less access to teacher quality than students in higher-perform-
ing schools.
• At all school levels, but particularly at the middle- and high-school levels, students in high-poverty and predominantly
minority schools have far less access to teacher quality than students in low-poverty and predominantly White schools.
More generally, the results of this study unambiguously reveal a substantial inequitable distribution of teacher quality
across the state at the middle- and high-school level. Clearly, students in low-performing schools as well as in high-poverty
and predominantly minority schools have far less access to the same levels of teacher quality as students in high-performing,
low-poverty, and predominantly White schools. Moreover, this finding holds true for schools that are within driving dis-
tance of one another—both within the same district and across district lines between contiguous districts.
Policy Recommendations
The differences in teacher quality across schools and districts in Texas are substantial. If Texas is going to increase overall
achievement and prepare a greater percentage of students to graduate from high school and be well-prepared for life after
high school, we must address the inequitable distribution of teacher quality. To do so, Texas policymakers and educators
should explore a number of recommendations. State policy recommendations are described below as well as at the end of
the report. In addition, district-level policy recommendations are included after the state-policy recommendations at the
end of the report.
The following recommendations are targeted to state policymakers in the Governor’s Office, Legislature, State Board of
Education, State Board for Educator Certification, the Texas Education Agency, and the Texas Higher Education Coordi-
nating Board.
1
Teacher quality clearly exerts an extremely strong influence on student achievement and must be addressed in order to improve overall student achievement and close achievement gaps. It is impor-
tant to note, however, that the combined effect of factors outside of the school, such as parental level of education, family income, and the number of books in a household, exert a stronger influence
on student achievement than any school factors. Many policymakers and education writers now claim that teacher quality is the single most important factor influencing student achievement, but research
does not validate such a claim. In terms of education policy, teacher quality is certainly where efforts need to be focused, but efforts that address issues of poverty should also be addressed by policymakers.
2
This is consistent with the trend during the past decades to largely ignore the inputs of education, such as per-pupil expenditures and teacher quality, and focus solely on outputs, such as student
achievement and graduation rates. Recent research would suggest that we need to attend to both inputs and outputs to create a well-functioning system.
Review of Literature
Teacher Quality
Over the past decades, researchers have examined the relationship between certain observable characteristics of teach-
ers (such as years of experience, certification status, teachers’ own test scores, etc.) and changes in student achievement.
Traditionally, the examinations of teacher characteristics have focused on qualifications such as the undergraduate college
attended, certification status, advanced degrees, and years of teaching experience (Fabiano, 1999; Rowan, Chiang, & Miller,
1997). With the advent of certification tests for teachers in the 1990s, researchers have also examined the relationship
between teacher test scores and student achievement (Rice, 2003). Most recently, researchers have examined the impact of
teacher instability and turnover on student achievement (Ingersoll & May, 2010).
Rather than focusing on the characteristics and qualifications of teachers, economists have turned to assessing teacher
quality by directly assessing the achievement gains of the students taught by the teacher. Indeed, in just the past five years,
3
PCA is a statistical procedure that examines a relatively large number of measures related to one another and that are, perhaps, even redundant—such as teacher quality measures. PCA then at-
tempts to identify a smaller number of variables than the original number of variables that still explain the underlying concept—in this case, teacher quality. PCA can be used to create a single index
for teacher quality based on how well each individual measure of teacher quality explains the overall concept of teacher quality.
Teacher Experience
Teacher experience includes two measures of teacher experience: the percentage of novice teachers and percentage of
beginning teachers. Both measures have been found to have a negative effect on student achievement.
Teacher Stability
Finally, teacher stability includes two measures of teacher retention: a measure of the percentage of teachers who have
taught in a Texas public school at least three of the past five years, and a measure of the percentage of teachers who have
taught at least three out of the last five years at the same schools.
The first teacher stability measure was used to identify the percentage of teachers who have been in classrooms teaching
the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) statewide curriculum. The idea behind this measure is that teachers who
are recently familiar with teaching the current TEKS might be more effective in improving achievement than teachers who
have either never taught, never taught in Texas, or have been out of the classroom for an extended period of time and thus
are not as familiar with the current TEKS as those teachers who have been in the classroom in recent years. A recent study
suggests that this measure has a research foundation. Specifically, Ost (2009) found that teachers who consistently teach the
same subject at the same grade level are more effective than those who do not because these teachers are intimately familiar
Teacher Experience
Percentage of Novice Teachers: The percentage of a school’s teachers with fewer than four years of teaching experience.
The data was modified to remove errors and to improve its accuracy. To do so, I used a combination of employment history,
initial certification year, and district-reported years of experience to create a more accurate indicator of a teacher’s experi-
ence as an educator. Because I modified the original data, this measure cannot be replicated with state data. (Original Data
Source: Educator responsibility data, TEA; Final Data Source: Teacher experience file created by Dr. Ed Fuller).
Elementary Schools
As shown in Table 2, there was a direct relationship between the individual measures of teacher quality and both the Avg
1 and Avg 2 TQI ratings. Indeed, for every measure, as the TQI rating increased, so did the measure of teacher quality. For
most individual teacher-quality measures, there was also a direct relationship between the measure and the Regress TQI.
However, some of the relationships between individual measures of teacher quality and the Regress TQI ratings were rather
weak. For example, the average teacher pedagogy exam z-scores and the Regress TQI were not directly related. Specifically, while
one would expect the average teacher pedagogy z-score to increase as the Regress TQI rating increased, this was not actually the
case. In fact, the average teacher pedagogy score increased as the TQI rating increased from < -1.5 TQI to 0.0 TQI, but then
decreased from 0.0 TQI to > 1.5 TQI. The other ambiguous relationships also involved some use of pedagogy z-scores.
There were several potential reasons as to why these relationships were not more direct. First, the relationship between an
individual teacher-quality measure (such as pedagogy scores) and the Regress TQI rating might be weak because only two
measures were included in the calculation of the Regress TQI at the elementary-school level and neither involved pedagogy
scores. Second, pedagogy scores might simply not be reflective of teacher quality at the elementary school because of less
variation in scores or less correlation with the elementary pedagogy examination scores and teacher verbal ability.
What was abundantly clear from the table was that schools with low TQI ratings had far greater percentages of novice and
beginning teachers than schools with high TQI ratings. Indeed, in schools with TQI ratings of less than -1.0, at least one-
third of teachers had fewer than four years of teaching experience. Alternatively, schools with TQI ratings of +1.0 or greater
had less than 8% novice teachers.
Teachers
Teachers
Teachers
years
As shown in Table 4, schools with TQI ratings less than -1.0 had far lower percentages of teachers employed three of the
past five years in Texas than schools with TQI ratings greater than 1.0. Indeed, the differences are at least 23 percentage
points. In schools with TQI ratings greater than 1.0, nearly all teachers had been employed in a Texas public school for at
least three of the past five academic years.
In addition, schools with low TQI ratings had lower percentages of teachers fully certified and of teachers remaining at
the school for various measures of time as compared to schools with higher TQI ratings. For example, schools with the lowest
TQI ratings had at least 14% teachers assigned out of-field as compared to less than 5% in schools with the highest TQI ratings.
Middle Schools
As shown in Table 5, there is a substantial difference in all of the teacher-quality measures between schools with the great-
est TQI ratings (> +1.5) and those with the lowest TQI ratings (< -1.5). Although all of the differences are fairly substantial,
one of the most remarkable is for the percentage of teachers assigned out-of-field. Although less than 11% of teachers in
schools with the greatest TQI ratings were assigned out-of-field, greater than 40% of teachers in the schools with the lowest
TQI ratings were assigned out-of-field.
Teachers
Teachers
Teachers
years
Teachers
Teachers
Teachers
years
Elementary Schools
In general, as shown below in Table 7, there was a direct relationship between TAKS z-scores and the TQI ratings—as
TQI ratings increased from the lowest octile to the highest octile, so did TAKS z-scores. For example, the average TAKS
z-score for schools in the lowest octile of Avg 1 TQI was -0.714, while the average TAKS z-score for the highest octile for
the Avg 1 TQI was 0.367. So, the schools with the highest octile had TAKS z-scores that were 1.081 standard deviations
greater than schools with the lowest octile—a truly substantial difference.
The only exception to this generalization was that schools in the top octile of TQI ratings had slightly lower levels of
achievement than octiles four through seven for the Regress TQI and less than octile seven for the other two TQI ratings.
Even with the exception for octile eight, the difference in achievement between schools with the lowest TQI ratings and the
greatest TQI ratings was substantial. Even the smallest difference was greater than 0.5 standard deviations, and the differ-
ences for the two average TQIs were greater than one standard deviation. The correlations between the average TQI ratings
and student achievement were moderately high, but the correlation between the Regress TQI rating and student achieve-
ment was relatively small, though still statistically significant.
Because so many of the highest octile schools were predominantly Hispanic, I then focused on predominantly Hispanic
schools—those with at least 50% Hispanic students enrolled. For the Regress TQI, the highest octile schools had the great-
est percentage of Hispanic and bilingual education students.
I. n analyzing the average TAKS z-scores by octiles of the TQI ratings for only predominantly Hispanic schools, the rela-
tionship between TAKS scores and TQI ratings is more direct. In others, in general, the greater the TQI ratings, the greater
the TAKS z-scores.
High Schools
As shown in Table 10, there is a strong relationship between each TQI rating and the average TAKS combined math-
ematics and reading z-scores for high schools. The differences in achievement between the schools with the lowest and
highest TQI ratings are rather striking—approximately 2.0 standard deviations. The correlations between the TQI ratings
and TAKS achievement were quite high for education research—greater than .500.
Elementary Schools
Accountability Ratings
As with the analysis by student achievement, schools with greater achievement as measured by accountability ratings had
greater TQI ratings than schools with lower achievement as measured by accountability ratings. Specifically, the differences
in TQI ratings between schools rated Exemplary and schools rated Academically Unacceptable were between 0.65 and
0.95 standard deviations. However, because the number of academically unacceptable schools was very small, the results of
this analysis must be interpreted with caution.
Part of this small difference in the Regress TQI is due to the correlation between the percentage of economically dis-
advantaged students and the percentage of Hispanic students. Four region service centers—ESC 1 (Edinburg), ESC 2
(Corpus Christi), ESC 19 (El Paso), and ESC 20 (San Antonio)—enrolled 44% of all Hispanic students and employed 60%
of all Hispanic teachers. While these regions have seen tremendous growth over the past decade, which would require the
hiring of new teachers, Hispanic teachers have the lowest attrition rate of any teachers in Texas. Thus, many schools in these
region ESCs have low teacher attrition rates and low percentages of novice teachers. Hence, such schools have relatively
greater Regress TQI ratings than one would expect given the student population.
.As shown in Table 13, the difference in the Regress TQI between the lowest- and highest-poverty schools increases to
.251 from .154 when the four aforementioned predominantly Hispanic region ESCs are removed from the analysis.
Again, as with the previous analysis, the removal of the four predominantly Hispanic regions increases the Regress TQI
from .119 standard deviations to .313 standard deviations.
.Table 16 below presents by school achievement and student characteristics the percentage of novice teachers and teach-
ers who had taught at least three of the last five years. Novice teachers were those who had taught three or fewer years. This
experience could have been in Texas public or private schools or in a public or private school in another state. Teachers
who have taught at least three out of the last five years were those who have been employed in Texas public schools at least
three of the five years between 2004-05 and 2008-09.
As shown, lower-performing, high-poverty schools, and schools with high percentages of minority students had greater
percentages of novice teachers and lower percentages of teachers who had taught at least three of the past five academic
years than higher-performing, low-poverty schools, and schools with low percentages of minority students.
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0 AU
30.0
Recognized
20.0
10.0
0.0
Not Fully In-Field Same Same
Beginning Certified School 1 School 3+
Yr
.The most pronounced differences between the groups of schools were in the percentage of teachers who were assigned
out-of-field. The lowest-poverty schools had only 23% of teacher FTEs assigned out-of-field as compared to 31% in the
highest-poverty schools.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Beginning Novice Out-of-Field Not Fully Certified
Minority Students
As shown in Table 22, schools with the lowest minority enrollment (less than 44.5% minority students) had TQI ratings
at least 1.3 standard deviations greater than schools with the greatest minority enrollment (those with greater than 97.5%
minority students). The schools with the lowest percentage of minority students had TQI ratings of about .45 standard
deviations above average while schools with the greatest percentage of minority students had TQI ratings of less than -.8
standard deviations below average.
The El Paso region (Region 19 ESC) had essentially no difference in the Avg 1 TQI ratings between low- and high-pov-
erty schools. After closer inspection, the low Avg 1 TQI rating across the eight low-poverty schools was largely due to one
school having a rating of almost -3.0 standard deviations. After removal of this one school, the difference in the Avg 1 TQI
rating between low- and high-poverty elementary schools increased to approximately 0.26 standard deviations.
TABLE 25: Middle School TQI Ratings and Difference in TQI Ratings Between
Low- and High-Poverty Schools by Region Education Service Center
TABLE 26: High School TQI Ratings and Difference in TQI Ratings Between
Low- and High-Poverty Schools by Region Education Service Center
TABLE 28: Average TQI and Student Demographics for Low-Poverty and
High-Poverty Middle Schools in Selected Major Urban Districts
As shown in Table 29, most districts had a fairly substantial difference in the average TQI between low- and high-poverty
schools. Interestingly, two districts had greater TQI ratings for high-poverty schools than for low-poverty schools: Clear
Creek ISD and Lewisville ISD. The difference in the percentage of economically disadvantaged students in Clear Creek be-
tween low- and high-poverty schools was only marginal, which may explain the difference in the TQI ratings. However, the
difference in the percentage of economically disadvantaged students between low- and high-poverty schools for Lewisville
ISD was relatively large, yet Lewisville ISD had provided greater teacher quality to the high-poverty schools. One possible
explanation for these two districts is that the districts are fast-growth and have opened new schools. New schools often have
lower teacher quality even while serving more affluent students. Further investigation into these two districts is warranted.
Despite the findings for Clear Creek and Lewisville ISDs, almost three-quarters of all of the districts (15 of 21) had differ-
ences greater than 0.5 standard deviations. Thus, most districts had fairly inequitable distributions of teacher quality.
.Fifth, secondary school TQI ratings are negatively associated with the percentage of economically disadvantaged students
in the school. In other words, as the percentage of economically disadvantaged students increases, the TQI ratings decrease.
Sixth, secondary school TQI ratings are negatively associated with the percentage of minority students in the school. In
other words, as the percentage of minority students increases, the TQI ratings decrease. TQI ratings are particularly low in
schools serving high proportions of African American students. In fact, out of the 50 high schools with the largest percent-
ages of African American students, only one had a TQI rating greater than average.
Seventh, there are substantial differences in TQI ratings both between schools within urban districts and between schools
within the larger metro areas. In other words, not only are there inequitable distributions within districts, there are also in-
equitable distributions between districts in the same local labor markets. Thus, policies must not focus specifically at either
state- or district-level policies, but rather at both levels and at the school level.
Finally, particular measures of teacher quality were more strongly associated with student achievement than others. In
particular, the percentage of novice or beginning teachers was associated with achievement at all three levels. This was
Discussion
The results above unambiguously reveal a substantial inequitable distribution of teacher quality across the state at the
middle- and high-school level. Clearly, students in low-performing schools as well as in high-poverty and predominantly
minority schools have far less access to the same levels of teacher quality as students in high-performing, low-poverty, and
predominantly White schools. Moreover, this finding holds true for schools that are within driving distance of one another—
both within the same district and across district lines between contiguous districts.
While this study did not find that the differences in access to teacher quality were as large at the elementary school level as at the
secondary levels, more detailed data may show gaps as large as at the other school levels. In particular, if the state could produce
school-level data on the verbal ability of teachers (SAT/ACT verbal scores) and certification scores of teachers by content area on
the generalist test, an examination of the data could reveal very disparate levels of teacher quality across schools. Without such data,
readers should be cautious in concluding there is an equitable distribution of teacher quality at the elementary-school level.
The dramatic differences in access to teacher quality—especially at the middle- and high-school levels—surely help
explain the continuing gaps in achievement, graduation, and college attendance between economically disadvantaged and
non-economically disadvantaged students and between non-White and White students in Texas public schools. Unless the
state addresses these long-standing disparities with courageous leadership, the state will find itself slowly slipping further
and further into mediocrity—both educationally and economically.
Policy Recommendations
This final section of the paper offers some state and district policy recommendations. Because research has shown inequi-
ties in teacher quality exist between districts, between schools within individual districts, and between student subpopula-
tions within individual schools, policymakers and leaders at all three levels must take action.
This effort to improve teacher quality and reduce the inequitable access to teacher quality should be led by those at the
state level. As such, the governor, legislative leaders, State Board of Education members, State Board for Educator Certifi-
cation members, and the commissioner of education should make the issue of teacher quality and distribution of teacher
quality a high priority. Yet, this does not mean that the policies and strategies should be developed by state-level policymak-
ers. Indeed, evaluations of reform efforts from the past 100 years come to the same conclusion: Reform efforts simply do not
work unless they involve teachers and administrators in developing and implementing the reform effort. This bears repeating:
Top-down reform efforts that exclude or ignore the ideas, perceptions, values, and beliefs of educators are doomed to fail.
Thus, state leadership should play four crucial roles:
• Make the issue of teacher quality a high priority by highlighting the importance of teacher quality and documenting the
inequitable access to teacher quality;
• Gather input from teachers, administrators, researchers, and policymakers from across the state by convening meetings
across the state to gather input on this issue;
• Support the implementation of policies that address teacher quality issues through targeted funding and technical
assistance; and,
• Evaluate state and district efforts to increase teacher quality.
State leaders should be credited for several recent efforts in this area. First, the Legislature eliminated funding for the
poorly designed Governor’s Educator Excellence Grant/Texas Educator Excellence Grant and transferred that funding
2005 to 09
2005 to 09 (3)
NSS = Measure was found not to be statistically significant in OLS regression analysis.
SS = Measure was found to be statistically significant in OLS regression analysis.
When placed into a regression analysis that controlled for both prior achievement and student demographics and em-
ployed region ESC fixed effects, the Regress TQI was statistically significant at the p < .01 level, while the Avg 1 TQI was
statistically significant at the more lenient p < .10 level. Finally, the Avg 2 TQI was statistically significant at the p < .05 level.
When placed as the initial variable in the equation, the TQI explained between 3% and 13% of the variance in student
achievement. When placed after control variables were entered, the TQI ratings explained roughly 1% of the variance in
achievement.
2005 to 09 (3)
NSS = Measure was found not to be statistically significant in OLS regression analysis.
SS = Measure was found to be statistically significant in OLS regression analysis.
High Schools
At the high-school level, 12 variables were found to be statistically significantly related to student achievement but only
10 were included in the creation of the Regress TQI. Two variables were excluded because they were either the inverse of
a variable already included in the analysis (for example, the percentage of teachers fully certified and the percentage of teach-
ers not fully certified are the inverse of each other) or the variables were highly correlated with each other.
The ten variables that constituted the Regress TQI are:
1. The percentage of novice teachers;
2. Percentage of beginning teachers;
3. Percentage of teachers fully certified;
4. Percentage of teachers assigned out-of-field;
5..Percentage of teachers from high-performing preparation programs;
6..Percentage of teachers at the school with pedagogy scores at least one standard deviation greater than average;
7..Percentage of teachers at the school with pedagogy scores at least one standard deviation lower than average;
8..Percentage of teachers teaching at least three of the past five academic years;
9. A
verage percentage of teachers remaining employed at the same school from one year to the next over a four
year time span; and,
10. Percentage of teachers remaining at the school for at least three of the past five academic years.
The Avg 1 TQI used six of the eight Regress TQI components but excluded the last two statistically significant variables
related to teacher stability. In addition, the Avg 1 TQI included the percentage of beginning teachers at a school. Finally, the
Avg 2 TQI included all of the eight Regress TQI variables as well as the percentage of beginning teachers at a school, the
percentage of teachers teaching at least three of the past five academic years, the average percentage of teachers remaining
employed at the same school from one year to the next over a four-year time span, and the percentage of teachers remaining
at the school at least four of five years from the 2004-05 academic year to the 2008-09 academic year.
NSS = Measure was found not to be statistically significant in OLS regression analysis.
SS = Measure was found to be statistically significant in OLS regression analysis.
SS-Exc = Measure was found to be statistically significant in OLS regression analysis but excluded
because it was the inverse of another variable or highly correlated with another variable.
When placed into a regression analysis that controlled for prior achievement, student demographics, and geographic loca-
tion, all three TQI ratings were statistically significantly related to student achievement at the p < .001 level. When placed as
the initial variable in the equation, the TQI explained between 29% and 33% of the variance in student achievement. When
placed after control variables were entered, the TQI ratings explained about 2% of the variance in achievement.