DEF 121 Engineering Mathematics 2

Learning Objective:

Identify the concepts of differentiation and apply them to the different families of functions and
relevant applications.

Subtopics:

1) Differentiation Using Limits of Difference Quotients

2) Differentiation Rules for Polynomials, Exponentials, Products, and Quotients
3) The Chain Rule
4) Implicit Differentiation
5) Logarithmic Differentiation
6) Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
7) Concavity and Curve Sketching
8) Error analysis
9) Related rates
10) Applied Optimization
11) Taylor and Maclaurin Series
12) Newton-Raphson’s method

Notes prepared by IRY for DEF121

 1) a) Gradient of a Straight Line
Consider the straight line y = 3x + 2 shown below:

B
A

“The rate of change of y with respect to x is 3”

b) Gradient of a Curve, y = f(x):
 To calculate the rate of change at a point.
 “The gradient of a curve y = f(x) at a given point is defined to be the gradient of the
tangent at that point”

c) Differentiation Using Limits of Difference Quotients

DEFINITION:

 The slope of the tangent line at (x, f(x)) is

 This limit is also the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at x.

 For a function y = f (x), its derivative at x is the function defined by

provided the limit exists.

 If exists, then we say that f is differentiable at x.

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 This method is
using
First Principles
to find the
differentiation !

Example 1: Use the “first principles” to differentiate .

Example 2: For find using First Principles.

e) For a function to be differentiable at x = a, the graph of f(x) MUST have a UNIQUE NON- VERTICAL

well-defined TANGENT at x = a. Otherwise, the limit does not exist.

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 A function is not differentiable at a point x = a if:

1) There is a discontinuity at x = a
2) There is a corner or a cusp at x = a , or
3) There is a vertical tangent at x = a

Caution: The reverse of Theorem 1 is false. A function need not have a derivative at a
point where it is continuous.
2) Differentiation Rules:

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 Derivatives of exponential functions:

Derivatives of logarithm functions:

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Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3:

Example 4:

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Example 5:

3) The Chain Rule:

Example 1:

Example 2:

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 4) a) Implicit differentiation
 A function that can be described as y = f(x) is called an explicit function.
 If we cannot put an equation f(x, y) = 0 in the form of y = f(x) then the function is
called an implicit function.
E.g. x2+y2+25=0
b) Implicit Differentiation Procedure
i) Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x (or whatever variable you
are differentiating with respect to).
ii) Apply the rules of differentiation as necessary. Any time an expression involving y is
differentiated, dy/dx will be a factor in the result.
iii) Isolate all terms with dy/dx as a factor on one side of the equation.
iv) Factor out dy/dx.
v) Divide both sides of the equation to isolate dy/dx.

Example 1 : Differentiate .

Example 2 : Differentiate y2 = x2 + sin xy

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 Example 3: Find the slope of the curve and the equation of tangent at (1,2).

c) Derivative of higher order

Example:

5) Logarithmic Differentiation Procedure:

1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides which gives .
2. Simplify In (f(x))by using properties of logarithms.
3. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
4. Solve for dy/dx.
5. Express the answer in terms of x only.

Example 1: By using logarithmic differentiation, find dy/dx if .

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 Cont.

Example 2: By using logarithmic differentiation, find dy/dx if y = (x + 1)x

6) Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Example 1:

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 Example 2:

Example 3:

7) Concavity and Curve Sketching:

a) First derivative test

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 b) Second derivative test

(minimum)
(maximum)

concave up

concave down

c) Point of inflection

In order to obtain the possible inflection points, solve y” = 0

Example of an inflection point:

; y’’>0

y’’<0 ;

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 d) Using First and Second Derivatives to Find Maximum and Minimum Values and
Sketch Graphs

Example : Sketch a graph of the function .

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 Example 2: (in general) Sketch a graph of the function ( )

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8) Error analysis
If two quantities a and b are measured with absolute error a and b respectively, then
a) Error for p = a  b
The largest possible value is
p+p = (a+b)+(a + b)
The smallest possible value is
p-p = (a+b)-(a + b)
 p = a + b

Example: p = a + b
(i) Two lines AB and BC, part of a straight line AC are measured as
AB = 120 0.005m ; BC = 300  0.005m

A C
AC = (120 + 300)  (0.005 + 0.005) B

= 420  0.01m
The true value of AC could be anywhere from 419.99 to 420.01m

Example: p = a – b
(ii) If a line PQ is measured 280.00 0.005m and PR (part of the line PQ) is measured as
114.57 0.005m,

RQ = PQ-PR
P R Q
RQ = (280 – 114.57)  (0.005+0.005)
= 165.43 0.01

b) Error for p = ab
Absolute error, p = ba + ab

p a b
Relative error, rp   
p a b

Example: p = ab

A rectangular block of land is measured as 20 0.005m by 40 0.005m. Find p the area, the
relative error in p, and the absolute error in p, p .

Area, p =20x40=800m2
p a b
a b 0.005 0.005 rp   
rp     p a b
a b 20 40
rp  0.00025  0.000125  0.000375
p
rp 
p
p  prp  800  0.000375  0.3m 2

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 c) Error for p=a/b
ab  ba
Absolute error, p  b 2

p a b
Relative error, rp   
p a b

Example: p = a/b

The voltage drop, V, across a resistor is measured as 12.0 0.05 volts, and the current I is
measured as 2.74 0.005 amps. Given that resistance R = V/I,
find (i) R; (ii) the relative error in R and (iii) R, the absolute error in R.

Error for y = f(x)

If x is measured with a maximum error of x and y is calculated from x using a formula
y = f(x), then the maximum error y in y can be found by considering the graph of y = f(x).

 The gradient at the point P is dy/dx.

p dp dp
 If x is small, then  p  x
x dx dx
Example:
A circular oval has its radius measured as 63.660.005m. Calculate its area and the
maximum error in its area, and its maximum error.

Area, A =r2= (63.66)2=12731.6sq.m.

A  r 2
dA
 2r
dr
dA
A   r  2rr  2 (63.66)(0.005)  2.00
dr
 A  12731.60  2.00sq.m.

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 Example:
The radius of a circle is increased from 2.00 to 2.20m.

a) Estimate the resulting change, A in area, A.

b) Express the estimate as a percentage of the circle’s original area.

a) r  2.2  2  0.2 dA
A   r
dr
A  r 2
dA
 2r
dr
A  2rr  2 (2)(0.2)  2.5133
b) A  r 2   (2) 2
A
100%  20%
A

9) Related rates

Rate of change: the problem of finding a rate of change from other known rates of change.

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Example 1:

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Example 2:

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10) Applied Optimization

Example : You have been asked to design a 1-litre can shaped like a right circular cylinder.

What dimension will use the least material?

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 11) Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Example 1:

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Example 2:

12) Newton-Raphson’s method- A technique to approximate the solution to an equation f(x) = 0

Example: Find the x-coordinate of the point where the curve y = x3 - x crosses the horizontal
line y = 1.
Solution:
x3 - x = 1  f(x) = x3 - x - 1 = 0. By the intermediate Value Theorem, there is a root
in (1,2).

Notes prepared by IRY for DEF121

 Starting the value x0=1, f(x) = x3 - x - 1 = 0, .

f ( xn )
xn 1  xn 
f ' ( xn ) 13  1  1
x1  1   1.5
xn  x n  1
3 3(1) 2  1
xn 1  xn 
3 xn  1
2

1.53  1.5  1
x2  1.5   1.347826087
3(1.5)2  1
1.3478260873  1.347826087  1
x3  1.347826087   1.325200399
3(1.347826087) 2  1

Continue with the calculation till we get a constant root.

root

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 The root is 1.324717957.

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