CHAPTER I

PREFACE

1.1. Abstract
Semarang region have many different and complex geology
structure and many kind of landform. It’s happened because
semarang located in the northern java island that’s java seas in the
north and Ungaran mount in the southern.
In the northern of Semarang region, the topographic
dominated by low land that created by sedimentary rock from
sedimentary process in fluvial landform and also created a beach
and delta landform. In the southern is different. Its dominated by
volcano landform because activities of Ungaran mount.
The kind of land form in Semarang can be a instrument and
resources of geology knowledge for university student faculty
geological engineering Diponegoro university.
1.2. Aims and Goals
1.2.1. Aims
a Knowing the kinds of geology structure in semarang
region, especially in kali lutung, womorejo village,
karangjati, pringapus, semarang
b Knowing the litology and genesis of the kind of rock in
the kali lutung
c Knowing the applications of geology equipments
1.2.2. Goals
a. Able to explain the geology structure in semarang
region, especially in kali lutung, womorejo village,
kramat jati, pringapus, semarang
b. Able to explain the litology and genesis of the kind of
rock in the kali lutung

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 c. Capable use the applications of geology equipments
1.3. Date and Time
Day, date : Saturday, 12 December 2009
Time : 06.00 am to 11.45 am
Location : Kali lutung river, wonorejo village, Kramatjati,
Pringapus, Semarang territory
1.4. Destination arrived
The observation spot in kalilutung river located in wonorejo village.
Its 40 km far in the southern of Diponegoro university complex
Tembalang. Its can be reach by motorcycle in 30 minutes
The stop site located in the kalilutung that must be reached by on
foot 750 meter far in eastern of village
1.5. Range
1.5.1. Spacial
The special range of the field observation is the area
around the Kalilutung in Wonorejo village
1.5.2. Substancial
The special range of the field observation is the kind of
geology structure, litology, anf genesis of the rock

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 CHAPTER II
BASIC THEORY

2.1 Geology Structur

Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional
distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories.
The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of
present-day rock geometries to uncover information about the history
of deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately, to understand the
stress field that resulted in the observed strain and geometries. This
understanding of the dynamics of the stress field can be linked to
important events in the regional geologic past; a common goal is to
understand the structural evolution of a particular area with respect to
regionally widespread patterns of rock deformation due to plate
tectonics.

Picture 1. Fold
Primary data sets for structural geology are collected in the
field. Structural geologists measure a variety of planar features
(bedding planes, foliation planes, fold axial planes, fault planes, and
joints), and linear features (stretching lineations, in which minerals

3
are ductily extended; fold axes; and intersection lineations, the trace
of a planar feature on another planar surface.

Picture 2. Illustration of measurement conventions for planar and

linear structures
2.1.1 Joint

Picture 3. Columnar jointed basalt

In geology the term joint refers to a fracture in rock
where there has been no lateral movement in the plane of the
fracture (up, down or sideways) of one side relative to the
other. This makes it different from a fault which is defined as a
fracture in rock where one side slides laterally past to the
other. Joints normally have a regular spacing related to either
the mechanical properties of the individual rock or the

4
thickness of the layer involved. Joints generally occur as sets,
with each set consisting of joints sub-parallel to each other.
2.1.1.1 Types of joints
Joints are classified by the processes responsible for
their formation, if known.
 Tectonic joints
Tectonic joints are formed during deformation
episodes whenever the differential stress is high
enough to induce tensile failure of the rock,
irrespective of the tectonic regime. They will often
form at the same time as faults. Measurement of
tectonic joint patterns can be useful in analyzing the
tectonic history of an area because they give
information on stress orientations at the time of
formation.
 Unloading joints
Joints are most commonly formed when uplift and
erosion removes the overlying rocks thereby
reducing the compressive load and allowing the
rock to expand laterally. Joints related to uplift and
erosional unloading have orientations reflecting the
principal stresses during the uplift. Care needs to
be taken when attempting to understand past
tectonic stresses to discriminate, if possible,
between tectonic and unloading joints. Exfoliation
joints are special cases of unloading joints formed
at, and parallel to, the current land surface in rocks
of high compressive strength.
 Cooling joints
Joints can also form via cooling of hot rock masses,
particularly lava, forming cooling joints, most

5
 commonly expressed as vertical columnar jointing.
The joint systems associated with cooling typically
are polygonal because the cooling introducing
stresses that are isotropic in the plane of the layer.
2.1.2 Fold

Picture 4. Very tight folds.

The term fold is used in geology when one or a stack of
originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata,
are bent or curved as a result of plastic (i.e. permanent)
deformation. Synsedimentary folds are those due to slumping
of sedimentary material before it is lithified. Folds in rocks vary
in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. They
occur singly as isolated folds and in extensive fold trains of
different sizes, on a variety of scales. Folds form under varied
conditions of stress, hydrostatic pressure, pore pressure, and
temperature - hydrothermal gradient, as evidenced by their
presence in soft sediments, the full spectrum of metamorphic
rocks, and even as primary flow structures in some igneous
rocks. A set of folds distributed on a regional scale constitutes
a fold belt, a common feature of orogenic zones. Folds are
commonly formed by shortening of existing layers, but may
also be formed as a result of displacement on a non-planar
fault (fault bend fold), at the tip of a propagating fault (fault

6
propagation fold), by differential compaction or due to the
effects of a high-level igneous intrusion e.g. above a laccolith.
2.1.2.1 Describing folds

Picture 5. Rainbow Basin Syncline

Folds are classified by their size, fold shape, tightness,
dip of the axial plane.
 Fold shape
It is necessary to convey a sense of the shape of
the fold. A fold can be shaped as a chevron, with
planar limbs meeting at an angular axis, as cuspate
with curved limbs, as circular with a curved axis, or
as elliptical with unequal wavelength.
 Fold tightness
Fold tightness is defined by the angle between the
fold's limbs, called the interlimb angle. Gentle folds
have an interlimb angle of between 170° and 180° ,
open folds range from 170° to 90°, tight folds from
90° to 10°, and isoclinal folds have an interlimb
angle of between 10° and zero, with essentially
parallel limbs.

 Fold symmetry
Not all folds are equal on both sides of the axis of
the fold. Those with limbs of relatively equal length

7
 are termed symmetrical, and those with highly
unequal limbs are asymmetrical. Asymmetrical folds
will generally have an axis which is at an angle to
the original, unfolded surface which they formed
upon.
 Deformation style classes
Folds which maintain uniform layer thickness are
classed as concentric folds; those which do not are
called similar folds. Similar folds tend to display
thinning of the limbs and thickening of the hinge
zone. Concentric folds are caused by warping
which results from active buckling of the layers,
whereas similar folds usually form by some form of
shear flow where the layers are not mechanically
active.
2.1.2.2 Fold types

Picture 6. Anticline

Picture 7. Monocline

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  Anticline: linear, strata normally dip away from axial
center, oldest strata in center.
 Syncline: linear, strata normally dip toward axial
center, youngest strata in center.
 Antiform: linear, strata dip away from axial center,
age unknown, or inverted.
 Synform: linear, strata dip toward axial centre, age
unkown, or inverted.
 Dome: nonlinear, strata dip away from center in all
directions, oldest strata in center.
 Basin: nonlinear, strata dip toward center in all
directions, youngest strata in center.
 Monocline: linear, strata dip in one direction
between horizontal layers on each side.
 Chevron: angular fold with straight limbs and small
hinges
 Recumbent: linear, fold axial plane oriented at low
angle resulting in overturned strata in one limb of
the fold.
 Slump: typically monoclinal, result of differential
compaction or dissolution during sedimentation and
lithification.
 Ptygmatic: Folds are chaotic, random and
disconnected. Typical of sedimentary slump folding,
migmatites and decollement detachment zones.
2.1.3 Fault
In geology, a fault or fault line is a planar fracture in
rock in which the rock on one side of the fracture has moved
with respect to the rock on the other side. Large faults within
the Earth's crust are the result of differential or shear motion
and active fault zones are the causal locations of most

9
earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by energy release
during rapid slippage along a fault. A fault that runs along the
boundary between two tectonic plates is called a transform
fault.

Picture 8. Fault in shales

Since faults do not usually consist of a single, clean
fracture, the term fault zone is used when referring to the zone
of complex deformation that is associated with the fault plane.
The two sides of a non-vertical fault are called the hanging
wall and footwall. By definition, the hanging wall occurs above
the fault and the footwall occurs below the fault. This
terminology comes from mining. When working a tabular ore
body the miner stood with the footwall under his feet and with
the hanging wall hanging above him.

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2.1.3.1 Slip, heave, throw

Picture 9. The left side moves down while the right

side moves up. The warping of the rock layers on the
right is likely due to drag folding.
Slip is defined as the relative movement of
geological features present on either side of a fault
plane, and is a displacement vector. The sense of slip
defines the type of fault. This is distinct from the throw
of the fault, which is the vertical offset. Heave is the
measured horizontal offset of the fault.
The vector of slip can be qualitatively assessed
by studying the fault bend folding, i.e. the drag folding
of strata on either side of the fault; the direction and
magnitude of heave and throw can be measured only
by finding common intersection points on either side of
the fault. In practise it is usually only possible to find
the slip direction of faults, and an approximation of the
heave and throw vector.
2.1.3.2 Fault types
Faults can be categorized into three groups
based on the sense of slip. A fault where the relative
movement (or slip) on the fault plane is approximately
vertical is known as a dip-slip fault. Where the slip is

11
approximately horizontal, the fault is known as a
transcurrent or strike-slip fault. An oblique-slip fault
has non-zero components of both strike and dip slip.
For all naming distinctions, it is the orientation
of the net dip and sense of slip of the fault which must
be considered, not the present-day orientation, which
may have been altered by local or regional folding or
tilting.
 Dip-slip faults
Dip-slip faults can be again classified into the
types "reverse" and "normal". A normal fault occurs
when the crust is extended. Alternatively such a
fault can be called an extensional fault. The
hanging wall moves downward, relative to the
footwall. A downthrown block between two normal
faults dipping towards each other is called a
graben. An upthrown block between two normal
faults dipping away from each other is called a
horst. Low-angle normal faults with regional tectonic
significance may be designated detachment faults.
A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal
fault — the hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall. Reverse faults are indicative of shortening
of the crust. The dip of a reverse fault is relatively
steep, greater than 45°.
A thrust fault has the same sense of motion
as a reverse fault, but with the dip of the fault plane
at less than 45°. Thrust faults typically form ramps,
flats and fault-bend (hanging wall and foot wall)
folds. Thrust faults are responsible for forming
nappes and klippen in the large thrust belts.

12
 The fault plane is the plane that represents
the fracture surface of a fault. Flat segments of
thrust fault planes are known as flats, and inclined
sections of the thrust are known as ramps. Typically
thrust faults move within formations by forming flats,
and climb up section with ramps.
Fault-bend folds are formed by movement of
the hangingwall over a non-planar fault surface and
are found associated with both extensional and
thrust faults.
Faults may be reactivated at a later time with
the movement in the opposite direction to the
original movement (fault inversion). A normal fault
may therefore become a reverse fault and vice
versa.

Picture 10. Cross-sectional illustration of normal

and reverse dip-slip faults.
 Strike-slip faults

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 Picture 11. The San Andreas Fault, a right-lateral
strike-slip fault
The fault surface is usually near vertical and
the footwall moves either left or right or laterally with
very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faults with left-
lateral motion are also known as sinistral faults.
Those with right-lateral motion are also known as
dextral faults.
A special class of strike-slip faults is the
transform fault, which is a plate tectonics feature
related to spreading centers such as mid-ocean
ridges. Transform faults are often referred to as
transform plate boundaries.

Picture 12. Schematic illustration of the two strike-

slip fault types.
 Oblique-slip faults

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 Picture 13. Fault
A fault which has a component of dip-slip
and a component of strike-slip is termed an oblique-
slip fault. Nearly all faults will have some
component of both dip-slip and strike-slip, so
defining a fault as oblique requires both dip and
strike components to be measurable and
significant. Some oblique faults occur within
transtensional and transpressional regimes, others
occur where the direction of extension or shortening
changes during the deformation but the earlier
formed faults remain active.
The hade angle is defined as the
complement of the dip angle; it is the angle
between the fault plane and a vertical plane that
strikes parallel to the fault.

Picture 14. Fault along the southern

boundary

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2.1.3.3 Fault rock
All faults have a measurable thickness, made
up of deformed rock that is characteristic of the level in
the crust where the faulting happened, the rock types
affected by the fault and the presence and nature of
any mineralising fluids. Fault rocks are classified by
their textures and the implied mechanism of
deformation. A fault that passes through different
levels of the lithosphere will have many different types
of fault rock developed along its surface. Continued
dip-slip displacement will tend to juxtapose fault rocks
characteristic of different crustal levels, with varying
degrees of overprinting. This effect is particularly clear
in the case of detachment faults and major thrust
faults.

Picture 15. Inactive fault

The main types of fault rock are:
 Cataclasite - A fault rock which is cohesive with a
poorly developed or absent planar fabric, or which
is incohesive, characterised by generally angular
clasts and rock fragments in a finer-grained matrix
of similar composition.
 Mylonite - A fault rock which is cohesive and
characterized by a well developed planar fabric

16
 resulting from tectonic reduction of grain size, and
commonly containing rounded porphyroclasts and
rock fragments of similar composition to minerals in
the matrix
 Tectonic or Fault breccia - A medium- to coarse-
grained cataclasite containing >30% visible
fragments.
 Fault gouge - An incohesive, clay-rich fine- to
ultrafine-grained cataclasite, which may possess a
planar fabric and containing <30% visible
fragments. Rock clasts may be present
 Pseudotachylite - Ultrafine-grained vitreous-looking
material, usually black and flinty in appearance,
occurring as thin planar veins, injection veins or as
a matrix to pseudoconglomerates or breccias,
which infills dilation fractures in the host rock.
 Clay smear clay-rich fault gouge formed in
sedimentary sequences containing clay-rich layers
which are strongly deformed and sheared into the
fault gouge.
A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically,
faults are associated with, or form, the boundaries
between Earth's tectonic plates. In an active fault, the
pieces of the Earth's crust along a fault move over
time. The moving rocks can cause earthquakes.
Inactive faults had movement along them at one time,
but no longer move. The type of motion along a fault
depends on the type of fault. The main types of faults
are described below.

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2.1.4 Unconformity

Picture 16. Hutton's Unconformity

An unconformity is a buried erosion surface separating
two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that
sediment deposition was not continuous. In general, the older
layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before
deposition of the younger, but the term is used to describe any
break in the sedimentary geologic record. The phenomenon of
angular unconformity (see below) was discovered by James
Hutton, who found examples at Jedburgh in 1787 and at
Siccar Point in 1788.
The rocks above an unconformity are younger than the
rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An
unconformity represents time during which no sediments were
preserved in a region. The local record for that time interval is
missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that
part of the geologic history of that area. The interval of
geologic time not represented is called a hiatus.
2.1.4.1 Types of unconformities
 Disconformity
Disconformity is an unconformity between
parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which

18
 represents a period of erosion or non-deposition.
Paraconformity is a type of disconformity in which
the separation is a simple bedding plane; i.e., there
is no obvious buried erosional surface. Blended
unconformity is a type of disconformity or
nonconformity with no distinct separation plane or
contact, sometimes consisting of soils, paleosols, or
beds of pebbles derived from the underlying rock.
 Nonconformity
A nonconformity exists between sedimentary
rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the
sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on
the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or
igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is
igneous or has lost its bedding by metamorphism,
the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.
 Angular unconformity

Picture 17. Hutton's angular unconformity

 Angular unconformity is an unconformity where
horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock
are deposited on tilted and eroded layers,
producing an angular discordance with the
overlying horizontal layers. The whole sequence
may later be deformed and tilted by further
orogenic activity.

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 Paraconformity is a type of unconformity in
which strata are parallel; there is little apparent
erosion and the unconformity surface resembles
a simple bedding plane. It is also known as
nondepositional unconformity or
pseudoconformity.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

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1.6. Equipment and substance
1.6.1. Equipment
 Field bag
 Field book
 Clip board
 Samples bag
 Geology compass
 Geology hammer
 Topographic map
 Camera
 HCl
1.6.2. Substances
The kind of the geology structure in the kalilutung river,
Wonorejo village, Karangjati, Pringapus, Semarang.

1.7. Work Steps

Begin

Arrived on location

Plotting areas

Observation

Collecting data

Data processing

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 Report

End

1.8. Flow chart

Begin

Field observation

Structure identifications

Structure descriptions

End

CHAPTER IV
SEMARANG CITY REGIONAL GEOLOGY

4.1 Regional Geomorphology Semarang

4.1.1 General state of Semarang Area
Geographically, the area municipality of Semarang,
Central Java Province is located in koordinant 110 o16'20''-
110o30'29'' east longitude and 6o55'34''- 7o07'04'' south latitude
with an area of 391.2 km2 area. Semarang Area municipalities
just like the other area in Indonesia as a tropical climate,
consist of the dry season and rainy season which alternately
throughout the year. The average large amount of rainfall on
average per month Semarang northern region is 2000 - 2500

22
 mm / year and the southern part of Semarang 2500 - 3000
mm / year. Meanwhile, rainfall on average per month based on
data from the year 1994 - 1998 ranged between 58 to 338 mm
/ month, the highest rainfall occurred in October until April with
rainfall between 176 to 338 mm / month, while the lowest
rainfall occurs the month of May to September with rainfall
from 58 to 131 mm / month. Air temperature ranged from 24 oC
to 33oC served until the humidity varies on average between
62% - 84%. While the wind speed average is 5.8 km / hour.
The limits of the city of Semarang include:
1. The north is bordered by Java Sea with a coastline length of
±
13.6 km
2. South by the District of Semarang
3. In the east by Demak Regency
4. The west is bordered by Kendal District

Administratively, the city of Semarang consists of 16 district

and 177 wards. Location of the city of Semarang nearly are in
the midst of a long stretch of the Indonesian archipelago from
the west to east.
4.1.2 Regional Topography Semarang
The city of Semarang has a height range between 0.75 -
348 m above sea level, with topography in the coastal areas /
coastal, plains and hilly land with a slope ranging from 0% -
45%.
4.1.3 Regional Morphology Semarang
Morphology Semarang area based on topography and
slope of the slope can be divided into 4 units of morphology,
namely:
 Lowland is a coastal alluvial plains and rivers, the area is
the southwestern part of the mountain hills, slopes of
generally flat to very gently sloping terrain with a slope
between 0 - 5% (0-3%), altitude places in the north between

23
 0 - 25 m asl and in the southwestern part of the height
between 225 = 275 m above sea level. Size distribution of
approximately 164.9 km2 (42, 36%) of the whole area of
Semarang. Lowland extends parallel Java Sea coastline,
with a width of 2.5 km - 10 km with 10 m ketingggian place
above the sea surface. These regions comprise the flood
surge on the side of the river with hidromorf the form of
alluvial gravel, sand, silt and clay. Meeting with the
coastline, forming the delta of alluvial deposits of sand, silt
and clay. As a result of tidal waves and sea water then
spread sludge blood circumstances Northeast and
Southwest, and make the shoreline more advanced.
 Wavy Region these morphological units are generally the
mountains, foothills and river bees have smooth undulating
surface of the slope field with 5 - 10% (3-9%), height
between 25 - 200 m above sea level. Widely spread around
68.09 km2. (17.38%) of the whole area of Semarang.
 Highlands Region
Unit area is part of the river Kali Garang who berhulukaki in
Foot Mount Ungaran. Patterned tributaries continue to
prune and erode straight down tegaj circumstances with
strong upstream red, membenruk regions having a high
degree of erosion and extensive.
 Between regions
Located between the low and upland areas. The
morphology of this region mainly hilly areas with slopes
moderate to steep.
 Sloping hills cycle
These morphological units are feet and the ridge of
hills, has a wavy surface of the slope gentle slope with
a 10 to 15% with a height region from 25 to 435 m
above sea level. Widely spread around 73.31 km2
(18.84%) from the entire area of Semarang.

24
  Hills declivitous cycle
These morphological units are the slopes and the
hilltops with a rather steep slope, a slope between 15 -
30%, tempata altitude between 25 to 445 m above sea
level. Size distribution of approximately 57.91% (14.8%)
of the whole area of Semarang.
 Steep hills cycle
These morphological units meriupakan slopes and
hilltops with a steep slope, has a slope between 30 -
50%, height 40 to 325 m above sea level. Widely
spread around 17:47 km2 (4:47%) of the whole area of
Semarang.
 Cycle very steep hills
These morphological units are slopes and riverbanks
with ynag very steep slopes, has a slope between 50 -
70%, height between 45 to 165 m above sea level.
Widely spread around 2:26 km2 (0.58%) from all areas
of Semarang.
 Steeply hills cycle
These morphological units are generally the river bank
with a steep slope has a slope> 70%, place altitude is
between 100 to 300 m above sea level. Widely spread
around 6:45 km2 (1.65%) from all areas of Semarang.
4.1.4 Land Use
The use of land in the area of Semarang Municipality
consists of the region woke up (build up area) which consists
of residential, office and services, industry areas,
transportation. While no wake area consists of ponds,
agriculture and plantation areas and conservation.
4.1.5 Composition Statigrafi
Geological Map of Semarang on the basis of geology
Sheet Magelang - Semarang (RE, Thaden, et al; 1996)
statigrafinya structure is as follows:
 Alluvium

25
 Alluvium deposits is the beach, rivers, and lakes. The
litology are coastal sediments consisting of clay, silt and
sand and mix them to reach a thickness of 50 m or more.
River and lake sediments consist of gravel, gravel, sand
and silt thick with 1 to 3 m. composed andesite boulder,
stone clay and a bit sandstone.

 Roks of Gajahmungkur volcanoes

Rocks of andesite lava, gray blackish, smooth, holokristalin,
the composition consisting of feldspar, hornblende and
augit, is hard and compact. Local shows numerous
muscular structure (joint sheeting).
 Rock Gunungapi Kaligesik
Basalat of lava rocks, gray blackish, smooth, mineral
composition consists of feldspar, olivine and augit, hard.
 Formation Jongkong
Breksi, andesite, hornblende, augit, and lava flows,
previously called the Old Ungaran volcanic rocks. Andesite
Breksi blackish brown, component 1 meter - 50 cm diagonal
- rounded responsibility tufaan basic mass, porosity
medium, compact dank eras. Lava flows colored dark gray,
fine-grained, vesicular structures of local shows.
 Formation Damar
Rock consists of tufaan sandstone, conglomerate, and
volcanic breksi. The colour of tufaan sandstone fine-grained
brownish yellow - coarse, consisting of the mineral
composition mafik, feldspar, and quartz basic premises of
tufaan, porosity medium, hard. Brownish yellow
conglomerate to blackish, composed of components
andesite, basalt, batuapung, measuring 0.5 - 5 cm, rounded
responsibilities until well rounded, slightly fragile. Breksi
volcanic lava may be deposited as, gray blackish,
components and consists of andesite basalt, measuring 1
to 20 cm diagonal - rounded directly, rather loudly.

26
  Formation Kaligetas
Rock consists of breksi and lava with lava and tufa inserts
smooth to rough, found in underneath consist of claystone
and sandstone mollusks tufaan. Breksi and blackish-brown
lava, with the components of andesite, basalt, base period
pumicestone with tufa, its main components angled -
angled responsibility, poositas moderate to high, breksi is
hard and compact, while the lava a bit fragile. Black lava
gray, hard and compact. Whitish yellow tufa, fine - coarse,
high porosity, glass. Stone clay, green, low porosity, a little
hard on the dry and easily damaged in wet conditions.
Tufaan sandstone, yellowish brown, fine - medium, and the
porosity is rather hard.
 Formation Kalibeng
Rock consists of napal, sandstone tufaan and limestone.
Napal gray green to blackish, composed of the mineral
composition of clay and carbonate sement, low porosity
water-resistant, rather hard on the dry and easily damaged
in wet conditions. In this local napal contain carbon (organic
material) black yellow sandstone tufaan, fine - coarse,
porosity is, somewhat hard, limestone is in napal lens, gray
white, hard and compact
 Formation hoist
Clay stone, napal, tufaan sandstone, conglomerate, breksi
volcanic and limestone. Light gray clay stone - old,
andesite, partly an insert with silt stone or sandstone,
containing fossil foram, dank oral mollusc-coral colonies.
Thin layer of conglomerate rock found in the clay at the K.
Chips in the sandstone. Generally layered limestone,
kristallin and sandly, has a total thickness of more than 400
meters
4.1.6 Soil Movement

27
 From the results of slope stability analysis is known that
rock weathering clay soil has a critical point of the small slope
of 14.85%. Napal weathering the critical slope angle is 19.5%.
tufaan sandstone weathering has a critical slope angle 20.8%
and weathering breksi
4.2 Geological structures
Geological structures located in Semarang area mainly
consisting of fault normal fault, fault and fault ride slide. Directional
relative to normal fault west - east part slightly convex to the north,
berarh shear fault south to north northwest - southeast, while the
directional relative to normal fault west - east. Fault-fault occurs in
the general hoist rock formations, formations and formations
Kalibening old Damar or teriser quarter. Shear-shear intensive often
seemingly on the rocks and stones napal clay, which is especially
marked in the Kalibiuk Formation and Tinjomoyo Manyaran. This
fault structure is one of the causes of these regions have line "weak",
so that the area and occurs easily eroded soil movement.

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