Distribution Systems

Components
(Sub transmission System)
* Distribution Substation
* Primary Feeders
* Distribution Transformers
* Secondary Circuits
Loads (Definition of Power System)
Radial Distribution System
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS
* Simple radial
* Improved radial
* Parallel or Loop Circuit.
* Network or grid Circuit.
Simple Radial Subtransmission Circuit.
Improved Radial subtransmission systems.
Loop subtransmission system.
Ring Subtransmission system.
Mesh type (Network type) Subtransmission system
Grid/Network type Subtransmission system
Multiple circuits subtransmission system
 Comparison between different circuit configurations

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Primary distribution, which carries
the load at higher than utilization
voltages from the substation (or other
source) to the point where the voltage
is stepped down to the value at which
the energy is utilized by the
consumer.
Primary feeder schematic diagram showing trunk
or main feeds and laterals or spurs
Primary System

Primary distribution systems include three basic types:

1. Radial systems, including duplicate and throw over

systems

2. Loop systems, including both open and closed loops

3. Primary network systems

Comparison between various types of Primary systems
 Secondary distribution, which
includes that part of the system
operating at utilization voltages, up
to the meter at the consumer's
premises.
Single-service secondary supply
Common-secondary-main supply
Low-voltage secondary network
Load flow solution of distribution
system in the presence of distributed
generation and energy storage units
 - Voltage at each node (within limits)
- Current via each branch (less than
thermal limit)
- Voltage stability of system

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Meshed network or interconnected

Load flow study using Newton

Raphson method
Fast decoupled method
 Radial systems
• Forward / Backward Sweep (FBS) Methods
• Backward Forward Sweep (BFS) Method
[Since the large number of load buses and the
high R/X ratios in the AC part of the system
can lead to the divergence of Jacobian matrix
based methods]

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 Hybrid AC/DC distribution systems
are rapidly growing due to the recent
developments in power electronic
technologies and increasing
deployment of DC output type
distributed generations (DGs) in
distribution voltage levels.

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Therefore, load flow calculation
for AC/DC distribution systems in
the presence of different kinds of
DGs is required.