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Welcome…
The AFAA Webinar will begin shortly
New Smoke Detection Flaming &
Smoldering Polyurethane Foam and
Cooking Nuisance Resistance Tests
Dave Newhouse
Gentex Corporation
Industry Affairs
Regulatory Compliance Engineer
Webinar Agenda
History behind the new requirements
Polyurethane foam
Cooking nuisance resistance
Research projects
New requirements
Manufacturing challenges
Compliance dates
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12/6/2018
Why are we here today?
ANSI/UL 217 (8th Ed) The UL listing Standard
for Smoke Alarms
• Section 51.4 Flaming Polyurethane Foam Test
• Section 53 Smoldering Polyurethane Foam Test
• Section 54 Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
ANSI/UL 268 (7th Ed) The UL listing Standard
for Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems
• Section I2 Flaming Polyurethane Foam Test
• Section I3 Smoldering Polyurethane Foam Test
• Section I4 Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
History Polyurethane
NFPA Statistics
Fatalities
• 1977 approximately 6,000
• 2016 approximately 2,700
Home furnishings
Transitioned from natural products
• Real Wood, cotton materials
Synthetic Materials
• Plastics, vinyl, microfibers & polyurethanes
History ‐ Polyurethane
Dangers of Synthetics
Cause of more fire deaths in past 25 years
• Rapid burn rate
• Burns hotter
• Reaches flashover at a faster rate
• Oxygen depletion
• Emit dense smoke and toxic gasses
• Hydrogen Cyanide, Carbon Monoxide
• Reduction in Safe Egress Times
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12/6/2018
History Polyurethane Video
Polyurethane Uses
Closed cell flexible foam
• Furniture
• Mattresses
• Carpet padding
Rigid foam
• Insolation
• Noise reduction
Coatings
• Sealants for wood & concrete
• Adhesives
TPU & RIM
• Automotive, construction, life safety products
Thread
• Garments & Sportswear
Polyurethane Production
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12/6/2018
Polyurethane Production
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Polyurethane Production
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Polyurethane
Why was Polyurethane foam chosen?
• Increase available egress time
• Expand detection responsiveness
• Expand range of particles, sizes and colors
currently represented by ANSI/UL217 & 268
Smoke Characterization Study – (next slide)
• Unique Particle signature
• Unique burn – solid transitioned to liquid
• Used in ANSI/UL1636 Residential Sprinkler
Standard
• Also used in EN 54‐7 Fire Detection and Fire
Alarm Systems
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12/6/2018
Polyurethane Characteristics
Smoke Characterization Study –
Unique Particle signature
• Flaming Polyurethane foam
• Smallest particle tested approximately 0.05um
• Black in color
• Unique burn – solid transitioned to liquid
• Smoldering Polyurethane
• Particle size is approximately 0.09um
• Brownish gold in color
(back to slide 12)
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History ‐ Cooking Nuisance
Why are new resistance to cooking nuisance
requirements needed?
• Cooking is #1 source of nuisance alarms
• Up to 73% of all nuisance alarms caused by cooking
• In fires where smoke alarms were present, but
did not operate 46% had missing or
disconnected batteries
• Nuisance alarms cause complacency
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History – Cooking Nuisance
IAFC submitted 41 proposals for 2013 Edition of NFPA 72
• Assisted with a call to action
There is no single solution to nuisance alarms
• Opportunities for improvement:
• Properly installed, tested & maintained equipment
• Training, Education & Certification
• Designers and Installers
• Enforcement
• AHJ’s
• AFAA is an excellent source for training
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12/6/2018
History ‐ Cooking Nuisance
Why did UL choose frozen hamburger?
Characterization of Smoke Alarm Nuisance Sources
from Cooking Scenarios
• Determine best surrogate of all cooking nuisances
• Develop requirements for the Standards
• Broiling frozen hamburger best surrogate of all cooking
nuisance sources all cooking scenarios
• Pizza, frying vegetables, bagels, bacon, toast
• Broiling hamburger produces a broad range of particle
diameters
• Small particles initially, followed by larger particles
• (0.01um to 1um)
• which challenged all smoke alarm types – ion, photo &
combination
• Repeatable results
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Research
• Indiana Dunes II Study ‐2002
• FPRF/UL Smoke Characterization Study – 2007
• UL217 STP Task Group and Research‐ 2008
• CPSC Nuisance Alarms Associated with Cooking ‐
2010
• NIST/CPSC Smoke Alarm Performance in Kitchen
Fires and Nuisance Alarm Scenarios – 2013
• NIST Justification for New Smoldering and Flaming
Test Performance Criteria ‐ 2014
• FPRF Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source
Characterization ‐ 2014
• UL Characterization of Smoke Alarm Nuisance
Sources from Cooking Events Scenarios ‐ 2015
Automatic Fire Alarm Association
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Let’s take a short break…
18
6
12/6/2018
New Requirements
Flaming Polyurethane Foam Test
ANSI/UL217 8th Edition
• Section 51.4 Flaming Polyurethane Foam Test
ANSI/UL 268 7th Edition
• Annex I2 Flaming Polyurethane Foam Test
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Fire Test Room Setup
20
Flaming Polyurethane
ANSI/UL217 8th Ed Section 51.4
80/20 blend
• Polypropylene oxide polyol, polyether flexible foam
• No colorants or flame retardants
• 14.5 x 17 x 3 inches*
• Conditioning
• 73.4F + 3F @ 50% + 5% humidity for 48 hours
• Placement*
• Foil lined tray placed on a non‐combustible tile
• Method of Ignition*
• Corner of foam closest to alarm
• 5mL of alcohol
• * Exact arrangement may be varied to obtain valid test
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12/6/2018
Flaming Polyurethane
Criteria for acceptance
• The smoke build rate must be in accordance
with the beam and MIC smoke profiles
• All 5 smoke alarms must activate on or
before the 5% obscuration limit
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Flaming Polyurethane
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Flaming Polyurethane
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12/6/2018
New Requirements
Smoldering Polyurethane Foam Test
ANSI/UL217 8th Edition
• Section 53 Smoldering Polyurethane Foam Test
ANSI/UL 268 7th Edition
• Annex I3 Smoldering Polyurethane Foam Test
25
Smoldering Polyurethane
ANSIUL/217 8th Ed Section 53
80/20 blend
• Polypropylene oxide polyol, polyether flexible foam
• No colorants or flame retardants
• 14.5 x 17 x 4 inches*
• Conditioning
• 73.4F + 3F @ 50% + 5% humidity for 48 hours
• Method*
• Smoldering without transition to flame
• Examples ‐ Radiant heaters, hot plate, cartridge heaters
• * Exact arrangement may be varied to obtain valid test
26
Smoldering Polyurethane
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12/6/2018
Smoldering Polyurethane
Criteria of acceptance
• The smoke build rate must be in accordance
with the beam and MIC smoke profiles*
• Shall smolder without transitioning to flame
• All 5 smoke alarms must activate on or
before the 12 %ft obscuration limit
• *Time adjusted such that 1.0 %ft
obscuration occurs at 2500 seconds
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Smoldering Polyurethane
29
Smoldering Polyurethane
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10
12/6/2018
New Requirements
Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
ANSI/UL217 8th Edition
• Section 54 Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
ANSI/UL 268 7th Edition
• Annex I4 Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
31
Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
32
Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
ANSIUL/217 8th Ed Section 54
75/25 blend frozen hamburger
• Approximately 3/4 thick x 4 inch diameter
• Conditioning
• ‐20 to ‐25 C (‐4 to 13F) for at least 72 hours
• Method
• Broiling inside electric range with open door
• Without transition to flame
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12/6/2018
Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
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Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
Criteria for acceptance
• The smoke build rate must be in accordance
with the beam and MIC smoke profiles
• The CO limit shall not exceed 4.72 ppm @
1.5%
• All 4 smoke alarms/detectors must NOT
activate prior to the 1.5%ft obscuration
limit
• The hamburgers cannot transition into
flame
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Cooking Nuisance Smoke Test
36
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12/6/2018
Smoke Signatures
Flaming PU Foam
• Produces small particles 0.05um
• Black
• Dense
Smoldering PU Foam
• Produces medium particle size 0.09um
• Brownish gold
• Medium to heavy build
Cooking Nuisance Resistance
• Initially small particles (0.06um) followed by larger
particles (0.09um)
• Light gray
• High MIC response – 59 to 49
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Manufacturers Challenges
• Conventional Photoelectric or Ionization are
not capable of meeting the new
requirements
• Smarter detection required
• Multi‐criteria
• Cost effective solutions
• Narrow Production limits
• 1.5 % cooking nuisance limit
• 5% flaming PU
• Compliance date
38
Compliance Dates – NRTL’s
UL’s Compliance Department:
ANSI/UL217 8th
• All Smoke Alarms must comply by
5/29/2020
ANSI/UL268 7th
• All Smoke Detectors must comply by
5/29/2020
39
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12/6/2018
Compliance Dates – NRTL’s
Intertek’s Compliance Department
ANSI/UL217 8th
• All Smoke Alarms must comply by
5/29/2020
ANSI/UL268 7th
• All Smoke Detectors must comply by
5/29/2020
40
Compliance Dates ‐ NFPA
NFPA 72 2013
• 29.7.3 SA/SD Listed for resistance to common nuisance sources ‐
1/1/2019
• 29.8.3.4(5) SA/SD’s Listed for resistance to common nuisance
sources from cooking‐ 1/1/2016
NFPA 72 2016
• 29.7.3 SA/SD Listed for resistance to common nuisance sources ‐
1/1/2019
• 29.8.3.4(5) SA/SD’s Listed for resistance to common nuisance
sources from cooking ‐ 1/1/2019
• TIA’s ‐ effective 9/3/2018
• TIA 1346 deleted 29.7.3
• TIA 1345 deleted 1/1/2019 changed to 1/1/2022
NFPA 72 2019
• 29.11.3.4(6) SA/SD’s Listed for resistance to common nuisance
sources from cooking – 1/1/2022
41
Compliance Dates
42
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12/6/2018
Flaming and Smoldering PU Foam and
Cooking Nuisance Resistance Tests
Questions / Comments
Dave Newhouse
Gentex Corporation
Industry Affairs
Regulatory Compliance Engineer
dave.newhouse@gentex.com AFAA Webinar 12/6/2018
43
References
• www.ul.com
• UL LLC
• ANSI/UL217 8th ANSI/UL268 7th
• https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/ExecSumma
ryfromNIST_TN_1455‐1_Feb2008.pdf
• https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/TechnicalNotes/NIST.TN.1947.pdf
• https://www.nfpa.org/News‐and‐Research/Publications/NFPA‐
Journal/2017/September‐October‐2017/Features/2016‐US‐Fire‐Loss‐Report
• https://polyurethane.americanchemistry.com/Applications/
• fineartamerica.com
• Elephant's Toothpaste Experiment Photograph by Science Photo Library
• By Hbf878 ‐ Own work, remade based on File:Polyurethane.png by
zh:User:Cyfer, CC BY‐SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63404527
• http://www.cannonviking.com/en/technologies/cardio.html
• www.greiner‐gfi.com/en/production‐of‐foam/
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