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PROTECTION ZONES
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
Multilin
~
5
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor
MAIN EQUIPMENT FOR
SWITCHGEAR OPERATION
Current transformer
Potential transformer
Relay
Circuit breaker
Voltage Transformers
• Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down
and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective
device or relay
• VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary;
14400:120, 7200:120
• A 4160:120 VT has a “VTR” of 34.66
7
VS
Relay
Current Transformers
• Current transformers are used to step primary system currents to
values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc.
• CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5,
600:5, 300:5
• A 2000:5 CT has a “CTR” of 400
Disconnect.
Fast operation.
220 kv HVCB
415 V AC
220 KV
LA
GT
UA
10.5 KV T SER
TR
AV EXT
R TR
GE 6.6 KV CB
N
NGT
GENERATOR THEORY GENERAL OVERVIEW
AND TYPICAL SYSTEM
500 MW TG ON TEST BED
NATURE OF FAULTS IN
GENERATOR
Insulation failure.
Tends to deteriate with rising temp.
Limits overvoltages
Limits difference in electric potential through local area conducting
objects
Several methods
Ungrounded
Reactance Coil Grounded
High Z Grounded
Low Z Grounded
Solidly Grounded
SYSTEM GROUNDING
1. Ungrounded: There is no intentional
ground applied to the system-however
it’s grounded through natural
capacitance. Found in 2.4-15kV
systems.
Multilin
at the fault and limits voltage across the
25
arc at the fault to decrease damage.
X0 <= 10 * X1
SYSTEM GROUNDING
3. High Resistance Grounded: Limits
ground fault current to 10A-20A. Used
to limit transient overvoltages due to
arcing ground faults.
R0 <= X0C/3, X0C is capacitive zero
sequence reactance
Multilin
R0 >= 2X0
26
SYSTEM GROUNDING
Multilin
27
GENERATOR EARTHING
generator
mmmmmm
mmmmmm
mmmmmm
mmmmmm
Loading
Over voltage relay
resistor
With time delay
P.B
Field wdg
exciter
Voltage relay
Rotor earth fault protection:
• DC injection method or AC injection method.
• The dc or ac voltage is impressed between the field
circuit and ground through a sensitive overvoltage
relay and current limiting resistor or capacitor(in case
of ac).
• But dc source is generally used as over-current relay in
case of dc is more sensitive than ac.
• A single earth fault in rotor circuit will complete the
path and the fault is sensed by the relay.
Rotor earth fault protection
AC Injection method
GENERATOR PROTECTION
1 ST ROTOR E/F PROTECTION
(64R1)
D.C. INJECTION METHOD.
Rotor temperature alarm
• It is provided in large
generators.
• It indicates the level of
temperature but not the
actual hot spot
temperature.
• The relay measures the
temperature by
measuring the resistance
.(as shown in fig)
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Overexcitation
Over Open
Power Loss of Field
Loss of Field Circuits
Overexcitation
Overexcitation
Exciter
The
"Wild"
G Power
System
Abnormal
Inadvertent Frequency
Abnormal Energizing,
Frequency Pole Flashover
Loss of
Reverse Breaker Synchronism
Power Failure
STEAM
VALVE
X Y
mm
Zc ZA
VZA+VZC
46 VZA
Ia
Ia
VZA
VZC
Ib Ic Ib
Ic
VZC
POSITIVE SEQ NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
Negative phase sequence
protection:
• Unbalance may cause due to single phase
fault or unbalanced loading and it gives rise to
negative sequence current .
• This current in rotor causes rotor overheating
and damage to the rotor.
• This can be protected by negative sequence
current filter with over current relay.
Negative phase sequence protection:
Field failure protection
FILED WDG
Excite
r
SHUNT
FUS
FUSE T1 E
T2
TRIP
FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION
Lossof generator field excitation under normal running
conditions may arise due to any of the following condition.
1. Failure of brush gear.
2. unintentional opening of the field circuit breaker.
3. Failure of AVR.