Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
STATISTICS
Xuefeng Peng1, Xiuwan Chen1, Han Xiao1, Wei Wan2, 3, Ting Yang1, Zhenyu Yang1
1. Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
1. INTRODUCTION On Nov. 6th and Dec. 17th 2014, our research group (from
the Peking University), cooperating with members from the
In 1993 Martin-Neria proposed that GPS L band signals Beihang University, conducted two ground-based GNSS-R
could be applied to ocean remote sensing with a passive remote sensing experiments at Beijing Academy of
reflectometry and interferometry system [1]. Soon afterwards, Agriculture and Forestry. A DMR receiver developed by the
NASA developed a Delay Mapping Receiver (DMR) and the Beihang University was used with a sampling frequency of 1
corresponding scattering theory was put forward for sensing Hz. There are two antennas connected to the receiver: a
ocean surface parameters [2, 3]. Gradually, GNSS Right Hand Circular Polarized (RHCP) antenna for receiving
Reflectometry (GNSS-R) draw the attention of researchers direct signals, and a Left Hand Circular Polarized (LHCP) one
with its unique advantages [4]. Employing the same DMR for reflected signals. The experimental site was covered by
and relevant theory, Masters et al. (2000) correlated peak mature cabbage in November (Fig. 1 (a), (b)), whereas it was
reflected signal power to soil moisture, demonstrating the bare soil (Fig. 1 (c)) in December. Several TRIME-PICO
feasibility to determine soil moisture from reflected GPS sensors were used to obtain the in situ soil moisture with a
signals [5]. A GPS bistatic radar participated for the first time sampling interval of 5 minutes and depths of 3 cm and 6 cm.
in airborne measurements during the Soil Moisture
2005
1 0.5
PRN10 PRN2 PRN5 3 cm in situ 6 cm in situ
0.8 0.4
SMC(cm /cm )
3
Reflectivity
0.6 0.3
3
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.1
0 0
4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30
Nov. 6th 2014 (UTC)
0.4 0.2
PRN19 PRN7 PRN11 PRN1 3 cm in situ 6 cm in situ
SMC(cm /cm )
3
Reflectivity
3
0.2 0.1
0 0
18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00 0
Dec. 17th 2014 (UTC)
Fig. 2 Signal reflectivity and in situ soil moisture content (SMC). The left y axes represents the signal reflectivity of ind ividual
satellites, while the right y axes represents in situ SMC of 3 cm and 6 cm in depth. The upper panel is corres ponding to Nov.
6th while the lower one is corresponding to Dec. 17th
1200 2400
Histogram Histogram
Normal Curve Fit Normal Curve Fit
1000 2000
800 1600
Frequency
Frequency
600 1200
400 800
200 400
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
3 3 3 3
SMC Inversion Values in Nov. 6th (cm /cm ) SMC Inversion Values in Dec. 17th (cm /cm )
Fig. 3 Soil moisture inversion values histograms and normal curve fitting
Table 1 Comparison of the estimated soil moisture values and the in situ values (cm3/cm3)
3 cm in situ 6 cm in situ Estimated value
cabbage area: 0.03
11/06 0.20 0.24
bare soil area: 0.13
12/17 0.05 0.09 0.03
2006
5. CONCLUSION Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, IEEE
Journal of 3.1 (2010): 91-99.
The proposed method of fitting histogram for the estimated
soil moisture values with normal curve will be a good [8] Chew, Clara C., et al. "Effects of near-surface soil
approach for 1) isolating the estimated values from different moisture on GPS SNR data: development of a retrieval
parts of mixed surface; 2) estimating the soil moisture of algorithm for soil moisture." Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
homogeneous surface more accurately than the simply IEEE Transactions on 52.1 (2014): 537-543.
averaging method. Data from longer time series and more
land cover types is needed to analyze the inconsistence [9] Rodriguez-Alvarez, Nereida, et al. "Land geophysical
between the estimated and in situ values. The vegetation parameters retrieval using the interference pattern GNSS-R
impacts on soil moisture or vegetation water content technique." Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE
estimation using GNSS-R technique need further Transactions on 49.1 (2011): 71-84.
investigation [13, 14].
[10] Masters, Dallas, Penina Axelrad, and Stephen Katzberg.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT "Initial results of land-reflected GPS bistatic radar
measurements in SMEX02." Remote Sensing of Environment
The authors acknowledge funding from China’s National 92.4 (2004): 507-520.
“Twelfth Five-Year Plan” Pre-research Program in civil space
field. [11] Katzberg, Stephen J., et al. "Utilizing calibrated GPS
reflected signals to estimate soil reflectivity and dielectric
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