Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Engr228
Circuit Analysis
Dr Curtis Nelson
Chapter 6 Objectives
Inductors
di (t )
vL (t ) = L
dt
di (t )
vL (t ) = L
dt
Inductor Example
From the circuit shown
at the right, find i(t).
di (t )
v(t ) = L
dt
1 1
L∫ L∫
i (t ) = v (t ) dt = A sin ωtdt
A A − cos ωt
= ∫ sin ωtdt =
L L ω
A A π
= (− cos ωt ) = (sin ωt − )
ωL ωL 2
A π
i (t ) = (sin ωt − )
ωL 2
Power in an Inductor
diL
p = vL iL = LiL
dt
t
wL (t ) = ∫ pdt
t0
1 2
wL (t ) = LiL
2
Inductor Example
• Find the maximum energy stored in the inductor.
1 2 πt
wL = Li = 216 sin 2
2 6
πt
p R = i 2 R = 14.4 sin 2
6
6
2 πt
wR = ∫ 14.4 sin
0 6
= 43.2 J
Real Capacitors
C = Q/V
• The SI unit of capacitance is the farad; 1 farad is 1 coulomb per
volt.
More on Capacitance
• The capacitance of the majority of capacitors used in electronic circuits
is several orders of magnitude smaller than the farad. The most common
subunits of capacitance in use today are the milli-farad (mF), micro-
farad (µF), nano-farad (nF), pico-farad (pF), and femto-farad (fF).
• The capacitance can be calculated if the geometry of the conductors and
the dielectric properties of the insulator between the conductors are
known. For example, the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor
constructed of two parallel plates both of area S separated by a distance d
is approximately equal to the following:
C = εRε0(S/d)
• C is the capacitance
• S is the area of overlap of the two plates
• εr is the relative static permittivity (sometimes called the dielectric
constant) of the material between the plates (for a vacuum, εr = 1)
×
• ε0 is the electric constant (ε0 ≈ 8.854 10−12 Fm–1)
• d is the separation between the plates
dvC (t )
iC (t ) = C
dt
DC Characteristics of a Capacitor
dvC (t )
iC (t ) = C
dt
dv(t ) d ( A sin ωt )
i (t ) = C =C
dt dt
= AωC (cos ωt )
A π
= sin(ωt + )
1 2
ωC
Phase shift of +90º
• Power in a capacitor
dvC
pC = vC iC = CvC
dt
• Energy in a capacitor
t
wC (t ) = ∫ pdt
t0
1 2
wC (t ) = CvC
2
Capacitor Example
• Find the maximum energy stored in the capacitor of the
circuit below, and the energy dissipated in the resistor over
the interval 0 < t < 500 ms.
1 2
wC = Cv = 0.1sin 2 2πt
2
wCmax = 0.1 J
v2
pR = = 0.01sin 2 2πt
R
0.5
wR = ∫
0
0.01sin 2 2πt dt = 2.5 mJ
Leq = L1 + L2 + K + LN
(d)
(c)
1 1 1 1
= + +K+
Leq L1 L2 LN
Capacitor Combinations
(c)
(d)
1 1 1 1 Ceq = C1 + C 2 + K + C N
= + +K+
C eq C1 C 2 CN
Application of Capacitors