Universidad de Manila 659-A Cecilia Muñoz Palma St. Corner Antonio J. Villegas St. Mehan Gardens, Manila

UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA
659-A Cecilia Muñoz Palma St. corner Antonio J. Villegas St.

Mehan Gardens, Manila
COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND ECONOMICS
Causes of Unemployment in Tondo Manila and Caloocan City
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Accountancy and Economics of
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Degree Bachelor of Science in

Economics
Submitted by:
Colegio, Nordeen April D
Cruz, Gelli Ann S.
Meneses, Monnaliza B.
Pepito, Ma. Erika R.
1
DEDICATION
We would like to dedicate this thesis to our parents who have supported us all
the way since the beginning of our studies.
Also, this thesis is dedicated to all those who believe in the richness of learning.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude
to God for the knowledge, good health and well-being that were necessary to complete
this research.
The researchers would also like to extend their gratitude to Dr. Luz Banes for her
guidance, patience and support throughout the research and writing process.
Last but not the least; the researchers would like to thank their families for
supporting them, spiritually and financially throughout writing this research.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page --------------------------------------- 1

Dedication --------------------------------------- 2
Acknowledgement --------------------------------------- 3
Table of Contents --------------------------------------- 4
Abstract --------------------------------------- 5
Chapter I. Introduction --------------------------------------- 6-9
Statement of the problem --------------------------------------- 10
Objectives --------------------------------------- 11
H.A & H.O --------------------------------------- 12
Scope and Limitation --------------------------------------- 13
Significance of the Study --------------------------------------- 14
Definitions of terms --------------------------------------- 15
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature --------------------------------------- 16-20
Framework of Study --------------------------------------- 21
Chapter III. Methodology --------------------------------------- 22
Research Design --------------------------------------- 22
Instrument Used --------------------------------------- 23
Data Gathering Procedure --------------------------------------- 24
Statistical Treatment of Data --------------------------------------- 25
Summary --------------------------------------- 26
Chapter IV. Presentation, Analysis and --------------------------------------- 27-45
Interpretation
Chapter V. Summary, Conclusions and --------------------------------------- 46
Recommendations
Summary of Findings --------------------------------------- 46-49
Conclusions --------------------------------------- 50-52
Recommendation --------------------------------------- 53-54
Appendices --------------------------------------- 55
4
ABSTRACT
There are few studies on unemployment duration in developing countries. This
research paper studied and analyzed the comparative study of increasing rate of
unemployment of two barangays in Tondo Manila and Caloocan City. It also shows the
reason of unemployment of each barangay which illustrates their difference not just in
the rate of unemployment but also in their standard of living. We used the results of the
surveys to study and calculated the rate of unemployment in both barangays. We
analyzed the determinants of increasing rate of unemployment between Barangay 181
Pag-asa St. Tondo, Manila and Barangay 131 Pag-asa St. Caloocan City. The reasons
of increasing rate of unemployment are examined. Descriptive research methods and
statistical procedure are used. The analyses are carried out for men and women
separately. Our results indicate that barangay in Tondo Manila are experiencing higher
unemployment durations than barangay in Caloocan City. Age, gender and civil status
has a negative effect while education, environment and size of the family has a positive
effect on the hazard rate of unemployment
5
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGGROUND
Introduction
The January 2015 Labor Force Survey (LFS) revealed that the figures for
employment, unemployment, and underemployment all improved during the period.
Daily tribune said Caloocan City has been named as the most improved city,
jumping from 69th position to number 9 on the list of the most competitive cities in the
Philippines. In the recently released report of the National Competitiveness Council, the
city moved 60 ranks higher from 69th place in 2013 to 9th place in 2014, and received
an overall index score of 43.81 points, besting the cities of Pasay, Pasig and Taguig.
Tondo was the most populous district in the city. Among the 14 districts
comprising the City of Manila, Tondo was the most populous with a population size
making up 38.0 percent of the total population of the city. Sampaloc was second with
20.7 percent share, followed by Santa Ana with 10.7 percent, Santa Cruz with 7.0
percent, Malate with 4.7 percent, Pandacan with 4.5 percent, and Paco with 4.3
percent. The rest of the districts contributed less than 4.0 percent each.
6
The researchers choose this topic because as a resident of barangays they
observe that there is a factor affecting the rate of unemployment. The researchers’
wants to know what the factors are and what will be the solution to the problem.
The purpose of conducting this research study is to find out the factors affecting
the rate of unemployment in the barangays and to examine the problems to make a
conclusion and to give recommendation that will be a possible solution to at least lessen
the increasing rate of unemployment.
7
Statement of the problem
This study aims to determine the cause of unemployment between Barangay 181
Pag-asa St. Tondo Manila and Barangay 131 Pag-asa St. Caloocan City.
It seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Civil status
1.3 Gender
1.4 Educational attainments
2. What are the prevalent causes of unemployment?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the causes of unemployment and
demographic profile?
8
OBJECTIVES
1. To find out the factors affecting increasing rate of unemployment of both
barangay.
2. To compare the difference of the increasing rate of unemployment between
the two barangay.
3. To determine and analyze the possible solution to lower the increasing rate of
unemployment of both barangay.
4. To describe the difference of the livelihood of each barangay.
5. To test if the solution for the rampant employment is effective.
9
Ha
There is a significance relationship between the factors and the increasing rate of
unemployment between Barangay 181 Pag-asaTondo Manila and Barangay 131 Pag-
asa Caloocan City.
H0
There is no significance relationship between the factors and the increasing rate of
unemployment between Barangay 181 Pag-asa St. Tondo Manila and Barangay 131
Pag-asa St. Caloocan City.
10
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This research likes to present the limited factors as determinants of
unemployment between Barangay 181 Pag-asa St. Tondo Manila and Barangay 131
Pag-asa St. Caloocan City such as size or the total number of family members, the
environment in both areas and their educational qualification.
There is no specific person to answer the questionnaire but there is an age
bracket of 18 to 47 respondents only.
The total population in Baragay 181 Pag-asa Tondo Manila is 6,823. On the
other hand, Barangay 131 Pag-asa Caloocan City has a total population of 4,381
Out of the total population of two barangays 50 each were chosen to be the
respondents with the total of 100 respondents.
11
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of this research study is to show the comparison of the two
barangay in their standard of living. The research shows the factors of how the rate of
unemployment in their barangay increases. It explains what could be the possible
reasons of unemployment in the areas. This study hopes that this will help not just to
show what the causes are, but also to lower the increasing rate of unemployment.
This research study will benefit the following:
 Residents of Barangay 181 Pag-asa in Tondo Manila
 Barangay 131 Caloocan City
For them to know the factors affecting the rate of unemployment in their barangay and
to give an action and solution to the problems with the help of this study.
 Government
This research study will be a help to the government to lessen the increasing rate of
unemployment not just in two barangays but as well as in the country. The
recommendations in this study can be considered as solution to the problems.
 Future Researchers
This research study will be a big help to the future researchers especially to those who
have related topics in this research. This will serve as their guidelines to conduct and
fulfill a research study.
12
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Dynamism – Changes in an economic system over time, particularly those reflected in
the behavior of markets, businesses, and the general economy.
Employment - is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where

work is paid for, where one is the employer and the other is the employee.
Causes - something or someone that produces an effect, result, or condition

Increase - Indicates growth of something that gets bigger in number or volume or the
act of gaining more.
Livelihood - A livelihood is a means of making a living. It encompasses people’s
capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities of life. A
livelihood is sustainable when it enables people to cope with and recover from shocks
and stresses (such as natural disasters and economic or social upheavals) and
enhance their well-being and that of future generations without undermining the natural
environment or resource base.
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) - The National Economic
and Development Authority (NEDA) is the Philippines’ social and economic
development planning and policy coordinating body.
Rate - a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other
quantity or measure.
Unemployment - Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for
employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the
health of the economy. The most frequently cited measure of unemployment is the
13
unemployment rate. This is the number of unemployed persons divided by the number
of people in the labor force.
14
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Foreign Literature
Are Foreign Workers Responsible for the Increasing Unemployment Rate in
Taiwan?
Department of Economics
The University of Melbourne
This paper investigates the current important issue in Taiwan that the impact of
foreign workers on the rising unemployment rate by constructing a dynamic inter
temporal general equilibrium model. The results show that foreign workers rob jobs from
the local unskilled labor and raise the unemployment rates during the past decade.
However, extending the time frame to a longer term, an increasing importation of foreign
workers may lower unemployment rates under some circumstances. In contrast to
existing literature, this paper conditionally supports the view that immigration increases
unemployment rates. An appropriate policy regarding foreign workers for a small open
economy like Taiwan needs to consider the state of the global economy. By considering
the current ambiguity of world economic recovery and the high unemployment rate, a
cautious policy for the Council of Labor Affairs to adopt is to maintain the current level of
imported foreign workers.
15
Local Literature
Estimation of the Municipal and City Count of Unemployed Persons in the Luzon
Urban Beltway Region Using Model-based Approach
This paper presents a methodology in generating estimates of the municipal and city
count of unemployed persons in the Luzon Urban Beltway Region using model-based
approach specifically Poisson regression model. The 2009 Labor Force Survey (LFS)
data set is used to obtain the direct estimates with the 2007 Census of Population (CP)
as possible sources of auxiliary variables. Poisson regression model is fitted using
robust standard errors which resulted to a model with Pseudo-R 2 of 65.41%. The
predictors identified are municipal counts of household heads who have at least college
education; men who have no education; household heads who have no education; and
persons with no education. The predicted counts using the model range from 199 to
155,885, with standard error ranging from 129 to 26,843. Forty-one percent of the
municipalities and cities have unemployment counts between 4,001 and 5,000. Ninety-
two percent of the estimates are reliable with coefficients of variation of at most 20%.
12th National Convention on Statistics (NCS)
EDSA Shangri-La Hotel, Mandaluyong City Release date: October 1-2, 2013
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ncs/12thncs/papers/INVITED/IPS-
18%20Small%20Area%20Estimation/IPS-
18_3%20Estimation%20of%20the%20Municipal%20and%20City%20Count%20of%20U
16
nemployed%20Persons%20in%20the%20Luzon%20Urban%20Beltway%20Region%20
Using%20Model-based%20Approach.pd
Foreign Literature
DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT DURATION FOR MEN AND WOMEN IN
TURKEY:
This is the first study on duration aspect of unemployment in Turkey. We use the results
of the Household Labor Force Surveys of 2000 and 2001 to construct a cross-section of
durations of unemployment spells. We analyze the determinants of probability of leaving
unemployment or the hazard rate. The effects of the personal and household
characteristics and the local labor market conditions are examined. Non-Parametric and
parametric estimation methods are used. Unobserved heterogeneity were not
significant. Two alternative definitions of unemployment are considered. The analyses
are carried out for men and women separately. Our results indicate that women are
experiencing higher unemployment durations then men. Age has a negative and
education has a positive effect on the hazard rate. The effect of the local unemployment
rate is large and negative. Duration dependence of the exit rate from unemployment is
different for men and women. For men, there is slight U-shaped duration dependence,
while for women there is no duration dependence.
17
Local Literature
Why is Unemployment High in the Philippines?
Ray Brooks
IMF Working Paper
Asia and Pacific Department
Unemployment has remained high in the Philippines, at almost twice the level of
neighboring countries, despite relatively fast employment growth in the past decade.
Employment growth was not sufficient to reduce unemployment because of rapid
population growth and increased labor force participation. This paper shows that
Philippine employment growth and unemployment declines were positively correlated
with real GDP growth and, to a lesser extent, negatively with the real minimum wage.
The key policy implications are that higher economic growth and moderation of
increases in the real minimum wage are required to reduce unemployment.
18
RESEARCH PARADIGM
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Profile of the Methodology

respondents
 Age  Questionnaire  100 respondents

 Civil Status  Descriptive with age bracket
 Gender Survey of 18-47 years
 Educational  Statistical old.
Attainment Procedure  Single, Married,
 Does their Separated and
educational Widowed
qualification  Elementary
affect their Undergraduate
status as an  High School
unemployed Undergraduate
citizen?  High School
 Does the size of Graduate
the family affect  College
their status as an Undergraduate
unemployed  College
citizen? Graduate
 Does the  37 unemployed
environment respondents in
affects their Barangay 181
status as an Pag-asa Tondo
unemployed Manila
citizen?  30 unemployed
respondents in
Barangay 131
Pag-asa
Caloocan City
19
CHAPTER III
Methodology
This chapter presents research methodology, research design, instrument used, data
gathering procedure, statistically treatment of data.
A.) RESEARCH DESIGN
A Descriptive Research Method was used for this study. To define the descriptive
type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to
gather information about the present existing condition. The emphasis is on describing
rather than on judging or interpreting. The aim of descriptive research is to verify
formulated hypothesis that refer to the present. The survey was to determine and
analyze the possible solution of increasing rate of unemployment. The term “survey” is
commonly applied to research methodology designed to collect data from a specific
population and utilizes a questionnaire of an interview as the survey instrument.
Surveys are used to obtain data from individuals about their cost of living and the
reason and causes of their unemployment. Sample surveys are an important tool for
collecting and analyzing information from selected individuals.
20
B.) INSTRUMENT USED
The researchers used the following research instruments in order to gather information
from the Barangay 181 Pag-asaTondo Manila and Barangay Pag-asa Caloocan City.
1. QUESTIONAIRE is the foremost research instruments that the
researchers used because it is the easiest method of gathering data,
although it took time to prepare for it. The questionnaire consist of two
parts that could supply the needed information for the researchers. The
first part is the Personal Data Sheet wherein it asks the respondents
name, age, sex, civil status, educational degree. The second part consist
of questions regarding reasons of unemployment.
2. LIBRARY TECHNIQUE is another way that the researcher employed in
order for them to realize the objectives of the study.
3. SURVEY TECHNIQUE one of the instruments used in our data gathering,
this method helps to support our statement of the problem.
21
C.) DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
In order to gather information from the two cities, the researchers negotiated to one
of the employees of each barangay asking permission for them to conduct an interview
and give out a set of questionnaire to be answered by some selected residents. The
data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey was
created using suitable questions modified form related research and individual
questions formed by the researchers. The survey was composed of ten questions,
which were related to the participants’ perception regarding unemployment. In this
negotiation the researchers assured that any information will get form them will be
treated with confidentially and will only be used in this study. After approval of the
person in charge, the researchers carefully formulate the set of questionnaires in each
barangay and gave it out to the employees. The researchers need to wait for give them
a time to spend even a few minutes just to answer the questionnaire.
22
D) STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
The following statistical methods are applied by the researchers in analyzing the data.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Frequency distribution is a method of summarizing large messes of data by
organizing responses into a minimum number of categories and counting the proportion
or percentage of responses falling in each category.
PERCENTAGE
The percentage of each score is computed using the following formula:
P (%) = n/N x 100
Where
P = percentage
N = number of respondents failing under a particular category
N = total number of respondents
23
This was used to organize and present the profile of the respondents with respect to
demographic variables such as age, gender, civil status & employment status.
SUMMARY
The purpose of this chapter was to describe the research methodology of this study.
Describe the procedure used in designing the instrument and collecting data, and
provide an explanation of the statistical procedure used to analyze data.
24
CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter discusses the results of the survey and interview responded by the
100 employed and unemployed respondents in the said locale of the study. Prior to the
initiation of the survey process, the purpose, the significance and objectives of the study
were relayed to the participants.
For a clearer presentation, the findings of the survey are presented in graphs
and tables.
25
Barangay 131 Pag-asa Caloocan City

50 Respondents
Age of the respondents
Age FREQUENCY PERCENT
18-23 9 18%
24-29 17 34%
30-35 12 24%
36-41 8 16%
42-47 4 8%
AGE OF RESPONDENT IN BRGY 131

18
16
14
12
10
8 FREQUENCY
6
4
2
0
18-23 24-29 30-35 36-41 42-47
Figure 1
This table shows the frequency distribution of the residents of Barangay 131 Pag-asa
St. Caloocan City. 17 out of 50 or 34% belongs to the age bracket of 24-29, 12 or 24%
belongs to 30-35, 9 or 18% belongs to age bracket of 18-23, 8 or 16% belongs to 36-41,
4 or 8% belongs to 42-47.
26
Barangay 181 Pag-asa St. GagalanginTondo Manila

50 Respondents
Age of the respondents
Age FREQUENCY PERCENT
18-23 10 20%
24-29 15 30%
30-35 11 22%
36-41 9 18%
42-47 5 10%
AGE OF RESPONDENT IN BRGY 181

16
14
12
10
8
FREQUENCY
6
4
2
0
18-23 24-29 30-35 36-41 42-47
Figure 1
This table shows the frequency distribution of the residents of Barangay 181
Pag-asa St. GagalanginTondo Manila. 15 out of 50 or 30% belongs to the age bracket
of 24-29, 11 or 22% belongs to 30-35, 10 or 20% belongs to the 18-23%, 9 or 18%
belongs to 36-41, 5 or 10% belongs to 42-47.
27

50 Respondents
CIVIL STATUS
Civil Status FREQUENCY PERCENT
Single 22 44%
Married 26 52%
Widowed 1 2%
Separated 1 2%
Figure 2
CIVIL STATUS IN BRGY 131

30
25
20
15
FREQUENCY
10
0
SINGLE MARRIED WIDOWED SEPARATED
Figure 2
Figure 2 shows the frequency of the civil status out of 50 respondents. It was
computed that 22 respondent or 44% were single as 26 or 52% are married. While there
are (1) or 2% are separated and widowed are (1) or 2%.
28

50 Respondents
CIVIL STATUS
Civil Status FREQUENCY PERCENT
Single 20 40%
Married 24 48
Widowed 2 4%
Separated 4 8%
FIGURE 2
CIVIL STATUS IN BRGY 181

30
25
20
15
FREQUENCY
10
0
SINGLE MARRIED WIDOWED SEPARATED
This table shows the frequency of the civil status out of 50 respondents. It was
computed that 24 respondent or 48% were married as 20 or 40% are single. While there
are (2) or 4% are widowed and separated are (4) or 8%.
29

50 Respondents
GENDER
Gender FREQUENCY PERCENT
Male 25 5%
Female 25 5%
GENDER STATUS IN BRGY 131

30
25
20
15
FREQUENCY
10
0
MALE FEMALE
Figure 3
This table shows the frequency according to gender of the respondents. Based
on the table both respondents are 25 or 5%.
30

50 Respondents
GENDER
VALID FREQUENCY PERCENT
Male 18 36%
Female 32 64%
GENDER STATUS IN BRGY 181

35
30
25
20
15 FREQUENCY
10
5
0
MALE FEMALE
Figure 3
Figure 3 shows the frequency according to gender of the respondents. Based on the
frequency table of the respondents are Female with 50% while male are only 44%.
31

50 Respondents
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
EMPLOYMENT FREQUENCY PERCENT

STATUS
EMPLOYED 26 52%
UNEMPLOYED 24 48%
EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN BRGY 131

26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5 FREQUENCY
24
23.5
23
EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED
Figure 4
Figure 4 shows the frequency according to the employment status of the
respondents. 26 out of 50 or 52% are employed, 24 out of 50 or 48% are unemployed.
32

50 Respondents
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
EMPLOYMENT FREQUENCY PERCENT

STATUS
EMPLOYED 20 26%
UNEMPLOYED 30 74%
EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN BRGY 181

35
30
25
20
15 FREQUENCY
10
5
0
EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED
Figure 4
Figure 4 shows the frequency according to the employment status of the
respondents. 30 out of 50 or 74% are unemployed, 20 or 26% are employed.
33

50 Respondents
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL FREQUENCY PERCENT
ATTAINMENT
ELEMENTARY 7 14%
GRADUATE
HIGH SCHOOL 6 12%
GRADUATE
HIGH SCHOOL 5 10%
UNDERGRADUATE
COLLEGE 23 46%
GRADUATE
COLLEGE 9 18%
UNDERGRADUATE
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN BRGY 131

25
20
15
10 FREQUENCY
0
ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL COLLEGE GRADUATE COLLEGE
GRADUATE GRADUATE UNDERGRADUATE UNDERGRADUATE
Figure 5
PagAsa St. Caloocan City. 23 out of 50 or 46% belongs to bracket College Graduate,9
34
out of 50 or 18% belongs to College Undergraduate, 7 out of 50 or 14% belongs to
Elementary Graduate, 6 out of 50 or 12% belongs to High School Graduate, 5 out of 50
or 10% belongs to High School Undergraduate.

50 Respondents
VALID FREQUENCY PERCENT

ELEMENTARY 3 6%
GRADUATE
HIGH SCHOOL 11 22%
GRADUATE
HIGH SCHOOL 8 16%
UNDERGRADUATE
COLLEGE 14 28%
GRADUATE
COLLEGE 14 28%
UNDERGRADUATE
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN BRGY 181

16
14
12
10
8
6 FREQUENCY
4
2
0
ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL COLLEGE GRADUATE COLLEGE
GRADUATE GRADUATE UNDERGRADUATE UNDERGRADUATE
Figure 5
PagAsa St. Tondo Manila. 14 out of 50 or 28% belongs to bracket College Graduate,
35
14 out of 50 or 28% belongs to College Undergraduate, 11 out of 50 or 22% belongs to
High School Graduate, 8 out of 50 or 16% belongs to High School Undergraduate. 3 out
of 50 or 6% belongs to Elementary Graduate.

50 Respondents
SIZE OF THE FAMILY
SIZE OF THE FREQUENCY PERCENT
FAMILY
1-4 10 20%
5-8 31 62%
9-12 8 16%
MORE THAN 1 2%
12
SIZE OF THE FAMILY IN BRGY 131

35
30
25
20
15 FREQUENCY
10
5
0
1-4 5-8 9-12 MORE THAN 12
FIGURE 6
This table shows the frequency distribution of the residents’ of Barangay 181
Pag-asa St Caloocan City. 31 out of 50 or 62% belongs to bracket 5-8 family, 10 out of
36
50 or 20% belongs to 1-4 family, 8 out of 50 or 16% belongs to 9-12 family, 1 out of 50
or 2% belongs to more than 12 family.

50 Respondents
SIZE OF THE FAMILY
SIZE OF FREQUENCY PERCENT

THE FAMILY
1-4 15 30%
5-8 22 44%
9-12 13 26%
More than 0 0%
12
SIZE OF THE FAMILY IN BRGY 181

25
20
15
FREQUENCY
10
0
1-4 5-8 9-12 MORE THAN 12
FIGURE 6
37
This table shows the frequency of the residents of Barangay 181 Pag-asa St
Gagalangin Tondo Manila. 22 out of 50 or 44% belongs to bracket 5-8 family, 15 out of
50 or 30% belongs to 1-4 family, 13 out of 50 or 26% belongs to 9-12 family, 0 out of 50
or 0% belongs to more than 12 family.

25 UNEMPLOYED RESPONDENTS
REASONS
REASONS FREQUENCY PERCENT
NO SUITABLE WORK 4 16%

PERSONAL/FAMILY 2 8%
FINANCIAL PROBLEM 3 12%
WAITING FOR NEW JOB TO START 16 64%
IN BRGY 131
18
16
14
12
10
8
FREQUENCY
6
4
2
0
NO SUITABLE WORK PERSONAL/FAMILY FINANCIAL PROBLEM WAITING FOR NEW JOB
TO START
FIGURE 7
38
This table shows the frequency distribution of the residents ofBarangay 181 Pag-
asa St Caloocan City. 16 out of 25 or 64% belongs to the bracket waiting for a new job
to start, 4 out of 25 or 16% belongs to no suitable works, 3 out of 25 or 12% belongs to
financial problem, 2 out of 25 or 8% belongs to personal family problem.

REASONS
REASONS FREQUENCY PERCENT
NO SUITABLE WORK 15 50%
PERSONAL/FAMILY 9 30%
PROBLEM
WAITING FOR A 3 10%
NEW JOB TO START
ILLNESS/DISABILITY 3 10%
IN BRGY 131
16
14
12
10
8
6 FREQUENCY
4
2
0
NO SUITABLE WORK PERSONAL/FAMILY WAITING FOR A NEW JOB ILLNESS/DISABILITY
PROBLEM TO START
39
FIGURE 7
This table shows the frequency distribution of the residents ofBarangay 181 Pag-
asa St Gagalangin Tondo Manila. 15 out of 30 or 50% belongs to bracket no suitable
works, 9 out of 30 or 30% belongs to personal family problem, 3 out of 30 or 10%
belongs towaiting a new job to start, 3 out of 30 or 10% belongs to illness/disability.

ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN
ENVIRONMENT FREQUENCY PERCENT
YES 4 16%
NO 21 84%
FIGURE 8
This table shows the frequency distribution of the resident’s ofBarangay 181 Pag-
asa St Caloocan City. 21 out of 25 or 84% answered No that environment does not
affect the status of unemployed citizen.
ENVIRONMENT FREQUENCY PERCENT
YES 18 60%
40
NO 12 40%
FIGURE 8
This table shows the frequency distribution of the residents’ ofBarangay 181 Pag-
asaStGagalanginTondo Manila. 18 out of 30 or 60% answered Yes that environment
can affect the status of unemployed citizen.

FAMILY AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN
FAMILY FREQUENCY PERCENT
YES 7 28%
NO 18 72%
FIGURE 9
Pag-asa St. Caloocan City. 18 out of 25 or 72% answered No that the size of the family
affects status of unemployed citizen.

FAMILY AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN
FAMILY FREQUENCY PERCENT
41
YES 15 50%
NO 15 50%
FIGURE 9
Pag-asaStGagalanginTondo Manila. 15 or 50% by No and 15 or 50% of answered by
yes.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN

ATTAINMENT
YES 18 72%
NO 7 28%
FIGURE 10
Pag-asa St. Caloocan City. 18 out of 25 or 72% answered yes that the educational
attainment affects status of unemployed citizen.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN

ATTAINMENT
42
YES 24 80%
NO 6 20%
FIGURE 10
Pag-asa St. Gagalangin Tondo Manila. 24 out of 30 or 80% answered yes that the
educational attainment affects status of unemployed citizen.
43
FREQUENCY
FACTORS YES NO MEAN
ENVIRONMENT 4 21 2.52
FAMILY 7 18 2.16
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT 18 7 2.16
Total Unemployed Respondents: 25
Barangay 131 Pag-asa Tondo Manila
FREQUENCY
FACTORS YES NO MEAN
ENVIRONMENT 18 12 1.8
FAMILY 15 15 1.5
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT 24 6 2.4
Total Unemployed Respondents: 30
44
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter will provide a summary of the purpose, methodology, and results of this
study. Then, conclusions will be discussed based on researcher insights gained
regarding study findings and limitations.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The study was conducted for the purpose of determining the factors affecting increasing
rate of unemployment in selected barangay. The descriptive method was used in the
research and questionnaire was used for gathering additional information. The survey
questionnaire serves as the instrument for collecting necessary data that were
answered by 50 respondents of each barangay with the total of 100 respondents. The
study was conducted during the first semester of 2015-2016. After the interpretation and
analysis of data regarding to the increasing rate of unemployment, the researchers
come up to the following findings:
AGE
1. Among the respondents in Barangay 131 Pag-asa Caloocan City 17 out of 50 or 34%
belongs to the age bracket of 24-29, 12 or 24% belongs to 30-35, 9 or 18% belongs to
age bracket of 18-23, 8 or 16% belongs to 36-41, 4 or 8% belongs to 42-47.
45
1.1 Among the respondents in Barangay 181 Pag-asaGagalanginTondo Manila 15 out of 50 or
30% belongs to the age bracket of 24-29, 11 or 22% belongs to 30-35, 10 or 20% belongs
to the 18-23%, 9 or 18% belongs to 36-41, 5 or 10% belongs to 42-47.
CIVIL STATUS
belongs to bracket married, 22 or 44% belongs to single,1 or 2% belongs to widowed,1
or 2% belongs to separated.
2.1 Among the respondents in Barangay 181 Pag-asaGagalanginTondo Manila 24
out of 50 or 48% belongs to bracket married, 20 or 40% belongs to single, 2 or 4%
belongs to widowed, 4 or 8% belongs to separated.
GENDER
3. Among the respondents in Barangay 131 Pag-asa Caloocan City 25% out of 50 or 5%
are male, 25 out of 50 or 5% are female.
3.1 Among the respondents in Barangay 181 Pag-asaGagalanginTondo Manila 32
out of 50 or 64% are female, 18 out of 50 or 36% are male.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
are employed, 24 out of 50 or 48% are unemployed.
4.1 Among the respondents in Barangay Pag-asaGagalanginTondo Manila 30 out of 50 or 74%
are unemployed, 20 or 26% are employed.
46
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
5. Among the respondents in Barangay Pag-asaCalocan City 23 out of 50 or 46% belongs
to bracket College Graduate,9 out of 50 or 18% belongs to College Undergraduate, 7 out
of 50 or 14% belongs to Elementary Graduate, 6 out of 50 or 12% belongs to High
School Graduate, 5 out of 50 or 10% belongs to High School Undergraduate.
5.1 Among the respondents in Barangay Pag-asaGagalanginTondo Manila 14 out of 50 or
28% belongs to bracket College Graduate, 14 out of 50 or 28% belongs to College
Undergraduate, 11 out of 50 or 22% belongs to High School Graduate, 8 out of 50 or 16%
belongs to High School Undergraduate. 3 out of 50 or 6% belongs to Elementary Graduate.
SIZE OF THE FAMILY
6. Among the respondents in Barangay Pag-asa Caloocan City 31 out of 50 or 62%
belongs to bracket 5-8 family, 10 out of 50 or 20% belongs to 1-4 family, 8 out of 50 or
16% belongs to 9-12 family, 1 out of 50 or 2% belongs to more than 12 family.
belongs to bracket 5-8 family, 15 out of 50 or 30% belongs to 1-4 family, 13 out of 50 or
26% belongs to 9-12 family, 0 out of 50 or 0% belongs to more than 12 family.
REASONS
47
belongs to the bracket waiting for a new job to start, 4 out of 25 or 16% belongs to no
suitable works, 3 out of 25 or 12% belongs to financial problem, 2 out of 25 or 8%
belongs to personal family problem.
belongs to bracket no suitable works, 9 out of 30 or 30% belongs to personal family
problem, 3 out of 30 or 10% belongs towaiting a new job to start, 3 out of 30 or 10%
belongs to illness/disability.
ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS STATUS UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN
answered No that environment does not affect the status of unemployed citizen.
answered Yes that environment can affect the status of unemployed citizen.
FAMILY AFFECTS STATUS UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN
answered No that the size of the family affects status of unemployed citizen.
9.1 Among the respondents in Barangay Pag-asaGagalanginTondo Manila the size of the
family has been answered 15 or 50% by No and 15 or 50% of answered by yes.
EDUCATIONAL AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYED CITIZEN
answered yes that the educational attainment affects status of unemployed citizen.
48
10.1 Among the respondents in Barangay Pag-asaGagalanginTondo Manila 24 out of 30 or
80% answered yes that the educational attainment affects status of unemployed citizen.
CONCLUSIONS
AGE
1. Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 131 Pag-asa St. Caloocan City majority belongs
to the age bracket of 24-29, minority are from age bracket of 42-47.
1.1 Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 181 Pagasa St. GagalanginTondo Manila
majority belongs to the bracket of Married, minority are from age bracket of widowed.
GENDER
2. Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 131 Pag-asa Caloocan City, 25 of the
respondents are male and 25 of the respondents are female.
majority of the respondents are female, minority from the respondents are male.
CIVIL STATUS
3. Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 131 Pag-asa St. Caloocan City majority of the
respondents are Married, minority are widowed.
majority of the respondents are married, minority are widowed.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
49
respondents are employed, minority are unemployed.
majority of the respondents are unemployed, minority are employed.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINTMENT
respondents are college graduate, minority are high school graduate.
majority of the respondents are college graduate and under graduate, minority are
elementary graduate.
SIZE OF THE FAMILY
respondents belongs to the bracket of 5-8 family, minority are from the bracket of more
than 12 family members.
majority of the respondents belongs to the bracket of 5-8 family, minority are from the
bracket of more than 12 family members.
REASONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT
respondents are waiting for a new job to start.
50
7.1 Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 181 Pagasa St. GagalanginTondo Manila,
majority of the respondents are no suitable work, minority are waiting for a new job to
start and illness/ Disability.
respondents answered NO, minority answered yes.
8.1 Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 181 Pagasa St. GagalanginTondo
Manila, majority of the respondents answered yes, minority answered no.
FAMILY AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYMENT CITIZEN
respondents answered NO, minority answered yes
9.1 Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 181 Pagasa St. GagalanginTondo Manila, 25 of
them answered yes and 25 of them answered no.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AFFECTS STATUS OF UNEMPLOYMENT
CITIZEN
respondents answered yes, minority answered no.
10.1 Among the 50 respondents in Barangay 181 Pagasa St. GagalanginTondo
Manila, majority of the respondents answered yes, minority answered no.
51
Recommendation
Environment affects status of unemployed citizen
Based on the result of the survey conducted, almost all unemployed citizen of Bgy 131
Pag-asa St. Caloocan City and 181 Pag-asa St. Tondo, Manila confirmed that the
environment affects the unemployment in their respective barangays. There are 16%
unemployed from Bgy 131 and 60% from Bgy181. Although the environment is just a
small percentage of effect on the rate, the researchers still recommends the barangay
officials and residents to ensure their environmental sustainability. They should conduct
a program that will benefit the residents and the environment as well such as cleaning,
security and safety program, etc.,
Size of the Family affects status of unemployed citizen
The researchers have tallied and got the result of the survey that, 28% of unemployed
citizen in Barangay 131 Pag-asa St. Caloocan City and 50% of unemployed citizen in
Barangay 181 Pag-asa St. Tondo Manila responded that the size of their family affects
52
the status and the rate of unemployment in their barangay. Barangay in Tondo Manila
got the result of 50% yes and 50% no which balance the frequency and percentage. It
means that the size of the family is considered as one of the factor that affects the
increasing rate of unemployment in barangay in Tondo. The researchers recommend in
both barangay that there should be a family planning program in order for them to
minimize the number of family members.
Educational attainment affects status of unemployed citizen
Educational qualifications is the primary factor of increasing rate of unemployment in
both barangay which have tallied 72% in Barangay 131 Pag-asa Caloocan City and
80% in Barangay 181 Pag-asa Tondo Manila. There is a comparison between the two
barangay regarding the percentage of the factor affecting the status and the rate of
unemployment. The researchers recommend that the residents must consult to the local
government and other organizations which concerns about education. They can also
consult an organization which concern about employment rate. Even the barangay can
consult an agencies or firms to conduct a job fair in their barangay. The barangay can
also consult in local government to provide projects which will give job for the jobless
and to conduct seminars about small business to start for the unemployed to provide
their basic needs despite of being an unemployed citizen.
53
54
Appendices
55

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UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA

659-A Cecilia Muñoz Palma St. corner Antonio J. Villegas St.

Causes of Unemployment in Tondo Manila and Caloocan City

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Accountancy and Economics of

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Degree Bachelor of Science in

Colegio, Nordeen April D

Cruz, Gelli Ann S.

Pepito, Ma. Erika R.

the way since the beginning of our studies.

supporting them, spiritually and financially throughout writing this research.

Title Page --------------------------------------- 1

There are few studies on unemployment duration in developing countries. This

surveys to study and calculated the rate of unemployment in both barangays. We

analyzed the determinants of increasing rate of unemployment between Barangay 181

of increasing rate of unemployment are examined. Descriptive research methods and

effect on the hazard rate of unemployment

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGGROUND

employment, unemployment, and underemployment all improved during the period.

The researchers choose this topic because as a resident of barangays they

the increasing rate of unemployment.

Statement of the problem

It seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.2 Civil status

1.4 Educational attainments

2. What are the prevalent causes of unemployment?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the causes of unemployment and

1. To find out the factors affecting increasing rate of unemployment of both

2. To compare the difference of the increasing rate of unemployment between

the two barangay.

unemployment of both barangay.

4. To describe the difference of the livelihood of each barangay.

5. To test if the solution for the rampant employment is effective.

asa Caloocan City.

Pag-asa St. Caloocan City.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research likes to present the limited factors as determinants of

environment in both areas and their educational qualification.

There is no specific person to answer the questionnaire but there is an age

bracket of 18 to 47 respondents only.

respondents with the total of 100 respondents.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

unemployment in their barangay increases. It explains what could be the possible

This research study will benefit the following:

 Residents of Barangay 181 Pag-asa in Tondo Manila

 Barangay 131 Caloocan City

recommendations in this study can be considered as solution to the problems.

fulfill a research study.

Dynamism – Changes in an economic system over time, particularly those reflected in

the behavior of markets, businesses, and the general economy.

Employment - is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where

Causes - something or someone that produces an effect, result, or condition

act of gaining more.

Livelihood - A livelihood is a means of making a living. It encompasses people’s

environment or resource base.

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) - The National Economic

and Development Authority (NEDA) is the Philippines’ social and economic

development planning and policy coordinating body.

Unemployment - Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for

employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the

of people in the labor force.

Review of Related Literature and Studies