12/7/2018 Hyperelastic materials — SimScale Documentation

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Hyperelastic materials
Hyperelastic materials are the special class of materials which tends to respond elastically when they are subjected to very large
strains. They shows both a nonlinear material behavior as well as large shape changes. They posses certain characteristics:

1. They can undergo large elastic deformations in order of around 100 to 700 % which is fully recoverable i.e. initial shape is
recovered when load is removed.
2. They are also nearly incompressible. Which means that when they are subjected to huge loads, they change there shape but
overall volume remains almost constant.
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12/7/2018 Hyperelastic materials — SimScale Documentation
3. They shows a highly nonlinear stress-strain relation.
4. The material softens and then become stiffer again when applied to tension. Whereas, under compression they have a quite
stiff response.

All the polymers tends to show the hyperelastic behaviour such as elastomers, rubbers, sponges and other soft exible materials.

Hyperelastic materials are mostly used where high exibility on a long run is required under large loads. The typical examples of
there uses are as elastomeric pads in brigdes, rail pads, car door seal, car tyres etc.

Hyperelasticity
In nite element analysis, hyperelasticity theory is used to represent the non-linear response of hyperelastic materials at large
strains. Hyperlasticity is popular due to it’s ease of use in nite element models. Normally stress-strain curve data from
experiments is used to nd the constants of theoretical models to t the material response. There are some good available
choices of hyperelasticity models which are available in SimScale platform including:

1. Neo Hookean (1st oFrder reduced polynomial).

2. Mooney Rivlin (1st order polynomial).
3. Signorini.
4. Yeoh (3rd order reduced polynomial).
5. 2nd order reduced polynomial.
6. 2nd order polynomial.
7. Ogden up to order 3.
8. Arruda-Boyce.

Calculating stress-strain relation from strain energy density

The stress-strain relation for hyperelastic materials is normally calculated through strain energy density function. The
formulation of which is shown below:

Suppose a solid is subjected to a displacement which can be represented by ui (xk ) . Than, the deformation gradient F and it’s
Jacobian J (the total change in volume at point) can be represeted by:

∂ ui
F = F ij = δij +  , J = det(F)
∂ xj

For simplicity,

−1
¯
F = J 3 F

From this, we have a left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor,

T
¯ ¯ ¯
B = F. F Bij = F ik F jk

Invariants of B are represented as:

¯ ¯ ¯
I 1 = trace B = Bkk

1 2 1 2
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
I 2 = (I 1 − trace (B. B)) = (I 1 − Bik Bki )
2 2
¯ 2
I 3 = det(B) = J

The invariant I¯3 is a volumetric invariant (zero for incompressible case).

Furthermore,

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¯
12/7/2018 ¯ Hyperelastic
¯ = 2B materials — SimScale Documentation
δI 1   :  δϵ v

¯ = 2( ¯ B¯ ¯ ¯
δI 2 I 2 − B. B)  :  δϵ v

J = J δϵ v

(where,  δϵ v  is a virtual deviatoric strain rate)

Variation of the strain energy density U ¯ ¯ ¯

= U (I 1 , I 2 , J ) for isotropic and compressible materials can be represented as,

∂U ∂U ∂U
¯ ¯ ¯
δU = δI 1 + δI 2 + δJ
¯ ¯ ¯
∂I 1 ∂I 2 ∂J

Using I¯1 , I¯2 and J as de ned above,

∂U ∂U ∂U ∂U
δU = 2 [( ¯
+ I ¯ −
)B ¯ ¯ v
1 B. B]   :  ϵ v + J δϵ
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
∂I 1 ∂I 2 ∂I 2 ∂J
v
(where,  δϵ  is a virtual volumetric strain rate)

This variation of strain energy density is used to deduce the stress-strain law in case of hyperelastic materials, Therefore one can
write:

(1)

∂U ∂U ∂U ∂U
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
σ = 2 DEV   [( + I 1 )B − B. B] + J I
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
∂I 1
∂I 2
∂I 2
∂J

For the incompressible cases (e.g. rubber), the last term containing J is neglected.

Particular strain energy density forms of the available SimScale hyperelasticity models
Before giving the appropriate material parameters to de ne a speci c hyperelastic materials, one should know the strain energy
density forms of the hyperelasticity models. In this section, we have mentioned the strain energy density forms of all the
available hyperelasticity models on SimScale platform (already mentioned in Hyperelasticity).

Reduced polynomial
The basic strain energy density form of reduced polynomial is represented as:

N N

i
1 2i
¯ − 3)
U = ∑ C i0 (I + ∑ (J − 1)
1
Di
i=1 i=1

where, Ci0 (i = 1, 2, 3) are the constants that needs to be deduced in order to get the appropriate material behaviour. For the
compressibility of a material, one have to give the value of D i (i = 1, 2, 3) . As a rst approximation, one can use a basic
formulation for elastic case:

(2)

3(1 − 2ν )
Di = with,  Go = 2C 10
Go (1 + ν )

If material is incompressible, than one can take the value of ν nearest to 5.0 i.e. ν = 0.499 .

Neo Hookean (reduced polynomial of order 1)

For N = 1 in above formulation, one obtains the most basic form known as Neo Hookean, represented as:

1
¯ − 3) +
U = C 10 (I (J − 1)
2
1
D1

Reduced polynomial of order 2

For N = 2 in above formulation, one obtains:

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12/7/2018 ¯ ¯ 2 Hyperelastic materials —
1 SimScale Documentation
2
1 4
U = C 10 (I 1 − 3) + C 20 (I 1 − 3) + (J − 1) + (J − 1)
D1 D2

Yeoh (reduced polynomial of order 3)

For N = 3 in above formulation, one obtains Yeoh, represented as:

1 1 1
¯ ¯ 2 ¯ 3 2 4 6
U = C 10 (I 1 − 3) + C 20 (I 1 − 3) + C 30 (I 1 − 3) + (J − 1) + (J − 1) + (J − 1)
D1 D2 D3

Polynomial
The basic strain energy density form of polynomial is represented as:

N N
1
¯ i ¯ j 2i
U = ∑ C ij (I 1 − 3) (I 2 − 3) + ∑ (J − 1)
Di
i+j=1 i=1

As a rst approximation for D i , same eq. (2) can be used with Go = 2(C 10 + C 01 ) .

Mooney Rivlin (polynomial of order 1)

For N = 1 in above formulation, one obtains the enhancement to Neo Hookean form known as Mooney Rivlin, represented as:

1 2
¯ − 3) + C
U = C 10 (I ¯
1 01 (I 2 − 3) + (J − 1)
D1

Polynomial of order 2
For N = 2 in above formulation, one obtains:

2 2
1 2
1 4
¯ − 3) + C
U = C 10 (I ¯ ¯ ¯ − 3) ¯ − 3)( ¯ − 3) +
1 01 (I 2 − 3) + C 20 (I 1 − 3) + C 02 (I 2 + C 11 (I 1 I 2 (J − 1) + (J − 1)
D1 D2

Signorini
Strain energy density form for Signorini is represented as:

1
¯ − 3) +
U = C 10 (I ¯ ¯ 2 2
1 C 01 (I 2 − 3) + C 20 (I 1 − 3) + (J − 1)
D1

Ogden
Compared to the previous forms, Ogden is represented by the principal stretches λ
¯ (i
i = 1, 2, 3) compared to the deviatoric
strain invariants ¯
I i (i = 1, 2, 3) . The basic strain energy density form of Ogden is represented as:

N N
2μi αi α α 1
U = ∑ ¯
(λ ¯ i + ¯ i − 3) +
+ λ (J − 1)
2i
1 2
λ3 ∑
2
α Di
i=1 i i=1

where, μi and αi for (i = 1, 2, 3) are the constants that needs to be deduced in order to get the appropriate material
N

behaviour. For the compressibility of a material, eq. (2) can be used as a rst approximation for D i with Go =
1

2
∑ μi αi

i=1

Arruda-Boyce
The strain energy density of Arruda-Boyce has the following form:

5 2
Ci i 1 J − 1
¯
U = μ∑ (I 1 − 3) + ( − lnJ )
2i−2
λm D 2
i=1

where, C1 =
1
, C2 =
1
, C3 =
11
, C4 =
19
and C5 =
519
.
2 20 1050 7000 673750

For the compressibility of a material, eq. (2) can be used as a rst approximation for D i with
3 99 513 42039
Go = μ(1 + 2
+
4
+
6
+
8
)
5λ 175λ 875λ 67375λ
m m m m

Getting material parameters from experimental data Report an issue 4/6

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12/7/2018 Hyperelastic
In experiments, the response of a material for a speci c load ismaterials
normally —deduced
SimScaleby
Documentation
the stress-strain relationship. As an example,
a basic stress-strain curve of an elastomer for Uniaxial (Tension), Biaxial and Shear load (provided by Axel Product, Inc.
(http://www.axelproducts.com/)) is shown below:

(../../../../_images/elastomer_stress_strain.png)

In order to t the material properties to the experimental stress-strain curve, one has to take in to account eq. (1) above. This
equation shows the stress as a function of invariants containing principal stretches (1 + “strain values”) and strain energy density
(of any of the above model). Using this equation, one can calculate the constants of the undertaken model through numerical
scheme to get an accurate t to the stress-strain material curve. In most of the cases, the accuracy of the t increases with the
increasing order of the model.

As an example, let us consider a stress-strain relation of an incompressible uniaxial case for a general polynomial model:

The principal stretches of uniaxial case are:

−1

λ 1 = λ, λ2 = λ3 = λ 2

(where, λ = 1 + ϵ)

and the deviatoric strain invariants are:

¯ 2 −1 ¯ −2
I 1 = λ + 2λ , I 2 = λ + 2λ

From principle of virtual work, it follows that:

δU = σδλ

Than stress can be represented as:

¯ ¯
∂U ∂U ∂I 1 ∂U ∂I 2
σ = = +
∂λ ¯ ∂λ ¯ ∂λ
∂I 1 ∂I 2

−2
∂U ∂U
= 2(λ − λ )( + )
¯ ¯
∂I 1 ∂I 2

Therefore, for the general polynomial case:

−2 ¯ i ¯ j ¯ i ¯ j
σ = 2(λ − λ ) ∑ [iC ij (I 1 − 3) (I 2 − 3) + jC ij (I 1 − 3) (I 2 − 3) ]

i+j=1

By using the experimental stress-strain data in the above equation, one can calculate the material constants for a speci c order
of polynomial through a numerical scheme e.g. Least square method.

Giving material parameters in SimScale

Once the material constants of a speci c models are obtained for a good t to experimental data, one can input these constants
to the speci ed material model in SimScale under material properties. As an example, please see the gure below:

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12/7/2018 Hyperelastic materials — SimScale Documentation

(../../../../_images/Platform-screenshot.png)

As can be seen, a polynomial of order 2 is used. The following things can be interpreted:

The provided constants in this case are C10 , C01 , C20 , C11 and C02 as obtained from tting.

It is observed that in some cases, if any of the obtained constant value is comparatively higher from the other constants, than
the results obtained after the simulation are not accurate.

For the incompressible case (as mentioned here), one can:

Use eq. (2) for calculating values of D 1 and D 2 with Go = 2(C 10 + C 01 ) and ν = 0.499 as a rst approximation.
Get more accurate results by giving more lesser value to D 1 and D 2 .
Avoid convergence issues by not giving much lesser value to D 1 and D 2 , specially in case of Code_Aster.
Give value to D 1 and D 2 atmost up to 1e−10 .

Same cases are applied to all other models.

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