CE6704 Pec - EQS PDF

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UNIT I ESTIMATE OF BUILDINGS
General
Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the variousquantities and the expected
Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work orproject. In case the funds available are less
than the estimated cost the work isdone in part or by reducing it or specifications are altered, the
following requirementare necessary for preparing an estimate.
1. Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.
2. Detailed specifications about workmanship& properties of materials etc.
3. Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for
making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units of measurements normally
consists the following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., is expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail,
bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white washing,
partitions of specified thickness etc., and are expressed in square meters (m2)
Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, cement concrete,
Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic metres.
RULES FOR MEASUREMENT
The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS- 1200. However some
of the general rules are listed below.
1.Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall
include materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and plant and all types of overheads for
finishing the work in required shape, size and specification.
2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or thickness
3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
I) linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.

II) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
4.Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum
5. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be

measured separatelyunder separate items.
6.The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,

workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed.
7.In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be measured
separately and the heights shall be described:
a) From foundation to plinth level
b) From plinth level to first floor level
c) From Fist floor to second floor level and so on.
REQUIREMENTS OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined i.e.
whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or not.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.
5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not
1 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING.
Estimating involves the following operations
1. Preparing detailed Estimate.
2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work
3. Preparing abstract of estimate

2.DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
3 DRAWINGS
If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of estimation
become very difficult. So, it is very essential before preparing an estimate
4.SPECIFICATIONS
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in
general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work
laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of
preparation workmanship and execution of work.
5.RATES
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. for arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labor, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Amador, etc.,
6.LUMPSUM
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of petty items. Items
other than civil engineering such items are called lump sum items or simply L.S.Items.

The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.
1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.
2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,
3. Architectural features.
4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.
In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above L.S.Items Even
if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual cost should not exceed the
L.S.amounts provided in the main estimate.
7 WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:
During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work

assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of these persons are
drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged establishment. That is,
establishment which is charged directly to work. AnL.S.amount of 1% to 2% of the estimated
cost is provided towards the work charged establishment.
Types of Estimates
ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE FORM
The detailed estimate should accompanied with
I) Report
ii) Specification
iii)Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)
iv) Design charts and calculations
v)Standard schedule of rates.

5.FACTORS TO BE CONSISDERED WHILE PREPARING DETAILED ESTIMATE
i) Quantity and transportation of materials:
For bigger project, the requirement of materials is more. such bulk volume of materials will be
purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.
ii) Location of site:
The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce damage or in transit during loading,
unloading, stocking of materials.
iii) Local labor charges:
The skill, suitability and wages of local labors are considered while preparing the detailed
estimate.
6.DATA
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as Data. In preparation
of Data, the rates of materials and labor are obtained from current standard scheduled of rates
and while the quantities of materials and labor required for one unit of item are taken from
Standard Data Book
7.FIXING OF RATE PER UNIT OF AN ITEM
The rate per unit of an item includes the following:
1) Quantity of materials & cost:
The requirement of materials is taken strictly in accordance with standard data
book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first cost,freight,insurance and
transportation charges.
2) Cost of labour:

The exact number of labourers required for unit of work and the multiplied by the wages/ day to
get of labour for unit item work.
3) Cost of equipment (T&P):
Some works need special type of equipment, tools and plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2%
of estimated cost is provided.
4)Overhead charges:
To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of equipment salaries of staff postage, lighting an
amount of 4% of estimate cost is allocated.
8.METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE
Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects of work of project
and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in case of commercial projects, whether the net
income earned justifies the amount invested or not. The approximate estimate is prepared from
the practical knowledge and cost of similar works. The estimate is accompanied by a report
duely explaining necessity and utility of the project and with a site or layout plan. A percentage 5
to 10% is allowed for contingencies. The following are the methods used for preparation of
approximate estimates.
a) Plinth area method
b)Cubical contents methods
c) Unit base method.
9.Plinth area method
The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate. The area
is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building). In fixing the plinth
area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality and quantity
aspect of materials and labour, type of foundation, height of building, roofwood work, fixtures,
number of storeys etc., As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the
plinth area of building

Types of Estimates
a) Area of walls at floor level.
b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0m2, lifts, air-conditioning ducts etc.,
c) Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one side
constructed on one side constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy season.
d) Porches of non cantilever type.
Areas which are not to include
a) Area of lofts.
b)Unenclosed balconies.
c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.,
d)Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.
e) Box louvers and vertical sun breakers.
10.Cubical Contents Method
This method is generally used for multi-storeyed buildings. It is more accurate that the other two
methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method. The cost of a structure is calculated
approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic
Rate. The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length and
breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set. The cost of string course,
cornice, corbelling etc., is neglected. The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate/ unit
volume.
Example 1 .1: Prepare an approximate estimate of building project with totalplinth area of all
building is 800 sqm. and from following data.
i) Plinth area rate Rs. 4500 per sqm
ii) Cost of water supply @7 %of cost of building.
iii) Cost of Sanitary andElectrical installations each @ 7% of cost ofbuilding.

iv)Cost of architectural features @1% of building cost.
v)Cost of roads and lawns @5% of building cost.
vi) Cost of P.S. and contingencies @4% of building cost. Determine the total cost
of building project.
Solution:
Data given:
Plinth area = 800m2
Plinth area rate = Rs. 4500 per Sq.m
Cost of building = 800 x 4500 = Rs. 36,00,000=00
Example 1 . 2 :Prepare the rough estimate for a proposed commercial complexfor a municipal

corporation for the following data.
Plinth Area = 500m2/floor Ht of each storey = 3.5m No. of storeys = G+2 Cubical
content rate = Rs. 1000/m3
Provided for a following as a percentage of structured cost
a) water supply & Sanitary arrangement -8%
b)Electrification -6%
c) Fluctuation of rates - 5%
d)Contractors profit - 10%
e)Petty supervision & contingencies - 3%
Sol :
Cubical content = No. of storey�s (Plinth Area x height of each storey) = 3(500x3.5) = 5250m3
Structural cost = Cubical content x cubical content rate= 5250 x 1000 = 52.5 Lakhs
Example 1.3: Prepare an approximate estimate or rough cost estimate of ahospital building for
50 beds. The cost of construction altogether for each bed isRs. 60,000/ -. Determine the total cost

of hospital building.
Solution:
No. of beds = 50
Cost of construction = Rs. 60,000/-
Total Cost of Hospital building = 50x 60,000= Rs. 30,00,000/-
Example 1.4: To prepare the rough cost estimate of a hostel building whichaccommodate 150
students. The cost of construction including all provisions isRs. 15,000/- per student. Determine
total cost of building.
Solution :
No.of students= 150
Cost of construction including all L.S. provisions = Rs. 15,000/- Total Cost of hostel building
=150 x 15000 = Rs. 22,50,000/- (Rupees twenty two lakhs, fifty thousand only)
Methods Of Taking Out Quantities

The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinthand super structure etc.,
can be workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.
c) Partly centre line and short wall method.
LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD
In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be longwall while the wall
perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get thelength of long wall or short wall,
calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to
out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its centre line length. Thus the
length of short wall Measured into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its
centre linelength at each end. The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work tobrick
work in super structure while the short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth
and depth to getquantities.
CENTRE LINE METHOD
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the totalcentre line length is
multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get thetotal quantity at a time. When cross
walls or partitions or verandah walls joinwith main all, the centre line length gets reduced by
half of breadth for eachjunction. Such junction or joints are studied carefully while calculating
total centreline length. The estimates prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.
PARTLY CENTRE LINE AND PARTLY CROSS WALL METHOD
This method is adopted when external (i.e., around the building) wall isof one thickness and the
internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases,centre line method is applied to external
walls and long wall-short wall method isused to internal walls. This method suits for different
thicknesses walls and differentlevel of foundations. Because of this reason, all Engineering
departments arepracticing this method.

1.Prepare a detailed estimate for the plan as shown in figure 1.
Room Long Wall =0.15+3.5+0.3+4.2+0.15 = 8.3m

Room Short Wall = 0.15+3.7+0.15 =4m
Verandah front = 0.15+3.5+0.3+4.2+0.15 =8.3m
Verandah Side = 0.15+1+0.15=1.3m
Item Particulars of items No L(m) B (m) D (m) Quantity (m3)

No.
First class brick work in
C.M.1:6 superstructure
Long wall 2 8.6 0.3 3.6 18.58
Short wall 2 3.7 0.3 3.6 11.99
Deductions:
Door 2 1.2 0.3 2.2 1.58
1 Windows 8 0.9 0.3 1.5 3.24
Shelf 2 0.9 0.2 1.5 0.54
Lintels
Doors 2 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.18
Windows 8 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.58
Shelf 2 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.14
Total 24.31
P.C.C. in Foundation
Long wall 2 9.2 0.9 0.3 5
Short wall 2 3.1 0.9 0.3 1.68
2
Cross Wall b/w the Rooms 1 3.4 0.6 0.2 0.4
Verandah Front 1 8.7 0.4 0.2 0.7
Verandah sides 2 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.14
Total 7.92
Ceiling Plastering 1 3.5 3.7 12.95
3 1 4.2 3.7 15.54
1 8 1 8
Total 36.49
2. Prepare a detailed estimate of a shop & calculate its cost with approved rates. Also find
out plinth area rate of the shop details given below in fig .

(i) Earthwork excavation in foundation

(ii) Cement concrete in foundation
(iii) I class brickwork in foundation & plinth.
(iv) Damp proof course 4cm thick

Item B D Quantity
No. Particulars of items No L(m) (m) (m) (m3)
Earthwork excavation in
foundation
1 Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.9 10.044
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.9 5.508
TOTAL 15.552
Cement concrete in
foundation
2 Long wall 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.348
Short wall 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.836
TOTAL 5.184
foundation & plinth.
Long wall
1st footing 2 5.8 0.5 0.3 1.74
3 Plinth 2 5.7 0.4 0.3 1.368
Short wall
1st footing 2 3.8 0.5 0.3 1.14
Plinth 2 3.9 0.4 0.3 0.936
TOTAL 5.184
Damp proof Course 4cm
thick
4 Long wall 2 5.7 0.4 4.56
Short wall 2 3.9 0.4 3.12
Roam area 1 5 4 20
TOTAL 27.68


UNIT 2
ESTIMATE OF OTHER STRUCTURES
1. Prepare a detailed estimate for the construction of a macadam road for 1.5 km length
having the following specifications.
Formation width of the road - 10 m
Average height of bank - 80cm
Side slopes of bank - 2:1 (Horizontal: Vertical)
Metalled width of road -3.70 m
Soling shall be of over burnt bricks laid flat.
Intercoat of metalling shall be of stone ballast 12 cm.thick loose layer compacted to 8cm. Top
coat of metalling shall be of stone ballast 9 cm.thick loose layer compacted to 6 cm. Side shall be
provided with bricks on end edging. For bridges and culverts, and other miscellaneous items,
provide lump sum amount Rs.50, 000/- per kilometer.
Figure 2.1 C/S Macadam road

SOLUTION:-
(a) Earth work in embankment
1 x 1000 x (Bd2 + Sd2) = 1 x 1000 x (10 x0.8 + 2 x 0.8x 0.8 ) = 9280 cu m
(b) Preparation of bed for soling coat including rolling the bed with a roller.
(c) Collection of bricks for soling coat
Soling 1 x 1000 x 3.70 x.10 = 370
Brick on end edging 2 x 1000 x .10 x .20 = 40
Total = 410 cum
Consolidation of soling coat
Same as per item (c)
(a) Collection of intercoat stone ballast
(12 cm.thick, 5cm. to 6cm. gauge)
1 x 1000 x 3.70 x .12 = 444 Cum
(b) Consolidation of intercoat st
Same as per item (a) = 444

(c) Collection of stone ballast 4 to 5cm gauge
1 x 1000 x 3.70 x .09 = 333 Cum
(d) Consolidation of stone ballast
Same as per item (3) = 333
(e) Bridges & Culverts = Job
(a) Collection of bajri 6mm to 20mm gauge
1 X 1000 X 3.70 = 3700.00 sq.m
Or 3700 sq.m @ 1.98 cum.
(b) Collection of bitumen
1000 X 3.70 = 3700 sq.m.
Or 3700 sq.m. @ 264 Kg.per % sq.m. = 9.50 tonne
1.Prepare a detailed estimate for an arch culvert as shown in fig.2.2
Figure 2.2 Plan and sectional view of the Arch culvert

Item Length Depth

no. particulars of items of work No. (m) Breadth(m) (m) Quantity
1 Earth work in excavation
in foundation
Abutments 2 6.1 1 0.9 10.98
Wings wall 4 2.5 0.9 0.9 8.1
TOTAL 19.08
2 CC 1:3:6 in foundation with
stone ballast
Abutments 2 6.1 1 0.3 3.66
Wings walls 4 2.5 0.9 0.3 2.7
TOTAL 6.36
I class brick work in 1:5 cement
3 mortar
Abutments
1st step 2 5.8 0.7 0.9 7.31
2nd step upto springing level 2 5.8 0.6 0.9 6.26
Above springing level as
rectangular
solid upto top of crown 1 5.8 3.2 0.65 12.06
WING WALLS
1 st step 4 2.5 0.6 0.9 5.4
2nd step upto spandrel level 4 2.6 0.5 1.2 6.25
parapet upto kerb 2 8.4 0.4 0.95 6.38
paraper above kerb 2 8.4 0.3 0.45 2.27
TOTAL 45.93
4 I class brick work in arch 1 5.8 2.43 0.2 2.82
Cut stone work laid with 1:3

5 cement
coarse sand mortar in coping 2 8.5 0.35 0.075 0.45
6 Cement pointing 1:2 in exposed

surface including 10cm below
GL

Face wall from 10 cm below GL

upto
top of parapet 2 8.4 3 50.4
Inner face of parapet above road
level 2 8.4 0.75 12.6
Ends of parapets 4 0.4 0.2 0.32
Ends of parapets 4 0.3 0.45 0.54
Inner face of abutments 2 5.8 1.3 15.08
Soffit or arch 1 5.8 2.256 13.08
TOTAL 92.02
1.Prepare a detailed estimate for a RCC slab culvert as shown in fig.
Fig.2.3 Plan & Sectional view of RCC slab culvert

Item particulars of items of Length Depth

no. work No. (m) Breadth(m) (m) Quantity
1 Earth work in excavation
in foundation
Abutments 2 5.1 0.7 0.6 4.28
Wings wall 4 1.2 0.7 0.6 2.02
Total 6.3 cu. M
CC 1:3:6 in foundation
2 with
stone ballast
Abutments 2 5.1 0.7 0.3 2.14
Wings walls 4 1.2 0.07 0.3 1.01
Total 3.15 cu m
I class brick work in 1:4
3 cement
mortar
Abutments 2 4.8 0.4 1.5 5.76
Wingwalls 4 1.2 0.4 1.5 2.88

Parapet upto kerb 2 4.7 0.4 0.3 1.13
Paraper above kerb 2 4.7 0.3 0.5 1.41
Paraper coping 2 4.9 0.4 0.1 0.39
Deduct Total 11.57 cu m
Bearing of RCC slab in

abutment 2 4.8 0.3 0.2 0.57
Total 11 cu m

RCC work 1:2:4 in slab

4 excluding
steel and its bending but

including centering
shuttering
and binding steel 1 4.8 2.1 0.2 2.016 cu m
Steel bars including

5 bending in
RCC work
20mm dia bars main

straight
bars 30cm c/c 17 2.38 40.46
main bentup bars 30cm c/c 16 2.54 40.64

10mm dia bars
Distributing bottom bars
25cm c/c 9 4.9 44.1
Distributin top bars 4 4.9 19.6

63.70 m
Total 63.7m @ 0.62 kg = 39.49 kg
Cement concrete 1:2:4

6 wearing coat 1 4 2.3 0.1 0.92
Cement pointing 1:2 in

7 walls
Face wall from

10cm below GL upto
bottom of coping 2 4.7 2.1 19.74
Inner side of parapet
excluding 2 4.7 0.8 7.52
coping
Coping 2 4.9 0.7 6.86
Ends of parapet 4 0.4 0.2 0.32
Ends of parapet 4 0.3 0.5 0.6

Ends of coping 4 0.4 0.2 0.32
Deduct
Rectangular opening 2 1.5 1.3 3.9

Triangular portion below
(0.5 x 1.3
earth slope 2 x1.3) 1.69
5.59
Net
quantity 29.77 sq. m
3.Prepare a detailed estimate for a box culvert as shown in fig.2.4
Fig.2.4 Plan & elevation of Box Culvert

Item. Particula rs of L B D E xplanatory

No Items No (m) (m) (m) Quantity Notes
1(a) Earthwork 1 1 0.4 2 0.8m3 D= .15+.3+
excavation .6+.6+.35=2m
1(b) P.C.C.1:5 :10 for 1 1 0.4 0.3 0.12m3
foundation
2. Brick Work in
C.M.1:4
Abutment
1st step 2 1 0.67 0.6 0.402m3
2nd step 2 1 0.56 0.6 0.34 m3
3rd step 2 1 0.45 0.35 0.158m3
4th step 2 1 0.34 0.3 0.102m3
Total 1.002m3
3. Brick Work 1 1 2.9 0.9 2.61m3 (2+0.9)=2.9m
inC.M.1:5 2 1 0.11 0.50 0.11m3 (0.45-0.34)=
0.11m
Total 2.72 m3
4. Plastering with 2 1 1.85 3.7m2 D=(.3+
C.M.1:3 – 20mm .6+.6+.35)=1.85m
thick
5. R.C.C.1:2:4 1 1 2.68 .20 0.536m3
cover slab
4. The fig shows the cross section of the retaining wall. Find out for 20m l ength of this
wall the following:-
1 Cement Concrete
2 Brick work in C.M.1:4

S.No Detail of No Measurements Quantities

Work L(m) B(m) H(m)
1. Cement concrete 1:4:8 1 20.30 1.50 .30 9.135 cum
2. Brick wo rk in C.M.
(1:4)
1st step 1 20.00 1.20 1.00 24.00cum
2nd step 1 20.00 1.00 0.50 20.00cum
3rd step 1 20.00 0.80 0.50 08.00cum
4th step 1 20.00 0.60 0.50 06.00cum
Total 67.135cum
4. Estimate the quantity of following items of septic tank fig.
Item Particulars of items No L B D Quantity Explanatory Note

No
(m) (m) (m) (m3)
1. Earth work

excavation Septic 54.6m

3
tank 1 8.4 2.60 2.5 L=
(.3+2+.3+5.2+.3)=8.4m
Soak – pit up to 5m
depth 5 62.83 m3
1 (2) Total 117.43m3
2.
Cement concrete 1 8.4 2.60 0.50 10.92 m3
1:5:10 - Floor and
foundation
3. Brick Bats in Soak 3

pit 40.86
4. Brick work in C.M. 1 (1 .7) 4.50 m
1:6
Septic tank
Long wall
2 8.5 0.5 0.5 4.25 m3
1st step
2 8.3 0.4 0.5 3.32 m3
2nd step
2 8.1 0.3 1.0 4.86 m3
3rd step
Short wall
2 2.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 m3
1st step
2 2.0 0.4 0.5 0.8 m3
2nd step
2 2.0 0.3 1.0 1.2 m3
3rd step
Baffle wall
1 2.0 0.3 1.5 0.9 m3
Total 16.33 m3

5. R.C.C.cover slab 1 8.1 2.6 0.1 2.106 m3

for septic tank
0.1 1.257 m3
Soak pit 1 (2) Total 3.363 m3

Internal plastering
6.
12 mm C.M. 1:3
Long wall 2 7.2 2.0 28.8m2
Short wall 2 2 2.0 8.0m2
Total 36.80m2


















UNIT III SPECIFICATION AND TENDERS

SPECIFICATIONS
Specification is an important document attached with a tender form/contract

agreement which in most cases controls the quality of materials and works. Sometimes,
specifications may be used to describe matters which could not be explained clearly by
drawings/sketches. This chapter explains the different types of specifications and their
necessity.
Definition
For each proposed work, numbers of drawings are prepared to explain the details of
foundations, basement, superstructure, roof and floors joinery etc., whatever attempt is
made to furnish complete working drawings, it becomes necessary to describe the drawing
in detail. This description in works without sketches and sometimes with line sketches
giving details of standard materials, method of construction and the requirements of
workmanship of construction etc., is called specification.
NECESSITY OF SPECIFICATION
1. The specifications define the quality of materials and workmanship. Hence this
will help the contractor to quote correct rates for the different items of works.
2. The information contained in the specifications will serve as a guide to the
contractor as well as to the supervising staff during execution of the work.
3. Specifications help the owner to check and satisfy with the works, during
execution.
4. In case of disputes between the owner and contractor with respect to the method
of construction, quality and quantity of materials used,
equipments and machineries used etc, the specifications play the major role in
solving the disputes and arriving at a settlement.
Importance of Specifications
Drawings and Specifications form two important contract documents. Information
such as dimensions, type of construction, etc. Which can be easily expressed graphically is

put up on the drawings. On the other hand, instructions which can be easily expressed well
in writing are written in the specifications. But generally, the provisions in the
specifications are given more legal strength and most of the contracts state that in case of
discrepancy between the drawings and specifications, the provisions of the specifications
shall be the final.
Types of Specifications
The specifications are broadly divided into three categories as
1. General or brief specifications,
2. Detailed specifications, and
3. Standard specifications.
1. General or Brief Specifications
General specification gives the nature and class of work and materials in general
terms to be used in the various parts of the work, from the foundation to the
superstructure. It is a short description of different parts of the work specifying materials,
proportions, qualities etc. General specifications give general idea of the whole work or
structure and are useful for preparing the estimate. These general specifications doe not
form part of the contract document. They are used in the estimates by the person who
prepares the estimates.
2. Detailed Specifications
The detailed specifications form a part of the contract document. The detailed
specification of an item of work specifies the qualities and quanitites of materials, the
proportion of mortar, whorkmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the
method of measurement. The detailed specifications of different items of work are
prepared separately which describe what the work should be and how they should be
executed and constructed. Detailed specifications are written to express the requirements
clearly in concise form avoiding repetition and ambiguity. The detailed specifications are
arranged as for as possible in the same sequence or order as the work is carried out.

The following provisions are made in the detailed specifications.
a. General provisions
b. Technical provisions.
a. General provisions
These are also known as conditions of contract and they apply to the work as a
whole. In this document, the conditions governing the contract are written. The following
groups of conditions of contract are generally accommodated under the general provisions.
i. Conditions a relating to documents
These pertain to
 Bill of quantities and schedule of prices
 Drawings
 Standard specifications
ii. Conditions relating to the general obligations of the contractor These
pertain to
 Acts, bye-laws and regulations

 Fencing, watching and lighting of the work spot
 Insurance
iii. Conditions a relating to labour and personnel These
pertain to
 Accidents to workmen
 Contractors representative
 Rates of wages paid to the employees
 Removal of the employees of the contractor

iv. Conditions a relating to the execution of the work These
provisions are related to
 Alterations, additions and omissions during the progress of work
 Amount of extra items

 Damages
 Defective work
 Work at night and on holidays
 Workmanship etc.
v. Conditions a relating to measurements and payments

These pertain to
 Method of measurement of completed works
 Method of payments etc.
vi. Conditions a relating to default and non-completion These
pertain to
 Failure to complete the work in time

 Right to suspend the work
 Time of completion etc.
vii. Conditions a relating to settlement of dispute These
pertain to
 arbitration
 Jurisdiction of court etc. b.
Technical Provisions
These specifications describe the technical requirements of each type of

constructions. The technical provisions contain detailed instructions regarding the desired
quality of the final product. The technical provisions are of three types.
i. Specifications for materials and workmanship

For materials the following properties should be included in the

specifications.
 Physical properties such as size, shape, grade, strength, hardness etc.,
 Chemical composition of the material
 Electrical, thermal and acoustical properties
 Appearance of the material
 A clear statement regarding the inspection and procedure of test of
the material.
For workmanship, the following important features should be included in the
specifications.
 The results desired
 The tools and plants to be engaged
 Detailed description of the construction method for each item
 Instructions regarding the protection of the finished work as well as
of the adjacent property.
ii. Specifications for performance
These specifications are written for the overall performance of the finished
product and hence they are written if the contract is for the supply of equipment
and machinery such as pumps, motors etc. In these specifications, general
description, design and installation and guarantee etc., of the equipment are
specified.
iii. Specifications for proprietary commodities
Commercial products which are standardized or patented are called

proprietory commodities. The specifications written for such
materials should include the name of a particular brand or firm. (eg. Sun brand,
Everest brand etc.) However, it is not desirable in case of public works to specify
certain trade names or brands. To avoid monopoly and favouritism, it is general
practice to specify the selected brand and then it is followed by the phrase “or
equal”.
3. Standard Specifications

Specifications are seldom written completely for all items of the work. It is possible
to standardize specifications for most of the items occurring in works of similar nature.
Hence every engineering department prepares the detailed specifications of the various
items of works and gent them printed in book form under the name “Detailed Standard
Specifications”. When the work, or a structure or project is taken up0, instead of writing
detailed specification every time, the printed standard specifications are referred in the
contract document and other documents pertaining to the work. Tamilnadu Public Works
Department following the “Tamilnadu Building Practice”. The clauses of Indian Standards
(Code of Practice). National Building Code (NBC), Hand book by National Building
Organisation (NBO) may be also referred while writing specifications.
Essential Requirements of Specifications
Following are some of the essential requirements of good specification writing.
1. Subject matter
The subject matter of specifications should relate to the information required after
the contract is given to a particular contractor. The requirements which are to be enforced
should only be included in the specifications.
2. Grammar
All sentences of the specifications should comply with the rules of grammar.
The style and tense should remain the same throughout.
3. Selection of works
While writing specifications, only suitable works with desired meaning should be used.
Unfamiliar works of works having more than one meaning should never be used in the
specifications.
4. Accuracy

The information given in the specifications should be complete and correct, otherwise the
contractor may claim for any extra cost due to damage occurred to him by the misleading
information supplied by the specifications.
5. Practical limits and commercial sizes
The specifications should be framed keeping in view the practical limitations of materials
and workmanship and they should not specify practical impossibilities. Also, the
specifications should specify use of commercial sizes and patterns of the material.
6. Fairness
The specifications should be fair and they should not be framed in such a way as to throw
all the risks on the shoulders of the contractor.
7. Brevity
The sentences of the specifications should be short, simple and concise. This is essential as
the main purpose of the specifications is to give directions to the contractor and the
supervising staff in carrying out the construction work.
Points to be Included in the Specifications
In the case of Civil Engineering Works, the specifications shall contain the following
points.
i. Quality of materials to be used with strength/size requirements,
ii. Quantity of materials to be used and the methods of measurements to be

followed.
iii. Method of mixing when different materials are used.
iv. Construction methods to be followed mentioning the equipment and machinery

to be used.
v. Dimensions of works such as breadth, thickness etc.,

vi. Methods of measurements of works for payments.
The points to be included in the specifications of some of the civil engineering

construction work are given below.
1. Specification for lime mortar concrete, surkimortar concrete and cement mortar
concrete
Specifications for lime, cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate – quality and
quantity of water – specification for lime mortar and surkimortar – volume batching or
weigh batching and proportion of ingredients – method of mixing – hand mix ding or
machine mixing – platform for mixing – transporting concrete – placing – ramming and
compaction – curing – method of measurement and payment.
2. Specification for Cement Concrete for R.C.C. Work
Specifications for cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate – proportion of

ingredients – quality of water – consistency – volume batching or weigh batching – mixing
– haind mixing or machine mixing – mixing time – transporting and placing of concrete –
thickness of each layer – compaction – use of vibrator – construction joints – specification
of reinforcement – fabrication of reinforcement – centering and form work – curing
removal of form work – finishing – method of measurement and payment.
3. Specification for Brick masonry in lime mortar, surki mortar or cement mortar
Quality and size of bricks – proportion and specification of mortar – soaking of

bricks in water – setting of bricks in mortar – thickness of joints – bond – raking joints for
plaster – uniform raising – maximum height for a day’s work – scaffolding – throating
corbelling and cornices – rounding off corners – plinth offsets – brick on edge coping –
curing unit of measurement and payment.
4. Specification for Stone masonry in lime mortar, surki mortar or cement mortar
Requirements of building stone – size and dressing of stones – hammer dressing

chisel dressing – bond stones – methods of laying stones – wetting of stones before placing

– specification of mortar – thickness of mortar bed and thickness of joints of filling the
voids – uniform raising – scaffolding – curing – methods of measurements and payment.
5. Specification for Plastering stone masonry or brick masonry with lime mortar, surki
mortar or cement mortar
Preparation of surcase – cleaning the surface – wetting and washing the surface –
specification of mortar – mix ratio – thickness of plaster – number of coats – application of
mortar on the surface – finishing – curing measurement and payment.
6. Specification for pointing stone masonry, brick masonry with lime mortar,
surkimortar, cement mortar
Raking out of joint – brushing and cleaning – washing with water – specification for
mortar – application of mortar in the joints – finishing thickness of joints – curing
measurements and payment.
Examples of General Specifications
1. General specifications of some works involved in the construction of a residential

building
i. Foundation Concrete: Cement concrete 1:4:8 using 40 mm size blue granite

broken stone.
ii. Foundation and Basement: Brickwork in cement mortar 1:5 using 7.5 grade
bricks.
iii. Super Structure: Brickwork in cement mortar 1:6 using 7.5 grade bricks.
iv. Flooring: Mosaic flooring over a base of 100 mm thick cement concrete 1:5:10
using 40 mm size brick bats.
v. Roofing: 120 mm thick R.C.C. roof in 1:2:4 concrete using 20 mm size blur
granite broken stone.

vi. Finishing: Plastering the walls and ceilings with cement mortar 1:3, 12 mm
thick and finishing the same with three coats of white washing.
vii. Doors and Windows: Country wood doors and windows painted two coats with
ready mixed paint over a primer coat.
2. General specifications of few items of works involved in the laying of a village

road
i. Sub grade: Leveling and compacting the surface with a camber of 1:48 for 8 metre
width, uniform along the full length, with watering.
ii. Soling: Soling with 150 mm size granite boulders, packed completely with gravel
and compacted with hand roller, dry and wet rolling.
iii. Spreading gravel: Red gravel spread over the base for 20 mm thickness, watered
and rolled.
iv. Finish: Covered with a thin layer of sand.
3. General (or) Brief specifications of few works involved in laying a bitumen road
i. Preparation of Base: Clearing the surface with wire brushes and removing the
dust completely patching all pot holes.
ii. Application of Bitumen binder: Applying heated bitumen uniformly at the rate of
0.9 kg/m2.
iii. Spreading of Chips: Spreading 12 mm size stone chips uniformly, 20 mm thick.
iv. Rolling: Rolling 6 to 8 trips with 8 ton power roller.
Examples of Detailed Specifications of Materials
1. Detailed Specification for sand for mortar
The Sand used for mortar shall be clean, sharp, heavy and gritty. It should be free
from clay, salt, mica and organic impurities. It shall not contain harmful chemicals in any

form. Medium and fine sand are to be used in mortars. Coarse sand shall be sifted through
600 micron sieve and used in mortars for plastering works.
2. Detailed Specification for first class bricks:
The earth used for molding the bricks shall be free from organic matters salts and
chemicals. The size, weight and colour of the burnt bricks should be uniform. The adjacent
faces of the bricks are to be right angles to each other. The bricks shall be free from cracks,
flaws and lumps. They should not break where dropped, from 1 metre height, on the
ground. They should not absorb water by more 15 % of their self weight when immersed in
water for one hour. The average compressive strength of the bricks shall be not less than
7.5 N/mm2. The dry weight of one brick shall not be less than 3 kg.
3. Detailed Specification for cement:
Ordinary Portland cement or rapid hardening Portland cement confirming to IS: 269
– 1989 and IS:8041 – 1990 shall be used. The fineness of the cement shall not be less than
30 minutes and the final setting time shall not be greater than 10 hours. The average
compressive strength, after 7 days curing, of 1:3 cement mortar cubes shall be not less than
33 N/mm2 (33 grade).
4. Detailed Specification for wood for doors and windows:
The wood shall be teak, well seasoned and dry. It should be free from cracks, knots,
defects and disease. It should be sawn in the direction of grains so that the edges are
perfectly straight and square. The dimensions of the frames/scantlings/planks shall be as
prescribed in the drawings. Patching or plugging of any kind is not permitted.
5. Detailed Specification for water for concrete:
Water used for mixing and curing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may
be deleterious to concrete or steel. Potable water may be used for mixing concrete. The
suspended organic solid matter in the water shall not exceed 200 mg/l and inorganic solid
matter shall not exceed 3000 kg/l, the pH value of water shall be not less than 6. Water

sued for curing should not produce any objectionable stain or unsightly deposit on the
concrete surface. The presence of tannic acid or iron compounds in the water is
objectionable.
6. Detailed Specification for coarse aggregate:
The aggregate to be used in reinforced cement concrete shall be of blue granite

stone, machine crushed and well graded with a nominal size of 20 mm. It shall be hard,
dense, durable strong and free from flakes. The aggregate
shall not contain harmful materials such as coal, mica clay, shells, organic impurities etc.
The compressive strength, crushing value etc of the aggregate shall be in accordance with
the requirements of IS:383 – 1970.
7. Detailed Specification for reinforcement:
The reinforcement shall be of high strength deformed steel bars confirming to

IS:1786 – 1985. It should be bendable, weldable and have the modulus of elasticity not less
than 200 kN/mm2. The yield strength of the steel used shall not be less than 415 N/mm2.
All reinforcement bars shall be free from loose mill scales, loose rust and coats of paints, oil,
mud or other coatings which may destroy or reduce bond.
Examples of Detailed Specifications of Works
1. Detailed Specification for earth work excavation for foundation
Leveling the surface
The whole area of construction is to be cleared of tees, grass, roots of trees etc.,
complete and leveled horizontally to enable easy marking of centre line of the building.

Dimensions
The excavation shall be done in accordance with dimensions of trenches shown in

the working drawings.
Shoring
The sides of the trenches should be vertical and the bottom of the trenches should
be flat. In the case of loose soils the sides of the trenches should be shored with steel sheets.
Fencing
Suitable temporary fencing is to be provided around the site of excavation to avoid

any accidental fall into the trenches.
Dumping the soil
The excavated soil is to be dumped and heaped at a minimum distance of 1.5 metre
away from the trenches so that it does not slide again into the trenches.
Treatment of the bottom
The bottom of the trench shall be watered and compacted by ramming before the
foundation concrete is laid. Excessive excavations should not be adjusted by filling with
loose excavated soils. Sand or plain concrete may be used for the adjustment of levels, that
too with proper compaction.
2. Detailed Specification for lime concrete in foundation
Lime
The lime used for the concrete shall be freshly burnt and slaked. It should be free
from clayey particles and ashes. Unslaked stone particles should be removed by shifting.

Broken Bricks
The overburnt bricks and the pieces of well burnt bricks are to be broken to sizes
ranging from 20 mm to 40 mm and stacked for easy measurement. The brick bats shall be
free from dirt, dust, rubbish, leaf etc.
Fine aggregate
Surki made from well burnt brick bats is to be used as fine aggregate. It should pass
through I.S. sieve no.48 and free from dust and dirt.
Proportioning
Lime, surki and broken bricks are to be mixed in the proportion of 1:2:5 by volume.
The materials are to be measured loose without shaking or ramming.
Mixing
The mixing shall be done only by mechanical mixer. The broken bats are to be
soaked in clean water for atleast 2 hours before mixing. The materials are first mixed to get
uniform distribution and then water is gradually added. The mixing process is to be
continued till all the brick bats are coated with mortar uniformly and a workable concrete
is obtained.
Laying compacting
The concrete shall be laid to the required thickness, not more than 200 mm and a
time, and compacted by ramming with rammers weighing 4.5 to 55 kg.
Curing
The lime concrete, so laid, is to be kept wet for atleast 7 days.
3. Detailed specification of random rubble masonry in foundation and basement

Stone
The stone shall be obtained from the approved queries. It shall be sound, free from
cracks and decay and shall have a specific gravity of not less than 2.5.
Mortar
Cement mortar 1:6 to be used.
Method of Laying
The stones are to be laid on broadest face which gives better opportunity to fill the
spaces between stones by the mortar. The stones are laid layer by layer with sufficient
mortar in between them for better binding. The outer face of the basement should be
vertical and the joints are to be staggered. There shall be no gap, between the stones,
unfilled by mortar.
Curing
The masonry should be kept in we condition by sprinkling water thrice daily for
atleast 7 days after construction.
4. Detailed specification of for brickwork in cement mortar 1: using first class bricks
in super structure
Bricks shall be table molded, well burnt in approved kiln, copper coloured, free from
cracks and with sharp and square edges. Bricks shall be uniform in shape and shall be of
standard size and shall give clear ringing sound when struck with each other.
Bricks shall e well soaked in water for atleast 12 hours before their use, preferably
in a tank provided at site of work.

The proportion of mortar shall be one part of cement to five parts of sand by volume
and shall be prepared as per standard specification for cement mortar. The cement and
sand shall confirm to the standard specification.
Broken bricks shall not be used except as closers. All corners shall be truly to plumb.
Mortar joints shall break for bonding and shall not exceed 10
mm in thickness. Only skilled masons shall be employed on the work and the work shall be
kept well watered for atleast 15 days. All brickwork shall be carried out in such a way that
no portion is raised unduly above another.
The length and height shall be measured as on site. The thickness of walls shall be
paid for as one brick, one and a half bricks, two bricks and so on. The rate for brickwork
includes necessary scaffolding also.
5. Detailed specification of mosaic flooring
Base Course
The basic course shall be of 25 mm thick cement concrete of a 1:2:4 mix using 12
mm size granite stone chips as coarse aggregate and sand as fine aggregate. The top of
flooring concrete or R.C.C. slab shall be cleaned well and applied with cement slurry of 2
kg/m2 before placing the chips concrete. The base course is to be compacted, leveled and
smoothed by wooden floats.
Mosaic Tiles
Precast tiles of 200 mm x 200 mm x 20 mm size are to be used. They shall be

manufactured under hydraulic pressure of not less than 14 N/mm2 and given the first
grinding with machine before laying. The proportion of cement to sand in the backing of
the tiles shall not be leaner than 1:3 by weight. Similarly the proportion of cement to
marble power to marble chips in the wearing layer of the tiles shall be not leaner than
3:1:7. The marble chips shall be hard, dense sound and homogeneous in texture.
Laying of Tiles

The bedding for the tiles shall be with cement mortar 1:3. The average thickness of
the bedding mortar shall be 20 mm and the thickness at any place shall be not less than 10
mm. Cement bedding shall be spread, tamped and corrected to proper levels and allowed to
harden before the tiles are set. Neat cement slurry of honey like consistency shall be spread
over the bedding at the rate of 4.4 kg/m2. Tiles shall be washed clean and shall be fixed in
this grout one after another, each tile being gently tapped with a wooden mallet till is
properly bedded and in level with the adjoining tiles. The joints shall be kept as thin as
possible not exceeding 1.5 mm and in straight lines.
Curing, Polishing and Finishing
The day after the tiles are laid, all joints shall be cleared of the grey cement grout
with a wire brush to a depth of 5 mm and all dust and loose mortar removed and cleaned.
Joints shall then be grounded with whit e cement mixed with pigment to match the shade of
tiles. The same cement slurry shall be applied to the entire surface of the tiles in a thin coat.
The floor shall then be kept wet for a minimum period of 7 days. The surface shall there
after be grounded evenly with the polishing machine fitted with coarse grade grit blocks,
adding required water during the process. After grinding, the surface shall be washed clean
and covered with thin coat of cement slurry with pigment. The surface shall be again cured
and polished with machine fitted with medium grade grit blocks. Similarly a third grinding
shall be done by fine grade grit blocks. After the final polish, the surface shall be cleaned
using diluted oxalic acid and wiped with a soft cloth.
6. Detailed specification for plastering with cement mortar
Materials
Portland cement of initial setting time not less than 30 minutes and medium size
clean sand free from organic matters and salts are to be sued for making mortar. The water
to be used shall be clean and potable.
Mixing Mortar

The sand and cement shall be first mixed dry in the required proportion thoroughly
to get a uniform colour. The required amount of water shall be added slowly and gradually
and the mortar mixed wet to give a uniform paste.
Application of Mortar
The surface to be plastered shall be cleaned and wetted with water before the
mortar is applied. Plastering shall be started from the top and proceeded towards the
bottom. The plastered surface shall be made level and flush with wooden straight edges
and rubbed thoroughly with wooden floats to ensure smooth and even surface.
Curing
Plastered surface shall be kept wet by sprinkling water for atleast 7

days.
7. Detailed specification for distempering
The distemper shall be of the approved colour and quality. Water shall be added as
prescribed by the manufacture, stirred well often during use, to maintain uniform colour
and consistency.
The plastered surface of the wall is scraped and cleaned with wire brushes and
rubbed smooth with sand papers. Distemper shall not be applied in wet weather. It shall be
applied with good brushes, first horizontally and
then immediately crossed off vertically which together shall constitute one coat. The
second coat will be also applied in the same manner after the first coat has dried. The
finished surface shall be even and uniform and shall show no brush marks.
8. Detailed specification for painting new wood work
Paint
Ready mixed paint of approved quality and colour shall be used.
Preparation of surface

The surface to be painted shall be rubbed down smooth with medium and fine sand
papers and cleaned off any dust. Knots, cracks holes etc., shall be filled with putty made of 2
parts of whiting. 1 part of white lead mixed together in linseed oil and leveled to the
surface. A primer coat is applied to the surface with ready mixed wood primer of best
quality.
Application
Painting shall be carried out at the driest season of the year. Paint shall be applied
with brushes, smoothly spread without any visible brush mark. The second coat shall be
applied when the first coat is perfectly dried. The paint shall be stirred often with stick so
that it does not settle down.
9. Detailed specification for A.C. Sheet roofing
A. C. Sheets
The sheets shall be approved quality, free from cracks and damages.
Semi corrugated sheets of 1100 mm width and 1750 mm length are to be used.
The thickness of the sheets shall not be less than 6 mm.
Purlins
Angle purlins of required size shall be used at spacing not exceeding 1.4m.
Laying of Sheets
The sheets should be laid starting from the eaves, with the smooth side facing
upwards and with a minimum of 150 mm lap at the ends. The over hang of the sheets shall
not exceed 300 mm.
Pitch
The slope of the roof shall be not flatter than 1 vertical to 5 horizontal and not
steeper than 1 vertical 1 horizontal.
Fixing
The sheets shall be fixed to the purlins from the top of corrugation by 8
mm dia G.I. hooks and nuts. The holes shall be drilled and not punched. Each hook shall
have a bitumen washer and metal washer placed over the sheet before the nut is screwed.

Ridges and Hips

Ridges and hips shall be of the same brand of the sheets and have the same patern of
corrugations. They shall be free from cracks and damages. The ridge capping shall be
screwed to the ridge purlins by same type of bolts used for fixing the sheets.
10. Detailed specification for form work and centering to R.C.C. Roofing
Strutting
Props used for strutting shall be of casuarinas posts of 100 to 130 mm diameter. The
props are to be vertical and rest on firm ground or on wooden sole plates of thickness not
less than 40 mm. All props shall be provided with double wedges to facilitate tightening
and loosening of shuttering. The horizontal spacing of props in both directions shall not
exceed 750 mm. When the height of strutting exceeds 3.5 m, suitable horizontal bracings
should be provided. Splicing of props shall be as per the approved drawings. The props
shall be constantly watched, by a carpenter, during the process of concreting and
immediate remedial measures are to be taken in any of them get loosened.
Form Work
The formwork shall be of stiff and strong wood, easily workable with nails and light
in weight. The form work shall be true to shape and size specified in the structural
drawings and strong enough to with stand the forces caused by vibration of concrete and
the incidental loads imposed on it during concreting. The unsupported length of the planks,
particularly of the side plates shall not exceed 1.0 m to avoid buckling. The levels of the
form work are to be checked before placing the reinforcement bars in position.
Centering
Well seasoned wooden planks or steel sheets are to be used for the shuttering work.
The joints shall be water tight to avoid leakage of cement slurry during compaction. The
surfaces of planks and sheets which would come into contact with concrete shall be
cleaned well and coated with oil of approved quality to the prevent adhesion of concrete.
The complete centering work shall be assembled so that it can be removed, on completion

of the specified period, easily without causing any demand to the concrete surfaces and
edges.
11. Detailed specification for damp proof course (D.P.C.)
Damp Poof Course wil be of plain cement concrete of 1:2:4 mix and 30
mm thickness. 12 mm size hard and dense stone chips shall be used as coarse aggregate
and river sand of 5 mm nominal size shall be used as fine aggregate. The aggregate shall be
clean and free from dust, dirt, mud, organic matter etc. The coarse aggregate is to be
washed well before mixing. Fresh port land
cement of I.S.I. approved brand of 43 grades is to be used as the binding material. Potable
water, free from harmful salts, shall be only used for mixing the concrete. The coarse
aggregate and sand are to be measured separately by volume and mixed dry in a clean and
stable platform to get a mixture of uniform colour. This mixture is stacked to a uniform
height and the cement of required quantity is spread over the stack, turned over in dry
state first, and with water twice to get a workable and uniform concrete. The brickwork in
basement is stopped at plinth level, cured will for 7 days, top surface cleaned well for dust
by wire brushes. Form work is provided along the two sides of wall by wooden planks, to
the required height. Gauge plates are to be provided at one metre interval, connecting the
two side planks by nails, keeping at a clear distance equal to the width of wall at plinth
level. The concrete, mixed as mentioned above, shall be placed and compacted well by
tamping rods to have a net thickness of 30 mm. Damp proof course shall not have any
joints, the whole concreting be completed without any break, and it need not be provided
over door openings. The top surface of concrete, when starts to dry shall be roughened to
provided over door openings. The top surface of concrete, when starts to dry, shall be
roughened to provide bondage with the super structure. The side planks shall be removed
on the next day and the concrete shall be cured for 7 days by keeping the surface constantly
wet.
12. Detailed specification for cement concrete flooring
Bottom Layer

The base shall be of cement concrete of 1:2:4 mix, 25 mm thick. The coarse
aggregate, 12 mm size stone chipping, shall be hard, durable strong and free from dust and
organic matters. The fine aggregate, 5 mm size river sand, shall be also free fromdirt, clay,
mud etc. Fresh Portland cement having initial setting time not less than 30 minutes and of
grade 33 shall be used. Portable water, free from harmful substances shall be used for
mixing and curing. (For method of mixing refer item number 11). The concrete mixed as
mentioned above shall be spread over the well prepared base, to a uniform thickness of 25
mm, compacted and leveled using wooden floats. The top surface shall be roughened with 2
mm deep lines at 100 mm intervals, with scratching sticks, to provide bond to the top layer.
The bottom layer shall be cured for atleast 3 days before the tope laying being laid over it.
Top Layer
The top layer is of 1:3 cement mortar, 12 mm thick finished with a floating coat of
neat cement. Find sand, sifted through 5 mm size mesh and free from clay and dust shall be
used. To have a red coloured finish, 3 kg of red oxide of approved quality may be mixed
with 50 kg of cement and is used in preparing the mortar. The cement with red oxide is
mixed with sand in the ratio 1:3 by volume in dry state to obtain a uniform colour. Water is
then added slowly, a paste of uniform consistency is prepared and laid over the base layer
to a uniform thickness of 12 mm. It is leveled and smoothened by wooden floats. In the
process of finishing cement slurry mixed with enough red oxide is sprayed on top of
cement mortar layer. The surface should be covered with a thin layer of water constantly
from next day for atleast seven days for better curing.
13. Detailed specification for providing and fixing A.C. Rain Water pipes
The asbestos cement pipes shall be of 100 mm internal diameter, 2.0 m length,
weighing 12 kg each and free from cracks, flaws etc. The wall thickness is to be uniform and
the surfaces shall be smooth. Galvanished iron bat

clamps are to be provided at 1.0 m interval to fix the pipe with the wall in vertical position.
The clamps are to be rigidly fixed to the wooden plugs by 75
mm long screws. The spigot end of the upper pipe shall be centrally placed into the socket
end of the lower pipe, with uniform gap alround which shall be filled with spun yarn
soaked in bitumen to one-third depth and with cement – mortar 1:2 to the remaining two –
third depth, the top being finished smooth
with 450 slopes. The joints shall be cured for at least seven days by tying pieces of gunnies
around them and keeping them we. A.C. Shoes are to be fitted at the bottom end of each
pipe with a clear gap of 150 mm above the ground.
14. Detailed specification for weathering course
A weathering course of brick jelly concrete is to be laid over R.C. Slab, when there is
a storey over it, to protect the slab against alternative shrinkage and expansion, after 15
days of laying of the slab. A layer of 100 mm thick brick concrete (0.96 m3 broken brick of
20 mm gauge and 0.375 m3 slaked lime for every 1 m3 of weathering course) shall be laid
over the slab and well beaten to 75 mm thickness with wooden hand beaters.
15. Detailed specification for laying water bound macadam road, over existing
soling
The road metal shall be brought from the approved quarry. In direct compression
test, the road metal shall give a strength of 14.5 N/mm2. The abrasion number of the road
metal shall not be less than 17 and the attrition number shall be between 7 and 8. In impact
test, the road metal shall withstand a height of 180 to 200 mm and in cementation test, it
shall withstand 100 blows.
The road metal shall be placed on the existing soling in two layers, each layer being
consolidated so that the final thickness of two layers will be 10 mm IRC 50 mm size and IRC
40 mm size stones are used in equal proportions.
Each layer of the road metal shall be rolled dry so that a dense and properly
interlocked surface is obtained. Rolling shall be continued till the stoens do not move under
the weight of the roller.

The finishing coat shall consist of sand blindage and then the required amount of
water shall be spread over the surface. The rolling shall then be started and continued till a
loaded cart goes over the finished surface without making any mark. The road shall then be
opened for traffic.
The payment shall be made for the actual work done on superficial area
basis.
16. Detailed specification for single coat surface dressing with bitumen
Preparation of road surface
The surface shall be prepared by sweeping clean and removing all dut, dirt and
other deleterious matter by hand brushing with wire brushes, base brooms and finally by
fanning the cleaned surface with gunny bags to remove all loose dirt. Depression or pot
holes, if any shall be repaired as instructed. The surface shall be thoroughly dried before
application of binder.
Application of binder
The binder, heated to a temperature as recommended by the manufacture, shall be

sprayed uniformly over the prepared surface by mechanical sprayers. Spraying shall be
carried out parallel to the centre line of the road. 10 to 12 kg bitumen shall be used for
spraying 10 sqm area.
Application of covering materials
The stone chips of nominal size 12 mm, tough, clean and dry shall be uniformly and
evenly spread at the rate of 0.14 to 0.15 m3 per 10 m2 area with the required camber. The
surface shall be checked by a camer board laid across the road and a three metre straight
edge laid parallel to the centre line of the road and the irregularities, if any shall be
corrected.
Rolling
The blinded surface shall be rolled with a 8 to 10 tonne roller. The rolling shall begin
at the edge and proceed lengthwise over the area to be rolled sapping not less than one

third of the roller tread and proceed towards the centre. When the centre is reached; the
rolling shall then start at the opposite side and again proceed towards center. Tolling shall
be continued until the chipping are firmly embedded in the bituminous material and
present a uniform closed surface. Excessive rolling which results in the crushing of the
aggregate shall be avoided.
Opening to traffic
The finished surface may be thrown open to traffic on the following day when
straight run bitumen or road tar is used as binder.
Examples of Standard Specification
1. Standard specification for surki mortar (Specification No.12 of Tamilnadu

Building Practice – Vol.1)
1. Surki mortar shall consist of lime, surki and sand each complying with its
respective standard specification, mixed in the proportions noted below, or such
other proportions as may be defined I the relevant schedule item for the various
items of work.
Item of work Lime Surki Sand
i. Concrete 1 ½ 1½
ii. Masonry (Brick or Stone) 1 ½ 1½
iii. Plastering – First Coat 1 ½ 1½
Plastering – Second Coat 1 ½ 1
iv. Pointing 1 ½ 1
2. Surki mortar is included in lime mortar specifications and relevant portions in

I.S.1625/1971 and I.S.2394/1965 shall apply.
2. Standard specification for cement concrete (Specification number 28 of Tamilnadu

Building Practice – Vol.1)
1. I.S. 456-1978, I.S. 383-1970 and I.S. 269-1989 shall also apply.
2. Mixing concrete – Cement and sand shall be measured in accurate proportions,

and well mixed in a dry state, thrice over, on a clean dry platform of wood or

slabs with tight and even joints, so that there may be no wastage of mortar, or
difficulty in mixing. As much quantity of the aggregate, washed and cleaned of
dirt and allowed to dry, as can be mixed and laid with in 15 to 20 minutes after
water is added to the mixture, shall then be laid on the dry platform and on it
shall be
spread the dry mixture of cement and sand in correct proportions. The cement is
to be weighed, 50 kg being taken as 35 liters, and measuring boxes are to be
used to maintain the correct proportions of sand and broken stone. A convenient
size of measuring box would be of inside dimensions of 40 cm long, 35 cm wide
and 25 cm deep. The mixing platform should be large enough to enable the
continuous procedure of two batches being mixed avoid partial sets of the
concrete between laying of successive batches. The whole mass shall then be
thoroughly mixed with a shovel, turning over atleast three times, and adding
sufficient quantity of water with a sprinkling can, until the colour of the cement
is uniformly distributed throughout the whole mass.
The whole operation shall be so arranged as to take the minimum time possible,
so that the mixed concrete shall be placed in position before initial setting
begins. Concrete which had begun to set, or which has been condemned by the
executing engineer shall be rejected and removed from the work spot.
3. For water for mixing, setting time, laying and machine mixing of concrete
I.S.456-1978 and I.S.269-1989 shall apply.
4. Rate – The contract rates are to include the cost of mixing, conveying, placing,
ramming, watering, barrows, tools and all appliances required to complete the
concrete in position. They shall also include the cost of bailing pumping for
keeping the excavation free of water, unless otherwise specified. Centering shall
be measured and paid separately.
5. Quantities – The standard data for the dividion is to be follwed for the quantities
of material and labour required for the various items of work. The relevant
schedule item will define the proportions of cement to sand ie., whether 1:2 or
1:3 etc.,

3. Standard specification for reinforcement (Clause 4.6 of IS:456-1978) The
reinforcement shall be any of the following:
a. Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars confirming to IS:432(Part 1) 1982.
b. High strength deformed steel bars confirming to IS 1786 – 1985.
c. Hard drawn steel wire fabric confirming to IS 1566 – 1982.
d. Structural steel confirming grade A of IS 2062 – 1992.
`All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scales, loose rust and costs of paints,
oil mud or other coating which may destroy or reduce bond.
The modulus of elasticity of steel shall be taken as 200 kN/mm2.
The storage of steel shall be as described in IS:4082-1972.
The examples given for general, detail and standard specifications are only few samples to
explain the different types of specifications. A model list of specifications, which is used for
a common building is given below with method of measurement.
DRAFT MODEL FOR THE SPECIFICATIONS OF DETAILED ESTIMATE
1. Earth work excavation in all soils for foundation with initial lead of 10 m
and initial lift of 2 m including refilling the foundation with excavated
earth and spreading the excess earth within the premises, etc complete.
2. Supplying and filling with clean river sand for foundation including
consolidation in layers of not more than 15 cm thick, etc. complete.
3. Cement Concrete 1:5:10 (One part of Cement, five parts of sand and 10
parts of coarse aggregates) using 40 mm HBG stone jelly for leveling
coarse and foundation, etc. complete.
4. Cement concrete 1:2:4 (one part of cement, 2 parts of sand and 4 parts of
aggregates) using 20 mm HBG stone jelly for reinforced cement concrete
works including cost of centering, shuttering the sides and soffits, laying,
finishing, curing etc. complete.
a) For Foundation
b) For Grade Beams
c) For Lintel
d) For Roof Slabs
e) For Sun Shades
f) For Columns
g) For Vertical Facia Slabs, etc.

5. Brick work in cement mortar 1:5 (One cement and five sand) using best
quality chamber burnt country bricks including laying, finishing, curing,
etc. complete.
a) For Foundation and Basement
b) For Ground Floor
c) For First Floor
d) For Second Floor
e) For Third Floor
6. Supplying and fabrication of steel rods including cutting, bending, tying

and fixing in position including cost of binding wire, etc. complete.
a) For Foundation
b) For Grade Beam
c) For Lintel
d) For Roof Slabs
e) For Sun Shades
f) Foe Columns
g) Foe Vertical Facia Slabs etc.
7. Brick partition walls of 4½’’ thick using best quality chamber burnt
country bricks in cement mortar 1:4 (one cement and four sand) with
hoop iron reinforcement including laying, finishing, etc. complete.
8. Supplying and manufacturing of country wood joineries for doors,
windows and ventilators using 4’’ x 3’’ scantlings for frames and 40 mm
thick Planks for shutters are including cost of wood, manufacturing
charges, clamps and other furniture fittings etc. complete.
9. Supplying of M.S. grills including cost of flats and angle sections
welding charges, etc. (design as approved by the engineering
authorities) complete.
10. Weathering coarse concrete over roof slab using 20 mm gauge broken
brick jelly and lime, the proportion between the brick jelly and lime is
32:12:5 including cost of laying to proper gradient etc. complete.

11. Finishing the top of roof with one coarse of flat tiles of 25 x 25 x 2 cm
size laid in cm 1:4 mixed with 2 percent of water proofing compound
and the joints pointed with same coloured mortar including coat of
laying, finishing, curing etc. complete.
12. Plastering with cement mortar 1:3 (one cement three sand) for exposed
surface of RCC items – 12 mm thick.
13. Plastering with cement mortar 1:5 (one cement and five sand) for sides of
wall structures 12 mm thick.
14. Finishing the flooring with cement mortar 1:3 (one cemet three sand) – 19
mm thick.
15. Finishing the flooring with 1 coarse of ceramic tiles of 25 mm thick including
cost of laying finishing and polishing the floors, etc. complete.
16. White washing three coats with best quality shell lime for ceilings.
17. White washing one coat and colour washing two coats best quality cement
paint including curing for wall structures.
18. Painting two coats with synthetic enamel paint over a priming coat for
wooden joineries including cost of paints labour charges etc., complete.
19. Painting of two coats with synthetic enamel paint over a priming coat for steel
work including cost of paints labour charges etc., complete.
20. Provision for internal and external sanitary arrangements.
21. Provision for internal and external water supply arrangements.
TENDER AND TENDER DOCUMENT
The agreement of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or
to abstain from doing, some act; an agreement in which a party undertakes to do, or not to
do, a particular thing; a formal bargain; a compact; an interchange of legal rights.
In our civil engineering field construction of buildings and other projects executed,
supplying of materials, supplying of labours and conveyance of stocks etc., through the
tender system. The qualified contractors offered their quotes through tender in different
contract methods.
Preparation of Tender Documents
Before tenders for a work are invited, a detailed estimate showing the quantities,

rates and amounts of the various items of work and also the specifications to be adopted
should be prepared and sanctioned.
In the case of urgent works, when there is not time to prepare a complete estimate, rough
quantities and rates for the main items of that part of the work for which tenders are called
and which cover the major part of the cost should be worked out before tenders are invited
and adopted for the purpose of comparison.
In the case of work for which tenders are to be invited, tender documents comprising of the
following should be prepared and approved by an authority who is empowered to approve,
before the notice inviting tender is issued:
1. The notice inviting tender in standard form.

2. The form of tender to be used along with a set of conditions.
3. The schedule of quantities of work.
4. A set of drawings referred to in the schedule of quantities of work.
5. Specification of the work to be done.
6. Essential architectural drawings and adequate structural drawings for
commencing the work together with specifications are to be made available to the
contractors at the time of inviting tenders.
Unless there is any general or special departmental instructions or any other bonafide
reasons to stipulate certain materials, only those materials should be stipulated in the
tender which are either available at the time of inviting tender or are likely to be received
before commencement of the work.
TENDER NOTICE
The Tender notice should contain the following information:

 Name of the department-calling tenders.
 Designation of the officer calling tenders.
 Name of work or job description.
 Last date and time for receipt of tenders.
 Tender forms, place of availability date and timings.
 Time allowed for the execution of work.
 Earnest Money Deposit to be made and mode of payment.
 Approximate value of work.
 Date, Time and Place of opening tenders.
 Designation of the officer opening the tender.
In response to the tender notice published, people who are really interested in undertaking
the work will obtain a set of tender documents, kept ready for sale if it is a big work and
sale is anticipated or in the alternative, the tender document should be permitted to be

perused by the probable tenders.

The tender documents should normally consist of three parts:
General conditions of tender.
Schedule of items of work involved, approximate quantity of each item
and general description of work.
Special conditions, designs, drawings etc.
Information should also be given, in clear terms about
 Conditions regarding departmental supply of steel, cement, bitumen, etc., point of
supply and rate chargeable to the contractor.
 Availability of tools and plant on hire charges from the department and hire
charges to be borne by the contractor, if they are provided.
 Availability of power and water at the site of work.
 Time allowed for the completion of work, stages of work, progress of work and
penalties for delay.
 Employment of technically qualified supervisory personnel and strict adherence
to departmental standards and specifications.
 Amount of Earnest Money Deposit which should accompany the tender and mode
of payment.
 Amount of a Security Deposit to be made by the successful tenders before the
work is entrusted.
 Enclosures to the tender such as Income Tax clearance certificate, Solvency
Certificate and list of works executed by him recently.
 Powers of accepting or rejecting tenders of canceling of any work or extension of
time for tenders etc., without assigning any reasons.
Conditions regarding the responsibility of the successful tenders whose tender is accepted,
to make good any loss which may occur due to re-tender, in case he does not pay the
security deposit and enter into agreement within the stipulated time i.e., conditions of
penalty, forfeiture of earnest money etc.
Text of CPWD form 6 : NOTICE INVITING TENDER [NIT]
Item rate / percentage rate tenders are invited on behalf of the President of India
from approved and eligible contractors of C.P.W.D. and those of appropriate list of
P&T, M.E.S. and ……………………… State P.W.D. for the work of ……………………………..
1. The work is estimated to cost Rs………………………………….
This estimate, however, is given merely as a rough guide.
2. Tendered will be issued to eligible C.P.W.D. as well as non-
C.P.W.D. contractors provided they produce definite proof from the
appropriate authority, which shall be to the satisfaction of the competent
authority, of having satisfactorily completed similar works of magnitude
specified below:

Criteria of eligibility for issue of tender documents

3. Conditions for Non-CPWD Contractors only
1.3.1 For works Three similar works each costing not less
estimated to cost than Rs……………….. lacs during the last 5
above Rs.25 lacs years.
but upto Rs. 2
crores
1.3.2 For works Three similar works each of value 40% of
estimated to cost estimated cost or one work of 100%
above Rs. 2 crores estimated cost (rounded off to nearest 10
but upto Rs.5 lacs) in the last 7 years ending last day of
crores the month previous to the one in which
the tenders are invited.
4. Conditions for CPWD as well as Non-CPWD contractors.
For works estimated to Tenders shall be invited from pre-
qualified cost above Rs.5 contractors only.
crores
For the purpose of this clause “similar work” means the works of ………………
2. Agreement shall be drawn with the successful tenderer on prescribed
Form No. CPWD 7/8 which is available as a Govt. of India Publication. Tenderer
shall quote his rates as per various terms and conditions of the said form which
will for part of the agreement.
3. The time allowed for carrying out of the work will be …………………….
from the …………………………. day after the date of written orders to commence
the work or from the first date of handing over of the site, whichever is later, in
accordance with the phasing, if any, indicated in the tender documents.
4. The site for the work is available.

OR
The site for the work shall be made available in parts as specified below:
5. Receipt of applications for issue of forms will be stopped by 1600 Hrs.
four days before the date fixed for opening of tenders. Issue of tender forms
will be stopped three days before the date fixed for opening of tenders.
6. Tender documents consisting of plans, specifications, the schedule of
quantities of the various classes of work to be done and the set of terms &
conditions of contract to be complied with by the contractor whose tender may
be accepted and other necessary documents can be seen in the office of the
……………………………. between hours of 11.00 A.M. & 04.00 P.M. everyday except
on Sundays and Public Holidays. Tender documents, excluding standard form,

will be issued from his office, during the hours specified above, on payment of
Rs…………………….. in cash/DD.
7. The tenderer must produce an Income Tax clearance certificate in the
revised form as modified under Ministry of Finance O.M. No.67/30/69/ITAL
dated 02.07.1970 as amended from time to time before tender papers can be
sold to him.
8. Tenders, which should always be placed in sealed envelope, with the
name of work and due date written on the envelops, will be received by the
…………………………… upto 03.00 p.m. on……………………….. and will be opened by
him of his authorized representative in his office on the same day at 03.30 p.m.
1. The tender shall be accompanied by earnest money (unless
exempted) of Rs………………… in / Receipted Treasury Challan / Deposit at
Call receipt of a Scheduled Bank / Fixed Deposit Receipt of a Scheduled
Bank / Demand Draft of a Scheduled Bank issued in favour of ………….. the
amount being credited to……………………. The Fixed Deposit Receipt shall
be accepted only if it is valid for six months or more after the last date of
receipt of tenders and is pledged in favour of ………….. A contractor
exempted from depositing earnest money in individual cases, shall
enclose with the tender an attested copy of the letter exempting him from
depositing earnest money in a manner described for earnest money in
condition No.8.2. below and shall produce the original when called upon
to do so.
2. The tender and the earnest money shall be placed in separate
sealed envelops each marked “Tender” and “Earnest Money”
respectively. In cases where earnest money in cash is acceptable, the
same shall be deposited with the Cashier of the Division and the receipt
placed in the envelope meant for earnest money. Both the envelops shall
be submitted together in another sealed envelope. The envelope marked
“Tender” of only those tenders shall be opened, whose earnest money
placed in the other envelope is found to be in order.
9. The description of work is as follows:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
Copies of other drawings and documents pertaining to the works will be open for
inspection by the tenders at the office of the above mentioned officer.
Tenderers are advised to inspect and examine the site and its surroundings and
satisfy themselves before submitting their tenders as to the nature of the ground and
sub-soil (so far as is practicable,), the form and nature of the site, the means of access
to the site, the accommodation they may require and in general shall themselves
obtain all necessary information as to risk, contingencies and other circumstances
which may influence or affect their tender. A tenderer shall be deemed to have full

knowledge of the site whether he inspects it or not, and no extra charges consequent
on any misunderstanding or otherwise shall be allowed. The tenderer shall be
responsible for arranging and maintaining at his own cost all materials, tools and
plants, water, electricity access, facilities for workers and all other services required
for executing the work unless otherwise specifically provided for in the contract
documents. Submission of a tender by a tenderer implies that he has read this notice
and all other contract documents and has made himself aware of the scope and
specifications of the work to be done and of conditions and rates at which stores,
tools and plant, etc. will be issued to him by the Government and local conditions and
other factors having a bearing on the execution of the work.
9. The competent authority on behalf of President of India does not bind
himself to accept the lowest or any other tender, and reserves to himself the
authority to reject any or all of the tenders received without the assignment of
a reason. All tenders, in which any of the prescribed conditions is not fulfilled or
any condition including that of conditional rebate is put forth by the tenderer,
shall be summarily rejected.
10. Canvassing whether directly or indirectly, in connection with tenders is
strictly prohibited and the tenders submitted by the contractors who resort to
canvassing will be liable to rejection.
11. The competent authority on behalf of President of India reserves to
himself the right of accepting the whole or any part of the tender and the
tenderer shall be bound to perform the same at the rate quoted.
12. The contractor shall not be permitted to tender for works in the CPWD
Circle (responsible for award and execution of contracts) in which his near
relative is posted as Divisional Accountant or as an officer in any capacity
between the grades of Superintending Engineer and Assistant Engineer (both
inclusive). He shall also intimate the names of persons who are working with
him in any capacity or are subsequently employed by him and who are near
relatives to any Gazetted officer in the Central Public Works Department or in
the Ministry of Urban Development. Any breach of this condition by the
contractor would render him liable to be removed from the approved list of
contractors of this Department.
13. No Engineer of gazetted rank or other Gazetted officer employed in
Engineering of Administrative duties in an Engineering Department of the
Government of India is allowed to work as a contractor for a period of two
years after his retirement from “Government service, without the previous
permission of the Government of India in writing. This contract is liable to be
cancelled if either the contractor or any of his employees found any time to be
such a person who had not obtained the permission of the Government of India
as aforesaid before submission of the tender or engagement in the contractors
service.

14. The tender for the works shall remain open for acceptance for a period
of ninety days from the date of opening of tenders. If any tenderer withdraws
his tender before the said period or makes any modifications in the terms and
conditions of the tender which are not acceptable to the department, then the
Government shall, without prejudice to any other right or remedy, be at liberty
to forfeit 50% of the said earnest money as aforesaid.
15. This Notice Inviting Tender shall form a part of the contract document.
The successful tenderer / contractor, on acceptance of his tender by the
Accepting Authority, shall, within 15 days from the stipulated date of start of
the work sign the contract consisting of:
1. the notice inviting tender, all the documents including
additional conditions, specifications and drawings, if any, forming the
tender as issued at the time of invitation of tender and acceptance thereof
together with any correspondence leading thereto.
2. Standard C.P.W.D. Form 7/8.
CONTRACTS AND FORMS OF CONTRACT
When two or more persons have a common intention communicated to each other to
create some obligation between them, there is said to be an agreement. An agreement
which is enforceable by law is a “Contract”.
According to section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 only those agreements are
enforceable by law which are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for
a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and are not expressly declared to be void.
This is subject to any special law according to which contract should be in writing and
attested by witnesses.
The following are the essential ingredients of a contract:
a. Offer made by one person called the “Promisor”.
b. Acceptance of offer made by the other person called the “Promisee”.
c. Doing of an act or abstinence from doing a particular act by promisor for promise
a called consideration.
d. The offer and acceptance would relate to the something which is not prohibited
by law.
e. Offer and the acceptance constitute an agreement, which, when enforceable by
law, become a contract.
f. In order to make a valid and binding agreement, the party entering into such an
agreement should be competent to make such agreement.
For the purpose of an agreement, there mush be a communication of intention between the
parties thereto. Hence in the forms of a Contract there is:
a. A proposal

b. Communication of the proposal

c. A communication of the acceptance of the proposal
A contract is an agreement enforceable by law. It may be noted that the works ‘agreement’
and ‘contract’ are very often used as synonyms, but in fact they are not. All contracts are
agreements but all agreements are not necessarily contracts;
agreements not enforceable by law are not contracts.
To be legally enforceable, the agreements must satisfy two things, viz, intention to be
bound and consideration. However, according to the Indian contract Act 1872, an
agreement is a contract if ‘it is made by the free consent of parties competent to contract,
for lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and is not expressly declared to be void.
The contract must be definite and its purpose should be to create a legal relationship. A
contract creates an obligation i.e. a duly cast upon a person by law. When the parties to a
contract exchange promises, it gives rise to a contractual obligation.
TYPES OF CONTRACT
Contracts for the execution of civil engineering works are of following types:
a. Lumpsum contract
b. Item rate contract
c. Lumpsum and schedule contract
d. Cost plus fixed fee contract
e. Cost plus percentage of cost contract
f. Special contracts
Lumpsum Contract
In this type of contract, the contractor offers to do the whole work as shown in drawings
and described by specifications, for a total stipulated sum of money. There are no
individual rates quoted, thus it becomes difficult to make adjustments in the contract value
if any changes are to be made in the work later on. The schedule of different items of work
is not provided and the contractor has to complete the work as per drawings and
specifications for the agreed lump sum amount.
Deposit of 10 % security money and other conditions of the contract are included in the
contract agreement. Upon the completion of work, a fixed lumpsum amount is paid to the
contractor. Detailed measurements of different items are required but the whole work is
compared and checked with drawings and specifications before releasing the payment. In
large projects, part payments are made to the contractor at different stages of work on
money agreed terms. In case the contractor stops the work in between he is not entitled
for any further payment.

Suitability
A lumpsum contract is more suitable for works for which contractors have prior
construction experience. This experience enables the contractors to submit a more
realistic bid. This type of contract is not suitable for difficult foundations, excavations of
uncertain character, and projects susceptible to unpredictable hazards and variations.
Merits
 The owner can decide whether to start or shelve the project knowing the total
lumpsum price quoted by different contractors.
 The contractor can earn more profit by in-depth planning and effective management
site.
Demerits
 Before the contract is awarded, the project has to be studied thoroughly and the
complete contract documents has to be prepared in advance.
 In this type of contract, unforeseen details of work are not specified in the contract
document. Many additional items may have to be undertaken as the work
progresses, giving opportunity to the contractor for claiming higher rates of the
extra items not included in the contract agreement.
Item Rate Contract

Also called a schedule contract, in this contract, the contractor undertakes the execution of
work on an item rate basis. The amount to be received by the contractor, depends upon the
quantities of various items of work actually executed. The payment to the contractor is
made on the basis of detailed measurements of different items of work actually done by
him.
Suitability
The item rate contract is most commonly used for all types of engineering works financed
by public or government bodies. This type of contract is suitable for works which can be
split into various items and quantities under each item can be estimated with accuracy.
Merits
 In this type of contract, there is no need for detailed drawings at the time of allotting
contract as in the case of lumpsum contract. The detailed drawings can be prepared
after the contract is awarded.
 Changes in drawings and quantities of individual items can be made as per
requirement within agreed limits.
 The payment to the contractor is made on the actual work done by his at the agreed
rates.
Demerits
 The total cost of work can only be known upon completion. As such, the owner may
incur financial difficulty if the final cost increases substantially.

 Additional staff is required to take detailed measurements of work done for

releasing payments to the contractor.
 The Scope for additional saving with the use of interior quality materials may
prompt the contractor to use such materials in the work.
Lumpsum and Scheduled Contract

This is similar to the lumpsum contract except the schedule of rates is also included in the
contract agreement. In this type of contract, the contractor offers to do a particular work at
a fixed sum within a specified time as per plans and detailed specifications. The schedule of
rates for various items is provided which regulates the extra amount to be paid or
deducted for any additions or deletions made during the progress of work. Measurements
of different items of original work are not required but extra items are required to be
measured for payment. The original work shall however be checked and compared with
the drawings and specifications.
Suitability
This type of contract is more suitable for construction works for which contractors have
prior work experience and can consequently estimate the project cost more realistically.
Merits
 In this type of contract, additional staff for recording detailed measurements of
original item of work is not required for making payment to the contractor.
 The owner can know from tenders as to what the project will cost him. Knowing the
financial implications, the owner can decide to start or defer the project.
Demertis
 Before the contract is awarded the project has to be studied thoroughly and all the
contract documents are required to be completed in every respect.
 The non-scheduled extra items arising out of changes made in the drawings and
specifications are often a source of dispute because the contractor presses for rates
higher than the prevailing market rates.
Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract

Cost Plus fixed fee contract is desirable when the scope and nature of the work can atleast
be broadly defined. The amount of fee is determined as a plump sum from a consideration
of the scope of work, its approximate cost, nature of work, estimated time of construction,
manpower and equipment requirements etc. In order to negotiate such a type of contract,
it is essential that the scope and some general details of the work are defined. The
contractor in this type of contract is selected on the basis of merit rather than the fee
alone. In case of cost plus percentage contract, the contractor has a tendency to increase
his profit by increasing the cost of work. But this drawback is overcome in cost plus fixed
fee contract because here the contractor's fee is fixed and does not fluctuate with actual

cost of work. Once this fee is fixed, the contractor cannot increase the cost of work.
Suitability
 This type of contract is suitable for works required to be completed expeditiously
and where it is difficult to foretell what difficulties are likely to be encountered.
 This contract is also suitable for important structures where the cost of construction
is immaterial.
Merits
 In this type of contract, actual cost is to be borne by the owner. Therefore, the
contractor performs the work in the best interest of the owner resulting in good
quality work.
 The work can be taken in hand even before the detailed drawings and specifications
are finanlised.
 Changes in design and method of construction if needed can be easily carried out
without disputes.
 The work can be executed speedily.
Demerits
 This form of contract cannot be adopted normally in case of public bodies and
Government departments.
 The final cost of the work is not known in advance and this may subject the owner
to financial difficulties.
Cost Plus Percentage of Cost Contract

In this type of contract, instead of awarding the work on lumpsum or item rate basis, it is
given on certain percentage over the actual cost of construction. The actual cost of
construction is reported by the contractor and is paid to him by the owner together with a
certain percentage as agreed earlier.
The contractor agrees to do the work in accordance with the drawings, specifications and
other conditions of contract. In this type of contract, proper control has to be exercised by
the owner in the purchase of materials and in arranging labour.
The suitability merits and demerits of this type of contract are similar to cost plus fixed fee
contracts. An additional demerit is the tendency of the contractor to increase the cost of
work to earn profit by way of percentage of enhanced actual cost.
Special Contracts
There are certain contracts which are used at different occasions. Some of these contracts
are listed below:
 Turn-key Contract
 Package Contract
 Negotiated Contract
 Continuing Contract
 Running Contract

(i) Turn-key Contract

A turn-key contract is an integrated contract in which all works pertaining to various
disciplines such as civil, electrical, mechanical etc. are in the hands of a single contractor
called the main contractor. The main contractor can sublet the contact to sub-contractors
who are specialists in their respective fields.
In this contract, the main advantage to the owner is that he need not coordinate the work of
different contractors. The main contractor is responsible for all kinds of jobs starting from
planning to commissioning stage. The owner takes over the entire work (which is fully
operational and of proven performance) from the main contractor.
(ii) Package Contract
In a package contract, two or more related jobs, each of which could form a separate
contract are combined in a single contract. In the field of civil engineering, generally,
design and development are combined with construction and supply or maintenance.
In this type of contract, plan of work and standards are established and the work is carried
out accordingly by the contractor. The main contractor is responsible for safeguarding the
owner's interest and for this reason, prior approval of design and technical aspects have to
be taken from the owner. Responsibility for correctness of the design lines with the main
contractor.
(iii) Negotiated Contract
In this type of contract, negotiation across the table takes place between representatives of
the owner and the main contractor for project cost and other conditions of contract. In this
type of contract, detailed projects specifications are arrived at by discussions between the
owner and the main contractor and consultant.
A negotiated contract involves extended discussions for finalization as a competitive
contract. Most of the consultancy projects of World Bank are negotiated contracts.
(iv) Continuing Contract

In this type of contract, new or additional work is awarded to the contractor on the basis of
agreed terms and conditions of an existing contract. Such contracts do not require re-
tendering and hence can save time and money.
(v) Running Contract
Such contracts provide goods and services at specified intervals or as and when required
by the owner. The contract price is not fixed and payment is based on goods supplied and
services rendered as specified in the contract documents.
III. Contract Documents
The contract document consists of the contract agreement (on non-judicial stamp paper of
prescribed value) and the following set of documents, each page of which is signed both by
the owner and the contractor.
a) Cover Title Page: It contains the name of work, name of owner, name of contract,

contract agreement number, contents etc.

b) Contents Page: It contains the contents of the agreement with page references.
c) Notice Inviting Tender (NIT): It contains a brief description of work, estimated cost of
work, date and time of receiving the tender, amount of earnest money, security money,
time of completion etc.,
d) Tender Form: It comprises bill of quantities, contractor's rates, total cost of work,
time for completion, security money to be deposited and penalty clauses etc.
e) Schedule of Issue of Materials: It contains the list of materials to be issued by the
department or owner to the contractor with rates and place of issue.
f) Drawings: These comprise a complete set of fully dimensioned drawings including
plans, elevations, and sections detailed drawings and site plan.
g) Specifications: It is not practicable to include detailed information of each item of
work in the limited space of description in the bill of quantities. As such detailed
specifications form a part of the contract agreement. Specifications should be clear and
precise covering all items of the bill of quantities. Following specifications are normally
included in the contract document.
i. General Specifications: These specify the class and type of work quality of materials etc,
in general for the work as a whole.
ii. Detailed Specification: These give detailed description of each item of work including
material and method to be used along with quality of work manship required.
h) Conditions of Contract: The terms and conditions of contract specify the following.
i. Rates of each item of work inclusive of materials, labour, transport, plant/equipment
and other arrangements required for completion work.
ii. Manner of payment of contractor including running payment final payment, refund of
security money etc.
iii. Time of completion of work.
iv. Proportionate progress to be achieved.
v. Penalty for poor quality and unsatisfactory work, lack of proportionate progress and for
delay in completion.
vi. Extension of time for completion of work.
vii. Engaging other agency at contractor's cost and risk.
viii. Termination of contract.
ix. Subletting of the work.
x. Changes in design/drawings etc and valuation of variations.
xi. Arbitration for settlement of disputes.
In addition to the above, performance and payment bonds are also sometimes considered
as part of the contract document. All the above stated documents collectively constitute a
contract document. The documents are considered together for the purpose of contract
interpretation, giving rise to meaning and effect to each part of the contract. In general, the
intention of contracting parties is determined from the contract executed by them. The
contractor should carefully read and understand the contract before executing the work.


UNIT IV VALUATION
Valuation of Building
Valuation of a building depends on the type of the building, its structure and durability,
on the situation, size, shape, frontage, width of roadways, the quality of materials used
in the construction and present day prices of materials. Valuation also depends on the
height of the building, height of the plinth, thickness of the wall, nature of the floor, roof,
doors, windows etc.
Six important Purposes of Valuation

The main purpose of valuation are as follows:
Buying or Selling Property
When it is required to buy or sell a property, its valuation is required.
Taxation
To assess the tax of a property, its valuation is required. Taxes may be municipal tax,
wealth tax, Property tax etc, and all the taxes are fixed on the valuation of the property.
Rent Function
In order to determine the rent of a property, valuation is required. Rent is usually fixed
on the certain percentage of the amount of valuation which is 6% to 10% of valuation.
Security of loans or Mortgage

When loans are taken against the security of the property, its valuation is required.
Compulsory acquisition
Whenever a property is acquired by law; compensation is paid to the owner. To
determine the amount of compensation, valuation of the property is required.
Six Methods of Valuation

The valuation of a building is determined on working out its cost of construction at

present day rate and allowing a suitable depreciation.
Six Methods of Valuation
1. Rental Method of Valuation

2. Direct Comparisons of the capital value
3. Valuation based on the profit
4. Valuation based on the cost
5. Development method of Valuation
6. Depreciation method of Valuation
Rental Method of Valuation
In this method, the net income by way of rent is found out by deducting all outgoing from
the gross rent. A suitable rate of interest as prevailing in the market is assumed and
Year’s purchase is calculated. This net income multiplied by Year’s Purchase gives the
capitalized value or valuation of the property. This method is applicable only when the
rent is known or probable rent is determined by enquiries.
Direct comparison with the capital Value

This method may be adopted when the rental value is not available from the property
concerned, but there are evidences of sale price of properties as a whole. In such
cases, the capitalized value of the property is fixed by direct comparison with capitalized
value of similar property in the locality.
Valuation based on profit

This method of Valuation is suitable for buildings like hotels, cinemas, theatres etc for
which the capitalized value depends on the profit. In such cases, the net income is
worked out after deducting gross income; all possible working expense, outgoings,
interest on the capital invested etc. The net profit is multiplied by Year’s Purchase to get
the capitalized value. In such cases, the valuation may work out to be high in
comparison with the cost of construction.
Valuation based on cost

In this method, the actual cost incurred in constructing the building or in possessing the
property is taken as basis to determine the value of property. In such cases, necessary
depreciation should be allowed and the points of obsolescence should also be
considered.
Development Method of Valuation

This method of Valuation is used for the properties which are in the underdeveloped
stage or partly developed and partly underdeveloped stage. If a large place of land is
required to be divided into plots after providing for roads, parks etc, this method of
valuation is to be adopted. In such cases, the probable selling price of the divided plots,
the area required for roads, parks etc and other expenditures for development should
be known.
If a building is required to be renovated by making additional changes, alterations or

improvements, the development method of Valuation may be used.
Depreciation Method of Valuation

According to this method of Valuation, the building should be divided into four parts:

1. Walls
2. Roofs
3. Floors
4. Doors and Windows
And the cost of each part should first be worked out on the present day rates by detailed
measurements.
The present value of land and water supply, electric and sanitary fittings etc should be
added to the valuation of the building to arrive at total valuation of the property.
VALUATION: DEFINITIONS
1 Market Value
The market value of a property is the amount which can be obtained at any particular time from
the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from time to time
according to demand and supply.
The market value also changes from time to time for various miscellaneous reasons such as
changes in industry, changes in fashions, means of transport, cost of materials and labour etc.
2 Book Value
Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary depreciations.
The book value of a property at a particular year is the original cost minus the amount of
depreciation allowed per year and will be gradually reduced year to year and at the end of the
utility period of the property, the book value will be only scrap value.
3 Capital cost
Capital cost is the total cost of construction including land, or the original total amount required
to possess a property. It is the original cost and does not change while the value of the property is
the present cost which may be calculated by methods of Valuation.

Capitalized Value of a Property
The capitalized value of a property is the amount of money whose annual interest at the highest
prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income from the property. To determine the
capitalized value of a property, it is required to know the net income from the property and the
highest prevailing rate of interest.
Therefore, Capitalized Value = Net income x year�s purchase
Years Purchase
Years purchase is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order to
receive a net receive a net annual income as an annuity of rupee one at a fixed rate of interest.
The capital sum should be 1� 100/rate of interest.
Thus to gain an annual income of Rs x at a fixed rate of interest, the capital sum
should be x(100/rate of interest).
But (100/rate of interest) is termed as Year�s Purchase.
The multiplier of the net annual income to determine the capital value is known as the Year�s
Purchase (YP) and it is useful to obtain the capitalized value of the property.
4 Sinking Fund Method
In this method, the depreciation of a property is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund
plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is supposed to be invested on interest bearing
investment. If A is the annual sinking fund and b, c, d, etc. represent interest on the sinking fund
for subsequent years and C = total original cost, then �
Rental Method of Valuation

In this method, the net income by way of rent is found out by deducting all outgoing from the
gross rent. A suitable rate of interest as prevailing in the market is assumed and Year�s
purchase is calculated. This net income multiplied by Year�s Purchase gives the capitalized
value or valuation of the property. This method is applicable only when the rent is known or
probable rent is determined by enquiries.
5 Direct comparison with the capital Value
This method may be adopted when the rental value is not available from the property concerned,
but there are evidences of sale price of properties as a whole. In such cases, the capitalized value
of the property is fixed by direct comparison with capitalized value of similar property in the
locality.
Valuation based on profit
This method of Valuation is suitable for buildings like hotels, cinemas, theatres etc for which the
capitalized value depends on the profit. In such cases, the net income is worked out after
deducting gross income; all possible working expense, outgoings, interest on the capital invested
etc. The net profit is multiplied by Year�s Purchase to get the capitalized value. In such
cases, the valuation may work out to be high in comparison with the cost of
construction.
Valuation based on cost
In this method, the actual cost incurred in constructing the building or in possessing the property
is taken as basis to determine the value of property. In such cases, necessary depreciation should
be allowed and the points of obsolescence should also be considered.
Development Method of Valuation
This method of Valuation is used for the properties which are in the underdeveloped stage or
partly developed and partly underdeveloped stage. If a large place of land is required to be
divided into plots after providing for roads, parks etc, this method of valuation is to be adopted.
In such cases, the probable selling price of the divided plots, the area required for roads, parks

etc and other expenditures for development should be known.
If a building is required to be renovated by making additional changes, alterations or

improvements, the development method of Valuation may be used.
6 Depreciation Method of Valuation
According to this method of Valuation, the building should be divided into four parts:
1. Walls
2. Roofs
3. Floors
4. Doors and Windows
And the cost of each part should first be worked out on the present day rates by detailed
measurements.
The present value of land and water supply, electric and sanitary fittings etc should be added to
the valuation of the building to arrive at total valuation of the property.
Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of the usefulness of a property. This may be defined as
the decrease or loss in the value of a property due to structural deterioration, life wear and tear,
decay and obsolescence.
6.1 Methods for calculating depreciation
1. Straight line Method

2. Constant percentage method
3. Sinking Fund Method
4. Quantity Survey Method

Straight Line Method
In this method, it is assumed that the property losses its value by the same amount every year. A
fixed amount of the original cost is deducted every year, so that at the end of the utility period,
only the scrap value is left.
Annual Depreciation, D = (original cost of the asset � Scrap Value)/life in years
For example, a vehicle that depreciates over 5 years, is purchased at a cost of US$17,000, and
will have a salvage value of US$2000, will depreciate at US$3,000 per year:
($17,000? $2,000)/ 5 years = $3,000 annual straight-line depreciation expense. In other words,
it is the depreciable cost of the asset divided by the number of years of its useful life.
Constant Percentage Method or Declining balance Method
In this method, it is assumed that the property will lose its value by a constant percentage of its
value at the beginning of every year.
Annual Depreciation, D = 1-(scrap value/original value)1/life in year
Quantity Survey Method
In this method, the property is studied in detail and loss in value due to life, wear and tear,
decay, and obsolescence etc, worked out. Each and every step is based is based on some logical
grounds without any fixed percentage of the cost of the property. Only experimental valuer can
work out the amount of depreciation and present value of a property by this method.
FIXATION OF RENT
Capitalized value of the property can be known by any of the methods discussed earlier and
suitable value of year�s purchase is adopted according to the admissible rate of interest (8% or
any other fair rate). Then,

Net income = capitalized value / year�s purchase
All possible outgoings are added to this net income which will give gross income from the
property. Gross income or gross rent = Net rent + outgoings
The standard rent = (Gross Income / 12) per month.
CALCULAITON OF STANDARD REND OF A GOVT. PROPERTY
(In Punjab / Haryana), standard rent is calculated on the capital cost of the residence and shall be
either:
1. (a) A percentage equal to the rate of interest on the capital ( which includes the cost on
sanitary, water supply and electrical installation, fencing, boundary walls and service roads etc.
as fixed from time to time) value of a building. In addition, municipal and other taxes and the
expenditure for the maintenance of building are also realised, or
(b) 6%per annum of the capital value of a building constructed/ occupied after 1992 whichever
is less.
2. Municipal taxes etc. levied on the occupant will be payable to the occupant direct to the
authorities concerned in addition to the above rent calculations.
Generally the value of the land is excluded. If value of land to be considered a little less
percentage says 1 to 2 % on value of land be taken for calculation of standard rent.
Find the plinth area required for the residential accommodation for an assistant Engineer
in the pay scale of Rs.400.00 to 1,000 per month.
Average pay = 400+1000 /2 = Rs.700/month
Average month rent @10% of salary = 700.00/10 = Rs.70.00 Average annual rent 70.00
x 12 = Rs. 840.00

Capital cost of the building @ 6% interest = 840 x 100 / 6 = Rs.14000.00 Plinth area
required @ Rs.150.00 per sq.m of plinth area
= 14000/150 = 93.33sq.m Normally the quarters for the assistant engineer should be constructed
at the cost of Rs.14000.00 having plinth area of 93.33 sq.m.
But due to the increase in the cost of construction, this may be increased by 100%
and the capital cost of construction may be fixed as Rs.28,000.00 and the approximate
plinth areas of 93.33
8. A pumping set with a motor has been installed in a building at a cost Rs.2500.00.Assuming
the life of the pump as 15 years, workout the amount of annual installment of sinking fund
to be deposited to accumulate the whole amount of 4% compound interest.
The annual sinking fund I = Si/(1+i)n � 1

= 2500 x 0.04 /(1+0.04)15 -1 = Rs.125
The owner is to deposit Rs.125/-annually in 4% compound interest carrying investment
for 15 years to accumulate Rs.2500/-
9. An old building has been purchased by a person at a cost of Rs.30,000/- excluding the
cost of the land.Calculate the amount of annual sinking fund at 4% interest assuming the
future life of the building as 20 years and scarp value of the building as 10% of the cost of
purchase.
The total amount of sinking fund to be accumulated at the end of 20 years S = 3000x (90/100)
= Rs.27000.00
Annual installments of sinking fund I = Si/(1+i)n � 1
= 27000 x 0.04 /(1+0.04)20 -1 = Rs.907.20 Annual

installments for sinking fund requires for 20 years = Rs.907.20
sinking fund (I) = Si/ (1+i)n -1

Where I = Annual instalment required
n = Number of year required to creat sinking fund
i = Rate of interest expressed in decimal i.e 5% as 0.05 S =

23.The estimated value of a building is Rs.5,00,000.The carpet area of the building is 70

sq.m If the plinth area is 20% more than this ,what is the plinth rate of the building?
Value of building = Rs.5, 00,000

Carpet area = 70 m2
Plinth area = 20 % more = 1.20 x 70 = 84 m2
Plinth area rate of the building = Value of the building/Plinth area

= 5,00,000/84 = Rs.5952.38m2
24.The present value of a property is 20000/- Calculate the standard rent. The rate of
interest may be assumed as 6%.
Annual rent @ 6% = 20000x 6 /100 = Rs.1200/-
Standard rent per month = 1200/12 = Rs.1200/12 = Rs.100/-
25.Write the various methods of depreciation
1.Straigth line method 2.Constant percentage basis 3.Quantity survey method 4.Sinking
fund method.

UNIT V
REPORT PREPARATION
Principles for report preparation – report on estimate of residential building – Culvert –
Roads – Water supply and sanitary installations – Tube wells – Open wells.
PRINCIPLES FOR REPORT PREPARATION:
Minute writing
As minutes are the documents administrators are most often called upon to produce following
a meeting, we begin by distinguishing reports from minutes.
The purpose of minutes is to provide a permanent, and publicly-accessible, record of what passed
at a particular meeting. For those unable to attend a meeting, minutes provide a summary of the
discussions which took place, the decisions which were reached, and the actions which are to be
taken as a consequence of decisions reached at the meeting.
Minute-writing thus involves summarising the key points of the meeting, and ensuring accurate
representation of all that took place. The key feature of minutes is their objective and neutral
tone, and the breadth of the information they provide: they record all discussions that took
place, placing no emphasis on particular discussions or points.
The structure of minutes is generally dictated by the agenda that was circulated prior to
the meeting, which provides details of what is to be discussed.
Although reports are frequently discussed at meetings, they differ from minutes both in structure
and intent.
What is a report?
Where minutes are taken to provide a verbatim account of what passed at a meeting, reports
provide an accurate and concise summary of the discussions and events leading to a particular
outcome. They involve an investigation – often by a forum, workshop or panel – followed by
conclusions and recommendations. In this sense, they place emphasis where minutes don’t. They
are concerned less with capturing what was discussed and more with exploring how a particular
outcome was reached.
A report is therefore written to the final decisions and outcomes, and will reflect a
logical argument culminating in a recommendation for a particular action.
To highlight the difference between reports and minutes, let’s consider reports produced in a
slightly different context. If we think of a news report, we find an editor commissioning a
journalist to investigate an issue of concern to the public, often by going along to an event and
observing what happens. The journalist will film the event, making notes and finding out what

s/he can about the background to the event. S/he then chooses an angle which makes the story
interesting and relevant to viewers while still accurately and objectively reflecting what passed.
The filmed material is edited so that it forms a logical narrative, with the reporter introducing
the events with some background and contextual information. The news report is concluded
with some reflections on what was found, and what might be done to change/ fix the situation.
Reporters take a mass of information and condense it into something easy to grasp.
By super-imposing this onto writing a report in the HE environment, we find a Chair

commissioning an officer/ secretary to produce a report of an event (usually a workshop or panel
discussion) that describes and summarises the results of an investigation and subsequent
discussion, and makes some recommendations for improvement.
Reporters have a duty to present information clearly, concisely, accurately and objectively.
The aim is to clarify. To get their story across, they also need to make it punchy and easy to
understand. And so it should be with your report.
Planning a report
Dictionary definitions of reports include:
A statement of the results of an investigation or of any matter on which definite information is

required.
Oxford English Dictionary
An account prepared for the benefit of others, especially one that provides information obtained
through investigation and published ... or broadcast.
Collins English Dictionary
These definitions capture many of the salient features of reports and are captured by the
three foundations of report writing: defining the purpose of the report; investigating the topic
thoroughly; organising the information into sections.
A useful report rests on these foundations. Before moving onto the actual structure of
reports, let’s consider these in turn.
Defining the purpose of a report
Before you can begin communicating, you need to clarify: why you are writing; what to include;
what to leave out; who your readers are.
The purpose of a report is to present facts, findings and conclusions in such a way that the
recommendations are accepted and acted upon. By expressing the purpose in a single sentence,

your attention is focussed, making it much easier to take notes of the event and structure
the information into a meaningful communication.
The key principle of any report is that all information should be clear and useful. If you are
unsure whether to include something, ask yourself, “So what?”. What is the purpose of the
point you are making? Does it support the conclusions and recommendations? Will it assist the
participants in making amendments or changes?
All reports set out a series of facts based on evidence. The information must be verifiable and
presented in a way that is useful to the reader. Most readers will have some background in the
area the report is investigating however as reports are used both to communicate and to inform, it
should be possible for a reader to understand what is written without any previous knowledge.
When considering what to include, think about what your readers already know, what you need
to tell them, and what use they can make of the information in the report.
If you have a clear idea of the purpose of the report, knowing what to include and how to
structure the information will rest on the needs of the audience, making your report useful and
informative.
Investigating the topic
Reports are structured forms of writing that stress the process of information-gathering as
much as the content. Most reports in HE are concerned with investigations by panels or
workshop participants. The information is likely to come from supporting documents that are
distributed before the meeting. The resulting report is an account of the discussions that were
held around the information, the observations that were made, and conclusions reached.
Prepare yourself for report-writing by reading all the supporting documents. The more
familiar you are with the information that is being discussed, the easier it will be to follow the
discussions, and identify important points that should be noted.
Familiarity with the topic under investigation, together with knowing what the purpose of the
report is, should prepare you for the actual investigation (panel or workshop), ensuring that you
are able to listen actively to what is said. This supports your ability to note important points and
organise the information in a meaningful way.
Organising the information
Once the meeting or workshop has taken place, you will be expected to provide an account of
the investigation and discussion. Reports should have a logical structure presenting a coherent
argument, with the format providing clear sign-posts to indicate what conclusions will be
reached. It should be easy for readers to find the information they want.

Remember, the key is to be clear, concise and persuasive.
The way you organise the information you have gathered affects both the structure and sense of
the report. It is the first step to writing as it involves planning the structure and layout, and
deciding what you want to say, in what order. You will usually have a mass of information
including written notes, observations, participation in discussions, supporting documents and
appendices. By planning how to arrange and present this, you save yourself time and are likely
to produce a better-organised, clearer report.
The structure of a report tends to mirror the recommendations and conclusions reached, as
opposed to an agenda. When writing up minutes, the structure is determined by what precedes
the meeting; it is based on the agenda. When writing a report, the structure is determined by
what follows from the meeting, that is, by the findings and conclusions.
Begin planning by recording the recommendations and conclusions, and then structuring the rest
of the information around these outcomes/ findings. The chair of most panels or workshops will
summarise the conclusions and recommendations at the end of the event, which provides a
useful initial template for the body of your report.
Two useful ways of planning are: Creating an outline by noting down all facts, observations and
ideas as you remember them. Once you have all your points on paper, organise and group them
into sections, assessing whether they are relevant to the conclusions and recommendations. You
can then number the points in order and begin organising them under headings using arrows
and lines to link up related points. With this method, you will gradually get a network of ideas
grouped under headings which provides you with the structure of your report. Mind-mapping.
Write your topic in the middle of the page and draw lines to branch out from it with your main
ideas. By pouring your ideas out at random, and linking main ideas to each other, you can
concentrate on the content, and the order and organisation will emerge from allowing your
ideas to flow into themes.
Structuring a report
The accepted structure for a report includes 5 sections at least, although you may wish to include
additional sections such as an abstract, title page and appendices of supporting documents.
There is no need to write your report chronologically. In many instances, it is easier to begin
writing the final section (recommendations), and finish with the summary or introduction.
Complete the various sections in whatever order makes most sense to you, slotting them into
the structure once you have completed the first draft of writing up. Once you have a first draft,
it should be easier to see whether the report rests on the key foundations of defined purpose,
thorough investigation and logical argument (organised information).

The formal structure of a report is generally as follows:
1. Summary
There are two schools of thought on summaries and what you choose will probably be informed by
the type of report you are writing, the length, and your audience. The summary can be placed at the
beginning of the report as an executive summary providing readers with an overview.
Here, it should provide enough detail to give a good idea of what passed, and what the key
conclusions were, without having to read the entire report.
Or it can be placed with the conclusions where it provides a round-up of the key points
supporting the conclusions reached. Where the summary is placed with the conclusions, the
report often includes an abstract at the beginning which provides an overview of the purpose and
conclusions of the report.
The summary should be concise, informative, and able to stand alone from the report. This
section condenses and focuses information, drawing objective findings from detailed data and
discussions. It is probably best written after you have drafted the entire report. The clarity of your
summary is a good yardstick for the overall clarity of the report; if you can’t sum up the findings
in a paragraph, the report may be lacking a coherent narrative or structure.
2. Introduction and background
The introduction provides contextual information for the entire report. It should cover: the topic
under investigation, the purpose of the report, the method (how the information was gathered
and conclusions reached), the source of information.
Include details on the scope of the report, and a brief background to the subject under
investigation. Returning to our news report analogy, the introduction provides brief answers to
the 5 W’s and H: who, what, when, where, why, and how?
3. Discussion
The discussion forms the main body of your report. It contains all the facts and details, and
provides an account of the discussions which lead to the final outcomes. The discussion is
presented as a logical argument culminating in the conclusions and recommendations. While it
should be objective and accurate, it is also persuasive and engaging: reports always have a
message and this should emerge clearly from this section.
As you are likely to have quite a lot of information to present, this section should be divided
into sub-sections under descriptive headings which reflect the discussion which took place.

To make it easier for readers to find information, use a progressive numbering system
where each section receives its own number. Main paragraphs are numbered as sub-sections
of the section title and should express stand-alone, discrete points. Where a
point is complicated, or there are linked issues to note, list these as sub-sections of the paragraph
using decimal points. For instance:
1. Section title
1.1 _________________________
1.1.1 _________________________
1.1.2 _________________________
This provides your report with a coherent structure, and makes it easier to read and use in an
active sense. It also helps the reader focus on, and respond to, particular issues raised in the
recommendations by allowing him/ her to refer to a numbered paragraph. Finally, it is
useful should you decide to include a table of contents.
4. Conclusion
The conclusion outlines the main findings of the investigation. It is the logical progression
from the main discussion where all the information was analysed. In the conclusion, the results
are interpreted, and attention is drawn to the significance of key points and information in the
supporting documents. In this section, identify important issues, outline problems encountered,
and provide explanations and succinct clarification. The conclusion should not present any new
information.
In many instances, the conclusion can be based on the summing up by the chair at the end of the
discussion/ event, and may include thanks extended to participants and other contributors.
This section should be brief.
5. Recommendations
Reports provide an account of discussions leading to an outcome. Their purpose is to persuade,

and the recommendations should flow naturally from the conclusions as suggestions for
addressing problems identified in the conclusion. Recommendations should be noted in full
detail as they form the basis for amendments in information and policy. Where relevant,
include details of deadlines and timeframes.
Publishing a report

As with all pieces of writing, it often helps to leave some time between writing the first draft of a
report and producing the final version. Returning to the draft after a break can give you fresh
eyes, allowing you to assess whether the report rests on firm foundations, is well-structured and
communicates its findings and recommendations in a clear and informative way. If you are
satisfied with your final draft, the report can be submitted.
As a report is a commissioned piece of writing, it must be approved before it is released.

Generally, it is the chair of the event (usually a panel, or workshop) that is responsible for
checking the report and giving approval for its publication. Once the final draft has been
approved, send a copy to all participants of the event, drawing attention to any deadlines
attached to the recommendations.
A copy of the approved report is retained by the faculty/ department and, where appropriate,
is published for general access.
ACCURACY:
  Report factual information – e.g., “I saw.


Report information gained from the physical senses – e.g., sight, smell, taste, auditory,
 and touch.

Be aware of feelings that may destroy objective descriptions. Strong feelings can
 cause the writer toseek evidence to support her feelings and reject evidence that does
not support them.
 Make distinctions between fact and hearsay, fact and opinion, and fact and conclusions.

 Be clear about the meaning of words; avoid jargon.

 Clarify all abbreviations, such as SOB for shortness of breath.

 Proofread the report and rewrite as needed.
Completeness

 Completeness is achieved by reporting all the facts discovered during the course of an
investigation.

 
When in doubt, include the information. Information that appears irrelevant to the
investigator may be relevant to the reviewer.
  In most cases, the only information the reader will have will be the information in the report.
  Partially stated facts can be misleading and misinterpreted.

  
Explain why certain information is lacking or incomplete.


Provide a detailed explanation of the possible source of additional information and
undeveloped leads.
Conciseness
  Avoid unrelated, extraneous, incidental, and nonessential information and detail.

  
Pay attention to grammar.


  flowery expressions, and repetition. A report is not a literary or
Avoid adjectives, wit, sarcasm,
creative writing exercise.

  and purpose. A good report will give the reader a clear idea or picture
Use singleness of thought
of the investigation.

Use headings, paragraphing, sentence structure, indentations, underlining, and
 and/or visibility to information
capitalization to emphasize and give weight
the investigator deems more important.
Impartiality/Objectivity

finder. Report the material and evidentiary facts without
The investigator is a fact
addition or subtraction.
  Do not conceal or withhold information.

  
Do not assume.
  
Do not conclude.
 
Maintain an unbiased and open mind about the case.
Basic Principles of Good Report Writing

  Avoid formulating preconceived ideas about the guilt of the accused.

 
Avoid becoming emotionally involved in the process of seeking information.
Clarity and Report Formatting


report in discrete sections to facilitate the reader’s review and
Arrange the contents of the 
understanding of the report.
  Write in chronological order.

  
Avoid ambiguous sentences and vague statements.


Additional parts of the complete report may include the title page, information on undeveloped
leads, investigator’s conclusions, witness list, and exhibit/evidence list
The Estimate Report

Regardless of how an estimate is prepared, it should be presented in a clear, concise manner.
The following elements are typically included in an estimate report:

1. Project title, location, list of individuals who worked on the estimate, and the date
2. Written overview of findings
3. Summary chart of estimate findings, preferably on one sheet of paper, with appropriate backup
material appended or referenced
4. List of any estimate values or quotes provided by others and included in the estimate
5. Reconciliation of estimate to budget and/or previous estimates, with identification of
variances and explanations for same
6. Recommendations for corrective actions if costs vary from budget
7. Method used to prepare the estimate
8. Documents on which the estimate is based
9. Assumed schedule (bid date, construction start, completion)
10. Type of contract and procurement method assumed
11. Outline of items included and specific lists of items excluded from estimate
12. Time basis of currency included in estimate and basis of escalation included
13. Design and construction contingencies included
14. Market conditions at the time of the estimate and projected to the bid date
15. Outline specifications, performance, and quality levels assumed in estimate
16. A list of alternatives examined
17. General comments on any special conditions that might affect future prices

Report On Estimates for the Construction of Residential Building
The detailed estimate for construction of a residential building for the Executive Engineer at
Udaynagar has been prepared in compliance of S.E.’s letter no---------------. Date--------------
There is no building for the residence of the Executive Engineer at Udaynagar and he has to live
in a rented building with meager accommodation at a very high rent. It has, therefore, been
proposed to construct a residential building for the Executive Engineer. The head of the accounts
will be 50 civil original works, building.
The estimate provides for the following accommodation:-
One drawing room, one dining room, three bed rooms, one guest room, and the necessary store
kitchen, baths, front and back verandahs and motor garage per plan enclosed. A site has already
been selected having a land of 60 m 30 m (200 100�) for the construction of the building having
good soil and proper drainage and this much of land has to be acquired. The building shall be
oriented to face north direction.
The building shall have lime concrete foundation and first class brick masonry with lime mortar
up to plinth level and the superstructure shall be of first class brick work in cement mortar, 1 :6
Lintels shall be of R.B. work and roof shall be R.C.C with lime concrete terrace finishing. The
drawing and dining rooms shall have mosaic floor and other rooms
2.5 cm(1?) c.c. floor over 7.5 cm (3?) lime concrete. Inside and outside walls shall be 12
mm(1/2 �) cement line plastered 1:1:6, and ceiling shall be 6 mm (1/2?) cement plastered 1:3.
Inside of drawing and dining rooms shall be colour washed and inside of remaining rooms
shallbe white washed and outside wall be colour washed. Doors and windows shall be 4.5cm
13/ 4 " thick teak wood with chaukhat o sal wood and enamel painted. All work shall be strictly
as per detailed P.W.D. Specification.
The estimate has been prepared at P.W.D Schedule of rates, and for non-schedule items on
analysis of rates. The foundation has been designed for a safe load of 9 tonne per sq m (8 ton per
sq ft) and the R.C.C roof has been designed for a safe load of 150 kg per sq m (30 1bs per sq ft)

with 1400 kg per sqcm (20000 1bs per sq in) as sage tensile stress of steel and 50 kg sq cm (750
1bs per sq in) as safe compressive stress of concrete. All designs and calculations have been
included in the estimate. Plans and drawings and site plans are also enclosed with the estimate.
Provision has been made for electrification and sanitary and water supply works and 20% of the
estimated cost of the building works ahs been included for these works. As there is no sewer line
in the area a septic tank shall have to be constructed for which lump sum provision of Rs.700,00
has been made in the estimate.
Provision for compound with a gate in the front and barbed wire fencing on the sides and back,
and approach road have also been made in the estimate.
A statement of important materials as cement, steel, coal, etc., which shall have to be arranged
by the department is also enclosed with the estimate. A rent statement is also enclosed.
The work shall be carried on contract by inviting tenders. The work shall be completed within
six months from the date of start. The estimate work out as Rs. 5,000,00 and is submitted for
sanction and allotment of fund.
Report on Estimate for Construction of a Culvert
The estimate has been prepared for the construction of an arch culvert of 3m span in 15 km-300
m on Lucknow �Daulatpur road. The road at this point is flooded almost every year during the
rainy reason, causing flood and damages in the area. During the last inspection the Executive
Engineer has asked to prepare an estimate and this estimate has been prepared in compliance of
E.E’s letter no -------.dated --------- the cost of construction will be met from 50 civil work
special repairs.
The culvert has been designed for I.R.A Class a loading. The catchment area has been
determined from the 2.5 cm map of the area, which comes to 1200 acres, and the water way has
been calculated by the Talbot formula a =cA 3 4 , where a = waterway in sq. ft , a= Catchment
area in acres, and c= constant and has been taken as 0.2. All calculation and design have been
enclosed with the estimate.

The soil has been tested and has been found to be good, and ordinary spread foundation will be
sufficient. The foundation shall be of cement concrete 1:4:8 and abutments, wing walls and
parapets shall be of brick masonary in 1:5 cement mortar, the arch work shall be of brick
masonry in 1:3 cement mortar. Exposed surfaces shall be cement pointed 1:2. all works shall be
as per detailed P.W.D Specifications. The estimate has been prepared at P.W.D Schedule of
Rates.
A statement of materials, cement, bricks, coal, etc., required for the construction , has been
enclosed with he estimate. The work shall be executed on contract by inviting tenders and the
work shall be started after the rainy season and shall be completed within four month�s time.
The estimate amounting to Rs. 15,000.00 is submitted for sanction and allotment of fund.
Report on the Estimate for a Road Construction
The estimate for the construction of Hindnagar � kaliganj road of 25 km � 500 in

length has been prepared for linking Kalignaj with the District Headquarters in compliance with
S.E.’s letter no--------.dated---------------
Kalignaj is an important market place for agricultural products and there are some cottage
industries in the area, and there having no road the area is not being developed. The proposed
road will also serve many villages on either side. The people of the locality have also represented
and demanded separately for the construction of this road. It is therefore essential to construct
this road. The proposal has been included in the Fourth Five year Plan and the cost will be met
from the Road Development Fund.
Alignment of the road follows an existing card road with straightening when necessary and
avoiding conjested areas as far as possible. Flat curves have been provided with a minimum
radius of 150 m. In selecting the alignment principles of shortest route, serving maximum
population, minimum drainage crossing easy gradient economy of construction, etc.., have been
followed. The road passes mostly through uncultivated area in plane land, and mostly in banking
of 60 cm to 90 cm high excepting a few places where the road passes in low where high banking
will be required.

Planet table survey has been made for the whole length of the road for 60 m width on each side
of the centre line and L-section has been prepared by taking levels at every 30 m and cross levels
have been taken at every 90 metre. Formation line has been fixed to have easy gradient and
ruling gradient of 1 in 40 has not reached anywhere. Highest flood level has been kept in view
and formation line has been kept above normal flood level.
A number of culverts will be required along the length of the road and ridge of about
30 m span will be required across the stream in km 12. A list of bridges and culverts of different
span has been enclosed and provisions have been made on the basis of running metre of span at
the rate of Rs. 5,000.00 per r m of span for culverts and Rs. 6,000.00 per r m of span for bridges.
Bridges shall have to be designed on I.R.C class A Loading and their detailed estimate shall
have to be prepared separately.
A present land of 30 m width shall be required and has been provided in the estimate.
Temporary land for borrowpits shall be required for one year for taking earth for embankment
and provision has been made accordingly
The whole work of construction shall be spread in five years, earth work one year, rest for
settlement one year, metalling two years and painting one year.
Second coat bituminous painting shall be done after one year of 1st cost of painting and cost of
painting shall be met from maintenance grant.
All works shall be done strictly as per detailed P.W.D Specifications. The estimate has been
prepared at P.W.D Schedule of rates and local current rates and analysis of rates have been given
for non-schedule items. The work shall be done by contract by inviting tenders.
Survey Plan, L-sections and Cross-sections of the proposed road are enclosed with the estimate.
An index plan showing the alignment has also been enclosed.
The estimate amounting to Rs. 25,00,000.00 has been submitted for sanction and allotment of
fund.

Principle for the preparation of Water supply Scheme
1. Selection of source:- Where raw water from flowing streams, lakes , tanks ad other
impoundment from contaminated catchments and ponds form the source, provision should be
made in the scheme for filtering such water prior to disinfection.
2. Quality of water.- The chemical quality of supplies proposed from ground water through tube
wells, wells and infiltration works should be of acceptable quality, to be adjudged wit reference
to local condition, where special treatment of removal of dissolved substance like iron, sulphates
and flurides is necessary, provision should be made there in the scheme.
3. Disinfections. � It is advisable to provide for continuous effective disinfections of supplies

drawn through tube wells, wells and infiltration works where local conditions indicate the need.
Where surface water is the source, treatment including filtration and disinfection of the final
effluent is essential.
It is equally important to ensure that the free residual chlorine of a minimum of 0.2 ppm is
maintained at all points in the distribution system.
4. Simple drip-feed device.- For simple rural well supplies, disinfection should be arranged by a
simple and economical drip feed of a decanted bleaching powder solution, the dosage being
adjusted to suit the rate of draw from the source. A simple gravity feed arrangement for such a
purpose should be followed.
5. Pressure-feed chlorinators. There are different types of pressure-feed chlorinators
available for injecting chlorine solution into force mains. The two good classification of these
chlorinates are
(a) the positive-feed type, and
(b) the vaccum type
The details of their working and operation, and the care of chlorinator equipment are set out in
paras 10-6-22 and 10-6-3 on pages 132-136 of the Manual of Water supply issued by the
Ministry of Health.

Common defects and handicaps experienced in operating some of the pressure-type chlorinators
in the market are to be attributed to the provision of inferior rubber holders, mal-adjustments of
the plunger stroke and inferior types of rubber diaphragm. Every care should be exercised in
selecting a good and robust quality of chlorinator suited to the needs of each case.
6. Structure of infiltration galleries - In developing safe supplies through infiltration works the
essential details to be followed in the design of infiltration galleries have been set out in the
Water supply Manual .
7. Slow sand filter.- Where slow sand filtration is adopted for treatment of raw water, the design
criteria to the adopted are as set out in the Water Supply Manual. A typical design calculation to
determine the economical size of filters is given in the following page.
8. Type design of iron removal plant. A typical design of an iron removal plant should b
followed. The basic factors governing the design of such plants are set out in the Water Supply
Manual. These may be adopted with suitable notification where removal of iron from ground or
surface water is necessary.
9. Mechanical fitter plants. � Where full-scale treatment of raw water comprising chemical
design mixing, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration followed by disinfection is necessary,
the functional aspect of each component as well as the design criteria recommended in respect of
each, as set out in the Water Supply Manual may be adopted with suitable modification.
10. Economical size for source mains. � the per capita rate of supply to be adopted in respect of
each community, the most economical means of conveyance of the supply from the source to the
service points and the design of the distribution system in each case may generally follow the
guide lines set out in the Water Supply Manual.
11. Charts for pipe flow computation. It is recommended that Hazen and William�s Formula
should be adopted in the design of pressure mains while the Cutter�s Formula orthe Manning’s
Formula should be used for free-flow conduits. Readymade charts for computing pipe size
under the Hazen and William and Kutter�s Formulae may be used.

The Hazen and Williams’s Chart is based on a value of 100 for c. For other values of c
applicable to different pipe materials (as recommended in the Water Supply Manual) the
corresponding figures will have to be deducted.
The Kutter’s Charts are for a value of n =.015 which may be adopted for all pipes upto 24 dia.
and masonry conduits of all sizes. A value of n= .013 may be used for pipes above 24 dia.
The project or scheme of major work consist of the following works
(1) Preliminary investigation, Reconnaissance, Preliminary survey, trial boring, soil

testing etc.
(2) Preparation of preliminary estimate and obtaining administrative approval
(3) Selection of site or alignment
(4) Surveying �Plane table survey, leveling, contouring, etc.,
(5) Preparation of survey plan, plotting of levels and contours, preparation of

longitudinal section, cross section etc., as may be required,
(6) Working out the requirements number, type and size of buildings of different categories.
Water-way for bridges and culverts, capacity of channels (canals distributories, minor, etc).
width and type of road etc, as the case may be,
(7) Marking formation line of road or formation line of bed of channels in the L-section
drawing cross sections of road channels, etc. as the case may be ,
(8) Designing structural design and calculations, basis of deign, etc.,
(9) Planning, preparation of drawings- Plan , elevation, sections, detailed drawings, etc.,
(10) Preparation of Layout plan, Site plan or Index plan. In case of irrigation project and Road
project the alignment is marked on the Shajra maps showing the different plots of land to be
acquired. For irrigation project , the area served by different outlets and channels are marked on
the Shajra map,
(11) Preparation of general specification of the different building of works, and preparation of
Detailed specifications of each item of works.
(12) Working out the Analysis of rates of different items of work. Usually, the rates are taken
as per printed Schedule of Rates and Analysis of rates are prepared only for non-scheduled items,
(13) Preparation of Detailed estimate and abstract of cost of each building or each work

(14) preparation of general abstract of cost for the whole project. 10 per cent of the whole
estimate cost is provided for departmental charges.
(15) Preparation of rent statement or return (revenue income) and comparing the total amount
of capital cost with the return,
(16) Working out the requirement of important materials and preparing a statement of
important materials as cement, steel brick, coals, etc. which are to be arranged by the department,
(17) Phasing of the project � Big projects are constructed in phases � 1st phase, 2nd phase,
3rd phase etc.,
(18) Estimate for temporary accommodation for office, store sheds, staff quarters,
accommodation for workmen (labour huts) arrangements for temporary water supply and
sanitary works and public health work, approach roads, etc. should also be prepared under
separate head.

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UNIT I ESTIMATE OF BUILDINGS

1. Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.

2. Detailed specifications about workmanship& properties of materials etc.

3. Standard schedule of rates of the current year.

3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.

I) linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.

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II) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m

4.Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum

5. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be

6.The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,

a) From foundation to plinth level

b) From plinth level to first floor level

c) From Fist floor to second floor level and so on.

REQUIREMENTS OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING

1 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING.

Estimating involves the following operations

1. Preparing detailed Estimate.

2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work

3. Preparing abstract of estimate

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2.DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE

1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.

1. for arriving at the unit rates of each item.

2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.

3. The cost of transport materials.

4. The wages of labor, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Amador, etc.,

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The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.

1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.

2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,

4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.

7 WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:

During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work

ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE FORM

The detailed estimate should accompanied with

iii)Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)

iv) Design charts and calculations

v)Standard schedule of rates.

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5.FACTORS TO BE CONSISDERED WHILE PREPARING DETAILED ESTIMATE

i) Quantity and transportation of materials:

ii) Location of site:

iii) Local labor charges:

7.FIXING OF RATE PER UNIT OF AN ITEM

The rate per unit of an item includes the following:

1) Quantity of materials & cost:

The requirement of materials is taken strictly in accordance with standard data

book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first cost,freight,insurance and

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3) Cost of equipment (T&P):

8.METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE

a) Plinth area method

b)Cubical contents methods

c) Unit base method.

9.Plinth area method

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a) Area of walls at floor level.

d) Porches of non cantilever type.

Areas which are not to include