Bernoulli’s principle

Measurement Static Head (mm water)

Flowrate Q (l/s) h1,stat h2,stat h3,stat h4,stat h5,stat h6,stat

1 0.267 205 185 5 100 155 165

2 0.208 225 210 25 115 90 105
3 0.136 260 245 45 145 205 215

Measurement Flow Pitot total head (mm water)

rate, ℎ1.𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ2.𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ3.𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ4.𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ5,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ6,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Q (l/s)
1 0.267 300 290 285 270 265 245
2 0.208 235 230 220 215 210 205
3 0.136 355 345 335 325 320 315

Q (l/s) Point
1 2 3 4 5 6
ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (mm) 220 210 205 190 185 165
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 (mm) 15 25 200 90 30 0
1 0.267 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 (mm) 205 185 185 5 100 165
𝑣𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (m/s) 0.421 0.674 1.733 1.151 0.580 0.422
𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 (m/s) 0.543 0.700 1.981 1.329 0.767 0
ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (mm) 155 150 140 135 130 125
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 (mm) -70 -60 115 20 40 20
2 0.208 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 (mm) 225 210 25 115 90 105
𝑣𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (m/s) 0.329 0.525 1.351 0.896 0.452 0.328
𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 (m/s) - - 1.502 0.626 0.886 0.6426
ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (mm) 275 265 255 245 240 235
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 (mm) 15 20 210 100 35 20
3 0.136 ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 (mm) 260 245 45 145 205 215
𝑣𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 (m/s) 0.215 0.343 0.883 0.586 0.296 0.215
𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 (m/s) 0.542 0.626 2.029 1.401 0.829 0.626
Flow measurement

a) Experimental data sheet

Measuring object: Nozzle Measuring object: Orifice

Water pressure 20°c Water pressure 20°c
Volumetric Head loss Differential Volumetric Head loss Differential
flow V (l/min) (mm) pressure ∆p flow V (l/min) (mm) pressure ∆p
(mbar) (mbar)
4.415 12.0 1.177 7.968 5.0 0.491
3.592 16.5 1.619 5.132 11.0 1.079
8.287 19.0 1.864 9.346 14.0 1.373
8.942 21.0 2.060 7.143 15.5 1.521

Measuring object: Venturi tube

Water pressure 20°c
Volumetric Head loss Differential
flow V (l/min) (mm) pressure ∆p
(mbar)
3.497 9.5 0.932
10.819 20.0 1.962
13.986 30.5 2.992
9.731 36.0 3.532
b) Nozzle measurement

𝑘𝑔 𝑙 𝑙
𝜌 𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑖𝑛
𝑚2 𝛼 𝜀 ∆𝑝 𝑖 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
998.2 1 1 1.177 4.415 7.284 -39.40
998.2 1 1 1.619 3.592 8.767 -59.03
998.2 1 1 1.864 8.287 9.407 -11.91
998.2 1 1 2.060 8.942 9.889 -9.57

c) Orifice measurement

𝑘𝑔 𝑙 𝑙
𝜌 𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑖𝑛
𝑚2 𝛼 𝜀 ∆𝑝 𝑖 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
998.2 0.67 1 0.491 7.968 5.649 41.05
998.2 0.67 1 1.079 5.132 8.374 -38.71
998.2 0.67 1 1.373 9.346 9.446 -1.06
998.2 0.67 1 1.521 7.143 9.942 -28.15

d) Venturi measurement

𝑘𝑔 𝑙 𝑙
𝜌 𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑖𝑛
𝑚2 𝛼 𝜀 ∆𝑝 𝑖 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
998.2 1 1 0.932 3.497 6.652 -46.94
998.2 1 1 1.962 10.819 9.652 12.09
998.2 1 1 2.992 13.986 11.919 17.34
998.2 1 1 3.532 9.731 12.949 -24.85
Series/Parallel pump

Table 1:Data experiment 1

Experiment 1 : Single pump

Volume flow rate Suction Pressure Delivery Pressure Net head, H (m) Water
(l/s) 𝑃𝑠 (bar) 𝑃𝐷 (bar) horsepower
0.2 -0.05 1.8
0.4 -0.05 1.8
0.6 -0.05 1.8
0.8 -0.05 1.8
1.0 -0.05 1.8
1.5 -0.05 1.6
2.0 -0.05 1.4
2.5 -0.05 1.2
3.0 -0.05 0.8
3.5 -0.05 0.4
4.0 -0.05 0.2
4.5 -0.05 0

Table 2:Data experiment 2

Experiment 2: Series pump

Volume Suction Pressure Delivery Pressure Net head, Water
flow rate 𝑃𝑠 (bar) 𝑃𝐷 (bar) H (mm) Horsepower
(l/s)
Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 1 Pump 2
0.2 -0.05 -38 1.8 1.0
0.4 -0.05 -38 1.8 0.9
0.6 -0.05 -38 1.8 0.9
0.8 -0.05 -38 1.8 0.9
1.0 -0.05 -38 1.7 0.8
1.5 -0.05 -35 1.5 0.6
2.0 -0.05 -32 1.3 0.2
2.5 -0.10 -28 1.2 0
3.0 -0.10 -24 0.8 0
3.5 -0.125 -18 0.3 0
4.0 -0.125 -16 0.2 0
Table 3:Data experiment 3

Experiment 3: Parallel pump

Volume Suction Pressure Delivery Pressure Net Water
flow rate 𝑃𝑆 (bar) 𝑃𝐷 (bar) head, H horsepower
(l/s) (m)
Pump 1 Pump 2 Pump 1 Pump 2 Outflow
0.3 -0.125 0 0.3 0 0
0.6 -0.125 0 0.4 0 0
0.9 -0.125 0 0.4 0 0
1.2 -0.15 0 0 0 0
1.5 -0.15 0 0 0 0
1.8 -0.15 0 0 0 0
2.1 -0.15 0 0 0 0
2.4 -0.15 0 0 0 0
2.7 -0.18 0 0 0 0
3.0 -0.18 0 0 0 0
-0.18 0 0 0 0