Lists of integrals

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Integration is the basic operation in

integral calculus. While differentiation has
easy rules by which the derivative of a
complicated function can be found by
differentiating its simpler component
functions, integration does not, so tables
of known integrals are often useful. This
page lists some of the most common
antiderivatives.
Historical development of
integrals
A compilation of a list of integrals
(Integraltafeln) and techniques of integral
calculus was published by the German
mathematician Meier Hirsch (aka Meyer
Hirsch) in 1810. These tables were
republished in the United Kingdom in
1823. More extensive tables were
compiled in 1858 by the Dutch
mathematician David Bierens de Haan for
his Tables d'intégrales définies,
supplemented by Supplément aux tables
d'intégrales définies in ca. 1864. A new
edition was published in 1867 under the
title Nouvelles tables d'intégrales définies.
These tables, which contain mainly
integrals of elementary functions,
remained in use until the middle of the
20th century. They were then replaced by
the much more extensive tables of
Gradshteyn and Ryzhik. In Gradshteyn and
Ryzhik, integrals originating from the book
by Bierens de Haan are denoted by BI.

Not all closed-form expressions have

closed-form antiderivatives; this study
forms the subject of differential Galois
theory, which was initially developed by
Joseph Liouville in the 1830s and 1840s,
leading to Liouville's theorem which
classifies which expressions have closed
form antiderivatives. A simple example of
a function without a closed form
−x2
antiderivative is e , whose antiderivative
is (up to constants) the error function.

Since 1968 there is the Risch algorithm for

determining indefinite integrals that can be
expressed in term of elementary functions,
typically using a computer algebra system.
Integrals that cannot be expressed using
elementary functions can be manipulated
symbolically using general functions such
as the Meijer G-function.

Lists of integrals
More detail may be found on the following
pages for the lists of integrals:

List of integrals of rational functions

List of integrals of irrational functions
List of integrals of trigonometric
functions
List of integrals of inverse trigonometric
functions
List of integrals of hyperbolic functions
List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic
functions
List of integrals of exponential functions
List of integrals of logarithmic functions
List of integrals of Gaussian functions
Gradshteyn, Ryzhik, Geronimus, Tseytlin,
Jeffrey, Zwillinger, Moll's (GR) Table of
Integrals, Series, and Products contains a
large collection of results. An even larger,
multivolume table is the Integrals and
Series by Prudnikov, Brychkov, and
Marichev (with volumes 1–3 listing
integrals and series of elementary and
special functions, volume 4–5 are tables
of Laplace transforms). More compact
collections can be found in e.g. Brychkov,
Marichev, Prudnikov's Tables of Indefinite
Integrals, or as chapters in Zwillinger's CRC
Standard Mathematical Tables and
Formulae or Bronshtein and
Semendyayev's Guide Book to
Mathematics, Handbook of Mathematics or
Users' Guide to Mathematics, and other
mathematical handbooks.

Other useful resources include

Abramowitz and Stegun and the Bateman
Manuscript Project. Both works contain
many identities concerning specific
integrals, which are organized with the
most relevant topic instead of being
collected into a separate table. Two
volumes of the Bateman Manuscript are
specific to integral transforms.

There are several web sites which have

tables of integrals and integrals on
demand. Wolfram Alpha can show results,
and for some simpler expressions, also
the intermediate steps of the integration.
Wolfram Research also operates another
online service, the Wolfram Mathematica
Online Integrator .

Integrals of simple functions

C is used for an arbitrary constant of
integration that can only be determined if
something about the value of the integral
at some point is known. Thus, each
function has an infinite number of
antiderivatives.
These formulas only state in another form
the assertions in the table of derivatives.

Integrals with a singularity

When there is a singularity in the function

being integrated such that the
antiderivative becomes undefined or at
some point (the singularity), then C does
not need to be the same on both sides of
the singularity. The forms below normally
assume the Cauchy principal value around
a singularity in the value of C but this is
not in general necessary. For instance in
there is a singularity at 0 and the
antiderivative becomes infinite there. If the
integral above were to be used to compute
a definite integral between −1 and 1, one
would get the wrong answer 0. This
however is the Cauchy principal value of
the integral around the singularity. If the
integration is done in the complex plane
the result depends on the path around the
origin, in this case the singularity
contributes −iπ when using a path above
the origin and iπ for a path below the
origin. A function on the real line could use
a completely different value of C on either
side of the origin as in:
Rational functions

More integrals: List of integrals of

rational functions

The following function has a non-

integrable singularity at 0 for a ≤ −1:

(Cavalieri's quadrature formula)

 More generally,[1]

Exponential functions

More integrals: List of integrals of

exponential functions
Logarithms

More integrals: List of integrals of

logarithmic functions

Trigonometric functions

More integrals: List of integrals of

trigonometric functions
(See Integral of the secant function.
This result was a well-known
conjecture in the 17th century.)
 (see integral of secant cubed)

Inverse trigonometric
functions
 More integrals: List of integrals of inverse
trigonometric functions

Hyperbolic functions
 More integrals: List of integrals of
hyperbolic functions

Inverse hyperbolic functions

 More integrals: List of integrals of inverse
hyperbolic functions

Products of functions
proportional to their second
derivatives

Absolute-value functions

Let f be a function which has at most one

root on each interval on which it is defined,
and g an antiderivative of f that is zero at
each root of f (such an antiderivative
exists if and only if the condition on f is
satisfied), then

where sgn(x) is the sign function, which

takes the values −1, 0, 1 when x is
respectively negative, zero or positive. This
gives the following formulas (where a ≠ 0):
when for

some integer n.

when for some

integer n.

when for

some integer n.
when for some
integer n.

If the function f does not have any

continuous antiderivative which takes the
value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case
for the sine and the cosine functions), then
sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f
on every interval on which f is not zero, but
may be discontinuous at the points where
f(x) = 0. For having a continuous
antiderivative, one has thus to add a well
chosen step function. If we also use the
fact that the absolute values of sine and
cosine are periodic with period π, then we
get:
Special functions

Ci, Si: Trigonometric integrals, Ei:

Exponential integral, li: Logarithmic
integral function, erf: Error function
Definite integrals lacking
closed-form antiderivatives
There are some functions whose
antiderivatives cannot be expressed in
closed form. However, the values of the
definite integrals of some of these
functions over some common intervals
can be calculated. A few useful integrals
are given below.
 (see also

Gamma function)

for a > 0 (the

Gaussian integral)

for a > 0

for a > 0, n is a positive integer and !! is

the double factorial.

when a > 0
for a > 0, n = 0, 1, 2, ....

(see also

Bernoulli number)

(see sinc function

and Sine integral)

(if n is a positive integer and !! is the
double factorial.

(for α, β, m, n integers with β ≠ 0 and

m, n ≥ 0, see also Binomial coefficient)

(for

α, β real, n a non-negative integer, and m

an odd, positive integer; since the
integrand is odd)
(for α, β, m, n integers with β ≠ 0 and
m, n ≥ 0, see also Binomial coefficient)

(for α, β, m, n integers with β ≠ 0 and

m, n ≥ 0, see also Binomial coefficient)

(where exp[u] is the exponential

function eu, and a > 0)

(where

is the Gamma function)

(for Re(α) > 0 and Re(β) > 0, see Beta
function)

(where

I0(x) is the modified Bessel function of

the first kind)
 (for ν > 0 , this is related to the
probability density function of Student's
t-distribution)

If the function f has bounded variation on

the interval [a,b], then the method of
exhaustion provides a formula for the
integral:

The "sophomore's dream":

attributed to Johann Bernoulli.

See also
Incomplete gamma function
Indefinite sum
List of limits
List of mathematical series
Symbolic integration

References
1. "Reader Survey: log|x| + C ", Tom Leinster,
The n-category Café, March 19, 2012

Further reading
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann,
eds. (1983) [June 1964]. Handbook of
Mathematical Functions with Formulas,
Graphs, and Mathematical Tables.
Applied Mathematics Series. 55 (Ninth
reprint with additional corrections of
tenth original printing with corrections
(December 1972); first ed.). Washington
D.C.; New York: United States
Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards; Dover
Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0.
LCCN 64-60036 . MR 0167642 .
LCCN 65-12253 .
Bronstein, Ilja Nikolaevič; Semendjajew,
Konstantin Adolfovič (1987) [1945].
Grosche, Günter; Ziegler, Viktor; Ziegler,
Dorothea, eds. Taschenbuch der
Mathematik (in German). 1. Translated
by Ziegler, Viktor. Weiß, Jürgen (23 ed.).
Thun and Frankfurt am Main: Verlag
Harri Deutsch (and B. G. Teubner
Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig). ISBN 3-
87144-492-8.
Gradshteyn, Izrail Solomonovich; Ryzhik,
Iosif Moiseevich; Geronimus, Yuri
Veniaminovich; Tseytlin, Michail
Yulyevich; Jeffrey, Alan (2015) [October
2014]. Zwillinger, Daniel; Moll, Victor
Hugo, eds. Table of Integrals, Series, and
Products. Translated by Scripta
Technica, Inc. (8 ed.). Academic Press,
Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-384933-5.
LCCN 2014010276 . (Several previous
editions as well.)
Prudnikov, Anatolii Platonovich
(Прудников, Анатолий Платонович);
Brychkov, Yuri A. (Брычков, Ю. А.);
Marichev, Oleg Igorevich (Маричев,
Олег Игоревич) (1988–1992)
[1981−1986 (Russian)]. Integrals and
Series. 1–5. Translated by Queen, N. M.
(1 ed.). (Nauka) Gordon & Breach
Science Publishers/CRC Press. ISBN 2-
88124-097-6.. Second revised edition
(Russian), volume 1–3, Fiziko-
Matematicheskaya Literatura, 2003.
Yuri A. Brychkov (Ю. А. Брычков),
Handbook of Special Functions:
Derivatives, Integrals, Series and Other
Formulas. Russian edition, Fiziko-
Matematicheskaya Literatura, 2006.
English edition, Chapman & Hall/CRC
Press, 2008, ISBN 1-58488-956-X /
9781584889564.
Daniel Zwillinger. CRC Standard
Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 31st
edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press,
2002. ISBN 1-58488-291-3. (Many earlier
editions as well.)
Meyer Hirsch, Integraltafeln oder
Sammlung von Integralformeln (Duncker
und Humblot, Berlin, 1810)
Meyer Hirsch, Integral Tables Or A
Collection of Integral Formulae (Baynes
and son, London, 1823) [English
translation of Integraltafeln]
David Bierens de Haan, Nouvelles Tables
d'Intégrales définies (Engels, Leiden,
1862)
Benjamin O. Pierce A short table of
integrals - revised edition (Ginn & co.,
Boston, 1899)
External links
Tables of integrals

Paul's Online Math Notes

A. Dieckmann, Table of Integrals (Elliptic
Functions, Square Roots, Inverse
Tangents and More Exotic Functions):
Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals
Math Major: A Table of Integrals
O'Brien, Francis J. Jr. "500 Integrals" .
Derived integrals of exponential,
logarithmic functions and special
functions.
Rule-based Mathematics Precisely
defined indefinite integration rules
 covering a wide class of integrands
Mathar, Richard J. (2012). "Yet another
table of integrals". arXiv:1207.5845 .

Derivations

Victor Hugo Moll, The Integrals in

Gradshteyn and Ryzhik

Online service

Integration examples for Wolfram

Alpha

Open source programs

wxmaxima gui for Symbolic and

numeric resolution of many
mathematical problems
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