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Etymology
Definitions
Research has been defined in a number of
different ways, and while there are
similarities, there does not appear to be a
single, all-encompassing definition that is
embraced by all who engage in it.
One definition of research is used by the
OECD, "Any creative systematic activity
undertaken in order to increase the stock
of knowledge, including knowledge of
man, culture and society, and the use of
this knowledge to devise new
applications."[4]
Forms of research
Original research is research that is not
exclusively based on a summary, review or
synthesis of earlier publications on the
subject of research. This material is of a
primary source character. The purpose of
the original research is to produce new
knowledge, rather than to present the
existing knowledge in a new form (e.g.,
summarized or classified).[6][7]
Scientific research
Historical research
German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886),
considered to be one of the founders of modern
source-based history.
Documentary research
Research methods
Qualitative research
This involves understanding human
behavior and the reasons that govern
such behavior, by asking a broad
question, collecting data in the form of
words, images, video etc that is
analyzed, and searching for themes.
This type of research aims to investigate
a question without attempting to
quantifiably measure variables or look to
potential relationships between
variables. It is viewed as more restrictive
in testing hypotheses because it can be
expensive and time-consuming and
typically limited to a single set of
research subjects. Qualitative research
is often used as a method of exploratory
research as a basis for later quantitative
research hypotheses. Qualitative
research is linked with the philosophical
and theoretical stance of social
constructionism.
Quantitative research
This involves systematic empirical
investigation of quantitative properties
and phenomena and their relationships,
by asking a narrow question and
collecting numerical data to analyze it
utilizing statistical methods. The
quantitative research designs are
experimental, correlational, and survey
(or descriptive).[38] Statistics derived
from quantitative research can be used
to establish the existence of associative
or causal relationships between
variables. Quantitative research is linked
with the philosophical and theoretical
stance of positivism.
Research ethics
Research ethics involves the application
of fundamental ethical principles to a
variety of topics involving research,
including scientific research. These
principles include deontology,
consequentialism, virtue ethics and value
(ethics). Ethical issues may arise in the
design and implementation of research
involving human experimentation or
animal experimentation, such as: various
aspects of academic scandal, including
scientific misconduct (such as fraud,
fabrication of data and plagiarism),
whistleblowing; regulation of research, etc.
Research ethics is most developed as a
concept in medical research. The key
agreement here is the 1964 Declaration of
Helsinki. The Nuremberg Code is a former
agreement, but with many still important
notes. Research in the social sciences
presents a different set of issues than
those in medical research[44] and can
involve issues of researcher and
participant safety, empowerment and
access to justice.[12]
Problems in research
Methods of research
Linguicism
Future perspectives
Professionalisation
In several national and private academic
systems, the professionalisation of
research has resulted in formal job titles.
In Russia
Publishing
Cover of the first issue of Nature, 4 November 1869.
Research funding
Most funding for scientific research
comes from three major sources:
corporate research and development
departments; private foundations, for
example, the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation; and government research
councils such as the National Institutes of
Health in the USA[57] and the Medical
Research Council in the UK. These are
managed primarily through universities
and in some cases through military
contractors. Many senior researchers
(such as group leaders) spend a
significant amount of their time applying
for grants for research funds. These
grants are necessary not only for
researchers to carry out their research but
also as a source of merit. The Social
Psychology Network provides a
comprehensive list of U.S. Government
and private foundation funding sources.
See also
European Charter for Researchers
List of words ending in ology
Undergraduate research
Internet research
List of countries by research and
development spending
Advertising research
Market research
Marketing research
Open research
Operations research
Participatory action research
Psychological research methods
Research-intensive cluster
Scholarly research
Secondary research
Society for Artistic Research
Social research
Timeline of the history of scientific
method
References
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Further reading
Cohen, N.; Arieli, T. (2011). "Field
research in conflict environments:
Methodological challenges and
snowball sampling". Journal of Peace
Research. 48 (4): 423–436.
doi:10.1177/0022343311405698 .
Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and
Rietjens, Sebastiaan. 2014. Handbook of
Research Methods in Military Studies
New York: Routledge.
Talja, Sanna and Pamela J. Mckenzie
(2007). Editor's Introduction: Special
Issue on Discursive Approaches to
Information Seeking in Context, The
University of Chicago Press.
External links
Wikiversity has learning resources about
Research
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Wiktionary
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