Computers in Orthodontics PDF

Applications of Computers in Orthodontics
Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SDMCDS, Dharwad sem1b / sb / 13/09/04

Contents
1. Introduction 6. Classification of Applications

2. History of Computer 7. Survey
Technology and Systems
8. Results
3. Computer – Hardware
4. Computer – Software 9. Summary
5. History of Technology in 10. Bibliography
Orthodontics
Application of computers in orthodontics – Contents sem1/sb/09-04

Computer
A computer is any device used to process

information according to a well-defined procedure
The word ‘Computer’ was originally used to

describe people employed to do arithmetic
calculations, with or without mechanical aids, but
was transferred to the machines
Application of computers in orthodontics – Introduction sem1/sb/09-04

Reason for computer technology system
Principally technology is used to solve
Input
Processing
Output
Communication problems
Application of computers in orthodontics – Introduction sem1/sb/09-04

History of Information Technology and Systems
Four Basic Periods of Information Technology
1. Pre mechanical
2. Mechanical
3. Electromechanical
4. Electronic
Application of computers in orthodontics – History sem1/sb/09-04

The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D. The
First Calculators: The Abacus
The First Information Processor

Charles Babbage - Eccentric English Mathematician
1792-1871
The Difference Engine The Analytical Engine

The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.
•The discovery of ways to harness electricity by

Benjamin Franklin was the key advance made during
this period.
•Information could now be converted into electrical

impulses.

Alan Mathison Turing
Father of Modern Computer Science
British mathematician Concept of algorithm and

and cryptographer computation: the Turing
machine
Designed one of the

FIRST electronic
"Can machines think?" programmable digital
computers
THE COLOSSUS
1954 1912

The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present
The Four Generations of Digital Computing
• The First Generation (1951-1958) Punch Cards

• The Second Generation (1959-1963) Transistors
• The Third Generation (1964-1979) Integrated Circuits
• The Fourth Generation (1979-Present) VLSIC
Application of computers in orthodontics – Recent past sem1/sb/09-04

The Fourth Generation (1979-present)
1. CPU = Central Processing Unit

2. Personal computers or PCs
IBM - 1981
Apple Mac - 1984
3. MS-DOS
4. Graphical User Interfaces
Application of computers in orthodontics – Present sem1/sb/09-04

Know Your Computer
Hardware
Input Devices
Central Processing Unit
Memory
Output Devices
Peripherals
Application of computers in orthodontics – Hardware sem1/sb/09-04

Know Your Computer
Hardware
Let us see how does our computer ‘Boot Up’
Switch >
Power >
Power Good Signal >
Mother board Ready >

Know Your Computer
Hardware
B I O S (Basic input output device)

Involuntary function
E E PROM – Electronically Erasable Programmable

Read Only Memory

Know Your Computer
Hardware
CMOS
Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Stores the configuration of the hardware

Know Your Computer
Hardware
Hard Disk first handshake protocol

Request for HD to Read Track 0 (System files of operating system)
Triggers startup of Operating System
OS is ready and Displayed on the screen
OS is ready to run any software

Know Your Computer
Software
• All the Operating Systems are stored in the Hard Disk

• All Data is stored in a Hexadecimal Code
• Program Files are stored in Alphanumeric formats:
- Executable file .exe

- Movies .dat
- AutoCAD .dwg
- Corel Draw .cdr
- System Files .sys
Application of computers in orthodontics – Software sem1/sb/09-04

Know Your Computer
Software
• Earlier with OS like DOS most

applications were Text based
• Graphics were available but difficult to

work and No Real Time images
• WYSIWYG

Know Your Computer
Software
•Today Graphics have developed to such a extent that real time

images are created on the screen
•Advent of Digital peripherals and Data Acquisition Systems

has opened the use age of computers in the field of
Orthodontics

Classification of Applications
1. Academic 2. Clinical
3. Graphic 4. Research
5. Manufacturer 6. Miscellaneous
Application of computers in orthodontics – Classification sem1/sb/09-04

Academic Applications
Administration
•THE "PAPERLESS PRACTICE"

Charles A. Lewis
1991- To optimize efficiency
1994 - Hardware technology progressed to required

levels for the first orthodontic Paperless Practice to begin
operation in Florida
Application of computers in orthodontics – Academic sem1/sb/09-04

Academic Applications
Administration
Appeared unanimous that paperless operation is

cost effective, improves efficiency, and reduces
stress for patients, doctor, and staff.
Still then, only we can ultimately decide whether

operating in paperless mode is right for our
practice
Application of computers in orthodontics – Academic sem1/sb/09-04

Computer Applications
• What is Graphic application?
Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving sem1/sb/09-04

Clinical /Graphic Application
Graphics
Software applications that convey information Pictorially are called

Graphic applications
Visualized on the screen or VDU - CRT / LCD / Plasma Screen etc..
Important Terminology – Pixel, Bitmap, Gray Scale, Resolution,

Contrast, Density, Display, Enhancement, Quality…
Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving sem1/sb/09-04

Clinical / Graphic / Research Application
What is a DIGITAL IMAGE?
DIGITAL IMAGES are

electronic snapshots taken of a
scene or scanned from
documents, such as
photographs, manuscripts,
printed texts, and artwork
Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving – Digital Image sem1/sb/09-04
• Digital Image
• Matrix of square pieces
Pixel Values
bitonality of image - each pixel is assigned a tonal value, in this
example
0 for black and
1 for white.
Each ‘0 and 1’ is called as – BIT
In a 2-bit image, there are four possible

combinations:
00, 01, 10, and 11
"00“ represents black

"11" represents white
"01" equals dark gray
"10" equals light gray
Two Compression Technique’s
i. Lossy compression ii. Lossless compression

JPEG ITU-T.6**
JBIG/JBIG2 JBIG/JBIG2
Wavelet Wavelet
ImagePac LZW
Deflate
TIFF 6.0
Image Quality
a) Spatial resolution
b) Optical density
c) Image display
Image Quality / Spatial summation
• Spatial Summation – It’s the ability to record and

differentiate separate images of small objects closely
placed
Optical Density
• Blackness or Whiteness
• Algorithm of the ratio of light incident to the light

transmitted by the film
Image Display
• Controlled by Display monitor

• No of Raster Images v/s Vector Images
• 625 lines used usually
• 2048 lines improves image quality tremendously
Dynamic Range
• Prerequisite for a digital camera
• CCD Silicon sensor preferred over a CMOS

sensor
• 4MP and above for a professional user
• Compression Ratio, Noise, Jaggies, Optical
zoom… issues to be seen
• Flash, Red eye reduction, Macro mode, Video

clip recording with audio, Voice recording,
MP3 playback and Web cam are important
features
• Optical view finder v/s LCD display
• Expandable memory supports cards like CF,
SD/MMC, xD or Memory stick
Applications of Computers in Clinics
• Conventional v/s Computerised Clinics
• CT Scan
• MRI
• Digital Radiography - DENOPTIX
• Cephalometric Analysis –
RMO’s Jiffy Orthodontic Evaluation
PorDios
DIGICEPH
DIGIGRAPH
• Computer aided Space Analysis
• Computer aided Tooth Width Analysis
• VTO/VTP
Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic sem1/sb/09-04

Clinical / Graphic Application
Conventional Computerised
• Case Paper • Data Sheet

• Impression & Diagnostic Casts • 3D Photography
• Radiographs • RVG, Digital Radiography
• Manual Tracing • Digitised Tracing
• Cephalometric Analysis • Advanced software's
• Diagnostic Set-up • VTO / VTP
• Treatment-Preformed System • Treatment-Customised
• Mid Term Evaluation • Continuous Monitoring

Clinical / Graphic Application
•Orthodontic correction and orthognathic surgery - a

routine procedure for the correction of facial and dental
deformity
•Pre-operative surgical planning is still a major

undertaking, requiring the collaboration

•Inadequate planning, at this early stage can lead to an

increase incidence failure and lessens the likelihood of the
patients expectations being meet
•The most commonly used method of planning is to cut up

profile photographs - magnified to the same size as the
standardized lateral skull radiographs
•These are then superimposed over the cephalographs.

• Radiographic and photographic registration and superimposition

are approximate because of the inherent distortion
• The image geometry of the camera that took the photograph and
the X-ray machine that took the radiograph are different
• The radiographic photographic superimposition is carried out

manually using the soft tissue profile and is subject to human error

•Computer packages - have partially replaced the manual

method of simulating orthognathic and maxillofacial
operations
•A digital camera is used to capture the facial profile
•Skeletal and dental landmarks are digitized from the lateral

cephalograph and superimposed on the facial image

•Bone-face registration - the surgeon can analyze the face and

plan the operation
•Main drawback - analysis and prediction of pre and post

operative appearance were limited to two dimensions

• Obtaining a 3D image of the

underlying skeletal hard tissue is
•To address these problems a routinely carried out using
truly 3D modality of planning
is required • Computerized tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI)

Many techniques for 3D soft tissue capture are available including
Biostereometrics Moiré scanning

Morph analysis Sterolithography
Laser scanning Ultrasonography and
Direct digitization Stereo photogrammetry

Disadvantages
•Laser scanning takes along time to complete and eyes need to

be closed,
•Morphanalysis - extremely elaborate, expensive, complicated

and time consuming technique
•Ultrasonography is in its experimental stage and there are

major problems with data acquisition, reduction and storage

•The most promising method of soft

tissue capture is stereo
photogrammetry

• Computerised Tomography
• 1972 - Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Lab England
• 1979 – First image of human body
• Sliced images are referred to as tomograms and a computer is
necessary to generate the pictures - Computed Tomography

Computerised Tomography
• Principle
An image of a layer within

the body is produced while
the images of the structures
above and below that layer
are made invisible by
blurring


• CT for the evaluation of the TMJ

was introduced by Wegener and
colleagues for demonstrating bone
abnormalities within the TMJ.
• Determining changes in bone
density
• Internal derangement - arthrosis is
suspected –
• Planning treatment or operations on
jaws and TMJ diseases and
deformities

Micro Computed Tomography
• Principally the same as CT - The reconstructed cross

sections are confined to a much smaller area
• Significantly reduces radiation dosage
• Clinically used to evaluate alveolar remodeling

(osteoblastic/osteoclastic activity) as well as bone
dehiscence and root resorption

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Emission imaging
• Essentially imaging of water in
the tissue
• When images are displayed;
intense signals show as white
and weak ones as black.
Cortical bone and teeth with low

presence of hydrogen are poorly
imaged and appear black

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Assessing diseases of the • MRI can clearly

TMJ differentiate the soft tissue
• Cleft lip and palate components
• Tonsillitis and adenoiditis • Preferred imaging
• Cysts and infections technique when
information regarding the
• Tumors articular disc or the
presence of adhesions,or
joint effusion is desired

Denoptix
• Digital radiographic technique

• Better than CCD sensor attached to computer
• Phosphor imaging plates to capture and store images
• Advantages
- Alternative to conventional film
- Same machine and settings
- No dark room required
- Environment friendly- no heavy metal wastage
- Can be reused thousands of times
- Transmission of images
- Saving staff time

• Phosphor plate
PROTECTIVE LAYER
PHOSPHOR LAYER
SUPPORT
BACKING LAYER
BAR CODE LABEL

• Imaging cycle
1.Load intraoral or panoramic

imaging plate
5. Erase imaging plates
for reuse
2. Take X ray
Image on computer
3. Mount imaging plates in carousel 4. Place in scanner & Scan images

• Digital images can be manipulated using

software filters

• Digital Cephalometry
• Digitization is a process by which analog information is

converted into digital form
- Indirect computer digitization of the ceph

- Direct computer digitization of the ceph

Digital Cephalometry
Indirect digitization
Digitizing tablet Mouse
Electronic pen Cross hair cursor

• Digitizing tablet with cross hair cursor

– Fine electronic grid- 0.009mm
– Two wires arranged in a cross hair pattern embedded in a glass
window (Bulls Eye)

Modes of Digitisation
Point Mode
• Connecting discretely digitised landmarks with lines and curves
• Time consuming but accurate
• Preferred for predictive treatment planning
• Precise positioning – adv in research applications

Modes of Digitisation
Stream Mode
• Stream of coordinate points are recorded as we trace radiographic
contour
• Operator uses a cursor
• Technique sensitive
• Needs skill to operate
• Landmark identification is less accurate

Cephalometric Analysis
• Static Cephalometric functions

• Dynamic Cephalometric functions

• RMO’s Jiffy Orthodontic • PorDios – Purpose On

Evaluation Request Digitiser Input
Output System
• 1960 – First to provide • IBM Compatible machines

computer aided • Multilingual
Cephalometric analysis • Cephalometrc analysis
• Produce a data base file

DIGICEPH
• Developed by IIT and • Ceph placed on digitizer

AIIMS – New Delhi • Point mode used to move
• Computerised ceph cursor
digitisation • Stream mode to finish and
• Automatic analysis come out of system
• Plot superimposition • X – Y co-ordinates are
• 13 Ceph analysis recorded and analysed

Digigraph
• Introduced by Dolphin
imaging systems
• Non radiographic system
• Video imaging is also
possible
• VTO

Digigraph
Cumu
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Perc
computer literate
Yes

Digigraph

Digigraph

Computer Aided Space Analysis
• Chen Hsing Yen • Advantage

• Bolton ratio • Time saving
• Tooth size relation of U & L
arches
• Overjet and Overbite • Disadvantages
• Posterior intercuspation • Direct measurement of 3D
• Arch length object – potential error!

Computerised Tooth Width Analysis
• Christopher T.C.Ho & • Five Screens

Terrence.J.Freer Patient details
• Ho Freer Graphical analysis Mesiodistal tooth width
• Digital calipers or manual input Tooth width ratio
through VB 3.0 for Windows Tooth width excess
Graphic display
Advantages
Convenient, Consistent and Easy to operate

Most widely used
• G A C’s – VISTADENT
• Dolphin imaging systems and 3M’s – DOLPHIN
• ORAMETRIX’s

CAD / CAM
• Occlusal Splints
• CAD
• Planning Surgeries
Computer Aided Designing
• Bone Implants
• CAM
• Restorations
Computer Aided Manufacturing
• Designing structures for
FEAnalysis
• Appliances and
equipment
Application of computers in orthodontics – Research sem1/sb/09-04

CAD / CAM
• Engineers and draftsmen used the drawing board

drawings on paper with ink or pencil
• Instruments (trisquare, protractor, etc.) are used on it
to draw parallel, perpendicular or oblique lines

CAD / CAM
• Also known as a drafting table, or draughting table
• Sketchpad was a revolutionary program written by Ivan

Sutherland in 1963
• Novel method of Human-computer interaction

CAD / CAM
A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer

peripheral device capable of showing still or moving images
generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card
Monitors generally conform to one or more display standards

•Cathode ray tube (CRT)
•Liquid crystal display (LCD)
•Plasma display
•Video projector
• A light pen

CAD / CAM
•A graphical user interface (or GUI, pronounced "gooey")
•The graphical user interface was invented by researchers at the Stanford

Research institute
•First commercial applications of CAD were in large companies in

automotive and aerospace industry, as well as in electronics

CAD / CAM
Advantages
•Reuse of design components
•Ease of design modification and versioning
•Automatic generation
•Validation/verification against specifications and rules
•Simulation without building a physical prototype
•Output of design directly to manufacturing facilities

CAD / CAM
•A wire frame model is an electronic

representation of a 3-dimensional or physical
object.
•Solid modeling studies unambiguous

representations, models, of solid objects suitable
for computer processing. It is also known as
volume modeling

CAD / CAM
•Primary uses of solid modeling are for CAD,

computer graphics and animation,
•Rapid prototyping
•Medical testing and
•Visualization of scientific research.

CAD / CAM
Application of CAD / CAM
•CNC stands for Computer Numerically Controlled

•Lathes
•Milling machines
•Grinding wheels
•Drills

CAD / CAM
Application of CAD / CAM
•Finite element analysis (FEA) is the application of the

finite element method to the analysis of static or dynamic
physical objects and systems

CAD / CAM
The GRAAL Techinique

CAD / CAM

CAD / CAM
Computer Aided Designing
• In Dentistry

CAD / CAM
Procedure for designing a splint or a restoration
• Surface geometry of casts scanned by 3D laser surface

scanner
• Facial morphology – 3D triangular facets – connecting

spatial coordinates –landmarks from frontal & lateral
Cephalograms
• 3D virtual image for surgical simulation
Application of computers in orthodontics – Research/Clinical / Manufacturing sem1/sb/09-04

CAD / CAM
Procedure for designing a splint or a restoration
• 3D virtual image used to plan the amount and direction of

bone displacement – post surgically
• Surgical splint designed on this image
• 3D graphic image of surgical splint is transferred to a laser

lithography unit for polymerization
Application of computers in orthodontics – Research / Clinical / Manufacturing sem1/sb/09-04

CAD / CAM
• INCOGNITO Bracket System

Rapid Prototyping technology is used
for the actual manufacturing of the
lingual brackets
• Elan And Orthos by Craig

Andreiko
• Invisalign by Zia Chisthi
Application of computers in orthodontics – Manufacturing sem1/sb/09-04

CAD / CAM
Incognito
a. The bracket body is designed independently of the

bracket base
b. Filler spaces such as those occurring in the

individualized positioning of prefabricated brackets
is avoided
c. Arch wire runs parallel to the tooth surface hence

gives it, its characteristic platform shape in the
anterior segment

CAD / CAM
c. The actual bracket body can consequently be much

more delicately shaped The resulting arch wire
morphology differs substantially from the previously
customary design
d. Such arch wires can be precision-manufactured using
the bending robot describe under production

CAD / CAM
Invisalign Braces
• Invisalign braces invented by . Zia Chishti along with business

Zia Chishti, are transparent, partner Kelsey Wirth, founded
removable, and moldable. Align Technology in 1997 to
Unlike regular braces, Invisalign develop and manufacture the
braces can be removed for teeth braces, first made available to
cleaning. A series of braces are the public in May, 2000.
worn in succession each created
by a computer

CAD / CAM
The Wave Spring

Vogt W
J Clin Orthod . 2004 May ; 38(5): 288-
91
The Butterfly System

Bowman SJ, Carano A
J Clin Orthod . 2004 May ; 38(5): 274-
87
Application of computers in orthodontics –Manufacturing / Articles sem1/sb/09-04

• The Butterfly System improves upon the straightwire concept

with seven unique features
• PROGRESSIVE POSTERIOR TORQUE
• REVERSIBLE SECOND PREMOLAR ROOT ANGULATION
• PREVENTATIVE MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR TORQUE
• MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR PROGRESSIVE ANGULATION
• CONVERTIBLE TUBES WITH -6° ANGULATION
• VERTICAL SLOT FOR CONVENIENCE AND VERSATILITY
• A VERSATILE SYSTEM


The Wave Spring
Super-Elastic Nitanium Coil Spring

The Wave Spring
Super-Elastic Nitanium Coil Spring

Bending Art System (B A S)

• Fischer-Brandies. H. and Orthuber Wolfgang invented BAS

in 1983
• 1st prototype of BAS manufactured in 1993
• Components of BAS
1. Stereoscopic camera
2. Personal computer and its software
3. Arch wire bending device

Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera
• A camera with its flat film has been described as a perfect

perspective machine, which has proved artists were wrong
for centuries
• The keystone effect, which is such a nuisance in

stereoscopy, is part of the perspective laws
• Converging verticals, which are such a nuisance in

architectural photography, are only a problem because of
the ‘laws of perspective’

Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera
• Our two eyes look at the world around us and our brain is
able to combine the two slightly different views from each
eye to produce three dimensional (3-D) perception
• Machine vision algorithms work on 2-D cases
• Three dimensional information is obtained using special

purpose sensors like acoustics, radar, or laser range finders

Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera
• Technique called stereo vision, similar in concept to human

binocular vision, is to use two cameras to obtain two images
from which distance information can be obtained
• Compared to the alternatives mentioned above, stereo vision

has the advantage that it achieves the 3-D acquisition
without energy emission or moving parts

Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera
• Stereoendoscopy,
Stereo radiographs
• scanning electron
microscope
• surveillance

Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera
• Digital photogrammetry, • Stereo lithography,

remote sensing stereo sculpting

Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera
• Stereoscopic camera consists of CCD which can

be directly used in the patients mouth
• Procedure
- SS measuring plates placed on the bracket
slots & molar tubes
- Mirror of camera moves two times forward
and backward
- Scans using White light

Bending Art System
Stereoscopic camera
• Accuracy of camera – mean

measuring error btw 2 close marks -
.0178 + .0188 and .0228 + .0245
• Arch form selected with
superimposition of occlusal view
• MD, BL, extrusive, intrusive, torque,
rotational dimensions are specified

Bending Art System
Arch Wire Bending Component
• Three components
> Holding cone

> Inner cone
> Partial cone
Application of computers in orthodontics – Research / Manufacturing sem1/sb/09-04

Bending Art System
- Round wire and Rectangular wire used

- SS, TMA or Ni-Ti wires
-Bending begins only after all bends are manipulated
- Approximately takes 5 – 7 min

Bending Art System
Accuracy of bends
- 0.016 x 0.016 and 0.016 x 0.022 inch Ribbon wise and Edge wise
- 6 - 54 degree angulations repeated 15 times
- Ribbon wise – 0.016” x 0.022” showed error of 0.43 + 0.11 degrees
- Edge wise – 0.16” x0.022” showed error of 0.87 + 0.42 degrees

Bending Art System
Advantages Disadvantages
• Precision arch wires • Time required for the insertion

• Rapid fabrication of measuring plates and their
• Fabricate full size passive arch identification
wires for surgical cases • Clinical judgment still vital
• T loop L loop construction • Steel wire easily deformed
• Utility arches made
• Patient data base

• The system SureSmile (from Orametrix)
• Developed on the basis of the Bending Art System (BAS) introduced

in 1994
• Combination of three-dimensional image processing, computer-

assisted diagnosis, planning and realization of the treatment,
• Permits high quality orthodontia

Structured Light Vision
• Shape from structured light is

based on active triangulation
• A very simple technique to

achieve depth information with
the help of structured light is to
scan a scene with a laser plane
and to detect the location of the
reflected stripe

• The depth information can be

computed out of the distortion
along the detected profile
• In order to get dense range
information the laser plane has
to be moved in the scene
• Structured light vision
techniques greatly simplify the
process of triangulating the
position of a point in space

• Using structured light

techniques, one can do realtime
navigation
• This is because one is able to
project a beam with known
coordinates
• This provides information about
at least one aspect of the
geometry in front of the camera,
so the triangulation equations
are much easier

• Structured light vision is to

project a light beam of known
geometry onto a scene and then
use a video camera to observe
how it is distorted by objects
• Using simple geometric

formulas, we can reconstruct the
shape of those objects

• CCD cameras will detect

infrared laser beams quite well
(some cameras are more
sensitive to infrared light).
• A diode laser projects light
down onto a spinning mirror
which is 45 degrees from the
vertical axis
• This projects a plane of light
360 degrees around the scanner
as the motor turns

• Self-scanning laser diode

projecting a beam onto the
region in front of it; above
is the camera.


• The first image is what the

camera sees with the laser on
• The second image is what the

camera sees with the laser off
• The third image is the

mathematical difference of the
two

• By subtracting the first two

images, only the difference
between them is left: the
laser projection
• This will aid in map

building

Coded Light Approach

Structured Light
- Projection of a structure of lines or grids onto the face
- As the projected pattern is distorted by the contours of
face, this distorted pattern is recorded by a digital camera

3D Photography / Scanning
• Visual3D™ is a hardware independent 3D Motion

Analysis software package for visualizing and
analyzing motion capture data
• It has advanced biomechanics capabilities for

sophisticated needs of clinical researchers and clinics

• How does the OraScanner work?

The OraScanner captures 3-D images by taking pictures of
teeth
The OraScanner uses a flashing white light (non-laser) much
like a video camera so the scanner can see the teeth

• Why take pictures of the teeth?
The OraScan provides a record of our teeth

To see what teeth look like at the beginning of treatment
or at any stage of treatment
This enables determine optimum orthodontic treatment,
monitor results, and provide very accurate custom
appliances to move teeth quickly

How long does it take to make an OraScan?
The OraScan takes between 20 and 40 minutes. Several

factors such as size of the mouth, tooth crowding, and
amount of space around the teeth affect the length of time
that a scan takes

• A revolutionary new technology for orthodontics:
• SureSmile is shown to reduce orthodontic treatment times

through diagnostic imaging and appliance customization
• SureSmile is a unique new solution for orthodontics that

enables 3-D scanning of teeth rather than use of
conventional 2-D images.

• SureSmile is a unique, state-of-

the-art imaging, treatment
planning, and appliance design
system which gives precise
customized orthodontic care

• There are three components to SureSmile:
• OraScanner a white light (non-laser) scanner that creates an accurate

3-D image of our teeth
• Diagnostic and treatment planning software
• Precision Appliance ServiceSM creates custom arch wires

Rather than using a standard bracket prescription that requires multiple

wire adjustments,
The orthodontist uses a customized wire that requires very few

adjustments, which will decrease treatment time
As a custom wire is used, teeth move to the desired positions more

directly, resulting in reduced treatment time.

• How does SureSmile decrease the amount of time to wear

braces?
• Successful tooth movement depends on three major factors:

• Physiology
• Orthodontic mechanics
• Patient compliance.

Cone beam Technique

Cone beam Technique

Cone beam Technique

Cone beam Technique

Pulsed- Laser Holography
• LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
• Dennis Graber – 1965 with the advent of LASER realized

his idea of Holography

• HOLOGRAPHY
Means of creating a unique photographic image

without the use of a lens
The photographic recording of the image is called a

hologram, which appears to be an unrecognizable
pattern of stripes

• A moving object can be made to appear to be at rest when a hologram

is produced with the extremely rapid and high-intensity flash of a
pulsed ruby laser
• The duration of such a pulse can be less than 1/10,000,000 of a

second; and, as long as the object does not move more than 1/10 of a
wavelength of light
• This short time interval, a usable hologram can be obtained

• Laser Holography is used to forecast the longitudinal tooth

displacement by evaluating the initial displacement on the
dry skull.
• Initial tooth displacement has been measured by means of

laser measuring techniques -

• Holography
• Speckle interferometry
• Laser reflection technique
• These techniques are non-invasive (non-

destructive testing) and permit the measurement
of small tooth and bone displacements varying
between 0.5 and 15 microns

• Holography Stand Table

Prevents any Vibration
• Laser pointer

• Split Beam
Reflection
Technique
• Laser Gas or
Semiconductor
Laser former


• Beam splitter is a piece of

GLASS fitted to a plastic holder
• The beam which passes through

the splitter is called the
OBJECT beam
• REFERENCE beam is the one

which is reflected from the
splitter



Pulsed laser holography in studies of

bone motions and deformations
Unification of finite element methods
High precision hologrammetry
Holographic determination of rigid-

body motions and application of the
method to orthodontics
Determination of arbitrary tooth

displacements
R. J. Pryputniewicz, C. J. Burstone, and W. W. Bowley

Finite Element Method
• Finite Element term coined by Argyris

• First introduced to the Dental arena in the 1970’s
and was documented by Moss
• Advantages
Accuracy
Reproducibility
No usage of materials
Generation of intra material results

Basic Steps involved
1. Preprocessing
2. Processing
3. Post processing

Pre-processing
• Modelling of the structure being studied

• Most crucial step in the FEA
• The structure being studied is discretised into
smaller units termed ELEMENTS
• Each Element is free to be displaced in all
three planes of space

• The element co-ordinates (x,y,z) can be either:

a. Global Co-ordinate system
b. Local Co-ordinate system
• Categories of Elements:
Shell Element
Beam Element
Truss Element

• Elements are connected at certain points termed NODES

• This joining of Elements into Nodes and eliminating
duplicate Nodes is termed as MESHING
• The Mesh size is a crucial determinant of the accuracy
of the result
• Mesh size is inversely related to the time involved in the
analysis

Possibilities of modelling of complex structures
a. 3-D CT scanning
b. 3-D Laser scanner
c. Voxel modelling

Processing
a. Solving of differential equations

b. Assemblage into matrices
c. Summation of matrix equations
The equation of simplest linear static analysis is represented

as [F] = {K} {u}
The non-linear analysis is solved usually by what is termed as
the Newton-Raphson Method

• Post-processing:
a. Graphical Output
b. Numerical Output
c. Animated Output

• Software's for Finite Element Analysis Studies
• ANSYS
• NASTRAN / PARTRAN
• ALGOR
• NISE

•Originally developed for aerospace structural analysis
•FEA has grown to provide a convenient and speedy tool

for approximation of the solution to a wide variety of
complicated engineering problems
•In the hands of a competent user, the method of FEA can

produce accurate, reliable approximate solutions, at a
small fraction of the cost of more rigorous, closed-form
analyses

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method

which provides solutions to problems that would otherwise
be difficult to obtain
•In terms of fracture, FEA most often involves the

determination of stress intensity factors
•FEA, however, has applications in a much broader range

of areas; for example, fluid flow and heat transfer
•While this range is growing, one thing will remain the

same: the theory of how the method works

•OtherAlternative Methods
oBoundary Element Method

oComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
oDiscrete Element Method
oFinite Difference Method
oFinite Strip Method
oFinite Volume Method

Finite element analysis for
Static structural analysis
Steady-state thermal analysis
Free vibrational analysis

Dr Sangamesh B 1 st
Yr PG
Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SDMCDS, Dharwad sem1b / sb / 24/09/04

Nano Technology
• Definition of "nanotechnology"
• “Molecular nanotechnology"
• “Molecular manufacturing."

Nano Technology
• Manufactured products are made from atoms

• The properties of those products depend on how those atoms
are arranged
• If we rearrange the atoms in coal we can make diamond
• If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a few other trace
elements) we can make computer chips
• If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we can make
potatoes.

Nano Technology
• Today's manufacturing methods are very crude at

the molecular level
• Casting, grinding, milling and even lithography

move atoms in great thundering statistical herds

Nano Technology
• This technology gets essentially every atom

in the right place
• And also make almost any structure

consistent with the laws of physics that we
can specify in molecular detail

Nano Technology
"The principles of physics, as far as we can see, do not

speak against the possibility of maneuvering things
atom by atom."
• We need to apply at the molecular scale the concept

that has demonstrated its effectiveness at the
macroscopic scale: making parts go where we want
by putting them where we want!

Nano Technology
• There are two more concepts commonly

associated with nanotechnology:
• Positional assembly
• Massive parallelism

Nano Technology
• Positional assembly implies an interest in molecular

robotics, e.g., robotic devices that are molecular both in
their size and precision.
• These molecular scale positional devices are likely to
resemble very small versions of their everyday macroscopic
counterparts.
• Positional assembly is frequently used in normal
macroscopic manufacturing today, and provides tremendous
advantages.

Nano Technology
• One robotic arm assembling molecular parts is going to take

a long time to assemble anything large — so we need lots of
robotic arms: this is what we mean by Massive parallelism
• While earlier proposals achieved Massive parallelism

through self replication, today's "best guess" is that future
molecular manufacturing systems will use some form of
convergent assembly

Nano Technology
• Imagine trying to build a Tooth, Periodontal

Ligament and Bone with both hands tied behind
your back!
• The idea of manipulating and positioning individual

atoms and molecules is still new and definitely
difficult to comprehend

Nano Technology
• In this process vast numbers of small parts are assembled by

vast numbers of small robotic arms into larger parts, those
larger parts are assembled by larger robotic arms into still
larger parts, and so forth
• If the size of the parts doubles at each iteration, we can go

from one nanometer parts (a few atoms in size) to one meter
parts (almost as big as a person) in only 30 steps

Nano Technology
• Within minutes to hours.Orthodontic

Nanorobots could directly manipulate
periodontal tissues allowing rapid and
painless tooth movements

Nano Technology
• Nano Materials
• Nano Electronics
• Nano Biotechnology

Nano Technology
• Nano Biotechnology: research is being carried out in the

following areas:
• Novel Surfactants or nano particles for respiratory diseases
• Nano particles as catalysts- the Bhasma concept- their

enhanced activity due to nano particles
• Nano composites for dental and orthodontics use

Nano Technology
• Nano-technology was first used in dentistry with Prime&Bond®NT

by DENTSPLY in 1997
• In 2003, Ceram.X combined nano-technology with methacrylate-

modified polysiloxane, a component of technical ceramics
• The result was nano-ceramic technology and led to higher fracture

toughness and reduced monomer leakage in comparison to other
filling materials
• The Future : Nano-Ceramic Restorative Materials

Miscellaneous
Storage of Data
Web Designing
Communication
Education - COAST /CAL / CASMAS
Application of computers in orthodontics –Classification sem1/sb/09-04

Storage of Data
ORTHOCAST
ORTHOCAD
GEODIGM CORP
Application of computers in orthodontics –Classification sem1/sb/09-04

Miscellaneous
Storage of data
Application of computers in orthodontics – Miscellaneous sem1/sb/09-04

Miscellaneous
Storage of data

Miscellaneous
Storage of data

Miscellaneous
Storage of data

Miscellaneous
Storage of data

Miscellaneous
Storage of data
• Storage • Multiple sites

• Retrieval • Automatic
• Diagnostics • Backup
• Communication • Integration
• Convenience • Pricing

Miscellaneous
Storage of data
• Ease of Use
• GEODIGM CORP - emodels™ • Increased Efficiency
• Interdisciplinary Treatment
Planning
• Precision
• Savings
• Secure Online Storage
• Enhanced Revenues
• Improved Access
• Cost Effective Solution
• Speed

Hosting a web page
The History of HTML
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1990
•Web hosting language

HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol)
HTML(hyper text markup language)
URL (universal resource locators)

Communication
Patient Perspective
• Searching Websites for specialists

• Net Appointments
• Net Consultation
• Net Counselling
• Inter Speciality Referencing
• VTP demo to patient
• Evidence Based Dentistry

Communication
Orthodontist’s Perspective
• Searching Websites for Information

• Medline, Pub med, NML…
• Net Discussion
• Net Conferencing
• Multispeciality Tele Surgery

Computer Program
Zerobase
Dr Sarver’s Edu Prog
CAL/PBL
CASMAS
COAST

Computer Program
• The ZeroBase computer program :

Dr Carl Gugino and Dr Ivan Dus - 3M Unitek
• Diagnosis
• Digital imaging
• Visual treatment planning
• Morphing (including long-range growth forecasting)
• Visual treatment charts
• Communication
• Patient education

Computer Education
• Dr. Sarver : Step-by-step procedures

necessary to create a PowerPoint
program designed to assist in patient
presentations
• Technical aspects of creating a

powerful presentation and well as the
marketing philosophy behind the
techniques
• Virtual private networks (VPN) which

will provide real-time access to patient
diagnostic and treatment data
Dr. Sarver

Computer-aided Learning (CAL)
• Package for teaching the Index of Orthodontic Treatment

Need (IOTN) dental students.
• CAL is effective in our setting it could be a valuable aid in

orthodontic teaching

CASMAS
Evaluation of skeletal maturation is important information for

treatment planning
A new system developed named “CASMAS” (Computer

Aided Skeletal Maturity Assessment System)
Automatically evaluate skeletal maturation
The mandibular growth prediction using bone age obtained by

CASMAS

COAST
• Dr Sunil Kapila
• Conduct Keynote Lectures
• Paper presentations
• Only on Orthodontic
Advances in Science and
Technology

Usage of Computers by PG’s and Staff at
SDMCDS
A Pilot Survey
Application of computers in orthodontics – Survey sem1/sb/09-04

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
• Objective
• Method
• Sample Data
• Questionnaire
• Findings
• Classifying Hardware & Software
• Limitations
• Results and Implications

OBJECTIVE
• To assess the usage of computers among

Dentists (Staff & Students) at SDMCDS

Sub Objectives
• The usage of computers is currently more for

information seeking and communication (emails)
• Knowledge of hardware
• Knowledge of software
• Extent of usage
• Importance of usage
• Perception of how user friendly the computer

Method
• Target Audience
– Each respondent is an individual who is either a Faculty or PG Student at
SDMCDS
• Sample Size
– 53 Respondents from Orthodontics, Periodontics, Implantology and Pedodontic
departments were analyzed
• Methodology
– Structured Questionnaires were administered amongst the respondents

SAMPLE DATA
• Age
24 - 30 : 34
31- 39 : 9
Missing : 10
Total : 53
• Occupation
PG Students - BDS : 39
Faculty - MDS : 14
Total : 53

SAMPLE DATA
• All 53 respondents were using computers

and were literate on usage of computers.

Department-wise Respondents
Department Frequency
Implant
• Implantology 1
•
Perio
• Orthodontics 30
Ortho • Pedodontics 8
Pedo
• Periodontics 14
• Total 53
FINDINGS
computer literate
Missing
Yes

FINDINGS
research
Missing
No
Yes
research
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid No 29 54.7 55.8 55.8
Yes 23 43.4 44.2 100.0
Total 52 98.1 100.0
Missing System 1 1.9
Total 53 100.0

FINDINGS
seminar - prez
Missing
No
Yes
seminar - prez
Cumulative
Valid No 3 5.7 5.8 5.8
Yes 49 92.5 94.2 100.0
Total 52 98.1 100.0
Total 53 100.0

FINDINGS
email
Missing
No
Yes
email
Cumulative
Valid No 2 3.8 3.8 3.8
Yes 50 94.3 96.2 100.0
Total 52 98.1 100.0
Total 53 100.0

FINDINGS
information
Cumulative
Valid No 7 13.2 13.5 13.5
Yes 45 84.9 86.5 100.0
Total 52 98.1 100.0
Total 53 100.0

FINDINGS
own computer
Missing
No
Yes
own computer
Cumulative
Valid No 9 17.0 17.3 17.3
Yes 43 81.1 82.7 100.0
Total 52 98.1 100.0
Total 53 100.0
FINDINGS
configuration
50
40
30
20
Frequency
10
Std. Dev = .42
Mean = .78
0 N = 50.00
0.00 .50 1.00
configuration
configuration
Cumulative
Valid No 11 20.8 22.0 22.0
Yes 39 73.6 78.0 100.0
Total 50 94.3 100.0
Total 53 100.0

Use of Computers for…
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
email 52 0 1 .96 .19

seminar - prez 52 0 1 .94 .24
information 52 0 1 .87 .34
data storage 52 0 1 .79 .41
chat 52 0 1 .60 .50
research 52 0 1 .44 .50
graphic 52 0 1 .27 .45
net conferencing 52 0 1 .19 .40
hosting web page 52 0 1 .15 .36
CAD 52 0 1 7.69E-02 .27
CAM 52 0 0 .00 .00
Valid N (listwise) 52

Use of Computers for…
Report
seminar - net hosting
NEWDEPT research graphic prez email chat conferencing information web page data storage CAD CAM
Ortho Mean .43 .33 1.00 .97 .77 .13 .90 .10 .83 .13 .00
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Std. Deviation .50 .48 .00 .18 .43 .35 .31 .31 .38 .35 .00
Sum 13 10 30 29 23 4 27 3 25 4 0
Minimum No No Yes No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
% of Total Sum 56.5% 71.4% 61.2% 58.0% 74.2% 40.0% 60.0% 37.5% 61.0% 100.0% .
Pedo Mean .88 .25 .75 1.00 .38 .38 .88 .13 .88 .00 .00
N 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Std. Deviation .35 .46 .46 .00 .52 .52 .35 .35 .35 .00 .00
Sum 7 2 6 8 3 3 7 1 7 0 0
Minimum No No No Yes No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
% of Total Sum 30.4% 14.3% 12.2% 16.0% 9.7% 30.0% 15.6% 12.5% 17.1% .0% .
Perio Mean .15 7.69E-02 .92 .92 .38 .23 .85 .31 .62 .00 .00
N 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Std. Deviation .38 .28 .28 .28 .51 .44 .38 .48 .51 .00 .00
Sum 2 1 12 12 5 3 11 4 8 0 0
Minimum No No No No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
% of Total Sum 8.7% 7.1% 24.5% 24.0% 16.1% 30.0% 24.4% 50.0% 19.5% .0% .
Implant Mean 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Std. Deviation . . . . . . . . . . .
Sum 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Minimum Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No
% of Total Sum 4.3% 7.1% 2.0% 2.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 2.4% .0% .
Total Mean .44 .27 .94 .96 .60 .19 .87 .15 .79 7.69E-02 .00
N 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52
Std. Deviation .50 .45 .24 .19 .50 .40 .34 .36 .41 .27 .00
Sum 23 14 49 50 31 10 45 8 41 4 0
Minimum No No No No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
% of Total Sum 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% .

HARDWARE
windows 50 0 1 .82 .39
key board 50 0 1 .82 .39
monitor 50 0 1 .82 .39
hard disk 50 0 1 .80 .40
processor 50 0 1 .80 .40
RAM 50 0 1 .78 .42
mouse 50 0 1 .78 .42
CD drive 50 0 1 .78 .42
floppy drive 50 0 1 .74 .44
memory stick 50 0 1 .26 .44
DOS 49 0 1 .18 .39
combo drive 50 0 1 .18 .39
others 49 0 1 .12 .33
linux 50 0 0 .00 .00

Hardware
Report
NEWDEPT RAM processor hard disk floppy drive CD drive memory stick monitor mouse key board combo drive windows linux DOS others
Ortho Mean .86 .86 .83 .66 .76 .31 .79 .76 .79 .28 .76 .00 .14 .14
N 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 29
Std. Deviation .35 .35 .38 .48 .44 .47 .41 .44 .41 .45 .44 .00 .36 .35
Sum 25 25 24 19 22 9 23 22 23 8 22 0 4 4
Minimum No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
% of Total Sum 64.1% 62.5% 60.0% 51.4% 56.4% 69.2% 56.1% 56.4% 56.1% 88.9% 53.7% . 44.4% 66.7%
Pedo Mean .57 .43 .57 .71 .71 .29 .57 .71 .71 .14 .71 .00 .14 .17
N 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6
Std. Deviation .53 .53 .53 .49 .49 .49 .53 .49 .49 .38 .49 .00 .38 .41
Sum 4 3 4 5 5 2 4 5 5 1 5 0 1 1
% of Total Sum 10.3% 7.5% 10.0% 13.5% 12.8% 15.4% 9.8% 12.8% 12.2% 11.1% 12.2% . 11.1% 16.7%
Perio Mean .69 .85 .85 .92 .85 .15 1.00 .85 .92 .00 1.00 .00 .31 7.69E-02
N 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Std. Deviation .48 .38 .38 .28 .38 .38 .00 .38 .28 .00 .00 .00 .48 .28
Sum 9 11 11 12 11 2 13 11 12 0 13 0 4 1
Minimum No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
% of Total Sum 23.1% 27.5% 27.5% 32.4% 28.2% 15.4% 31.7% 28.2% 29.3% .0% 31.7% . 44.4% 16.7%
Implant Mean 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Std. Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sum 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Minimum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
% of Total Sum 2.6% 2.5% 2.5% 2.7% 2.6% .0% 2.4% 2.6% 2.4% .0% 2.4% . .0% .0%
Total Mean .78 .80 .80 .74 .78 .26 .82 .78 .82 .18 .82 .00 .18 .12
N 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 49 49
Std. Deviation .42 .40 .40 .44 .42 .44 .39 .42 .39 .39 .39 .00 .39 .33
Sum 39 40 40 37 39 13 41 39 41 9 41 0 9 6
% of Total Sum100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% . 100.0% 100.0%

Software - Purpose

ppt 50 0 1 .96 .20
word 49 0 1 .92 .28
win amp 50 0 1 .68 .47
photoshop 50 0 2 .68 .51
others 15 0 3 .60 .83
corel draw 50 0 1 .52 .50
games 50 0 1 .48 .50
excel 50 0 1 .48 .50
flash 50 0 1 .46 .50
real player 50 0 1 .44 .50
acrobat 50 0 1 .42 .50
digicam 50 0 1 .38 .49
outlook 50 0 1 .34 .48
photo editor 49 0 1 .29 .46
frontpage 50 0 1 .20 .40
autocad 50 0 1 .16 .37
50 0 1 .12 .33

Software - Purpose
Report
NEWDEPT word ppt access excel dos outlookfrontpage
netmeetngspss statistica lisrelanthropac
acrobat
photoshopflash win amp
publisher
real player
3d smax maya autocad
corel draw
photo editor
digicamgame
Ortho Mean .93 1.00 .10 .53 .13 .30 .27 .13
6.67E-02 .10
6.67E-023.33E-02 .50 .90 .60 .70 .17 .50 .13
6.67E-02 .27 .73 .34 .50 .57
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 30 30
Std. Deviation
.25 .00 .31 .51 .35 .47 .45 .35 .25 .31 .25 .18 .51 .40 .50 .47 .38 .51 .35 .25 .45 .45 .48 .51 .50
Sum 28 30 3 16 4 9 8 4 2 3 2 1 15 27 18 21 5 15 4 2 8 22 10 15 17
Minimum No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
% of Total62.2%
Sum 62.5%100.0% 66.7% 80.0% 52.9% 80.0% 66.7%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0% 71.4% 79.4% 78.3% 61.8% 83.3% 68.2% 66.7%100.0%100.0% 84.6% 71.4% 78.9% 70.8%
Pedo Mean 1.00 1.00 .00 .63 .00 .38 .00 .25 .00 .00 .00 .00 .13 .25 .25 .75 .00 .38 .00 .00 .00 .13 .13 .13 .50
N 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Std. Deviation
.00 .00 .00 .52 .00 .52 .00 .46 .00 .00 .00 .00 .35 .46 .46 .46 .00 .52 .00 .00 .00 .35 .35 .35 .53
Sum 8 8 0 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 6 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 4
Minimum Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
% of Total17.8%
Sum 16.7% .0% 20.8% .0% 17.6% .0% 33.3% .0% .0% .0% .0% 4.8% 5.9% 8.7% 17.6% .0% 13.6% .0% .0% .0% 3.8% 7.1% 5.3% 16.7%
Perio Mean .80 .82 .00 .18
9.09E-02 .36 .18 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .36 .36 .18 .55
9.09E-02 .27 .18 .00 .00 .18 .18 .27 .18
N 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Std. Deviation
.42 .40 .00 .40 .30 .50 .40 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .50 .50 .40 .52 .30 .47 .40 .00 .00 .40 .40 .47 .40
Sum 8 9 0 2 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 6 1 3 2 0 0 2 2 3 2
Minimum No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
% of Total17.8%
Sum 18.8% .0% 8.3% 20.0% 23.5% 20.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 19.0% 11.8% 8.7% 17.6% 16.7% 13.6% 33.3% .0% .0% 7.7% 14.3% 15.8% 8.3%
Implant Mean 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 1.00
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Std. Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sum 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
Minimum Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes
Maximum Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes
% of Total 2.2%
Sum 2.1% .0% 4.2% .0% 5.9% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 4.8% 2.9% 4.3% 2.9% .0% 4.5% .0% .0% .0% 3.8% 7.1% .0% 4.2%
Total Mean .92 .96
6.00E-02 .48 .10 .34 .20 .12
4.00E-026.00E-024.00E-022.00E-02 .42 .68 .46 .68 .12 .44 .12
4.00E-02 .16 .52 .29 .38 .48
N 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 49 50 50
Std. Deviation
.28 .20 .24 .50 .30 .48 .40 .33 .20 .24 .20 .14 .50 .51 .50 .47 .33 .50 .33 .20 .37 .50 .46 .49 .50
Sum 45 48 3 24 5 17 10 6 2 3 2 1 21 34 23 34 6 22 6 2 8 26 14 19 24
Minimum No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Maximum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
% of Total Sum
100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0% 100.0%100.0%100.0%

Software – Extent of Usage
ppt 52 0 3 2.63 .77
word 52 0 3 2.44 .87
win amp 51 0 3 1.61 1.28
others 11 0 3 1.45 1.13
photoshop 48 0 3 1.44 1.05
games 49 0 3 1.41 1.15
real player 49 -2 3 .98 1.27
corel draw 47 -2 3 .96 1.32
acrobat 48 -2 3 .94 1.10
digicam 46 0 3 .85 1.23
photo editor 47 0 3 .70 1.14
excel 49 -2 3 .67 .88
flash 47 0 3 .53 .83
outlook 50 -1 3 .42 .81
netmeetng 49 -1 3 .33 .83
publisher 46 0 2 .17 .49
3d smax 46 0 2 .11 .43
dos 47 -1 2 8.51E-02 .41
autocad 46 -2 3 6.52E-02 .57
access 47 -2 2 6.38E-02 .48
frontpage 46 -1 1 4.35E-02 .29
anthropac 46 -2 1 -2.17E-02 .33
spss 46 -2 1 -2.17E-02 .33
maya 46 -2 0 -4.35E-02 .29
lisrel 46 -2 0 -4.35E-02 .29
statistica 46 -2 0 -4.35E-02 .29
Software – Extent of Usage
Report
NEWDEPT word ppt access excel dos outlookfrontpage netmeetng spss statistica lisrel anthropacacrobatphotoshop flash win amppublisherreal player3d smax maya autocadcorel draw photo editordigicam games
Ortho Mean 2.63 2.736.67E-02 .83 .13 .376.67E-02 .233.33E-02 .00 .003.33E-02 1.07 1.57 .60 1.47 .20 .973.33E-02 .00 .17 1.37 .77 .93 1.48
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29
Std. Deviation .56 .64 .25 .83 .43 .72 .25 .68 .18 .00 .00 .18 1.01 .94 .86 1.38 .48 1.22 .18 .00 .59 1.30 1.19 1.28 1.12
Sum 79 82 2 25 4 11 2 7 1 0 0 1 32 47 18 44 6 29 1 0 5 41 23 28 43
Minimum limited
dont uusedont uuse
dont uusedont uuse
dont uusedont uuse
dont uusedont uusedont uuse
dont uusedont uusedont uusedont uuse
dont uusedont uusedont uusedont uusedont uusedont uusedont uuse dont u
use
Maximum extensiveextensivelimited extensivemoderatemoderatelimited extensivelimited limited extensiveextensiveextensiveextensivemoderateextensivelimited extensiveextensiveextensive extensiveextens
dont uuse
dont uuse dont uuse
use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use
% of Total Sum
62.2% 59.9% 66.7% 75.8% 100.0% 52.4% 100.0% 43.8% . . . . 71.1% 68.1% 72.0% 53.7% 75.0% 60.4% 20.0% . 166.7% 91.1% 69.7% 71.8% 62.3%
Pedo Mean 2.63 2.63 .25 1.00 .00 .67 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .75 .25 2.43 .00 1.80 .00 .00 .00 .67 1.00 1.00 1.83
N 8 8 4 5 4 6 3 6 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 6
Std. Deviation .52 .52 .50 .71 .00 .82 .00 1.26 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.15 1.50 .50 .53 .00 1.30 .00 .00 .00 1.15 1.73 1.73 1.47
Sum 21 21 1 5 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 17 0 9 0 0 0 2 3 3 11
Minimum moderatemoderate moderate
dont uuse
dont uusedont uuse
dont uusedont uuse
dont uusedont uuse dont uuse
dont uusedont uusedont uusedont uusedont uusedont uusedont uuse dont u
use use use
Maximum extensiveextensivelimited moderate moderate extensive moderateextensivelimited extensive extensive moderateextensive extensiveextens
dont uuse dont uuse dont uuse
dont uuse
dont uusedont uuse dont uuse dont uuse
dont uusedont uuse
use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use
% of Total Sum
16.5% 15.3% 33.3% 15.2% .0% 19.0% .0% 37.5% . . . . 8.9% 4.3% 4.0% 20.7% .0% 18.8% .0% . .0% 4.4% 9.1% 7.7% 15.9%
Perio Mean 1.85 2.38 .00 .15
-1.28E-17 .31
-1.17E-17 .23 -.15 -.15 -.15 -.15 .54 1.31 .46 1.38 .15 .54 .31 -.15 -.157.69E-02 .46 .62 .92
N 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Std. Deviation 1.34 1.12 .82 .90 .41 .95 .41 .83 .55 .55 .55 .55 1.27 1.18 .88 1.19 .55 1.20 .75 .55 .55 1.04 .97 1.04 .95
Sum 24 31 0 2 0 4 0 3 -2 -2 -2 -2 7 17 6 18 2 7 4 -2 -2 1 6 8 12
Minimum
dont uuse
dont uuse -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 dont uusedont uuse dont uusedont uuse -2 dont uuse -2 -2 -2 dont uusedont uuse dont u
Maximum extensiveextensivemoderatemoderatelimited extensivelimited moderate extensiveextensivemoderateextensivemoderateextensivemoderate extensiveextensive extensiveextens

dont uusedont uusedont uusedont uuse dont uusedont uuse
use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use
% of Total Sum
18.9% 22.6% .0% 6.1% .0% 19.0% .0% 18.8% . . . . 15.6% 24.6% 24.0% 22.0% 25.0% 14.6% 80.0% . -66.7% 2.2% 18.2% 20.5% 17.4%
Implant Mean 3.00 3.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 3.00
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Std. Deviation . . . . . . . . . .
Sum 3 3 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 3
Minimum extensiveextensive limited moderate moderatemoderate extensive extensive limited extens
limited use
use use use use use use use use use use
Maximum extensiveextensive limited moderate moderatemoderate extensive extensive limited extens
limited use
use use use use use use use use use use
% of Total Sum2.4% 2.2% 3.0% 9.5% 4.4% 2.9% 3.7% 6.3% 2.2% 3.0% 4.3%
Total Mean 2.44 2.636.38E-02 .678.51E-02 .424.35E-02 .33
-2.17E-02-4.35E-02-4.35E-02-2.17E-02 .94 1.44 .53 1.61 .17 .98 .11
-4.35E-026.52E-02 .96 .70 .85 1.41
N 52 52 47 49 47 50 46 49 46 46 46 46 48 48 47 51 46 49 46 46 46 47 47 46 49
Std. Deviation .87 .77 .48 .88 .41 .81 .29 .83 .33 .29 .29 .33 1.10 1.05 .83 1.28 .49 1.27 .43 .29 .57 1.32 1.14 1.23 1.15
Sum 127 137 3 33 4 21 2 16 -1 -2 -2 -1 45 69 25 82 8 48 5 -2 3 45 33 39 69
Minimum
dont uusedont uuse -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 dont uusedont uuse
dont uuse
dont uuse -2 dont uuse -2 -2 -2 dont uusedont uuse
dont u
Maximum extensiveextensivemoderateextensivemoderateextensivelimited extensivelimited limited extensiveextensiveextensiveextensivemoderateextensivemoderate extensiveextensiveextensive extensiveextens

dont uuse
dont uuse dont uuse
use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use use
% of Total Sum
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% . . . . 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% . 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Software – Importance
ppt 48 0 2 1.92 .40
word 48 0 2 1.87 .44
win amp 47 0 2 1.23 .89
photoshop 47 -2 2 1.00 .96
corel draw 47 -1 2 .94 .92
games 47 -1 2 .74 .94
digicam 46 -2 2 .70 1.05
acrobat 47 -2 2 .66 1.03
flash 47 -2 2 .64 .85
others 11 0 2 .64 .81
excel 46 -2 2 .59 .91
real player 47 -2 2 .55 .97
photo editor 45 -2 2 .47 .89
outlook 45 -2 2 .16 .82
frontpage 45 -2 2 .11 .61
publisher 45 -2 2 .11 .80
netmeetng 45 -2 2 .11 .86
dos 45 -2 2 8.89E-02 .63
access 45 -2 2 2.22E-02 .66
autocad 45 -2 2 -2.22E-02 .78
spss 45 -2 2 -6.67E-02 .62
anthropac 45 -2 1 -.11 .57
statistica 45 -2 1 -.11 .57
3d smax 45 -2 1 -.11 .49
maya 45 -2 1 -.13 .50
lisrel 45 -2 1 -.13 .55

Software – Importance
Report
NEWDEPT word ppt access excel dos outlook frontpagenetmeetng spss statistica lisrel anthropac acrobat photoshop flash win amp publisherreal player3d smax maya autocad corel drawphoto editor digicam games
Ortho Mean 1.93 2.00 .11 .76 .14 .11 .18 .18-3.57E-02 1.04E-17-3.57E-02-3.57E-02 .80 1.20 .77 1.30 .25 .50 -.18 -.11 .11 1.20 .54 .86 .77
N 30 30 28 29 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 30 28 30 28 28 28 30 28 28 30
Std. Deviation .25 .00 .63 .79 .59 .63 .48 .77 .51 .54 .51 .58 1.03 .81 .86 .92 .80 1.01 .55 .50 .88 .89 .96 .97 .94
Sum 58 60 3 22 4 3 5 5 -1 0 -1 -1 24 36 23 39 7 15 -5 -3 3 36 15 24 23
Minimum somewha
very not not not not at all not not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not
t 0 0 0 0
important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important import
important
Maximum somewhasomewha somewhasomewhasomewhasomewha somewhasomewha
very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very
t t t t t t t t
important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important import
important important important important important important important important
% of Total Sum 64.4% 65.2% 300.0% 81.5% 100.0% 42.9% 100.0% 100.0% . . . . 77.4% 76.6% 76.7% 67.2% 140.0% 57.7% . . . 81.8% 71.4% 75.0% 65.7%
Pedo Mean 2.00 2.00 -.25 .13 -.38 .13 -.38 .25 -.38 -.38 -.38 -.38 -.13 4.86E-17 .13 1.13 -.38 .63 .13 -.38 -.38 .50 .13 .38 .88
N 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Std. Deviation .00 .00 .89 1.36 .74 1.25 .74 1.39 .74 .74 .74 .74 .83 .93 .64 .83 .74 .74 .35 .74 .74 .76 .83 1.30 .83
Sum 16 16 -2 1 -3 1 -3 2 -3 -3 -3 -3 -1 0 1 9 -3 5 1 -3 -3 4 1 3 7
Minimum very very not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not not at all not at all not at all not not at all
0 0 0 0 0
important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important
Maximum somewha somewha somewha somewha
very very very very very somewhat very very very very very very
t 0 0 0 0 0 0 t t 0 t 0 0
important important important important important important important important important important important import
important important important important
% of Total Sum 17.8% 17.4% -200.0% 3.7% -75.0% 14.3% -60.0% 40.0% . . . . -3.2% .0% 3.3% 15.5% -60.0% 19.2% . . . 9.1% 4.8% 9.4% 20.0%
Perio Mean 1.56 1.56 2.43E-17 .38 .38 .13 .38 -.25 .13 -.25 -.25 -.13 .75 1.25 .63 1.00 .13 .50 -.13 .00 -.13 .38 .50 .56 .38
N 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8
Std. Deviation .88 .88 .53 .74 .52 .83 .74 .46 .83 .46 .46 .35 .89 1.04 .92 .93 .83 1.07 .35 .00 .35 .92 .76 1.13 1.06
Sum 14 14 0 3 3 1 3 -2 1 -2 -2 -1 6 10 5 8 1 4 -1 0 -1 3 4 5 3
Minimum not not not not not not not not not not not not not not
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
important important important important important important important important important important important important important import
Maximum somewha somewha
very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very
t t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important import
important important
% of Total Sum 15.6% 15.2% .0% 11.1% 75.0% 14.3% 60.0% -40.0% . . . . 19.4% 21.3% 16.7% 13.8% 20.0% 15.4% . . . 6.8% 19.0% 15.6% 8.6%
Implant Mean 2.00 2.00 .00 1.00 .00 2.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 2.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 .00 2.00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 1.00 .00 2.00
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Std. Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sum 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 2
Minimum somewha somewha
very very very very somewhat very very somewhatsomewhat very
0 t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 0
important important important important important important important important important import
important important
Maximum somewha somewha
very very very very somewhat very very somewhatsomewhat very
0 t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 0
important important important important important important important important important import
important important
% of Total Sum2.2% 2.2% .0% 3.7% .0% 28.6% .0% .0% . . . . 6.5% 2.1% 3.3% 3.4% .0% 7.7% . . . 2.3% 4.8% .0% 5.7%
Total Mean 1.87 1.92 2.22E-02 .59 8.89E-02 .16 .11 .11-6.67E-02 -.11 -.13 -.11 .66 1.00 .64 1.23 .11 .55 -.11 -.13-2.22E-02 .94 .47 .70 .74
N 48 48 45 46 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 47 47 47 47 45 47 45 45 45 47 45 46 47
Std. Deviation .44 .40 .66 .91 .63 .82 .61 .86 .62 .57 .55 .57 1.03 .96 .85 .89 .80 .97 .49 .50 .78 .92 .89 1.05 .94
Sum 90 92 1 27 4 7 5 5 -3 -5 -6 -5 31 47 30 58 5 26 -5 -6 -1 44 21 32 35
Minimum not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not at all not not at all not at all not
0 0 0
important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important import
Maximum somewhasomewhasomewha somewhasomewha
very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very
t t t t t
important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important important import
important important important important important
% of Total Sum
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% . . . . 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% . . . 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Software – User friendly
word 44 2 3 2.86 .35
ppt 44 1 3 2.75 .49
games 37 -1 3 2.05 1.37
win amp 39 -1 3 1.92 1.46
photoshop 37 0 3 1.78 1.06
acrobat 36 0 3 1.75 1.30
digicam 35 -1 3 1.46 1.52
others 7 0 3 1.43 1.40
corel draw 34 0 3 1.24 1.28
real player 34 -1 3 1.21 1.43
excel 35 -1 3 1.20 1.16
photo editor 32 0 3 1.19 1.33
outlook 30 -1 3 .97 1.33
flash 34 -1 3 .74 1.02
netmeetng 29 -1 3 .72 1.13
frontpage 28 -1 3 .57 1.10
autocad 28 0 3 .43 .84
access 27 -1 3 .41 .89
dos 28 -1 3 .32 .77
publisher 29 -1 3 .28 .88
spss 26 -1 2 .12 .52
3d smax 28 -1 1 7.14E-02 .38
lisrel 26 -1 1 3.85E-02 .34
maya 27 -1 1 3.70E-02 .34
statistica 27 -1 1 3.70E-02 .34
anthropac 26 -1 1 .00 .28

Software – User friendly
Report
NEWDEPT word ppt access excel dos outlook frontpage netmeetng spss statistica lisrel anthropac acrobat photoshop flash win amp publisher real player 3d smax maya autocad corel drawphoto editor digicam games
Ortho Mean 2.86 2.82 .12 1.00 .16 .65 .47 .74 5.88E-02 .00 .00 -5.56E-02 1.76 1.72 .57 1.81 .20 1.00 5.26E-02 .00 .53 1.33 1.09 1.42 2.09
N 28 28 17 22 19 17 19 19 17 18 18 18 25 25 23 26 20 22 19 18 19 24 22 24 22
Std. Deviation .36 .48 .60 1.20 .60 1.27 1.12 1.28 .56 .34 .34 .24 1.27 .98 .95 1.55 .83 1.48 .40 .34 .96 1.27 1.34 1.56 1.44
Sum 80 79 2 22 3 11 9 14 1 0 0 -1 44 43 13 47 4 22 1 0 10 32 24 34 46
Minimum moderate limited
not user not user not user not user not user
user user -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
friendly friendly
Maximum extremely extremely moderate extremely moderate extremely extremely extremely moderate limited limited extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely limited limited
extremely extremely extremely extremely extrem
not user
user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user useruser user user user
friendly
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
% of Total Sum 63.5% 65.3% 18.2% 52.4% 33.3% 37.9% 56.2% 66.7% 33.3% .0% .0% . 69.8% 65.2% 52.0% 62.7% 50.0% 53.7% 50.0% 83.3% .0%
76.2% 63.2% 66.7% 60.5%
Pedo Mean 2.88 2.50 1.33 1.60 .50 1.80 .50 .67 .50 .50 .50 .50 2.00 1.50 1.00 2.20 .50 1.75 .50 .50 .50
1.00 2.50 2.75 2.29
N 8 8 3 5 2 5 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 7
Std. Deviation .35 .53 1.53 1.14 .71 1.30 .71 .58 .71 .71 .71 .71 1.73 1.00 1.00 1.30 .71 1.26 .71 .71 .71
1.41 .71 .50 1.11
Sum 23 20 4 8 1 9 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 6 3 11 1 7 1 1 1 2 5 11 16
Minimum moderate moderate moderate moderate
not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not use
user user user user
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
friendly friendly friendly friendly
Maximum extremely extremely extremely extremely limited extremely limited limited limited limited limited limited extremely moderate moderate extremely limited extremely limited limited limited moderate extremely extremely extrem
user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
% of Total Sum 18.3% 16.5% 36.4% 19.0% 11.1% 31.0% 6.2% 9.5% 33.3% 100.0% 100.0% . 9.5% 9.1% 12.0% 14.7% 12.5% 17.1% 50.0% 100.0% 8.3% 4.8% 13.2% 21.6% 21.1%
Perio Mean 2.86 2.71 .71 1.57 .71 .86 .86 .71 .14 .00 .00 .00 1.57 2.14 1.00 2.00 .43 1.29 .00 .00 .14 .86 1.00 .86 1.57
N 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Std. Deviation .38 .49 .95 1.13 1.11 1.21 1.21 .95 .38 .00 .00 .00 1.51 1.46 1.29 1.41 1.13 1.38 .00 .00 .38 1.46 1.41 1.46 1.51
Sum 20 19 5 11 5 6 6 5 1 0 0 0 11 15 7 14 3 9 0 0 1 6 7 6 11
Minimum moderate moderate
not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not user not use
user user
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
friendly friendly
Maximum extremely extremely moderate extremely extremely extremely extremely moderate limited extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely limited extremely extremely extremely extrem
user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
% of Total Sum 15.9% 15.7% 45.5% 26.2% 55.6% 20.7% 37.5% 23.8% 33.3% .0% .0% . 17.5% 22.7% 28.0% 18.7% 37.5% 22.0% .0% .0% 8.3% 14.3% 18.4% 11.8% 14.5%
Implant Mean 3.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 3.00
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Std. Deviation . . . . . . . . . . .
Sum 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
Minimum extremely extremely limited extremely moderate moderate moderate extremely extremely moderate moderate extrem
user user user user user user user user user user user user
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
Maximum extremely extremely limited extremely moderate moderate moderate extremely extremely moderate moderate extrem
user user user user user user user user user user user user
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
% of Total Sum 2.4% 2.5% 2.4% 10.3% 3.2% 3.0% 8.0% 4.0% 7.3% 4.8% 5.3% 3.9%
Total Mean 2.86 2.75 .41 1.20 .32 .97 .57 .72 .12 3.70E-02 3.85E-02 .00 1.75 1.78 .74 1.92 .28 1.21 7.14E-02 3.70E-02 .43 1.24 1.19 1.46 2.05
N 44 44 27 35 28 30 28 29 26 27 26 26 36 37 34 39 29 34 28 27 28 34 32 35 37
Std. Deviation .35 .49 .89 1.16 .77 1.33 1.10 1.13 .52 .34 .34 .28 1.30 1.06 1.02 1.46 .88 1.43 .38 .34 .84 1.28 1.33 1.52 1.37
Sum 126 121 11 42 9 29 16 21 3 1 1 0 63 66 25 75 8 41 2 1 12 42 38 51 76
Minimum moderate limited
user user -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
friendly friendly
Maximum extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely moderate limited limited limited extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely limited limited extremely extremely extremely extremely extrem
user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user user
friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly friendly
% of Total Sum100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% . 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Understanding
Hardware and Software
• Basics of Hardware
• Standard Software for regular usage
(communication, documents and presentations)
• Standard Software for programming better
(accuracy, precision and digitized) Orthodontics
• Standard Software for advanced data analysis

Classification of Software
•SOFTWARE FOR REGULAR USAGE
• Microsoft Word • MS DOS

• Microsoft Power point • Microsoft Outlook
• Microsoft Access • Microsoft Frontpage
• Microsoft Excel • Net Meeting

ENTERTAINMENT
• Win amp
• Real player
• Juke Box
• Windows Media Player
• Games

ADVANCED USAGE
• Adobe Acrobat Reader • 3d smax

• Flash • Maya
• Corel draw • AutoCAD
• MS Photo editor • WinZip
• Adobe Photoshop • Digicam Software
• Microsoft publisher • Nero Express
• Anti Virus Norton, Sophos… • MSC Nastran, Patran

• SOFTWARE FOR ADVANCED DATA ANALYSIS
•SPSS
•Statistica
•LISREL
•Anthropac

SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows®) &
Statistica
• These software are used to analyze quantitative data.

They have an advantage over Microsoft excel in
performing advanced data analysis

Analyzing data with SPSS
All we have to do is:

• Get our data into SPSS. We can open a previously saved SPSS data file; read
a spreadsheet, database, or text data file; or enter your data directly in the
Data Editor.
• Select a procedure from the menus to calculate statistics or to create a chart.
• Select the variables for the analysis. The variables in the data file are
displayed in a dialog box for the procedure.
• Run the procedure and look at the results. Results are displayed in the
Viewer.

LISREL
• LISREL is used to analyze abstract variables - their

path of occurance.
• Primarily intended for Structural Equation

Anthropac
• This is a software that is used to analyze bulk

qualitative data in word documents

LIMITATIONS
• The questionnaire had some jargons which were not

comprehended rightly by the respondents – This has
resulted in the output with lower awareness of
certain software and program’s though in reality it
might not be so.

Sub Objectives - Results
• The usage of computers is currently more for

information seeking and communication (emails) –
accepted
• Knowledge of hardware – Average
• Knowledge of software - Low
• Extent of usage – Very low
• Importance of usage - High
• Perception of how user friendly the computer - High

RESULTS and IMPLICATIONS
• From the information available (applications of

computers in Orthodontics)– we find that we have
immense potential of producing low cost, efficient
and accurate work using computers.
• This survey indicates that there is a need to create

awareness of some of the software and
institutionalize the same to be in the forefront in
usage of computers in Dentistry

Bibliography
1. William R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields, Contemporary Orthodontics,

Third Edition,2000 - Mosby
2. Leslie. G. Farkas, Anthropometry of the Head and Face, Second
Edition,1994 – Raven press New York
3. Gurukeerat Singh, Text Book of Orthodontics, First Edition, 2004 –
Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi
4. William R. Proffit, Raymond P. White Jr, David M. Sarver,
Contemporary Treatment in Orthodontics, 2003 – Mosby
5. Athanasios E. Athanasiou, Orthodontic Cephalometry,1995 –
Mosby-Wolfe
Application of computers in orthodontics sem1/sb/09-04

Bibliography
6. Alexander Jacobson, Radiographic Cephalometry-From Basics to

Video imaging,1995 – Quintessence Publishing Co,Inc
7. CHIP – Sept 2004, Vol 1, Issue 11
8. Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopaedia
9. Computers in Orthodontics - Seminar presented by Dr Siju M.
George, Dept of Orthodontics, SDMCDS

Bibliography
10. Karnataka State Dental Journal -Promise of Molecular

Nanotechnology, Sahil Narula. Vol 23,No 2, May2004 Pg48-52
11. AJO - Manual and computer-aided space analysis: a

comparative study Schirmer UR, Wiltshire WA. , Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 Dec;112(6):676-80
-OrthoCAD Bracket Placement Solution W. R. Redmond et
al, AJO/DO, May 2004
-Comparison of measurements made on digital and plaster
models M. Santoro et al, AJO/DO July 2003

Bibliography
12. JCO -The Wave Spring, Vogt W, J Clin Orthod. 2004

May ; 38(5): 288-91
-The Butterfly System, Bowman SJ, Carano A
J Clin Orthod. 2004 May ; 38(5): 274-87
-The Cutting Edge - Age Old Questions W. R.
Redmond, JCO, Feb. 2004

Bibliography
13. Websites
www.google search.com\
www.msnsearch.com\
www.orthocad.com\
www.geodigm.com\
www.ormco.com\

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Applications of Computers in Orthodontics

Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SDMCDS, Dharwad sem1b / sb / 13/09/04

1. Introduction 6. Classification of Applications

Application of computers in orthodontics – Contents sem1/sb/09-04

A computer is any device used to process

The word ‘Computer’ was originally used to

Application of computers in orthodontics – Introduction sem1/sb/09-04

Principally technology is used to solve

Application of computers in orthodontics – Introduction sem1/sb/09-04

Four Basic Periods of Information Technology

Application of computers in orthodontics – History sem1/sb/09-04

Application of computers in orthodontics – History sem1/sb/09-04

The Difference Engine The Analytical Engine

Application of computers in orthodontics – History sem1/sb/09-04

•The discovery of ways to harness electricity by

•Information could now be converted into electrical

Application of computers in orthodontics – History sem1/sb/09-04

British mathematician Concept of algorithm and

Designed one of the

Application of computers in orthodontics – History sem1/sb/09-04

The Four Generations of Digital Computing

• The First Generation (1951-1958) Punch Cards

Application of computers in orthodontics – Recent past sem1/sb/09-04

1. CPU = Central Processing Unit

Application of computers in orthodontics – Present sem1/sb/09-04

Central Processing Unit

Application of computers in orthodontics – Hardware sem1/sb/09-04

Power Good Signal >

Mother board Ready >

Application of computers in orthodontics – Hardware sem1/sb/09-04

B I O S (Basic input output device)

E E PROM – Electronically Erasable Programmable

Application of computers in orthodontics – Hardware sem1/sb/09-04

Stores the configuration of the hardware

Application of computers in orthodontics – Hardware sem1/sb/09-04

Hard Disk first handshake protocol

Application of computers in orthodontics – Hardware sem1/sb/09-04

• All the Operating Systems are stored in the Hard Disk

- Executable file .exe

Application of computers in orthodontics – Software sem1/sb/09-04

• Earlier with OS like DOS most

• Graphics were available but difficult to

Application of computers in orthodontics – Software sem1/sb/09-04

•Today Graphics have developed to such a extent that real time

•Advent of Digital peripherals and Data Acquisition Systems

Application of computers in orthodontics – Software sem1/sb/09-04

Application of computers in orthodontics – Classification sem1/sb/09-04

•THE "PAPERLESS PRACTICE"

1991- To optimize efficiency

1994 - Hardware technology progressed to required

Application of computers in orthodontics – Academic sem1/sb/09-04

Appeared unanimous that paperless operation is

Still then, only we can ultimately decide whether

Application of computers in orthodontics – Academic sem1/sb/09-04

• What is Graphic application?

Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving sem1/sb/09-04

Software applications that convey information Pictorially are called

Visualized on the screen or VDU - CRT / LCD / Plasma Screen etc..

Important Terminology – Pixel, Bitmap, Gray Scale, Resolution,

Application of computers in orthodontics – Clinical / Graphic / Image Archiving sem1/sb/09-04

What is a DIGITAL IMAGE?

DIGITAL IMAGES are

Each ‘0 and 1’ is called as – BIT