1.

EPCAR (AFA) 2015

JOBS AT HIGH RISK

It is an invisible force that goes by many names. Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation.
And, everyone's favorite, ROBOTS.
Whatever name you prefer, some form of it has been stimulating progress and 1killing jobs - from tailors to paralegals - for
centuries. But this time is different: nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in "a decade or two". The question is:
which half?
Another way of posing the same question is: 2Where do machines work better than people? 3Tractors are more powerful than
farmers. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots
have succeeded replacing a particular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in
manufacturing and office administration.
Indeed, it's projected that the next 4wave of computer progress will continue to endanger human work where it already has:
manufacturing, administrative support, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are "likely to diminish over the
next decades". Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers,
5
people responsible for our safety, and management positions are 6the least likely to be automated.

The next big thing

We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have
reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their
own moats. Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind of social-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at
executing routines, but they're bad at finding patterns, communicating with people, and making decisions, which is what
managers are paid to do. This is why some people think managers are, for the moment, one of the largest categories immune
to the fast wave of AI.
Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have been protected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that
machine technology copied a savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but
they can't answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. As a result, not skilled work done by people without much
education (like home health care workers, or fast-food attendants) have been saved, too.

The human half

In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In the second half of the 20th century,
however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work. The first wave showed that machines are better at
assembling things. The second showed that machines are better at organizing things. Now data analytics and self-driving cars
suggest they might be better at pattern-recognition and driving. So what are we better at?
7
The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes
education, media, and community service. One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at
working with, and 8caring for other humans. In this light, automation doesn't make the world worse. Far from it: it creates new
9
opportunities for human creativity.
But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces
teaching hours. The fact that some industries have been safe from automation 10for the last three decades doesn't guarantee
that they'll be safe for the next one.
It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. 11The truth is scarier. 12We don't
really have a clue.

(Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1)

Glossary:
savant infant – a child with great knowledge and ability
to assemble – to make something by joining separate parts
to creep – to move slowly, quietly and carefully

Mark the option that contains an adjective in the same form as in “The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers
[...]” (reference7).

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a. “The truth is scarier.” (reference 11)

b. “[...] the least likely to be automated.” (reference 6)

c. “Where do machines work better than people?” (reference 2)

d. “Tractors are more powerful than farmers.” (reference 3)

2. ITA 2014

Substituindo os adjetivos long e comprehensive, respectivamente, por easy e rich na oração “Harvard conducted one of the
longest and most comprehensive studies of human development” (ref. 2), teremos:

a. the most easy - the richest

b. the easiest - the most rich

c. the more easy - the richer

d. the easiest - the richest

e. the most easy - the most rich

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3. ITA 2014

Em “the more I learn, the less clear anything gets”, mantém-se o mesmo sentido em:

a. more learning, less obscurity.

b. more learning, more obscurity.

c. less learning, more obscurity.

d. less learning, less doubts.

e. more doubts, more obscurity.

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4. EPCAR (AFA) 2013

Why Bilinguals Are Smarter

Speaking two languages 5rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent
years, scientists have begun to show that 10the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to
converse with 11a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your
brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even protecting from dementia in old age.
This view of bilingualism is 1remarkably different from 12the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century.
Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that
delayed a child’s academic and intellectual development. They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence
that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in
which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing
in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.
Bilinguals, 2for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study
by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle Martin-Rhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue
circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other
marked with a red circle. In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with
the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the
children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with
a conflicting color. 13The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.
6
The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s 3so-called
executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and
performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching
attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while
driving.
14
Why does the fight between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently,
researchers thought 7the bilingual advantage was centered primarily in an ability for inhibition that was improved by the
exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore
distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that
bilinguals perform better than monolinguals 4even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an
ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.
The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and 8there is reason to believe that it may also
apply to those who learn a second language later in life).
In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies
exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of tests, the infants
were presented with an audio stimulus and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at
that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of tests, when the puppet began appearing on the
opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in
the new direction while the other babies did not.
Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led
by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of
bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others
to the beginning of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the
age of occurrence.
Nobody ever doubted the power of language. 9But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we
speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?

Adapted from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/opinion/sunday/the-benefitsof-bilingualism.html

Considering the use of comparison, mark the INCORRECT option.

a. […] the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse […] (ref. 10)

b. […] with a wider range of people. (ref. 11)

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c. […] the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. (ref. 12)

d. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task. (ref. 13)

5. UPE 2012

Trying to predict what will happen as our planet warms up is not easy. We know that ice at the poles is melting and this is
making sea levels rise. Warmer temperatures are likely to change other aspects of the weather. Some countries, such as those
in North Africa, may become ____I___ , while other areas, such as Northern Europe, may become ________II__________.
There will probably be more storms, droughts, and flooding.

(Adaptado de Impact of climate change. In: The New Children’s Encyclopedia. London: 2009. p. 78)

As lacunas I e II no texto acima podem ser completadas, de forma correta e na mesma sequência, pela opção

a. more hotter and drier — more colder and wetter

b. as hotter and drier — as colder and wetter

c. hotter and drier — colder and wetter

d. most hotter and dry — most colder and wet

e. the hotter and drier — the colder and wetter

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6. EPCAR (AFA) 2012

How to Become a Stunt Double

A stunt double stands in for the actor when the action or fight scene gets dangerous or goes beyond the capabilities of the
actor. To become a stunt double, you must be in excellent physical condition and have special skills.

Instructions

1. Exercise regularly if you want to become a stunt double. Eat nutritiously for optimal health and strength.
2. Take lots of lessons because the more skills you have, the better. Gymnastics is extremely important in becoming a stunt
double. Get good at trampoline, skateboarding, swimming and high board diving. Take scuba diving lessons.
Practice rock climbing and horseback riding. Learn to water ski and snow ski.
3. Enroll in martial arts classes, especially judo. Judo is excellent for learning how to break falls.
4. Get training in CPR(1) and First Aid. This training looks good on a résumé, especially for stunt double careers. Injuries
happen.
5. Have valid driver's licenses for both car and motorcycle. Take advanced driving classes so you'll be qualified for difficult
driving scenes.
6. Move to Hollywood and plan to work your way up from the bottom. You must get into the Screen Actors Guild(2) and have a
union card(3).

Taken from Google

(1) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

(2) Annual prize promoted by the American Syndicate of Actors.
(3) A card certifying membership in an organization.

Look at the bold comparative form (item 2). Choose the option that contains a similar construction.

a. The earlier we get there, the more likely we are to get good seats.

b. More and more people travel to England.

c. The smoothest Channel crossing you’ll ever have! Why not fly to France with British Airways? It’ll be the best decision you’ve
ever made.

d. Our new jets are now far more luxurious.

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7. PUC-MG 2010

Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food

Horror stories about the food industry have been with us since 1906, when Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle told ugly truths
about how America produces its meat. Nowadays, things have got much better, and in some ways much worse. The U.S.
agricultural industry can now produce unlimited quantities of meat and grains at remarkably cheap prices. But it does so at a
high cost to the environment, animals and humans. Some of those hidden prices are the erosion of fertile farmland and the rise
of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among farm animals.
Some Americans are noticing such warnings and working to transform the way the country eats — farmers who are raising
sustainable food in ways that don't ruin the earth. Documentaries and the work of journalists are reprising Sinclair's work,
awakening a sleeping public to the realities of how we eat. Change is also coming from the very top. First Lady Michelle
Obama's White House garden has so far raised a lot of organic produce — and tons of powerful symbolism. Nevertheless,
despite increasing public awareness, sustainable agriculture, remains a tiny enterprise: according to recent data from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, less than 1% of American cropland is farmed organically. Sustainable food is also pricier than
conventional food and harder to find.
Unless Americans radically rethink the way they grow and consume food, they face a future of eroded farmland and high health
costs. Sustainable food has an elitist reputation, but each of us depends on the soil, animals and plants. And as every farmer
knows, if you don't take care of your land, it can't take care of you. By BRYAN WALSH Friday, Aug. 21, 2009.

(Adapted from: http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1917458,00.html.)

The problem with organic food is that it is_______________________ than conventional food.

a. more expensive and more difficult to find

b. unhealthier and extremely more caloric

c. more fattening and harder to digest

d. more harmful and more dangerous

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8. UFSM 2005

INNOVATIVE WAYS OF LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The 8world of language teaching is constantly changing. Here are some 7recent examples of the new approaches being
developed.

LEARNING LANGUAGES WITH THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The current development of Information a Communication Technologies (ICT) provides a 12wider variety of ways of learning
languages. 2Computer assisted learning materials that include the authentic 9voice of a native 13speaker, the text and even
moving images can enhance your progress in language learning. Applying the internet and CD-ROMs in learning can be very
beneficial. 18Nowadays Web-based learning environments and "chat groups" link language 16learners from different countries
to learn and exchange ideas 17together. Good communication between people is the gratest 10benefit of learning languages!
Multilingual information society, text translators, dictionaries, ...

MULTILINGUAL COMPREHENSION
It is usually much 14easier to learn to understand a foreign language than to speak it fluently. This is especially 3the case
where languages are for historical reasons closely related, 4for example Dutch and German or Italian and Spanish. European
and international communication can be 15greatly enhanced if more people can learn to understand each other's languages,
5so that participants in multilingual conversations or correspondence can speak or write their own language. 1Fluent
11
understanding also tends to be a step 6on the way towards fluent speech.
http://europa.eu.int.comm/education/policies/lang/languages/lang/teaching_en.html.26/05/2004

A palavra wider (ref. 12) apresenta uma marca de comparação. A mesma marca de comparação é apresentada na palavra

a. speaker (ref. 13)

b. easier (ref. 14)

c. greatly (ref. 15)

d. learners (ref. 16)

e. together (ref. 17)

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9. UFRGS 2005

THE FASTEST WAY TO LEARN A LANGUAGE

Finally, a different approach that has millions of people talking. Using the award-winning Dynamic Immersion method, our
interactive software teaches without translation, memorization, or grammar drills. Combining thousands of real-life images and
voices of native speakers in step-by-step immersion process, our programs successfully replicate the experience of learning
your first language. Guaranteed to teach faster and easier than only other language product or your money back. 1No question
asked.
Award-winning software successfully used by U.S. State department diplomats, Fortune 500 executives and millions of people
worldwide. Step-by-step immersion instruction in all key language skills: LISTENING: the Rosetta Stone uses native speakers
and everyday language to develop your understanding naturally and easily; READING - text exercises develop your reading
skills by licking written languages to real-life objects, actions and ideas; SPEAKING - 2speech - recognition feature records and
compares your voice to the native speaker's, grading your pronunciation; WRITING - dictation exercises evaluate your spelling,
syntax and punctuation.
Each fully interactive course includes: CD-ROM curriculum with 92 lessons; previews, exercises and testing for each lesson;
3automated tutorials that "learn" where you need help; Curriculum Text and user's Guide.
Call today or buy online for an exclusive 10% discount. Rosetta Stone - Language Learning Success.
Adapted from: Popular Science, Aug. 2004.

Considere a frase "This program teaches FASTER THAN any other language program". A alternativa que apresenta o
significado antônimo da expressão destacada é

a. less faster than.

b. more slowly than.

c. as slow as.

d. as fast as.

e. the slowest.

10. Stoodi

That Italian car is ____ than this old car here.

a. more faster

b. more fast

c. faster

d. the fastest

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11. Stoodi

E-mails are ____ means of communication nowadays.

a. the most convenient

b. more convenient

c. convenientest

d. the more convenient

12. Stoodi

Everest is ____ mountain in the world.

a. the most high

b. the highest

c. the higher

d. the most higher

13. Stoodi

This story is ____ than the one you told us yesterday.

a. the most interesting

b. most interesting

c. more interesting

d. as interesting

14. Stoodi

Porto Alegre is ____ than Manaus.

a. less hot

b. less hotter

c. more hotter

d. least hot

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15. Stoodi

This is ____ book I have ever read!

a. the worse

b. worst

c. the worst

d. the baddest

16. Stoodi

Boys are usually ____ than girls.

a. more hungry

b. the hungriest

c. most hungry

d. hungrier

17. Stoodi

This is ____ wine in the store.

a. the less expensive

b. the more expensive

c. most expensive

d. the least expensive

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18. UFSM 2015

Salt Uses & Tips

1
Beside making food delicious, it's believed there are more than 14,000 uses for salt, and our grandmothers were probably
familiar with most of them. A number of these uses were for simple things around the home before the advent of modern
chemicals and cleaners. 2Many of these salt uses are still valid today and can be much cheaper and more environmentally-
friendly than more sophisticated products. We make no guarantee about the results if you try any of these uses and tips, but
there must be something to them since they have been handed down over the years in many households. Most of these salt
uses have stood the test of time.

Salt Uses&Tips: Health&Beauty

Gargling – Stir 1/2 teaspoon salt in an 8 - ounce glass of warm water for use as a gargle for sore throats.
Cleaning teeth - Mix one part salt to two parts baking soda after pulverizing the salt in a blender or rolling it on a kitchen board
with a tumbler before mixing. It whitens teeth, helps remove plaque and it is healthy for the gums.
Washingmouth - Mix equal parts of salt and baking soda as a mouth wash that sweetens the breath.
Reducing eye puffiness - Mix one teaspoon of salt in a pint of hot water and apply pads soaked in the solution on the puffy
areas.
Relieving tired feet - Soak aching feet in warm water to which a handful of salt has been added. Rinse in cool water.
Relieving bee stings - If stung, immediately wet the spot and cover with salt to relieve the pain.
Relieving fatigue - Soak relaxed for at least ten minutes in a tub of water into which several handfuls of salt has been placed.
Removing dry skin - After bathing and while still wet give yourself a massage with dry salt. It removes dead skin particles and
aids the circulation.
Applying facial - For a stimulating facial, mix equal parts of salt and olive oil and gently massage the face and throat with long
upward and inward strokes. Remove mixture after five minutes and wash face.

America’s Sea Salt Company®

Fonte: Disponível em: http://www.saltworks.us/salt_info/salt-uses-and-tips.asp. Acesso em: 15 set. 2014. (adaptado)

Considere o segmento “Many of these salt uses are still valid today and can be much cheaper and more
environmentally-friendly than more sophisticated products” (ref. 2). Se os termos sublinhados fossem substituídos,
respectivamente, por “inexpensive”, “green” e “classy”, o segmento ficaria assim:

a. Many of these salt uses are still valid today and can be much inexpensivier and more green than more classy products.

b. Many of these salt uses are still valid today and can be much more inexpensive and greenier than classier products.

c. Many of these salt uses are still valid today and can be much inexpensiver and greener than classer products.

d. Many of these salt uses are still valid today and can be much more inexpensive and greener than classier products.

e. Many of these salt uses are still valid today and can be much more inexpensive and more greener than more classier
products.

GABARITO: 1) b, 2) d, 3) b, 4) c, 5) c, 6) a, 7) a, 8) b, 9) b, 10) c, 11) a, 12) b, 13) c, 14) a, 15) c, 16) d, 17) d, 18) d,

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