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Document Name: ASTM D396: Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER
WASHINGTON, D.C.
~~l~ Designation: D 396 - 98 An American National Standard
-
,
Thl:V standard has been approved.fiJr use by agencies qf the Department qf D~fense.
183
~~l~ D 396
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)4 limiting requirements shown in Table 1. A representative
D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products sample shall be taken for testing in accordance with Practice
(Automatic Tilt Method)4 D 4057.
D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products 4.2 Modifications of limiting regliiremerits to meet special
(Rotational Method)4 operating conditions agreed uporibetween tlle' purchaser, the
2.2 Other Documents: 5 seller, and the supplier shall fall within limits specified for each
26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel'Excise Tax: Dye Cblor and grade; except as stateditJ. supplementary footnotes for Table 1.
, . ,
Concentration "",
40 Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives '5. Test Methods'
5.1 The requirements enumerated in'this specification shall
3. General Requirements
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
3.1 The grades df fuel oil specified her(;i!n shall be homo- methods,6 except as may be required under 5.1.1.
geneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic, aciq, ' and, free 5.1.1 FlaskPoin~.,,-;-1'est,Me9J.od D 93, except where other
from excessive amounts of solidoI' fibrous"foreign matteJ1.i methods are ;pl"escri~ed by law" For ali grades, Test fYIeihod
3.2 All grades containing residual-components shall remain D 3828 may be used, as an alternate with the s~e .limits. ,For
uniform in normal storageatid not separate ,by gravity into light Grades No.1 and Test Method D ~!5may he used a,s ~p
No.2,
and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the altern~te witl:]. the same limits; provided the flash p~mt is below
grade.
4. DetailEld Requirements 6 For inf~~ation on the pr~bjsion of the ASTM test methods for fuel oiis refer
4) The va,rious grades of. fuel oil ~hall ,conform to ,the to "An Evaluation of Methods for Detennination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils" by A. 'R.
Crawford, Esso'Mathematics & Systems Inc: ,andG. V. Dyroff, Esso Rese,arch and
5 Available fro~' Superintendent of Documenis, U_ S_ Gove~ent Piinting Engineering Co.; 1969. Thi~ document is available from the Publications Section,
Office, Washington, DC 20402. " API Library American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N:W., Washington, DC
20005. ' ' , -,
Alt is the intent of these, classifications that failur~ip melilt any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in :tne' nexr!owergrade unless in fact
it meets all requirements of the lower grade. However", tei meet special operating conditions modifications of individual limiting requirements may i:le agreed upon among
the purchaser, seller and manufacturer. ' ), " ,
'artie test methods indicated are the'approved 'referee methods. Ott'ler, acc:eptable methods are indiC'l:!ied in'Section 2arld' 5.1:
cUnder United States regulations, Grades No.1, No.2, and No.4;(~Jght) are required by 40 CF,R- Pa!18Q to contain a suffici,entflmount of :the dye Solvent R,ed 164 so
its presence is visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally
equivalent to 3.9 Ibs per thOusand barrels o'f the solia dye starida'rd Solve~tRed 26.
Dfhe amount of water by .distillation by Test Method 0 ~5 plus the,~ediment by extraction by Test Method 0 473 shall not exceed the value shown in the table. For Grade
No.6 fuel.oll, the amount of sediment by ~xtraction shall not exceeq 0.50 mass %, and a deduction in quantity shall be made fqr all wat~r and sediment in excess of 1.0
(mass 0/0• ' ) _i ~'" ~ ; " '- .'. i .' ' i . ' ,":'"
EWhere low sulfur fuel oil is required, fuel oil falling in the viscosity range of a lower numbered grade down to and including No.4 can be supplied by agr~en;lent between
the purchaser and supplier. The viscosity range of the initial shipment shall be-identified alld advance notice shall be required when changing from one Viscosity range
to another. This notice shall be in SUfficient. time to permi~ the US~( to make the necessary adjustments. ' ,
FOther sulfur limits may apply in i>elected areas in t~eUnited States and in other countries. , "
Gfhis limit assures a minimum heating value and also prevents misreprese'ntation and misapplication of this product as Grade No.2.
HLower or higher pour pOints can be specified whenever required by conditions of storage or use. When a pour point less than - 18°e is specified, the minimum viscosity
at 40°C for grade No.2 shall be 1.7 mm 2/s and the minimum 90 % recovered temperature shall be waived.
'Where low sulfur fuel oil is required, Grade No.6 fuel oil will be classified as Low Pour ( + 15°e max) or High Pour (no max). Low Pour fuel oil should be used unless
tanks and lines are heated.
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93°C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2 /s at 40°C. This test oils shall be determined in accordance with Test Method D 86.
method will give slightly lower values. In cases of dispute, Test 5.1. 7 Viscosity-Viscosity shall be determined in accor-
Method D 93 shall be used as the referee method. dance with Test Method D 445.
5.1.2 Pour Point-Test Method D 97. For all grades, the 5.1.8 Density-Practice D 1298. Test Method D 4052 can
automatic Test Methods D 5949, D 5950, and D 5985 can be be used as an alternate with the same limits. In case of dispute,
used as alternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, Test Practice D 1298 shall be used as the referee method.
Method 97 shall be used as the referee method. Alternative test 5.1.9 Corrosion-Test Method D 130, 3 h test at 50°C.
methods that indicate flow point properties can be used for low
5.1.10 Sulfur-Test Method D 129. Test Methods D 1552,
sulfur residual fuels by agreement between purchaser and
D 2622, and D 4294 can also be used for all grades. In
supplier.
addition, Test Method D 1266 can be used for Grade 1, but
5.1.3 Water and Sediment-The water and sediment in
orily with samples having sulfur contents of 0.4 mass per cent
Grade Nos. 1 and 2 shall be determined in accordance with Test
and less (down to 0.01 %). In case of dispute, Test Method
Method D 2709 and in Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by Test Method
D 129 is the referee test method for this specification.
D 95 and Test Method D 473. A density of 1.0. kg/L shall be
used for the Test Method D 95 water. .
5.1.4 Carbon Residue-Test Method D 524. 6. Keywords
5.1.5 Ash---Test Method D 482. 6.1 burner fuels; fuel oils; furnace oils; petroleum and
5.1.6 Distillation-Distillation of Grade No. 1 and No.2 petroleum products; specifications
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
185
supplied. It may l;le,lower in viscosity (~d fall into a different ti\ity:ofa fuel an4 the ease with which it can,be,vaporized. The
grade number), If it must be, fluid ata given temperature, Test test is. of, greater signifi9ance for pils. ~at a,re to be burned ,ip.
Method D 97 need not accuratelyi~,fi~ct the pow; ppint'Yhioh vaporizing type burners than, for theatollljzing type. For
can beexpecte~ aft~r a period of storage. It is suggeste<;l that e:l(aTI,lple,ithe m?ximum 10,% and 9,Q % distilled temperatures
the i'urchas6ra~d:supplier .discuss' the' properhandlmg and are ,specified for grade No.1 fuel. The limiting 10 % value
operatmg technIques f6~ a given low-sulfur residlial fuel oHm aSSUres easy starting in vaporizing type burners and the 90 %
the installation where it is to be used. i , "
limit ex.cludes heavier fractions that would, be difficult to
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vaporize.
Xl:4Sigilifica'nce of Test Methods \
Xl.4;l;6.1 The limits specified for ' grade No. 2 heating oil
. XL4.1 The significance of the properties of fuel oif on define a product that is acceptable for burners of the atomizing
which 1imitations' are pUiced;by the specification is as follo.ws': 'type 'ilihousehold heating installations: Distillation limits are
XL4.1.1 FltishPeJint6 The flash point' of"afuel oil is'an not specified for fuel oils of grades Nos. 4, 5, and 6. ,
iridicatiotf Of, the' rilaiimlim temperatUre l at wliich' it can be
XL~.1.7: Vlsdosity Limits jor Grades Nos. 1 and 22.cThe
stored ahd hahdlecfwithbut serious fire hazard. The: minimum
vIscosity d' an .dillS aineasure of its" resistance to flow. In fuel
permissible flash point is usually regulated by federal, state, or
municipal laws and is based on accepted practimfirthahdling oil it is highly significant since it indicates both the relative
ease with which the oil 'will flow orclm be pumped, arid the
and use. , "
X1.4.1.2 Pour Point-The pour point is. an in,dication,o,f the ease of atomization.
lowest temperature at which a fuel oil can be stored and still be X1.4~'1~7.1 Viscosity lin1its' for No.1 and: No.2 grades are
capable of flowing under very low forces. The pour point is specified to help maintain uniform fuel flow in appliances with
prescribed in accordance with the conditions of storage and gravity flow, and to provide satisfactory atomization and
use. Higher pour point fuels are permissible where heated ,,' constant flow rate through the small nozzles of household
storage and adequate piping facilities are provided. An increase burners. For the heavier grades of industrial and bunker fuel
in pour point can occur when residual fuel oils areslihjeBt"ed to "'oiis, vistosity is of major importance, so that adequate pre-
cyclic temperature variations that can oqcur in the. pourse qf ht<ating f~qilities can be provided to permit them to be pumped
storage or when the fuel is preheated and returned to storage to the burnet imd to provide good atomization. However, it is
tanks, To predict these properties, 1;est Method D 3245 may be equally important that the maximum viscosity under the
required. ' , . ' . . '" existing conditions be such that the oil can be pumped
. X1.4:1.3 Water a1'ldSediment~Appreciable amotmts Of satistactorily from the. storage tank to the preheater. !
wat.erand seclilnent in a fuel oil tend to cause' fouling of X1.4.1.8 Dehsi~Dehsity alone is Of little Significance as
facliiti~~ tor hahdling it,' and to gi"etrouble hi burner mecha~ anindicatioIi of" the burning chariwtenstics of fuel oiL :How-
nisms. Sediment rriay'accliQ:llilate ill stota:getanks arid on filter ever,'v'hen used inconjlinction with other properties, it is of
screens or burner parts, resultmg, in6bstruction to flow of 611 vahle~'ih hiass!..vbl~e relatioIiShips and" in' calCuIatirig the
from the tank to ;the burrier; Water in'distillate fuels can calise specmcenergf (lieatmg value) ofm 6iL "
corrosion O:ttariks and eqliipm:entimd it can ctm~le' emtllsions in
X1.4.1.9 Corrosiorz--The corrosl~rit~st serves to indicate
residualruels. 'i " .;
the presence or absence of materials that could corrqde copper,
X1.4.1.4· Carbon Residue~The carbon residue of'a fuel is' a
brass, and brOnze components of the fuel system. Thfsproperty
.measure ()fthe carbonaceous material ieft after all the volatile
is' specifie{t onfy for ,Nos. J and 2 distillate fuei oils.
components are vaporized inthe'absehce of air. Ihs'a rough
approximation of the tendency ora fuel to forin deposits' in X1.4.i.10 ~iPute.(l.,sulfur content of fuel oil can be required
vaporlziI1g bUniers, slich as pot~type and sTeeve-type burners, fqr special. uses ill connection with heat treatment, nonferrous
where the fuel is vaporized ili ail ait.::tleticient atmosphere. metal, glass, and ceramic furnaces or to meet federal, state, or
X1:431.4.T To 6btam measlinible values Of carbon residue in locallegisiatiol,l o~ regulations. .
the lighter distillate fuel oils, it is'lieee'ssa'ty:to distill the oil to Xl,fl,.Lll Ni(rogen--Nitrogen ox.ide emission regulations
'remove 90 % ofitih accofdance with Section 9 of Test Meth6d have been imposed. on certajp combustion faciliti,es as a
DS24, and tHen 'deteriJ::li1ie' the carbon :residue 'c6liceiifratetlin function of fuel nitrogen content. For purposes of these
the remaining 10 % bottoms. ';""'; ' " "r;i regulations, distillate fuels, low nitrogen residual fuels;.iino
.' X1.4.1.5 :Ash--The .ainountofa~h is the' quantity. 6f; non- h;ighp.itrogen r~,sidualfuel~ ,have been defined by ~heir llitrQgen
:cbmbustiblematerial in aIiioil. Excessiveanfounts ciUiindicate :c.ontent.·lnstalla:tion$ :;rre r,equired. to. TI,leet diiferenteTI,lission
i
the'presence of materials that CaliSe highwea:tfOfbumerpum:ps $~an:dwds according to ,tbe classification of the fuel being, used.
and valyes;and contribute to 'deposits ol1rbbiler heating When: regulations require suqh. ~ distinction to pe made, fuel
surfac'es. ' ." , "'" . ' nitrogen specification~ can be needed in the contractual agree-
X:1:4.1.6 Distillation-,--The. distillation test ~hows>the vola~ m.ent:betwe,en the purchaser and the supplier.
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~~r~ 0396
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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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views known to the ASTM Committe.e on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
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