Jianina Muño 10-Manmohan Singh Dec.

31, 2017

Daniel Boydon,

Jemimah Estalilla

NORWAY

GOVERNMENT

o PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

- Parliamentary democracy, democratic form of government in

which the party with the greatest representation in the

parliament forms the government, its leader becoming prime

minister or chancellor.

o CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

- A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a

monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a

written or unwritten constitution.

o Legislative (STORTING)

- 169 Members

- Elected from the 19 counties of Norway

- Divided into Lagting and Odelsting

o Executive (Government)

- King and the Royal Family

- Office of the Prime Minister

- Ministry of Agriculture and Food

o Judicial (Courts) -

Supreme Courts

- Court of Appeals

- City and County Court

o After elections, the Storting would elect a quarter of its

membership to form the Lagting a sort of "upper

house", with the remaining three-quarters forming

the Odelsting or "lower house". o Bills were

submitted by the Government to the Odelsting or by a

member of the Odelsting; members of the Lagting were

not permitted to propose legislation by themselves. A

 standing committee, with members from both the

Odelsting and Lagting, would then consider the bill, and

in some cases hearings were held. If passed by the

Odelsting, the bill would be sent to the Lagting for review or revision.

Most bills were passed unamended by the Lagting and then sent

directly to the king for royal assent. If a bill is amended by the Lagting

it would go back to Odelsting for further discussion and approval. If

the Odelsting approves the Lagting’s amendments, it would be then

sent to the king for royal assent.

o PRIME MINISTER: Erna Solberg (Conservative Party) o

KING: King Harald V

o Norwegian word meaning “The Great Assembly” or “The

Great

Thing”

o Composed of 169 members elected by the people o

Stortinget’s Jobs:

- Political debate and decision-making in Norway

- Introduce Legislation

- Impose taxes

- Control the work of the Government

- Determines the Norwegian Government

- Decide whether or not to initiate a referendum on an issue. o Stortinget’s Elections:

- Elections happen every four years

- Multi-party System

seat in the Stortinget

- Party-based System

- POLITICAL TV ADS ARE ILLEGAL

o Stortinget’s Main Functions:

- Pass new legislation, and amend and repeal existing legislation.

- Supervise the Government and public administration

- Authorize plans and guidelines for the activities of the State

- Debate Broader domestic and foreign policy issues

o FIVE STAGES:

– A bill is introduced to the Stortinget by a member of

a government or any in the case of a private member’s bill, any

individual representative. The first reading takes place when

the Stortinget debates the recommendation from the

committee, then takes a vote. If the bill is dismissed, the

procedure, ends. nd – The second reading will take place at

least 3 days after the first reading.

rd – A new vote is taken, and if successful, the bill is submitted

to the King in Council for royal approval.

th – If parliament comes to a different conclusion during the

second reading, a third reading will be held at least 3 days

later. They can adopt the amendments or they can dismiss the

bill.

th – Once the bill has reached the King in Council. The bill

must be signed by the monarch and countersigned by the

prime minister.

the act or decided by the government.

o The Labour Party – 49 seats o

The Conservative Party – 45 seats

o The Progress Party – 27 seats o

The Centre Party – 19 seats o The

Socialist Left Party – 11 seats o

The Christian Democratic Party –

8 seats o The Liberal Party – 8

 seats o The Green Party – 1 seat

o The Red Party – 1 seat

o BACKGROUND

1937 at his parents’ home, the country estate of Skaugum, near

Oslo. The only son of Crown Prince Olav (the future King Olav

V, 1903-1991) and Crown Princess Märtha (1901-1954), he

acceded to the Throne when his father passed away on 17

January 1991.

years. Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha also had

two daughters, Princess Ragnhild and Princess Astrid, both

born before the Prince. At the time, the Norwegian Constitution

of 1814 stipulated that only male heirs could inherit the Throne.

Thus, the birth of Prince Harald guaranteed the line of

succession. The Constitution was amended in 1990, and it is

now the oldest child, regardless of gender, who accedes to the

Throne. In connection with the entry into force

of the new amendment, a decision was taken to apply the previous

rule to all children born prior to 1990.

line in the throne of Norway is Prince Haakon, Crown Prince of

Norway is the only son and younger child of King Harald V and

heir apparent to the throne of Norway.

o DUTIES

rtant role to play during a change

of

government. Usually, the retiring prime minister will advise the

King on who should assume the role of the new prime minister.

and act as host to foreign heads of state visiting Norway.

Force, and of Admiral in the Navy. He is the nation’s highest- ranking

officer.

o Erna Solberg

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

According to the website Global Edge Edu, in 2016, Norway’s top 10 export goods are oil

and mineral fuels, seafood, industrial machinery, items nesoi (nesoi means not elsewhere

specified or indicated is used for an item that is not mention elsewhere in a classification
system, such as a customs or freight tariff. Similar to NES or Not elsewhere specified),

aluminum, electrical machinery, ships and boats, and precision instruments. Top 10

import goods include industrial machinery, motor vehicles and parts, electrical machinery

iron and steel articles, ships and boats, furniture, oil and mineral fuels, precision

instruments, plastics and pharmaceuticals.

Norway’s top 10 export countries are United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, France,

Sweden, Belgium, United States, Denmark, and China. Norway’s top 10 import countries

include Germany, Sweden, China, United States, Denmark, United Kingdom,

Netherlands, Poland, France and Italy. The country can have free trade with the following

countries: Chile, Croatia, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Canada, Korea, Lebanon, Macedonia,

Mexico, Morocco, The Palestinian Territory, Singapore, South African Custom, Tunisia

and Turkey.

They also have 14 bilateral investment treaties (Chile, China, The Czech Republic,

Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia,

Slovakia and Sri Lanka).

Meanwhile they are currently in relations with Algeria, Columbia, Peru, The Gulf

Cooperation Council (GCC) and Thailand.

They also have signed declarations on cooperation with Albania, Mercosur, Mongolia,

Serbia, and Ukraine.

The country’s trade relations are with the EU Single Market, European Economic Area,

and EFTA.
EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

The European Free Trade Agreement secures business access of Norway for and

international trading in other countries, and secures Norwegian access to international

markets and facilitate in trade policy. Its free trade agreements secure Norwegian

commitment in WTO (World Trade Organization) for multilateral trading. Its

intergovernmental organization started in 1960. It is built on the premise of free trade and

economic growth in Western European Countries: Iceland, Switzerland, Liechtenstein,

and

Norway. It does not have a common policy, but negotiates on a round basis to maintain

sovereignty.

The European Economic Area provides direct access to EU single market even without

joining EU without custom fees, except for food and drinks subsidized by EU. In payment,

Norway has to obey EU rules in the single market.

EFTA-Singapore Free Trade Agreement has some provisions on investment protection

such as progressive liberalization of trade in goods in conformity with Article XXIV of the

GATT and the liberalization of trade in services in conformity with Article V of the GATS.
EU SINGLE MARKET

According to Dictionary.com, the single market is an association of countries trading with

each other without restrictions or tariffs. The European single market came into effect on

January 1, 1993. Countries in the single market include 28 EU states: Austria, Belgium,

Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,

Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom, and 4 non-EU

states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

What are EU rules in Single Market for non-EU members?

Countries that aren’t part of EU have no decision-making power in EU but have

representatives for participation only.

Norway has participation rights but no voting rights in EU.

Participation rights in institutions including European Defence Agency, Frontex, Europol

and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.

Why does Norway participate in investment agreements with other countries?

They have to secure Norwegian investments in economically and politically unstable

countries, to have equal edge with other enterprises in the international setting and

eventually, to contribute in the economic growth in the ff. countries: 14 bilateral investment

treaties (Chile, China, The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,

Madagascar, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Sri Lanka).

SPECIAL LAWS

Importation and utilization of GMO is illegal in Norway although 4 fish producing

companies are exempted (in using GMO fodder).

TRIVIA

- Norway’s exports is about 40 % of its goods and services. The main export products are

oil, gas, minerals and seafood.

- Norway is the world’s third largest oil exporter after Saudi Arabia and Russia.

- Its fisheries industry is among the largest in Europe. The industry has experienced an

expeditious expansion of the fish-farming business in recent years.

- It takes pride as a seafaring nation. After the establishment of the Norwegian

International Ship Register in 1987, the Norwegian merchant fleet has become the 4th

largest in the world.

- It is one the world leaders in a wide range of industries such as energy, environment

technology, aquaculture, maritime industries, hydropower, technology and

telecommunications.

- Its government's long-term focus on R&D has improved the development of new areas

of expertise (e.g. biotechnology, environment technology, software and communications

technology, engineering and oil related services). Export of services has become

increasingly important because of highly educated population and the development of

expertise pools in Norway.

- Tourism has emerged as one of Norway’s fastest-growing industries.

Subsidization

AGRICULTURAL

The support farmers in Norway receive in 2012 increase 59% of their income in 2011.

63% of their income comes from the government, they seek to balance the impact of

a strong currency. (Strong currency - occurs when a currency has risen to a level

against other currency that is near historically high exchange rates for the other
currency relative to the dollar via ….) “If we want food production in our country, this

has to be this way it has to be,” says Agriculture Minister Trygve Slagsvold Vedum as

he defended Norway’s System. Farmers also receive special tax breaks and custom’s

tariffs on food imports. (tariff - a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports

or exports. The reforms of fishing traditions in Norway has been successful and has

prevent that the country’s rural communities have a capacity to change and the ability

to seize opportunities. Norway has taken action by subsidizing their small farmers,

they have banned certain imports from farm productions and taking advantage of

high tariffs on imported goods, along the local farmers to be competitive with other

imputed goods. These tactics encourage the people to buy more from local farmers.

A report from the NAERI (Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute) in

2003 states that the policy shows the importance on decentralization and a diverse

farm edifice. It emphasizes on food security and food safety. The natural resources

must be sustainably managed in order to secure the biological basis of agricultural

production and the environmental qualities of the cultural landscape. In the

formulation of the farm policies, there has been, and still is consensus regarding the

importance of maintaining small farms.

Although this seems like a good plan for Norway, there has been a little downside to it.

Marit Epleveit runs a small farm with 30 cows. The government’s agricultural settlement

will force her to either expand or close down. She says, “If we invest, we will have

problems keeping the fields in good condition. In addition it will impact on the cows’

quality life.” Norwegian Farmers, significant cuts in Norway’s farm subsidies have been

avoided thanks to Norway’s two powerful farming unions, which represent small farmers
and have significant clout in parliament. By comparison, the largest lobby groups in the

United States are representatives of large agribusiness, not family farms.

Switzerland is the 2nd largest subsidise 56% on farmer’s income and Japan on 3rd,

making 55%.

ELECTRIC CARS

An area in Oslo where a parking space for trucks to park was transformed into the

world’s largest collection of super chargers. Around 4,000 to 5,000 people charges

their car each month in Nebbenes cafe, which makes Norway the world leader of

electric cars. The country targets to zero emissions for all new cars by 2025 and

35% of the cars they produce are electric cars. Car makers now view Norway as a

vision of tomorrow’s car market. More that 5.2M people have already switched from

tradition cars to the mass market. “Norway has proven that if you give subsidies

and impose enough restrictions on fossil fuel vehicles, people will buy electric cars,”

Andreas Halse, environmental Spokesperson. Hans Olav Halvorsen drives 200km

between Oslo and Lillehammer 2 to 3 times a week. His Tesla Model S saloon car

is not subject to tolls on the motorway, saving him up to NKr810 (Php 4996) every

week. Charging at one of Tesla’s superchargers is free. To put environmental

statistics into place, 72% of the consumers choose to buy an electric car because

of financial issues and that leave 28% are for environmental issues. “Norway

continues to prove the electric cars can work in a society. The system works,” says

Ketil Solvik Olsen, Norway’s transport minister and a fan of a gas-guzzling

American classic cars. Though, Norway taxes cars more heavily than other
countries, making it very expensive for national and local governments. a BMW

5series with a four-litre petrol engine attracts a purchase of NKr 230,000 (Php

1,400,450.79), bringing total cost including VAT (value- added tax) to about

NKr770,00 (Php 4,688,465,68). Erna Solberg, Norway’s Prime Minister, says that

challenges is to find ways on how to increase the taxation without having to

intervene the incentives of buying electric cars.

GEOPOLITICS AND FOREIGN INVESTORS

GEOPOLITICS

NATO

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ALLIANCE was turned into NATO.

NATO means NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION.

It is an Inter-governmental military organization, rooting from the North Atlantic Alliance,

formed after the Cold War to protect member countries from the Soviet Union.
It acts as if they are also affected when one member country faces military attacks.

Countries part of NATO pay a small portion of their GDP and employ military equipment

and personnel to member countries in need of support.

Member countries include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,

Luxembourg, the

Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, the United States Greece, Turkey,

Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia,

Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Albania, Croatia, and Montenegro.

OIL EXPORTS

Because of the abundant fossil fuel deposits in the Norway continental shelf, particularly

in the Barents Sea and the North Sea, Norway is the 2 nd largest provider of oil behind

Russia for EU.

CRAB WARS

According to the Svalbard Treaty in 1920 signed by Paris along with Norway, United

States. Denmark, France and other countries ( Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden,

and the United Kingdom *including the British overseas

dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa), Norway

controls Svalbard, an area in the Arctic, with full and absolute sovereignty including its

oil, gas, minerals, and, ocean floor creatures such as the snow crab although the signatory

countries can “enjoy equally” the rights to the resources and terrestrial waters in that area.

The signatories were also given equal rights to commercial activities. It was not clear who

owned Svalbard though and it is heavily debated nowadays.

Initiated in 2012, Norway and Russia has used their equal right for coal mining in that area;

also, just last 2017, an ongoing political turmoil started in that region. According to

hakaimagazine.com (2017), a Latvian shipping vessel was arrested by the Norwegian

Coast guard for fishing snow crabs in the waters off Svalbard. A month prior to that, a

shipping vessel authorized by EU to get snow crabs over the disputed area was arrested

there too. Harald Sakarias Brøvig Hansen, a fisheries researcher at the Fridtjof Nansen

Institute says that Norway doesn’t usually noise about its assertion over Svalbard but they

hope that it is not taken away from them. The snow crab dispute of Svalbard may not only

concern only about the snow crabs but a larger fought over resource of oil he also points

out.

FOREIGN INVESTORS (some examples)

YX Energi

YX Energi formly HydroTexaco is a Norwegian Dutch gas station chain. The company

was a merging of Hydro and Texaco in 1995. They operate 750 gas stations in Norway

and Denmark. Low-cost brand names of this company are UnoX and Rema Brensin.

Norway Denmark

YX: 300 73

Uno-X 110 200

DieselService 47 0

The chain also has DieselService stations for truck diesel. Hydro Texaco/ YX Energy also

operates a service for household parafin distribution. Along with its stations are 7-Eleven

stores as an implementation after it was bought by Reitangruppen in 2006.

They have about 20% market shares in the automotive fuels of Norway.

Conoco Phillips

ConocoPhillips is an American multinational oil and gas producing company based in

Texas, United States.

It is one of the largest non-Norwegian operators in the Norwegian

Continental Shelf. It has operations in the Greater Ekofisk Area.

Industry Oil and gas Predecessor

Conoco Inc.

Phillips Petroleum Co.

Founded 1875; 142 years ago (as Continental Oil and Transportation Co.)

30 August 2002; 15 years ago(as

ConocoPhillips Co.)[1] Headquarters Houston

Energy Corridor, Houston, Texas, U.S.

Area served Worldwide

Key people Ryan Lance

(Chairman & CEO)

Products Oil, natural gas, petroleum

Revenue US$24.360 billion (2016)

Operating income

US$ (3.615) billion (2016)

Net income

US$ (3.559) billion (2016)

Total assets

US$ 89.772 billion (2016)

Total equity

US$ 35.226 billion (2016)

Exxon Mobil

Exxon Mobil is also an American multinational company. It is also one of the largest non-

Norwegian operators in the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Esso Norge AS,

ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Norway AS, and ExxonMobil Production

Norway Inc. are all affiliates of Exxon Mobil Corporation. In 2016, Exxon Mobil had a

produced 225,000 oil equivalent barrels per day. They also own ownership interests in

20 oil and gas producing companies (operated by Statoil and Shell) yielding 170,000

oil equivalent barrels per day.

It has a market shares of approximately 20% of total Norwegian sales of oil-derived

products.

Industry Energy: Oil and gas

Predecessor • Exxon

• Mobil

Founded November 30, 1999; 18 years ago

Headquarters Irving, Texas, U.S.

Area served Worldwide

Key people Darren Woods (Chairman & CEO)

Products • Crude oil

• Oil products

• Natural gas

• Petrochemicals

• Power generation
Revenue US$218.6 billion[1] (2016)

Operating income

US$7.969 billion[1] (2016)

Net income

US$7.84 billion[1] (2016)

Total assets

US$330.3 billion[1] (2016)

Total equity

US$167.3 billion[1] (2016)

Sources:

GOVERNMENT:
o
Politics of Norway. (2017, December 22). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Norway

o Storting. (2018, January 01). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting

o Storting. (2017, December 30). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting#Qualified_unicameralism_(1814–2009) o

The Norway Portal - Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved

January 01, 2018, from https://www.norway.no/ o Sovereign wealth funds in new

climate initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.regjeringen.no/en/id4/ o The Office of the Prime Minister. (n.d.). Office of

the Prime Minister. Retrieved

January 01, 2018, from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/id875/ o His

Majesty King Harald. (2017, March 17). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=28731&%3Bsek=27277 o Stortinget, .

(2010). Legislation . Retrieved 1 January, 2018, from

https://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/About- the-Storting/Legislation/
 o
IMPORT AND EXPORT

o Definition of "free trade" - English Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved January 01, 2018,

from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/free-trade

Definition of "single market" - English Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/single-market o

The European Single Market - Growth - European Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved

January 01, 2018, from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market_en o The

difference between Europe's. (2016, October 07). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/10/economistexplains-6

o World News, Politics, Economics, Business & Finance. (n.d.). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oilmakes-

norway-different-rest-regiononly-up-point-rich o Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved January

01, 2018, from http://www.efta.int/freetrade/free-trade-agreements/singapore o

Energy in Norway. (2017, December 27). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Norway o Foreign relations of Norway. (2017,

December 30). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway

o Norway. (2017, December 31). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway o Schengen Area. (2018, January 01).

Retrieved January 01, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD

o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area o Single market. (2017, December 19).

Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_market

Cadman, E., & Tetlow, G. (2017, March 31). The EU single market: How it works

and the benefits it offers. Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.ft.com/content/1688d0e4-15ef-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e o Catherine

Barnard, Professor of European Union Law. University of Cambridge and Senior

Fellow, UK in a Changing Europe. (2016, March 08). How the EU works:

what is the single market? Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://fullfact.org/europe/what-single-market/ o Staff, I. (2017, December 18).

Tariff. Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tariff.asp o Hofverberg, E. (2014, March 01).

Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms:

Norway. Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

http://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/norway.php o The office of the

prime minister. (2018). Governmentno. Retrieved 1 January,

2018, from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/id875/

o (n.d.). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_norway_exports.html

o (n.d.). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_norway_imports.html
o
GEOPOLITICS AND FOREIGN INVESTORS

o Europe's Oil Import Dilemma. (2015, October 26). Retrieved January 01, 2018,

from http://energyfuse.org/europes-oil-import-dilemma/ o ConocoPhillips. (2017,

December 22). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips

o ExxonMobil. (2017, December 27). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil o Magazine, H. (n.d.). Svalbard's Snow

Crabs: a Pincered Proxy for Arctic Oil.

Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/svalbards-snow-crabs-pincered-proxy-

arctic-oil/

o Member states of NATO. (2017, December 14). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO

o NATO. (2017, December 29). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO

o YX Energi. (2017, July 24). Retrieved January 01,

2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YX_Energi o ExxonMobil operations in Norway. (n.d.).

Retrieved January 01, 2018, from http://www.exxonmobil.no/en-no o Greater Ekofisk

Area. (n.d.). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

http://www.conocophillips.no/our-norway-operations/greater-ekofisk-area/
 o News, C. K. (2017, November 10). Norway risks having to share Svalbard

resources with the EU. Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.arcticnow.com/politics-policy/2017/11/10/norway-risks-having-

toshare-svalbard-resources-with-the-eu/

o Norway and NATO. (n.d.). Retrieved January 01, 2018,

from

https://www.norway.no/en/missions/nato/norway-nato/

SUBSIDIZATION

o Doyle, A., & King, E. B. (2017, October 12). Norway seeks to trim lavish electric

car subsidies. Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-budget-autos/norway-seeks-to-

trimlavish-electric-car-subsidies-idUSKBN1CH1PQ o Subscribe to the FT to read:

Financial Times Reality of subsidies drives Norway's

electric car dream. (n.d.). Retrieved January 01, 2018, from

https://www.ft.com/content/84e54440-3bc4-11e7-821a-6027b8a20f23 o

Thelocalno. (2017). Thelocalno. Retrieved 1 January, 2018, from

https://www.thelocal.no/20171123/norway-puts-brakes-on-plans-for-tesla-tax o

Permaculturenewsorg. (2014). The Permaculture Research Institute. Retrieved 1

January, 2018, from https://permaculturenews.org/2014/08/20/tale-threecountries-

farm-subsidies-necessary/