Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
8, August 2015
comprehends twenty 1 municipalities that, consolidated,
Abstract—Given the current world´s critical situation of perform a representative socioeconomic structure in the
water demand and quality in metropolitan regions and the need country [3]: its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), estimated in
to implement integrated political-administrative actions among R$ 542 billion, represents 26% of the GDP in the state of São
with the municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, Paulo and increased more than 56% since 2006 [4]. Its
the article proposes the contribution to the analysis of the water population, 97% urban, reached 2.8 million inhabitants [5] in
resources context in the referred region, based on literature
references, comprising the insertion and data overlap on maps
the 2012, with a population density of 727, 5 person per km2.
generated that allow the integration of the information This amplitude on the urban development of the region,
Available in each municipality that composes the represented by its population and density growth and
institutionalized region. The paper reflects on the heterogeneity economic development stimulates the diversification of water
of water related rates in the cities, in how it’s affected by the city use, such as public supply, food production, power
of São Paulo in terms of the water supplying scarcity, and also generation, dilution of sewage and others [6] and subsequent
how it can affect the host of the upcoming FIFA World Cup. water shortage, caused by the increased demand [7] and by
the degradation of the quality of water, in its turn, resultant of
Index Terms—Metropolitan region of Campinas, water the deficit in the industrial and domestic wastewater
resources, wastewater, water management, water scarcity. treatment [8], occupation of preservation areas, vegetation
cover degradation, inappropriate disposal of solid residues,
among other factors intrinsic to the urban evolution [9].
I. INTRODUCTION The MRC comprehends approximately 3.8 km²[5] and is
The metropolis can be defined as a phenomenon of geographically situated2 in the basin of the rivers Piracicaba,
integration and grouping of distinct communities, for the Capivari and Jundiaí , denominated Basin of PCJ (Bacia do
labor market or for the commercial facilities offered by a PCJ). From the basin of the river Piracicaba, the Cantareira
central city, the core of an interdependent urban center. The System transfers 31 m³/s to supply the city of São Paulo,
correlation between municipalities in a same system arise the activity that affects the outflow and, consequently, the
need of creating political-administrative relations that degradation of the water quality, due to the low dissolution of
overcome the obstacle of managerial fragmentation and wastewater disposed with high concentration of pollutants
decentralization and that can act in an efficient manner on the [9].
economic, social and urban fields [1]. Given the current world´s critical situation of demand and
Established in the 1970s, the first Brazilian metropolitan quality of water in metropolitan regions [6] and the need to
regions were defined according to population criteria implement integrated political-administrative actions among
(magnitude of the urban agglomeration and conurbation) and the municipalities of the region [9], this paper proposes the
socioeconomic and functional correlation of determined contribution to the analysis of the water resources context in
municipalities. Additionally to those criteria, the intervention the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The methodology
of the military government was a determining factor for the used is composed by three axis; i) The literature references
establishment of the metropolitan regions in Brazil, with the are constituted of studies and publications that refer to the
aim to rationalize and standardize them with the purpose of development and urban growth, the global water resources
domain and political control [2]. situation in the urban area, of the relation between the soil use,
In Brazil there are 26 metropolitan regions basic sanitation, the population´s health and the preservation
institutionalized, comprehending 390 municipalities and 39% of the environment and of the Metropolitan Region of
of the total population of the country. Since the Brazilian Campinas. Supplementary to academic texts, it was
Constitution of 1988 there was an increase in the number of necessary the use of journalistic articles for the analysis of the
metropolitan regions established by the State Government. water resources scarcity ii) The data referring to water supply,
Therefore, in June 19th, 2000, the Metropolitan Region of wastewater collection and treatment was compiled from the
Campinas (MRC) was created by the State´s Complementary Plan of the Piracicaba, Capivari and JundiaíRiver Basins for
Law nº870, with nineteen municipalities, where 2.3 million the period of 2010 to 2020 [10], from the Report on
inhabitants resided at the time [1]. Currently, the MRC Superficial Water Quality in the State of São Paulo 2013 [11],
from the National Sanitation Information System [5], among
Manuscript received May 15, 2014; revised July 25, 2014. This paper
1
was developed based on the subject of Regional Urban Projects (lecturers Ms. Campinas, Sumaré, Americana, Indaiatuba, Hortolândia, Santa Bárbara
Geise Brizotti Pasquotto and Ms. Ricardo Alexandre da Silva) of the D'Oeste, Valinhos, Itatiba, Paulí nia, Vinhedo, Cosmópolis, Nova Odessa,
Architecture and Urbanism graduation course of the Universidade Paulista Monte Mor, Jaguariúna, Artur Nogueira, Santo Antônio de Posse,
(UNIP) Engenheiro Coelho e Morungaba, last city included to the Metropolitan
The authors are with the University of São Paulo and Paulista University, Region of Campinas (State Law nº1.532, from March, 17 2014).
2
Brazil (e-mail: geisebp@gmail.com, marcia.barbin@hotmail.com, The municipalities of Indaiatuba and Engenheiro Coelho are partially
liviamrosa@yahoo.com.br, thabsiqueira@gmail.com). inserted in the Basin of the rivers Jundiaíand Jaguari, respectively. [10]
other water index. iii) Insertion, data analysis and maps whole region, approximately 185 thousand people still do not
generation of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas that have public supply of water [5].
allow the integration of the data Available in each
municipality.
3
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D) is the quantity of oxygen Fig. 3. Water collection percentage by municipality category. Source:
necessary to oxidize the organic matter by aerobic microbial decomposition Elaborated by the authors with data from [5].
to a stable inorganic form. The highest increase in terms of BOD, in a glass
of water, are caused by disposal of predominantly organic origin, that can
lead to the complete depletion of oxygen in the water, causing the B. Domestic Wastewater Collection and Treatment
disappearance of fishes and other water life forms. The State enactment nº The main rivers in the region present sections in
8468 defines standards of BOD for the emission of sewage directly to the
water source. [12]
degradation caused by the disposal of wastewater without the
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International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2015
appropriate treatment. Currently in the MRC more than 380 III. MAPS: OVERLAPS AND ANALYSIS
thousand people do not have access to the public system of The spring contamination, considered a treat to the public
sewage collection. According to SNIS data [5], the Small health, increases the possibility of water-transmitted diseases.
Size 1 municipalities group is the one that presents the lowest In Brazil, more than 60% of hospitalizations in the public
level of collection, whereas the Large Size group presents the system are entailed to Diseases Related to Inadequate
highest levels. Amongst the twenty municipalities of the Environmental Sanitation (DRIES) [6], [7], [14].
MRC, four present levels of sewage collection lower than The map generation based on water resources index and
80%, such as Monte Mor (53.3%), Hortolândia (62.4%), data aims to graphically demonstrate conflict points related to
Santo Antônio de Posse (69.8%) and Engenheiro Coelho the basic sanitation, water quality and its effects on the
(73.1%), and only two attend 100% of its population: population in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas.
Valinhos and Nova Odessa (Fig. 4). Conflicts were identified from two dimensions: i) water
collection for public supply located downstream domestic
and industrial disposal and ii) water collection for public
supply in bodies of water in inferior class than recommended.
The conflicts based on the collection points located
downstream of domestic and industrial disposal were
identified through the: i) Water collection points for public
supply inserted in the MRC territory [10]; ii) Domestic and
industrial disposal points inserted in the MRC territory [10]
Fig. 4. Level of attendance of public sewage network by municipality
iii) Relief of the MRC territory in order to identify the
category. Source: Elaborated by the authors with data from [5]. upstream and downstream in the subbasins [10] (Fig. 6).
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International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2015
Fig. 8. Map of conflict points (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7) and average water quality
Fig. 7. Water collection map with for public supply in bodies of water with index (IQA) of the subbasins inserted in the MRC Source: Elaborated by the
class 4 or inferior. Source: Elaborated by the authors with data from authors with data from [11].
[10]-[16].
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International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2015
The excessive water consumption in a rain scarcity period Avoiding rationing, Sabesp proposed a discount plan for
has generated a peculiar scenario that the state of São Paulo the population of up to 30% for those who accomplish a
hadnt́ experienced for decades. The Cantareira System reduction of until 20% on water consumption [24].
reached 99% of its capacity, which outset a decrease from Another worrying scenario is the possibility of energy
2011 until that, in December 2013, its level started to present rationing and the increase in the electricity bill. The
volumes below normality. During the same month in 2011, reservoirs of the hydroelectric power plants, responsible for
the level reached was 69%, an impacting difference. On May almost 80% of energy generation in the country, have
2013, the Cantareira reached 8.4% of its capacity, the lowest reached the lowest levels since 2001, when the energy supply
level in the last 10 years [18] (see Fig. 10). crises “blackout” happened. To avoid such action in 2014 in
Brazil, according to the Decade Plan of Energy, it would be
necessary to invest R$ 21 billion per year until 2022 [25].
150 A different alternative that was considered by the State
CAPACITY%
100 Government was the use of the Rio Grande System, which
50 supplies three cities in the region known as ABC Paulista,
part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The forecast
0
for the month of September is to revert 500 liters of water per
second.
According to Porto [26], there are different possibilities to
expand the water supplied for the city of São Paulo. The one
Fig. 10. Water capacity level in the Cantareira system. Elaborated by the that infers in Metropolitan Region of Campinas foresees the
authors with data from [18]. use of the Piracicaba River pumping water through a 16km
channel to the dam in the River Atibainha, one of the
The intensive heat on the first quarter of 2014 maintained suppliers to the Cantareira System. This solution was not
the elevated evaporation, however the rain quantity was not considered until this moment, due to the consequences that
enough to replace such losses (atypical fact in the Brazilian affects the cities supplied by the River Piracicaba and also the
summer), decreasing the hydric levels. transposition costs and consequent higher prices of water
At the beginning of February, the cities in the interior of selling to the population.
São Paulo, as in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, that
collects water from the Cantareira System, were firstly
impaired and the rationing was initiated. According to the V. CONCLUSION
Federal Law 9.433/97 the cities where the dams are To overcome the challenge of integrating the planning and
geographically located have priority of the water usage; execution of public functions of common interest in a large
however, in the current scenario, the city of São Paulo area and large population, it is necessary that regional
collects an exceeding quantity from the system [19]. councils and committees define the themes and real objects
The cities of Valinhos and Vinhedo have adopted the that address the demands of improving the living conditions
system of rationing on water supply and the other 18 of all social segments, assuming a homogeneous territory
municipalities may probably follow the same framework. [27].
In Campinas the current mayor Jonas Donizette signed in Throughout the course of the data collection process for
February a decree charging fines from those who waste this paper, the absence of homogeneous and updated data
water. sources raised difficulties in the analysis of various topics.
With the decreasing level in the Cantareira System, the ANA (National Water Agency) also noticed this aspect on
scarcity of water expands and the Governor of São Paulo problems related to the lack of standardization and
Geraldo Alckmin still avoids a rationing system for the consequently the challenge of comparing samples and
state´s capital [20]. The anti-crisis committee created to information, which resulted on the creation of the National
monitor the situation on the Cantareira System points that, on Assessment Program in Water Quality [28].
the worst water scarcity scenario, the water of the “useful The data analysis of the municipalities identified that there
volume” in the main spring that supplies water to the capital is no uniformity, either in positive and / or negative aspects of
of São Paulo and to the region of Campinas may end at the the water context of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas.
end of June 2014 [21]. Some of the cities present good water supply systems and on
The “dead volume” (bottom of the reservoirs) was defined the other hand may lack the sewage collection system, such
as an emergency plan by the Basic Sanitation Company of the as Americana, in which 100% of its population is served by
State of São Paulo (CETESB) during the drought period. public water supply and sewage collection, but with a low
Sabesp, the water utility company that detains the bestowal Urban Population Sewage Collection and Tractability Index,
on the water distribution of the Cantareira System invested indicating the deficiency in the wastewater treatment.
R$ 80 million to the necessary installation for collection and The overlap of information in the generated maps showed
pumping of the water below the reservoir. various conflicts throughout the metropolitan territory of
The consortium of Rivers Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiai Campinas, additionally to the critical water quality index in
Basin (PCJ) formally questions the use of the “dead volume”. collection points, which tends to worsen due to the lack of
With the rationing suppression, the Cantareira System can dissolution of effluents as a result of the water scarcity, and
take about 15 years to recover itself [22]. According to Cezar its consequent effects on public health. This concentration of
Saad, Project coordinator of the PCJ Consortium, “The ideal conflicts may increase the necessary investments on the
situation would be to adopt the rationing system, no doubt. Brazilian National Health Service, and in the treatment
The State Government counts with this reserve, but it process to supply drinking water for human consumption
shouldn´t be used” [23]. [29].
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International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2015
In the current hydric situation, the water loss rates, [10] Piracicaba, Capivari and JundiaíRiver Basins Plan 2010 to 2020, PCJ
River Basins Agency, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil: Cobrape. (2008).
reflected by the state and condition of supply pipes, [Online]. Available:
alarmingly exceed the maximum rate established as ideal by http://www.agenciapcj.org.br/novo/instrumentos-de-gestao/plano-de-
the World Bank, 20% to 25% [29]. The only city that meets bacias
this criterion is Campinas, presenting a water loss rate of [11] Surface Water Quality in the State of Sao Paulo, Cetesb – São Paulo
State Environmental Sanitation Technology Company, São Paulo/SP,
19.32%, while the rest of the municipalities have an average Brazil: Cetesb. (2014). [Online]. Available:
of 40% loss rate. http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/agua/aguas-superficiais/35-publicacoes-/
Until this edition deadline, on May 14th 2014, the water -relatorios
scarcity has reached its most critical point, when the [12] Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D), CETESB São Paulo State
Environmental Sanitation Technology Company. [Online]. Available:
government has finally established the water extraction from http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/userfiles/file/agua/aguas-superficiais/agu
the "dead volume" zone of the Cantareira System, sustaining as-interiores/variaveis/aguas/variaveis_quimicas/demanda_bioquimic
the public strategy of non-rationing measures in the city of a_de_oxigenio.pdf
São Paulo, until March 2015, in contrast to ANA’s opinion, [13] Water Losses in Supply Systems: Diagnosis, Potential for Gains with
its Reduction and Proposals for its Effective Controlling, ABES
who expects the exhaustion of the "dead volume" in Brazilian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering,
November 2014. Sept. (2013). [Online]. Available: http://www.abes-sp.org.
In an atypical year for Brazil, which will host a large br/material-de-consulta
worldwide event as the FIFA World Cup, the stadium, [14] Impacts on Health and the Brazilian Unified Health System Related to
Problems Related to an Inappropriate Environmental Sanitation,
accommodation and transport infrastructures may be FUNASA National Health Foundation, Brasília, DF, Brazil. (2010).
insufficient to meet the population needs in addition to the 7.2 [Online]. Available:
million foreign tourists expected to the year 2014 [30], since http://www.funasa.gov.br/site/wp-content/files_mf/estudosPesquisas_
the water demand will be even greater. In the pace of ImpactosSaude.pdf
[15] Indicators for Management of Water Resources of the State of São
week-on-week decline presented by the Cantareira System, Paulo, SGRHI Integrated Management System of Water Resources in
its capacity will finally reach 0% in the last week of July 2014, the State of São Paulo. (2013). [Online]. Available:
coincidentally when the city of São Paulo will host one of the http://www.sigrh.sp.gov.br/sigrh/basecon/caderno_Indicadores_Gesta
round of sixteen matches of the World Cup [21]. o_2013.pdf
[16] Water courses classification – Conceptual Foundations, ANA National
Therefore, the water management demands effective Water Agency. (2009). [Online]. Available:
long-term measures that embrace regions homogeneously, http://pnqa.ana.gov.br/Padres/enquadramento_basesconceituais.asp
consolidating the interests of all sizes of municipalities in [17] Hospital Morbidity at the Brazilian Unified Health System –
order to preserve one of the most essential resources for life Hospitalizations for cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers,
Shigellosis, Amebiasis, Diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed
and socioeconomic development. infectious origin. DATASUS Brazilian Unified Health System
Informatics Data Department. (2008-2013). [Online]. Available:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?sih/cnv/nisp.def
[18] Water Sources Situation, SABESP São Paulo State Agency for Basic
G. B. Pasquotto, L. M. Rosa, T. B. de S. Venturato and M. Sanitation. (2003-2014). [Online]. Available:
C. Barbin thank the Institute of Exact Sciences of the Paulista www2.sabesp.com.br/mananciais/DivulgacaoSiteSabesp.aspx
University (ICET-UNIP) in the name of the Coordinator Prof. [19] R. Brandt. (March 8th 2014). Cantareira System stabilizes, but level is
critical. Estadão. [Online]. Available:
Ms. Arq. Patrí cia Ceroni Scarabelli, for the opportunity of
http://estadao.br.msn.com/ultimas-noticias/sistema-cantareira-estabili
developing this paper. za
[20] F. Leite and R. Moreira. (April 21st 2014). Alckmin announces
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[27] L. M. de M. Bueno, M. H. F. Machado, and N. M. da S. Filho, “Limits city project: a journey of study in the cities of Berlin, Barcelona and Athens”
and Possibilities of the Shared Management of Common Interests,” in with the work entitled as “City Marketing: a tool for the city advertisement”.
Green Book: challenges for the management of the Metropolitan She has worked as docent at Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas-Puc
Region of Campinas, R. B. Fonseca, A. M. Q. Davanzo, and R. M. C. in 2011-2012 and at Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio University in 2009-2010.
Negreiros, Campinas, SP, Brazil: Unicamp, 2002. She is currently lecturing at Paulista University-Unip 2011-current,
[28] National Assessment Program of Water Quality, ANA National Water Campinas, SP, Brazil. Field of study comprises urban public policy.
Agency. [Online]. Available: Prof. Ms. Arq. Pasquotto is a member of the international network for
http://www2.ana.gov.br/Paginas/projetos/QualidadeAgua.aspx research on heritage and regional development. Is also a part of the research
[29] PCJ Consortium Press Department. PCJ Consortium Launches Project group post-modern society (Docent responsible: Prof. Dr. M. I. de Q. F.
of Macro-meters in Municipalities PCJ Basins Cities During the 37th Szmrecsányi) at São Paulo University-Usp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Regional Meeting of Water Losses. PCJ Consortium. [Online].
Available:
http://www.agua.org.br/noticias/536/consorcio-pcj-lanca-projeto-de-
macromedidores-nos-municipios-das-bacias-pcj-durante-37-encontro- Rosa Lívia Marino was born in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. She graduated in
regional-de-perdas.aspx social communication with emphasis in publicity and advertising by
[30] Embratur expects the World Cup to double increase the number of Administration, Marketing and Communications University-Esamc,
tourists. (July 2011). EMBRATUR – Brazilian Touristic Institute. Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2008.
[Online]. Available: She is currently a student in the graduation course of Architecture and
http://www.portal2014.org.br/noticias/7635/embratur+espera+que+co Urbanism at Paulista University-Unip, Campinas, SP, 2015. Acts since 2013
pa+do+mundo+ajude+a+duplicar+numero+de+turistas.html as architecture intern at the company Fares Ferreira Projetos Arquitetônicos,
Campinas, SP, Brazil. Her current field of study comprises urban marketing.
Pasquotto Geise Brizotti was born in Laranjal Paulista, SP, Brazil. She Barbin Marcia Cristina was born in Valinhos, SP, Brazil. She graduated in
graduated in architecture and urbanism from the São Paulo State course of architecture and urbanism at Paulista University-Unip, Campinas,
University-Unesp Bauru/SP, 2006, she is a master in civil engineering in the SP, Brazil, 2015.
field of architecture and construction by the Campinas University-Unicamp She acts as an architecture intern since 2013 at the Education Department
Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2011 and doctoral candidate in urban and regional at the Campinas City Government, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
planning by São Paulo University-Usp São Paulo, SP, Brazil, current.
She has recently been accepted for publishing, along with Prof. Dr. L.
Medrano, at Bitacora Urbano Territorial from Colombia University Venturato Thaí s Boldrin de Siqueira was born in Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Magazine with the article entitled “Emblematic Buildings and City She graduated in technical in interior design from Polivalente Technical
Marketing: Strategies for the Central Area of São Paulo, Brazil”. In 2013 she School of Americana SP, Brazil, 2010.
has published the article “The Cultural trend: Spain and its cultural actions She is currently a student in the graduation course of Architecture and
for worldwide advertisement” at the IV International Symposium on Trade Urbanism at Paulista University-Unip Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2015. Acts
and the City: a relationship of origin, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Also in the since 2012 as architecture intern at Sapore Company, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
same year, she has organized, lectured and published in the international
university extension course “The landscape dimension in the contemporary
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