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Behavior of Thin-walled Circular Hollow

Section Stub Columns Under Axial
Compression

Article in International journal of steel structures · September 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s13296-015-0159-0

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International Journal of Steel Structures 16(3): 777-787 (2016)
DOI 10.1007/s13296-015-0159-0
ISSN 1598-2351 (Print)
ISSN 2093-6311 (Online)

www.springer.com/journal/13296

Behavior of Thin-walled Circular Hollow Section

Stub Columns Under Axial Compression
Lanhui Guo1,*, Yong Liu1, Hui Jiao2, and Shilong An1
1
Ph.D., Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe-road, Harbin, 150090, China
2
Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering and ICT, University of Tasmania, 65 Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Abstract

Thin-walled steel circular hollow section (CHS) is widely used in wind turbine towers, where the tube is subjected to axial
load combined with bending moment. Understanding the behavior of axially loaded thin-walled tubes with large diameter-to-
thickness (D/t) ratios is crucial for the design of such structures. To investigate the behavior of axially loaded thin-walled
circular hollow section steel tubes, 16 stub columns were tested with the D/t ratio ranging from 75 to 300. The experimental
results showed that the compressive strength decreased sharply with the increase of the D/t ratio. The experimental result
indicated that the tubes with smaller D/t ratios failed with outward deformation without visible local buckling. With the increase
of the D/t ratio, local buckling appeared at the peak load. The finite element method was used to model the behavior of axially
loaded stub columns. The experimental results were used to validate the accuracy of the finite element results. Based on the
finite element model, the influences of the D/t ratio, the initial geometric deformation and the initial residual stress were
analyzed. Design guidelines in Eurocode3, AISC-LRFD, AS4100 and S16-9 on thin-walled steel members were used to
compare with the experimental and calculated results. Among them, the results based on AS4100 were the closest to the
experimental results.

Keywords: thin-walled, circular hollow section, stub columns, diameter-to-thickness ratio, local buckling

1. Introduction horizontal load exerted by wind or earthquake. While the

Wind energy is gaining great attention nowadays as a
mature type of cost-effective renewable energy. The last
two decades have seen significant growth in the use of
wind power throughout the world (Dimopoulos and Gantes,
2013). With this growth, the wind turbine is starting to
play a critical role in the world power infrastructures.
Various design approaches have been explored for turbine
towers. The primary design alternatives considered for a
turbine tower are a truss or a tube structure, such as the
electrical transmission towers. Comparing with truss towers,
a tube tower is more convenient in terms of fabrication
and maintenance. As a result, steel tube towers are
superior to truss towers and are commonly used in wind
turbines.
A tower tube needs to carry the vertical load from the
rotor, the hub and the nacelle. Also, it is subjected to the
Received September 28, 2015; accepted May 22, 2016;
published online September 30, 2016
© KSSC and Springer 2016
*Corresponding author
Tel: +86-451-86289100, Fax: +86-451-86289100
E-mail: guolanhui@hit.edu.cn
tower tube is under the combination of the axial load and
the bending moment, the behavior of the tube under an
axial load is the basis for the design of the tube under
combined load cases. As circular hollow section (CHS) is
the most common type of section used as turbine towers,
this paper studies the behavior of axially loaded CHS stub
columns. Literatures by Batterman (1965) showed that
the capacity of CHS members was related to the diameter-
to-thickness (D/t) ratio of the tube. Since tubes with
larger D/t ratios were commonly used as wind turbine
towers, it is necessary to study the behavior of CHS tubes
with larger D/t ratios.
In the past, most of research was focused on steel tubes
with smaller D/t ratios (Chen and Ross, 1977; Elchalakani
et al., 2001; Jiao and Zhao, 2003; Gardner and Nethercot,
2004a,b; Guo et al., 2013). This may be due to the fact
that the majority of CHS tubes in the building or
automotive industry were compact or non-compact sections
with a D/t ratio less than 200 (Liu and Day, 2008). As we
know, structural tubes can be manufactured by several
methods. The manufacturing process may produce different
level of residual stresses and geometrical imperfections,
which will affect their structural performance. Therefore,
the slenderness limit given in a design code may be
778 Lanhui Guo et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 16(3), 777-787, 2016

suitable for certain steel tubes which are similar to those
used in the calibration of the design rules but might not
suitable for other tubular sections. Many tubes are
commonly manufactured by rolling a steel sheet into a
tube and seam welding longitudinally.
To study the behavior of axially loaded tower tubes
with larger D/t ratios, a total of 16 specimens were
fabricated and tested. This study aims to analyze the axial
behavior of CHS with a D/t ratio beyond 100. In order to
compare the test results with previous studies, tubes with
D/t ratios ranging from 75 to 100 were also tested. The
test results were checked against the current steel design
standards, including the American ANSI/AISC 360-10
(2010), Eurocode 3 (2007), Australian AS4100 (2012) and
Canadian S16-9 (2010).
2. Experimental Study
2.1. Design and fabrication of CHS tubes
Sixteen specimens with the D/t ratios ranging from 75
to 300 were selected to cover the tube behavior from fully
effective through to local buckling. A length-to-diameter
ratio of 3.0 was chosen to reduce the end effects and yet
still ensure that the specimens would be stub columns
with little effect from the column slenderness. The details
of the specimens are listed in Table 1. Each tube was
manufactured by rolling a steel sheet into a tube and seam
welding longitudinally. The thickness of the steel tubes
was 2 mm. Two 10 mm thickness end plates were welded
at both ends of each steel tube.
To determine the steel material properties, three tensile
coupons were cut out from each steel sheet and tested in
accordance with the Chinese standard GBJ2975 (1982).
The average material properties are listed in Table 2,
where t is the steel plate thickness, f y, f u, Es, ν and δ are
the steel yield stress, the tensile strength, the elastic modulus,
the poisson ratio and the elongation ratio, respectively.
For thin-walled circular hollow sections subjected to
axial load, the capacity of the tubes is sensitive to initial
geometrical imperfections (deviations from nominal perfect
cylindrical shape), especially when a specimen fails by
local buckling. In this study, a laser displacement meter,
KEYENCE LK-G80, was used to measure the initial
geometrical imperfection of each specimen. The initial
out-of-straightness of all stub column specimens were
measured along the whole length and listed in Table 3.

Table 1. Geometric parameters of specimen 2.2. Experimental setup

The specimens were properly instrumented to measure
D t L Number of the structural response and to identify the failure modes.
Se. D/t L/D
(mm) (mm) (mm) repeats
For this purpose, a total of eight strain gauges were
DT75-1 installed at four locations on the steel tube at the mid-
DT75-2 75 150 2 450 3 3 height of each specimen. Two gauges at each location
DT75-3
were arranged at a 90o angle to measure the longitudinal
DT100-1 and transverse strains as shown in Fig. 1(b). Four linear
DT100-2 100 200 2 600 3 3 variable differential transducers (LVDTs) were used to
DT100-3 measure the axial compressive deformations. The arrangement
DT125-1 of the LVDTs used in the test is illustrated in Fig. 1(a).
DT125-2 125 250 2 750 3 3 The test was conducted on a 5,000 kN capacity compression
DT125-3 machine. The load was measured by using a load transducer.
DT150-1 The load was applied in accordance with Chinese code
DT150-2 150 300 2 900 3 3 JGJ 101-96 (1996). In the elastic range, the vertical load
DT150-3 was applied with an increment of one-tenth of the calculated
DT200-1 capacity of the specimen. Beyond the elastic range, the
200 400 2 1200 3 2
DT200-2 displacement control loading method was adopted.
DT300-1
300 600 2 1800 3 2
DT300-2 3. Experimental Phenomena
Table 2. Steel properties With the two 10 mm thick end plates that were welded
at both ends of the steel tube, both ends of the tube walls
T (mm) f y (MPa) f u (MPa) Es (MPa) ν δ
5
were restrained from rotation so that a fixed end condition
2.0 190 315 1.88×10 0.36 0.51 was provided. Most of the specimens failed at a position

Table 3. Initial geometric imperfection (Unit: mm)

Specimen DT75-1 DT75-2 DT75-3 DT100-1 DT100-2 DT100-3 DT125-1 DT125-2
Imperfection 0.118 0.242 0.134 0.585 0.558 0.373 1.681 0.537
Specimen DT125-3 DT150-1 DT150-2 DT150-3 DT200-1 DT200-2 DT300-1 DT300-2
Imperfection 0.606 1.551 0.651 0.371 2.212 2.302 3.124 4.168
 Behavior of Thin-walled Circular Hollow Section Stub Columns Under Axial Compression 779

Figure 1. Experimental setup.

Figure 2. Experimental phenomena of specimens with D/t Figure 3. Experimental phenomena of specimens with D/t
of 75 and 100. of 125 and 150.

approximately D/4 away from one end of the tube, whereas
some failed at the mid-height, such as specimens DT125-
2 and DT300-1.The different failure positions may be due
to the initial geometric deformation positions.
For specimens with D/t of 75 and 100, the outward
deformation appeared when the specimens reached their
peak loads. An ‘elephant’s foot’ buckle, i.e., one prominent
outwards circumferential buckle occurred at one end of
the tube. This buckle developed into a plastic mechanism.
The smooth outward deformation was the typical failure
mode for compact tubes with smaller D/t ratio of 75. The
reason was that the specimen was in hardening stage
when it reached its peak load. The average vertical strain
in specimen DT75-2 was 5640 με. Beyond the peak load,
the load-carrying capacity dropped gradually with the
increase of vertical displacement. The specimen exhibited
good compressive behavior. The experimental phenomena
are shown in Fig. 2.
For specimens with D/t of 125 and 150, the ‘elephant’s
foot’ buckle and inward wave-like multiple ripples were
found on the steel tube. The reason was that the stub column
failed at the elastic-plastic stage. The experimental phenomena
780 Lanhui Guo et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 16(3), 777-787, 2016

Figure 4. Experimental phenomena of specimens with D/t of 200 and 300.

Figure 5. Axial load-vertical displacement relationship curves.

are shown in Fig. 3. The buckle deformation was also
very smooth. The load-carrying capacity dropped dramatically
at the collapse.
Figure 4 shows the failure modes of specimens with D/t
ratios of 200 and 300. The inward local buckling near the
bottom (except for specimen DT300-1) appeared at the
peak load accompanied by a sudden drop of the load-
carrying capacity and the increase of vertical displacement.
The reason was that the specimen failed at the elastic
stage of steel because of initial geometric imperfection.
 Behavior of Thin-walled Circular Hollow Section Stub Columns Under Axial Compression
Figure 6. Comparison of axial stress-strain relationship curves.
Figure 7. Finite element model.
From these four specimens, it can be seen that the larger
the D/t ratio, the more severe the local buckling that is
indicated by the number of buckling ripples on the steel
tubes. These failure modes are clearly different from
those of specimens with D/t less than 150. It can be seen
that local buckling failure mode appeared for specimens
with D/t ratio ranging from 200 to 300.
4. Analysis of Experimental Results
Figure 5 shows the axial load-deformation relationship
curves. For thin-walled stub columns subjected to axial
load, the initial imperfection has significant influence on
the strength of thin-walled shells. In the test, the effect of
initial imperfection on the strength of tubes with D/t of 75
seems insignificant because of the relatively small D/t
ratios. When the D/t is over 100, the difference on load-
carrying capacities of each group becomes significant,
especially for specimens with D/t of 300. Hence, cares
should be taken to reduce the initial geometrical imperfection
in the fabrication and transportation.
Figure 6 shows the comparison of the average compressive
stress vs. vertical strain relationship curves. It can be seen
that both the maximum compressive stress and the ductility
decrease with the increase of D/t ratio. For specimen
781
Figure 8. Stress-strain relationship of steel.
DT75-2, the maximum compressive stress was 210 MPa
with the corresponding compressive strain of 5640 με. It
means that the specimen reached its hardening stage. Thus
the smooth outward deformation appeared for specimens
with D/t of 75, as shown in Fig. 2. When the D/t ratio is
100, the maximum compressive stress was 171 MPa with
the corresponding strain of 1620 με. The maximum
compressive stress was lower than the steel yield stress,
but higher than 0.8 f y, which meant that the stub column
failed at the elastic-plastic stage. For specimens DT100-
3, DT125-3 and DT150-3, their maximum compressive
stresses were near to each other. When the D/t ratio varied
from 100 to 150, whose influence on the maximum
compressive stress was not obvious. For specimen DT200-
1 with D/t of 200, the maximum compressive stress was
143.3 MPa, and the corresponding compressive strain
was 900 με, which meant that the steel tube failed at the
782 Lanhui Guo et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 16(3), 777-787, 2016

Figure 9. Comparison between experimental and calculated results.

elastic stage. The specimen failed by local buckling as
shown in Fig. 4. For specimen DT300-1 with D/t of 300,
the maximum compressive stress was 111.5 MPa with the
corresponding compressive strain of 640 με, which also
failed by local buckling.
From the comparison, it can be seen that the load-
carrying capacity of the axially loaded stub columns
decreased with the increase of D/t ratio. For specimen
with D/t of 75, it failed by yielding with smooth outward
deformation failure mode. When the D/t ratio reached
100, the specimen failed by local buckling in the elastic-
plastic stage. When the D/t ratio is larger than 200, the
specimen failed by local buckling in the elastic stage of
the steel material with inward buckling ripples local buckling
failure mode.
5. FE Analysis of Thin-walled CHS
Subjected to Axial Load
The commercial software ABAQUS was used to develop
the finite element (FE) model to analyze the axially
loaded thin-walled CHS. The shell element S4R was used
to model the behavior of the steel tubes, which was
suitable for both thin-walled and thick shell elements.
The finite element model is shown in Fig. 7. An initial
deformation resembling the eigen-buckling mode was
introduced into the finite element model. A value was
assumed as an infill panel displacement for the first mode
to represent an initial deformed shape of the model prior
to the analysis. At the bottom, the deformation and rotation
along x, y, z axes were restrained. At the top surface, the
 Behavior of Thin-walled Circular Hollow Section Stub Columns Under Axial Compression 783

Figure 10. Failure modes comparison between the calculated and experimental phenomena.

Figure 11. Influence of initial geometric imperfection on axial load-displacement relationship curves.

deformation along x axis and y axis was restrained, and

the rotations along x, y and z axes were fixed. This
boundary condition was applied to the reference points at
center of bottom and top surface, respectively. These
reference points were attached to the bottom and top
surfaces by Rigid Body constraint, which was used to
model the behavior of stub columns welded with the end
plates. A vertical displacement was added at the top surface,
which was controlled by displacement.
The material properties, including Young’s modulus for
steel Es of 2.0×105 MPa and Poisson’s ratio vs of 0.3,
were input in the ABAQUS model. The steel was
assumed to behave as an elastic-plastic material without
considering the hardening of steel. The idealized stress- Figure 12. Influence of initial geometric imperfection on
strain relationship curve used in the analysis is shown in f m/f y-λ relationship curves.
Fig. 8.
Figure 9 shows the comparison between the experimental
results and calculated results. In the analysis of test whereas for specimens with D/t of 200 and 300, the
specimens, the measured stress-strain relationship values inward multi-buckling ripples failure appeared.
were adopted. It can be seen that they coincide well. In the following, the influences of the initial geometric
Figure 10 shows the comparison between the calculated imperfection, the residual welding stress, the element
and experimental phenomena. For specimens with D/t of slenderness and the steel yield strength were analyzed
75, the typical failure mode is outward ring failure mode. using the FE model. The element slenderness λ is used to
For specimen D/t of 150, the inward smooth wave appeared, determine the local buckling effects. For circular hollow
784 Lanhui Guo et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 16(3), 777-787, 2016
Figure 13. Distribution of residual stress.
sections, the element slenderness is calculated as:
D fy -⎞
λ = ---- ⎛ --------
(1)
t ⎝ 235⎠
where D and t are the outer diameter and the wall
thickness of the tube respectively; and f y is the steel yield
stress.
5.1. Influence of initial geometric imperfection
In this part, a circular cross section with an outside
diameter of 3 m was analyzed. A tube with this diameter
has been commonly used as wind turbine towers. The
steel yield strength was 235 N/mm2. The D/t ratio varied
from 50 to 500 with the corresponding tube thickness
changing from 60 to 6 mm. According to the ANSI/AISC
360-10 (2010) design guideline, the allowable geometric
imperfection ω can be calculated as follows:
ω
---- = ---------- r-
1 axial force must, of course, be zero. For simplification,
(2)
t 16.5 t
The initial geometric imperfections of 0.5ω, ω, 2ω, and
3ω were selected in the FE model. Figure 11 shows the
comparison of axial load-deformation relationships under
different initial geometric imperfections. For tubes with
D/t of 100, the initial geometric imperfection had no
significant influence on the load-deformation relationship
curves. This was due to the fact that the steel tube was an
impact section. Under the axial load, the tubes reached
the yield strength at the peak load.
While for tubes with D/t of 300, the influence of the
initial geometric imperfection became significant. With the
increase of the initial geometric imperfection, the load-
carrying capacity decreased obviously. Beyond the peak
load, the decreasing trend of the load was more dramatic
with the increase of the initial geometric imperfection.
Figure 12 shows the ratio of f m/f y versus λ curves for
tubes with different imperfections to illustrate the influence
of the initial geometric imperfection on the load-carrying
capacity of the tubes, in which f m is the peak average
stress of a tube under the axial load. It can be seen that
the influence of the initial geometric imperfection is more
significant with the increase of the element slenderness.
This proves that the initial geometrical imperfections
influence the load-carrying capacity of tubes with larger
D/t ratios. This result suggests that cares must be taken to
avoid significant initial geometrical imperfection during
the fabrication and transportation of steel tubes with
larger D/t ratios.
5.2. Influence of residual stress
Longitudinal welding of the tube resulted in residual
stresses. According to Chen (1977), the measured residual
stress distribution of half section is shown in Fig. 13(a).
In which, x is the distance to the weld position, and R is
the radius of the tube. The residual stress in the distribution
represented an average stress through the wall thickness.
The tensile residual stress was assumed to be positive. It
is noted that the material near the weld has effectively
yielded in tension. In any such distribution, the resultant
the distribution of residual stress is assumed as shown in
Fig. 13(b).
The residual stress was analyzed in the FE model. The
outside diameter of the tube was 3 m. The steel yield
strength was 235 N/mm2. The D/t ratio varied from 100
to 500 with corresponding tube thickness varying from 30
to 6 mm. Figure 14 shows the analytical results of the
average axial load-displacement curves. It can be seen
that for stub columns with D/t of 100, the influence of the
residual stress was not significant. In specimens with
higher D/t ratio, the residual stress resulted in the more
decrease of the load-carrying capacity. For specimens
with D/t of 500, the load-carrying capacity decreased by
16.5% comparing with specimens without residual stress.
This may be due to the fact that the compressive residual
stress resulted in the early local buckling of the tube. The
residual stress should be considered for specimens with
large D/t ratios in design and analysis.
5.3. Influence of steel yield strength
The influence of the steel yield strength on the load-
carrying capacity was analyzed. The outside diameter of
 Behavior of Thin-walled Circular Hollow Section Stub Columns Under Axial Compression
Figure 14. Influence of residual welding stress on axial
load-displacement relationship curves.
the tube was 3 m. The D/t ratio varied from 50 to 500
with corresponding tube thickness varying from 60 to 6
mm. The steel yield strength varied from 235 to 390
MPa. The residual stress with the distribution shown in
Fig. 11 was also considered. Figure 15 shows the influence
of the steel yield strength on the axial load-axial displacement
relationship curves. It can be seen that the load-carrying
capacity increased obviously with the increase of the steel
yield strength. If higher strength steel was used in design,
higher load-carrying capacity could be obtained, although
the steel yield strength had little influence on the f m /f y-λ
relationship curves as shown in Fig. 16.
785
Figure 15. Influence of steel yield strength on axial load-
displacement relationship curves.
6. Comparison with Available Steel
Specifications
A number of specifications are available for the design
of circular tubes in compression including the American
ANSI/AISC 360-10 (2010), Eurocode 3 (2007), Australian
AS4100 (2012) and Canadian S16-9 (2010). For design
purpose, it’s extremely important to have a routine design
procedure which is representative, and conservative in
predicting the ultimate strength. The experimental results
were used to evaluate the design codes, including ANSI/
AISC 360-10 (2010), EC3 (2007), AS4100 (2012) and S16-
786 Lanhui Guo et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 16(3), 777-787, 2016
Figure 16. f m/f y-λ relationship curves.
9 (2010) specifications. In EC3 (2007), the fabrication
equality was considered by using different index Q.
Some test data from other references (Pan et al., 2006;
Jiao and Zhao, 2003; OShea and Bridge, 1997; Bardi
and Kyriakides, 2006) were also applied to validate the
design specifications. Figure 16 shows the comparison
results based on the above mentioned design specifications
together with the test results. Also, the FEM results are
compared with experimental results with the initial
geometric imperfection of 2ω. The finite element results
are near to the results based on EC3 (2007) (Q=24). For
stubs with λ less than 200, the calculated results are near
to the experimental results. The experimental results with
λ over 200 are lower than the calculated results, the
reason was that the large initial geometric imperfection
resulted in the decrease of loading-capacity. As shown in
Fig. 16, the different design curves were adopted by
different design specifications in calculating the load-
carrying capacities of tubes. In the comparison of the test
data with the design guidelines of ANSI/AISC 360-10
(2010), EC3 (2007), AS4100 (2012), and S16-9 (2010)
on thin-walled steel members, it was found the results
based on Canadian design code S16-09 (2010) was the
most conservative. The Australian design code AS4100
(2012) seemed more suitable in designing the tubes tested
in this paper. The American design code ANSI/AISC
360-10 (2010) appeared overestimating the strength of the
tubes with large D/t ratios.
7. Summary and Conclusions
This paper presented the results of an experimental
study on thin-walled steel circular hollow section (CHS)
subjected to axial compression. A total of sixteen specimens
were fabricated and tested, with D/t ratio ranging from 75
to 300. Also, the finite element software ABAQUS was
used to analyzed the axial loading behavior of thin-walled
tubes. Based on the experimental and analytical study, the
following conclusions were made.
For specimens with D/t less than 100, they failed by
yielding with outward deformation. No local buckling
was observed. With the increase of D/t ratio, local buckling
failure mode with multi-ripples became more pronounced,
especially for specimens with D/t of 200 and 300.
With the increase of D/t ratio, the load-carrying capacity
of the tubes appeared being influenced by the initial
geometric imperfection and the initial residual stress. In
the fabrication and transportation process, cares should be
taken to reduce initial geometrical imperfection. While
the steel yield strength had little influence on the f m/f y-λ
relationship, the steel yield strength increased the load-
carrying capacity of short tubes under axial load.
The test data were compared with the design guidelines
of ANSI/AISC 360-10 (2010), AS4100 (2012) and EC3
(2007) on thin-walled steel members. It was found the
results based on Canadian design code S16-09 (2010)
was the most conservative with the Australian design code
AS4100 (2012) being the most suitable one in designing
the tubes tested in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The project is supported by the Harbin technological
innovation talent project (2013RFQXJ120) and Scientific
Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese
Scholars, which are gratefully acknowledged.
Nomenclature
D: outside diameter of tubes
t: thickness of steel tubes
r: outer radius of steel tubes
ω: initial geometric imperfection
Es : young’s modulus of elasticity
f m : peak compressive stress
f y : steel yield stress
f u : ultimate tension strength
 Behavior of Thin-walled Circular Hollow Section Stub Columns Under Axial Compression
L: length of specimen
t: thickness of steel tube
λ: generalized section slenderness
ν: poisson ratio of steel
δ: elongation ratio of steel
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