EEE DEPARTMENT

ECE101L-T191
Experiment #3

Submitted by: Manese, Mark Aldrin S.

Course/Yr: BSECE/2nd Year
Date of Experiment: December 4, 2015
Date of Submission: December 13, 2015
 Engr. Melanie Mendoza
Professor

II. Objective

1. To calculate and measure the DC output voltage of Half-wave rectification

2. To know the difference between the calculated and measured value obtained in the half
wave rectification
3. To interpret the data gathered in DC output voltage of Half-wave rectification
III. Introduction

Rectification
Rectification is the conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). This
involves a device that only allows one-way flow of electrons. As we have seen, this is
exactly what a semiconductor diode does. The simplest kind of rectifier circuit is the half-
wave rectifier. It only allows one half of an AC waveform to pass through to the load and
because of their ability to conduct current in one direction and block current in the other
direction, diodes are used in circuits called rectifiers that convert ac voltage into dc
voltage. Rectifiers are found in all dc power supplies that operate from an ac voltage
source.

Half-wave rectifier
Half-wave rectification is a very simple way to reduce power to a resistive load. Some
two-position lamp dimmer switches apply full AC power to the lamp filament for “full”
brightness and then half-wave rectify it for a lesser light output. For most power
applications, half-wave rectification is insufficient for the task. The harmonic content of
the rectifier’s output waveform is very large and consequently difficult to filter. There is
no question that the degree of difficulty will increase, but once a few fundamental
maneuvers are understood, the analysis will be fairly direct and follow a common thread.

Furthermore, the AC power source only supplies power to the load one half every full
cycle, meaning that half of its capacity is unused. The diode analysis will now be
expanded to include time-varying functions such as the sinusoidal waveform and the
square wave.
IV. Discussion

By solving the problem in the circuit, we determine theoretical graph and by using the
calibrated oscilloscope, we’ve determine the experimental graph. The group determine
the threshold voltage of 0.469 as well as the resistance of each resistor varying from
2.170 to 2.230. we determine the graph by putting the oscilloscope-funtion generator
connection and measured the voltage output in the circuit by using the DMM. There is a
change in graph when AC-GND-DC coupling is applied with 1000-Hz and an 8Vp-p at
the function generator as the supply voltage in the given circuit connection and the same
vertical sensitivity of 1Vp-p/div and a horizontal sensitivity of 0.2ms/div in every circuit
that was given. AC-GND-DC coupling in determining the movements of the graph.
V. Procedures
Part 1. Threshold Voltage

Choose one of the silicon diodes and determine the threshold voltage, VT, using the diode-
checking capability of the DMM or a curve tracer

Part 2. Forward-bias Diode Characteristics

a. Construct the circuit of Fig 4.3 using the chosen diode of Part 1. Record the
measured value of the resistance. Set the function generator to a 1000-Hz 8-Vp-p
sinusoidal voltage using the oscilloscope.
b. The sinusoidal input ( e ) of Fig 4.3 has been plotted on the screen of Fig 4.4.
Determine the chosen vertical and horizontal sensitivities. Note that the horizontal
axis is the 0V line
c. Using the threshold voltage of Part 1 determine the theoretical output v o for Fig
4.3 and sketch the waveform onf Fig 4.4 for one full cycle using the same
sensitivities employed in Part 2(b). indicate the maximum and minimum values
on the output waveform
d. Using the oscilloscope with the AC-GND-DC coupling switch in the DC position
obtain the voltage vo and sketch the waveform on Fig 4.5. Before viewing v o be
sure to set vo= 0v line using the GND position of the coupling switch. Use the
same sensitivities as in Part 2(b)
e. Calculate the DC level of the half-wave rectified signal of step 2(d). Assume the
positive pulse of the waveform encompasses one-half the period of the input
waveform when using Eq 4.1
f. Measure the DC level using the DC scale of the DMM and find the percent
difference between the measured value and the calculated value of Part 2e using
the following equation
g. Switch the AC-GND-DC coupling switch to the AC position. What is the effect
on the output signal vo? Does it appear the area under the curve above the zero
axis equals the area under the curve below the zero axis? Discuss the effect of the
AC position on waveform that have an average value over one full cycle
 h. Reverse the diode of Fig 4.3 and sketch the output waveform obtained using the
oscilloscope in Fig 4.6 Be sure the coupling switch is in the DC position and the
vo=0 V line is preset using the GND position. Include the maximum and minimum
voltage levels on the plot as determined using the chosen vertical sensitivity.
i. Calculate and measure the DC level of the resulting waveform of the Fig 4.6
Insert the proper sign for the polarity of Vdc as defined by Fig 4.3. Assume the
positive pulse of the waveform encompasses one-half the period of the input
waveform when using Eq 4.1
Part 3. Half-wave rectification (continued
a. Construct the network of Fig 4.7. Record the measured value of the resistor R
b. Using the measured resistor values and VT from Part 1 forecast the appearance if
the output waveform vo and sketch the result on Fig 4.11. Use the same
sensitivities employed in Part 2b and insert the maximum and minimum values of
the waveform
c. Using the oscilloscope with the coupling switch in the DC position obtain the
waveform for vo and record on 4.12. Again, be sure the preset the v o =0V line
using the GND position of the coupling switch before viewing waveform. Using
the chosen sensitivities determine the maximum and minimum values and place
on sketch of Fig 4.12
d. Calculate the DC Level of the waveform of Fig 4.9 using the following equation
e. Measure the output DC voltage with the DC scale of the DMM and calculate the
percent difference using the same equation appearing in Part 2f
Part 4. Half wave rectification
a. Construct the network of Fig 4.10 Record the measured value of each resistor
b. Using the threshold voltage of Part 1 determine the theoretical output voltage vo
for Fig 4.7 and sketch the waveform on Fig 4.8 for one full cycle using the same
sensitivities employed in Part 2b. Indicate the maximum and minimum value on
the output waveform
c. Using the oscilloscope with the coupling switch in the DC position obtain the
voltage vo and sketch the waveform on Fig 4.9 Before viewing v o be sure to set the
vo = 0v line using the GND position of the coupling switch. Use the same
sensitivities as in Part 3b
 d. Reverse the direction for the diode and record the resulting waveform Fig 4.13 as
obtained using the oscilloscope

VI. Sample Computation

Given
VDC=?
 Vp=4V
VT=0.469V
f = 1000hz
Formula
Half wave
V dc ( calc)−V dc(meas)
VDC=0.318Vp ∗100=%Difference
V dc (calc)
2 Vm−Vtπ Vt
VDC = =0.318 V −
2π 2

Calculation
Vdc(calc) =0.318(4)=1.272
Vdc(meas) =1.018
1.272−1.018
∗100=19
1.272
Vdc(calc) =0.318(4)=1.272
Vdc(meas) =0.941
1.272−.941
∗100=26
1.272
0.469
VDC = 0.318 ( 4 )− =1.0375
2
VDC(meas)=1.040
1.040−1.0375
∗100=0.24
1.0375

VII. Interpretation of Data

In AC coupling, the same horizontal and vertical sensitivities shows different images and
line at the 0V line. In DC coupling, it shows the area under the curve and DC line voltage
is below 0V in forward bias and above 0V when in reverse bias as for GND that serves as
 a reference line in determining the 0V. The value obtained in calculated is almost the
same with measured because of a small percentage error.

IX. Conclusion

I therefore conclude that to be able to measure the DC output voltage of half-wave rectification,
we must use the proper laboratory equipment that measures DC output voltage and to be able to
calculate the DC output voltage, we must use the formula provided in the module. To check
whether the datas are correct, use the formula for checking the percentage error. The difference
between calculated and measured obtained value in the half-wave rectification is somehow
changing and on some instances, same result. The data gathered in the DC output voltage of
half-wave rectification somehow the same in terms of measured and calculated because of a
small percentage error but not the same in appearance in graph.

X. References
Boylestad, R. (2011),Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory 11 th edition
Floyd, T (2010), Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version 9 th Edition
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-3/rectifier-circuits/
XI. Datasheet
XII. Index