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This is the mode you'll be using most of the time. It's probably the most versatile mode, giving you
the options of definite calculus, calculation of functions and a rudimentary equation solver. Unless
otherwise specified, this guide will be using MathIO, (Shift/MODE/1), Norm1 (Shift/MODE/8/1).
Definite Integration
It must be noted that integration can only be performed with respect to x. To perform definite
integration, first press the button. This will bring up an integral sign, with blanks for the upper
and lower limits and the integrand, and a 'dx' at the end. The cursor will be flashing for you to enter
the integrand (in terms of x), using ALPHA - for example, . Once you have entered your
integrand, input your upper and lower limits by scrolling up and down using the REPLAY/directional
arrow buttons. Press [=], and it'll perform the integration, giving the answer as a fraction if
appropriate.
Numerical Differentiation
Again, this can only be performed with respect to x. The calculator will, given f(x), calculate f'(x) for a
particular value of x. Press SHIFT/ (that is, ). This will bring up something that looks a bit
like this: . Enter f(x), and scroll right to enter the value of x at which you want to
variable. At a blank screen, enter your function in terms of the variables (using ALPHA) -
e.g. . Press CALC. Prompts will appear for you to enter values of your variables. Don't
worry if there's already a value displayed - this is just the most recent value that has been stored as
that letter. Simply enter your value (in terms of pi, ln, log, fractions...) and press [=]. You will have to
repeat this for each variable. The final press of [=] will calculate the value of the function.
only ever returns one solution - so if you're trying to find x with an equation in x^2, you're better off
in equation mode, however multiple values can be found. The second catch is that you can only ever
solve for one variable at a time - entering multiple variables will cause the calculator to prompt you to
enter specific values for each of those variables save for x (or the one you've specified (by adding,
say, ",Y" to the end of the equation). The third catch is that if your equation is rather complicated, it
can take a very long time to solve accurately. The fourth catch is that it will only ever give you a
I'll deal only with equations in terms of x, as doing it this way saves a few keypresses, and potentially
a lot of valuable time. Enter the equation you want to solve, using ALPHA. It is not necessary for this
to be in the form f(x) = 0. For example, . Then press SHIFT/CALC (SOLVE). The
calculator will then display "Solve for X", along with the current value of X in memory (this can
generally be ignored - see below). Press [=] again, and it'll come up with this:
What this means is that for , 3X + 2 - 6X = 0. "L - R" gives you an idea of the accuracy of the
calculator's solution. In most cases , it'll be exact (assuming you have the sense to change recurring
If your equation has more than one solution there is a way in finding them take and
you press solve, the screen you then see is if you type in a value the calculator will solve your
equation giving you an answer nearest to the value you entered so for the example above, if you
entered 80 as your value your answer will be 90, then when you solve it again and enter 250 as your
Summation
This allows you to calculate the sum of a series between two terms. The method for this is essentially
the same as that for integration. To access the summation function, press SHIFT/ ( ).
Mode 2: CMPLX
In complex mode, the calculator is able to perform all expected calculations involving complex
numbers. The ENG button (left of the open brackets button) becomes i. It is therefore possible to
enter complex numbers in the form a + bi. Another option is to enter complex numbers in the
modulus-argument form. This can be done by first entering the modulus, then pressing Shift and the
(-) button ( ), then entering the argument of the complex number in the correct format
(degrees/radians/grads). It is possible to convert between the two forms from the complex menu
(Shift-2). This menu also allows you to find the complex conjugate of the complex number, as well as
the argument. To find the modulus of a complex number, use the Abs function.
Mode 3: STAT
Statistics mode allows to input data in multiple forms and will give you the procedures required to
calculate many values from the data sets (eg. standard deviation).
You can enter data with only one variable or two. After entering data, it is possible to carry out several
different functions including variance and regulation calculations (which can be useful for A-level
maths).
Mode 5: EQN
This is possibly the most useful of the fx-991ES's 'extra' modes. You can use it to solve simultaneous
equations of two or three variables, quadratics in the form , and cubics in the
form .
Upon entering equation mode, you will be presented with the following options:
1:
2:
3:
4:
Simultaneous Equations
Options 1 and 2 are the simultaneous equation modes. Select option 1 if you have two unknown
variables, or option 2 if you have three. Here I'll deal with two unknowns - the procedure for three is
exactly the same. I'll use the simultaneous equations obtained from the solution to the following
question:
"A man buys 3 fish and 2 portions of chips for £2.80 A woman buys 1 fish and 4 portions chips for
£2.60 How much are the fish and how much are the chips?"
where x is the price of 1 fish, and y is the price of 1 chip. The more mathematically able among you
may already have seen that a fish costs £0.60, and a chip costs £0.50.
Upon selecting option 1, you'll be faced with a 3*2 matrix - the columns of which are labelled a, b,
Enter equation 1's x coefficient, then press [=]. Do the same for the y coefficient and the constant on
the RHS. Press [=] again, and do the same for equation 2. Pressing [=] again will show you first the
solution for x, and another press shows the solution for y. So the keypresses are:
[3][=][2][=][2][.][8][=][1][=][4][=][2][.][6][=][=]
option 4 if you have a cubic equation. Note that they will provide you with all roots, both real and
complex. Here I'll be dealing with a quadratic, , the roots of which are x = 1
and x = 0.5.
Enter the coefficients of x^2, x, and 1 in exactly the same way as has been outlined for simultaneous
equations. Press [=] again and you will be shown the two roots of the equation, and . In the
Mode 6: MATRIX
Adding Matrices
To solve that press mode,6,1,1* and then enter values for your first matrix, then press on, then
shift,4,2,2,1* then enter values again for your second matrix, then on again then press shift 4,3 then
*for 3x3
Scalar Multiplication
To do a scalar multiple of a matrix press mode 6,1,4* then enter your values of your matrix, then on,
then press the number your multiplying by and then times, then press shift 4,3 and then equals
*for 2x3
Matrix multiplication
=
To multiply the above example press mode,6,1,4* and then enter values, then press on, then
shift,4,2,2,2** then enter values again then on again then press shift 4,3 then press times, then press
Transpose Matrix
To transpose a matrix press mode 6,1,2* then enter your values and press on, press shift 4,8 then
*for 3x2
Inverse of Matrix
To find the inverse press mode 6,1,5* then enter your values and press on, then press shift 4,3, then
*for 2x2
Mode 7: TABLE
The table mode allows the generation of a table of numbers based on a function of X. This is a quick
method of calculating several values for a function of X, as well as helping sketch graphs. Upon
entering table mode, you'll be prompted to enter a function of X. Enter the value of X at which the
table should begin, end, and the difference between each value and the table will be generated.
Mode 8: VECTOR
Throughout this section, I'll be using two 3D vectors, VctA and VctB -
and respectively.
This mode allows you to perform calculations on 3D and 2D vectors - up to three at a time. Upon
selecting vector mode, you'll be prompted to choose a vector memory slot to enter (VctA, VctB, or
VctC). After choosing which memory slot you're going to use, you will be prompted to choose the
dimensions of the vector (either 2 or 3). Now enter the values of your vector. Rather than using one
column and three rows to indicate i, j and k, the fx-991ES uses one row and three columns. Enter
the i value (in the leftmost box), then press [=], which will prompt the calculator to scroll to the
centre box, in which you enter the j value. Press [=] again, and it'll scroll to the right-hand box, in
which you enter the k value. Press AC, and you'll return to a blank screen.
To enter data for another vector, press SHIFT/5 (VECTOR) (which we'll now call 'Vector Options') and
choose option 2 (Data). This will return you to the screen you were presented with when you first
entered vector mode. Proceed from there as before, choosing a different memory slot.
Adding Vectors
We are going to add together vectors A and B. So we should be looking for an answer
of . At a blank screen (AC), go into Vector Options and choose VctA (option
3). This will cause "VctA" to show up on the main screen. Now press [+]. Go into Vector Options
again, and choose VctB (option 4). Press [=]. This will take you to VctAns (a fourth memory slot,
product of vectors.
Select vector A, re-enter Vector Options, select Dot (option 7), go into Vector Options one more time
and select vector B. Press [=]. You should see the following:
In contrast to convention the dot product has higher precedence than the vector product so you will
Magnitude
Press SHIFT/hyp (Abs), go into Vector Options, choose your vector, and press [=].
Unit Conversion
The Casio fx-991ES can convert between different units of measurement, by first inputting the value
to be converted, then pressing Shift and 8. A full list of conversions is given on the case of the
calculator.
Scientific Constants
By pressing Shift then 7 in any mode except Base-N, it is possible to recall one of 40 constants stored
on the calculator by inputting a number from 01 to 40. Although none are necessary for A level exams
(they'll be given to you), the following may be helpful (though be aware that examinations may expect
01 - Mass of proton
02 - Mass of neutron
03 - Mass of electron
06 - Planck's constant
24 - Avogadro's constant
28 - Speed of light
39 - Gravitational Constant
40 - Atmospheric pressure