Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology

Riny Septiani (4517111034) & Nur Azizah Pratiwi (4517111042)

Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Bosowa

2017/2018
Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 1: Investigating the Refractory Period of
Cardiac Muscle Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following?

You correctly answered: c. autorhythmicity
2. Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and
potassium channels are closed, is
called the
You correctly answered: a. plateau phase.
3. Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential?
You correctly answered: b. The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle
action potential.
4. The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the
frog heart has. You correctly answered: c. a single, fused ventricle.

Experiment Results

Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: When you increase the frequency of the stimulation, what do you think will
happen to the amplitude
(height) of the ventricular systole wave?
Your answer : c. The amplitude will not change.

Predict Question 2: If you deliver multiple stimuli (20 stimuli per second) to the heart, what do
you think will happen?
Your answer : d. neither wave summation nor tetanus

Stop & Think Questions:

1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope.
Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in
the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 61 beats/min
Which of the following statements about the contractile activity is true?
You correctly answered: a. The smaller waves represent the contraction of the atria.
During which portion of the cardiac muscle contraction is it possible to induce an
extrasystole?
You correctly answered: d. during relaxation
Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The amplitude of the ventricular systole did not change with the more frequent
stimulation because
You correctly answered: a. a new contraction could not begin until the relaxation phase
2. Which of the following do you think contribute to the inability of cardiac muscle to be
tetanized?
You correctly answered: a. the long refractory period of the cardiac action potential
3. Given the function of the heart, why is it important that cardiac muscle cannot reach
tetanus?
You correctly answered: b. The ventricles must contract and relax fully with each beat to
pump blood.
4. An extrasystole corresponds to
You correctly answered: c. an extra ventricular contraction.

Review Sheet Results

1. Explain why the larger waves seen on the oscilloscope represent the ventricular
contraction.
Your answer:
Because ventricle contraction is strengther than atrial contraction.
2. Explain why the amplitude of the wave did not change when you increased the frequency
of the stimulation. (Hint: relate
your response to the refractory period of the cardiac action potential.) How well did the
results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Amplitude did not change because of the cardiacs long refractory period, as predicted.
3. Why is it only possible to induce an extrasystole during relaxation?
Your answer:
The extrasystole can not occur until relaxation and so we could not achieve wave
summation tetanus.
4. Explain why wave summation and tetanus are not possible in cardiac muscle tissue. How
well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
Cardiac cells have longer twitches than any other muscle cells. As I correctly predicted
the cardiac muscle tissue did not
show neither wave summation nor tetanus.
Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 2: Examining the Effect of Vagus Nerve
Stimulation Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart is to

You correctly answered: a. decrease the heart rate.
2. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that dominates during exercise is
You correctly answered: b. the sympathetic branch.
3. Parasympathetic stimulation reaches the heart through
You correctly answered: d. vagus nerves, which are cranial nerves.
4. The usual pacemaker of the heart
You correctly answered: c. is the sinoatrial node.

Predict Question:
Predict Question: What do you think will happen if you apply multiple stimuli to the heart by
indirectly stimulating the vagus
nerve?
Your answer : c. The heart rate will decrease and the heart will stop.

Stop & Think Questions:

1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope.
Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in
the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 59 beats/min
The vagus nerve carries
You correctly answered: a. signals that decrease the heart rate.
2. Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in
the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 59 beats/min
The response that resumed the heartbeat after the vagus nerve stimulation is called
You correctly answered: b. vagal escape.
 Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Extreme vagus nerve stimulation affects the heart by

You correctly answered: a. stopping the heart completely.
2. Vagal escape probably involves
You correctly answered: c. sympathetic reflexes.
3. Research shows that, in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node
generates action potentials at a
frequency of approximately 100 times per minute. However, the resting heart rate is
approximately 70 beats per minute,
which suggests that
You correctly answered: b. the parasympathetic nervous system has more control over
heart rate.
4. The SA (sinoatrial) node in the human heart is located
You correctly answered: c. in the right atrium

Review Sheet Results

1. Explain the effect that extreme vagus nerve stimulation had on the heart. How well did
the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
The heart rate surely decreased and after all the heart stopped as I predicted.
2. Explain two ways that the heart can overcome excessive vagal stimulation.
Your answer:
First, Sympathetic reflexes. Second, initiation of a rhythm by the Purkinje Fibers
3. Describe how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to
regulate heart rate.
Your answer:
The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and parasympathetic decreases heart
rate.
4. What do you think would happen to the heart rate if the vagus nerve was cut?
Your answer:
Then the heart rate would increase, then back to 100 BPM.
Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Temperature on
Heart Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Organisms that usually maintain the same internal body temperature in spite of
environmental temperature changes are
You correctly answered: c. homeothermic.
2. The general name for the process that maintains the internal body temperature in humans
is
You correctly answered: a. homeostasis.
3. The electrolytes in a Ringer's solution are required to
You correctly answered: b. provide for autorhythmicity.
4. An internal body temperature that is above the normal range is
You correctly answered: b. hyperthermic.

Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What effect will decreasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution have on
the heart rate of the frog?
Your answer : b. decrease in heart rate
Predict Question 2: What effect will increasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution have on
the heart rate of the frog?
Your answer : c. increase in heart rate
Stop & Think Questions:
What effect do you think a fever of 104°F would have on heart rate?
You correctly answered: c. increase in heart rate

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. In the 5°C Ringer’s solution, the frog heart

You correctly answered: c. beat slower than baseline.
2. In the 32°C Ringer’s solution, the frog heart
You correctly answered: b. beat faster than baseline.
3. If the human heart were experiencing hypothermia, what do you think would be the effect
on heart rate?
You correctly answered: c. a decrease in heart rate
4. Without the Ringer's solution
You correctly answered: d. spontaneous cardiac action potentials would not occur.

Review Sheet Results

1. Explain the effect that decreasing the temperature had on the frog heart. How do you
think the human heart would
respond? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
 Your answer:
When the temperature get colder, the heart rate get slower as prediction. Also same in
human case.
2. Describe why Ringer's solution is required to maintain heart contractions.
Your answer:
To beat, heart need some electrolytes. Ringer's solution provide that matters.
3. Explain the effect that increasing the temperature had on the frog heart. How do you
think the human heart would
respond? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
The hotter the temperature the faster the heart rate in case of the frog as predicted. Same
in the case of human.
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ to affect heart rate.

You correctly answered: d. acetylcholine
2. A cholinergic drug that worked the same as acetylcholine would
You correctly answered: c. be an agonist and decrease heart rate.
3. Norepinephrine affects the heart rate by
You correctly answered: a. increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the
frequency of action potentials.
4. The __________ receptor binds norepinephrine and epinephrine.
You correctly answered: b. ß-1 adrenergic

Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: Pilocarpine is a cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine agonist. Predict the effect
that pilocarpine will have
on heart rate.
Your answer : b. Pilocarpine will decrease heart rate.

Predict Question 2: Atropine is another cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine antagonist. Predict the
effect that atropine will
have on heart rate.
Your answer : a. Atropine will increase heart rate.

Stop & Think Questions:

Which of the following is true of epinephrine?
You correctly answered: c. It increases the heart rate and mimics the sympathetic nervous
system.
The final chemical modifier we will look at is digitalis (also known as digoxin and digitoxin and
derived from the foxglove
plant). Individuals with weakened hearts need to allow maximum time for venous return and
increased stroke volume and
would therefore most likely benefit from
You correctly answered: c. increased force of contraction and decreased heart rate

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
 1. Pilocarpine decreased the heart rate. Typical of cholinergic agonists, it
You correctly answered: b. decreased the frequency of action potentials.
2. The effect of atropine was to
You correctly answered: c. mimic the sympathetic nervous system.
3. The modifiers tested that decrease the heart rate were
You correctly answered: c. digitalis and pilocarpine.
4. To increase the heart rate, the best choices would be
You correctly answered: b. epinephrine and atropine.

Review Sheet Results

1. Describe the effect that pilocarpine had on the heart and why it had this effect. How well
did the results compare with
your prediction?
Your answer:
Pilocarpine decreased heart rate, 60 to 46 as predicted.
2. Atropine is an acetylcholine antagonist. Does atropine inhibit or enhance the effects of
acetylcholine? Describe your
results and how they correlate with how the drug works. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Atropine increased heart rate, 60 to 70 as predicted.
3. Describe the benefits of administering digitalis.
Your answer:
Administering digitalis helps, inhibits or imitates the action of acetycholine. So it can be
used to contol body.
4. Distinguish between cholinergic and adrenergic chemical modifiers. Include examples of
each in your discussion.
Your answer:
cholinergic inhibits, mimics or enhances the action of acetycholine. It includes
Pilocarpine and digitalis. And adrenergic
inhibits, mimics, or enhances the action of epinephrine. It includes atropine.

Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 5: Examining the Effects of Various Ions on

Heart Rate Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which organelle in the cardiac muscle cell stores calcium?

You correctly answered: b. sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Verapamil is a calcium-channel blocker. Its effects could be described as
You correctly answered: d. negative chronotropic and negative inotropic.
3. When the cardiac muscle cell is at rest, where is most of the potassium found?
You correctly answered: c. in the cytosol
4. Resting cardiac muscle cells are most permeable to
You correctly answered: b. potassium.

Experiment Results

Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: Because calcium-channel blockers are negative chronotropic and negative
inotropic, what effect do you
think increasing the concentration of calcium will have on heart rate?
Your answer : a. positive chronotropic, positive inotropic

Predict Question 2: Excess potassium outside of the cardiac cell decreases the resting potential of
the plasma membrane,
thus decreasing the force of contraction. What effect (if any) do you think it will initially have on
heart rate?
Your answer : b. decrease heart rate

Stop & Think Questions:

Where in the cardiac muscle cell is most of the sodium normally found?
You correctly answered: a. outside of the cell

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The addition of most of the ions resulted in

You correctly answered: c. an erratic heart rate.
2. The effect of potassium on the heart is
You correctly answered: b. negative chronotropic, negative inotropic.
3. The ion that had the most pronounced effect on heart rate was
You correctly answered: c. potassium.
4. Ectopic pacemakers can be caused by excessive leakage of potassium into cardiac cells,
resulting in pacemakers
appearing in abnormal locations in the heart muscle. This hyperkalemia (excess
potassium) decreases the resting potential
of the cardiac muscle cell. What effect do you think this would have on the force of
contraction?
You correctly answered: d. decrease, negative inotropic
Review Sheet Results

1. Describe the effect that increasing the calcium ions had on the heart in this activity. How
well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
Because of increasing heart rate and contraction pressure, blood goes faster as predicted.
2. Describe the effect that increasing the potassium ions initially had on the heart in this
activity. Relate this to the resting
membrane potential of the cardiac muscle cell. How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Your answer:
High potassium ions decreases the resting potential and decreases the pressure of
contraction as predicted.
3. Describe how calcium channel blockers are used to treat patients and why?
Your answer:
In all path of action potential,they block the movement of calcium through the channels.
Decreased calcium causes
decreased peripheral resistance, decreased heart rate and decreased pressure of
contraction.