Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of plant viruses
P.N. Sharma
Department of Plant Pathology,
CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.)
Plant Viruses
Protein( Capsid)
Capsomere
Nucleic acids
RNA DNA
+ve strand RNA ssDNA
-ve strand RNA
dsDNA
ssRNA
dsRNA
Viral Composition
Proteins
60-95% of the virion
Repeating subunits, identical for each virus type but
varies from virus to virus and even from strain to
strain
TMV subunits - 158 amino acids with a mass of 17,600
Daltons (17.6 kDa, kd or K)
TYMV – 20,600 Dalton protein
Nucleic acid is 5-40% of the virion
Spherical viruses: 20-40%
Helical viruses: 5-6%
Viral Composition
In 1956 proposed:
Amount of the virus nucleic acid was
insufficient to code for more than a few
proteins of limited size
Therefore the protein shell must be of identical
subunits
Subunits had to be arranged to provide
each with an identical environment, i.e.,
symmetrical packing
Virus Architecture
E.M.
Metal shadow preparations: using heavy
metals, it enhances the contrast of particles
Freeze drying: useful about surface details
particularly with lipid protein bilayer
mambranes (Large viruses)
Negative staining: the use of electron dense
stains is more important than heavy metals
shadowing for morphological details.
Such stains may be +ve or –ve
Fine structures determination
Positive stains
React chemically with and are bound to virus
surface e.g. various Osmium, lead and uranyl
compounds and phosphotungustic acid (PTA) are
used under appropriate conditions. However, the
chemical reaction may alter or disintegrate the virus
so –ve stains are more important
Negative stains:
They do not react with the virus but penetrate
available spaces on the surfaces or with in virus
particle e.g. Uranylacetate or Potassium
phosphotungstate (KPT) are used near pH 5.0
Fine structures determination
Thin sections
Cryo EM
X-ray crystallography analysis
Neutron small angle scattering:
neutron scattering by virus solution is a method by which
low resolution information can be obtained about
structure of virus. E.g. important for radii of isometric
particles
Mass spectrography
Serological method's
Gel diffusion
ELISA
ISEM
Methods for studying stabilizing
bonds
The primary structure of viral CP & n/a depends
upon covalent bonds.
Three kinds of interactions are involved in viruses
: These help the CP and n/a
Protein : protein to be held together
Protein : RNA precisely
RNA : RNA
In addition, small molecules e.g. divalent metal
ions (CA2+ in particular) have marked effects on
the stability of some viruses.
These interactions determine
how much the virus is stable
How it might be assembled during virus synthesis
How viral n/a is released following infection of cell
Methods for studying stabilizing bonds
Helix (rod)
e.g., TMV
Cubic (icosahedral)
Helical
Horne, R. W. & Wildy, P.
(1961). Symmetry in virus
architecture. Virology 15,
348–373
Icosahedral arrangement is typical
in virus structure
An icosahedron has 20
triangular (equilateral) faces
(facets), 12 vertices, and a
5:3:2 axes of rotational
symmetry
Isometric viruses
Icosahedron
(sphere) e.g., BMV
Tobacco necrosis virus, 26 nm in diameter
BROME MOSAIC VIRUS