Chapter|5 NORTH HILLS SCHOOL & COLLEGE Page |1

Chapter NO 5

Physical States of Matter

“Questions & Answers”

Q: 1. What is matter? What are the different states of matter?
Ans: Matter: Anything that occupies space and possesses mass is called
Matter.
Physical States of Matter: Matter exist in the following three physical states,
i) Solid, ii) Liquid, iii) Gas.

i) Solid: A solid substance must have a definite shape and volume, e.g. Tree,
table, cup etc.

ii) Liquid: A thing that can flow is the liquid. Liquid have fixed volume but no
fixed shape and adopt the shape of a container in which they are kept, e.g. Water,
milk, petrol etc.

iii) Gas: Gas has neither fixed shape nor fixed volume for example, Air,
oxygen, carbon dioxide etc.
By changing temperature, one state of Matter can be converted into another state.
At low temperature all gases becomes solid. At some intermediate temperature,
they are liquids and at high temperature they change to gaseous state.
Example: When the temperature of water is dropped to 0oC or below, it changes
into ice which is the solid state of water. Similarly when water is heated at 100 oC it
changes into vapors or gaseous state. It should be remembered that particles are
close to each other in solid and liquids but widely separated in gases.

Q: 2. Define Intermolecular forces of attraction. Give its types:

Ans: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction: Those forces of attraction which are
present between the molecules of a substance are called intermolecular forces of
attraction.
Types: There are three types of intermolecular attractive forces which are;
i) Hydrogen bonding.
ii) Dipole-Dipole interaction.
iii) London Dispersion forces.

Q: 3. Define intra-molecular forces of attraction. Give its types:

Ans: Intra-Molecular Forces of Attraction (Intra within or inside): Those
forces of attraction which are present within the atoms of a molecule are called
intra-molecular forces of attraction. Intra-molecular forces are much stronger than
intermolecular forces.
Types: There are three types of intra-molecular forces of attraction as well;
i) Ionic bond.
ii) Covalent bond.
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iii) Co-ordinate Covalent Bond.

Q: 4. What do you know about Vander Waal’s forces?

Ans: Vander Waal’s Forces: These forces were proposed by Johannes Diderick
in Nov 23, 1837. There are three types of Intermolecular forces of attraction such as;
Hydrogen bonding.
ii) Dipole-Dipole Interaction.
iii) London Dispersion forces.
These intermolecular forces are collectively known as Vander Waal’s forces.
These forces are much weaker among the molecules of gases but stronger in the
molecules of liquids and solids.

Q: 5. Define gaseous state of matter. Write the typical properties of gases:

Ans: Gas: The highest kinetic energy state of matter which has a definite mass
but no definite shape and volume is called gas, e.g. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen,
etc. Gaseous state is that state of matter in which the molecules are far away from
each other and very weak inter-molecular forces are present between them.
Typical Properties of Gases: Some of the typical properties of gases are as
follows;

i) Indefinite Shape: Gases do not have any definite shape but takes the shape
of the container.

ii) Indefinite Volume: Gases have an indefinite volume and occupy all available
space.

iii) Pressure: All the gases and their mixtures can exert pressure this pressure
exerted by the gases is due to the collision of the gas particles with one another
which exerts pressure on the walls of the container. Pressure increases with the
increases in temperature.

iv) Compressibility& Expansion: Gases can be compressed by applying

pressure because they have large empty spaces.
v) Mobility: Molecules of gases are in constant motion because of the weak
inter-molecular forces present between them.

vi) Diffusion: We know that gas molecules are constantly moving so they have
the property of mixing with one another. Diffusion is inversely related to the mass of
the gas, Greater the mass of the gas lesser will be the diffusion and vice versa.

vii) Effusion: The escape of the gaseous molecules one by one from the
container through a small hole of the molecular size is called Effusion. This is also
one of the typical property of gases.

viii) Density: Gases have low density because gas molecules possess mostly
empty spaces, which increase its volume. So, the density of the gas is very low as
𝑚
compared to the same amount of a liquid or a solid.(𝐷 = )
𝑣

Q: 6. Define Liquid state of matter? Write its typical properties.

Ans: Liquids: The intermediate kinetic energy state of matter which has a
definite mass and definite volume but no definite shape is called Liquid, e.g. Milk,
Water, Juice Petrol etc.
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Liquid State: In liquid state the inter-molecular forces of attraction are strong
enough as compared to gases which hold the molecules together but are not so
strong to stop the molecular motion, so that liquids flow and attain the shape of the
container.
Typical Properties of Liquids: Some of the typical properties of liquids are
as follows;

i) Volume & Shape: Liquids have no definite shape but have a definite
volume that is why it takes the shape of container it contained.

ii) Motion/Mobility: The molecules of liquids tend to flow or liquid star has
fluidity (flowing property).

iii) Diffusion: Liquids also diffuse and mix with each other.

iv) Evaporation: The spontaneous change of a liquid into gaseous state is known
as evaporation.
A. Evaporation of liquid occurs at all the temperatures in open container.
B. The rate of evaporation depends on the following,
a. Strength of Intermolecular forces.
b. Temperature.
c. Area of liquid.

v) Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted bythe vapor above the liquid at a
given temperature when the rate of evaporation becomes equal to the rate of
condensation is called vapor pressure.

Q: 7. Define solid state of matter. Write typical properties of solid.

Ans: Solid: The lowest kinetic energy state of matter which has definite mass,
shape and volume is called solid, e.g. Sugar, rubber, pen.

Solid State: Solid is a state of matter in which particles are closely packed in fixed
pattern. These are strong forces of attraction present between the molecules, which
hold them together. So, they cannot leave their position.

Typical Properties of Solid: Typical properties of solids are given as under;

i) Volume & Shape: Solids have strong intermolecular forces of attraction. So,
they occupy a fixed shape and have definite volume.

ii) Rigidity: The solids possess the property of rigidity, i.e. they resist the
deforming forces due to hard structure and strong intermolecular forces.
𝑚
iii) Density: (𝐷 = ) As the intermolecular forces in solids are strong, the
𝑣
molecules are close to each other and their mass per unit volume is greater. So,
solids have greater density as compared to liquids and gases.

iv) Melting & Boiling Points: Solids have high boiling and melting points due to
the strong attractive forces between their particles.

v) Diffusion: Solid molecules do not diffuse into one another because there
are no empty spaces available in its structure.

Q: 8. State and explain Boyl’s law.

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Ans: Boyl’s Law:

 Presentation: This law was proposed by Robert Boyle in 1660 A.D.

 Statement: “The volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to

its pressure if the temperate of the gas is kept constant”.

 Mathematically: It is represented as,

1
𝑣 ∝ (𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝑃
1
𝑣 = (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑃
1
𝑣 = (𝑘𝑏 )
𝑃
𝑘𝑏
𝑣 = (𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑃)
𝑃
𝑘
𝑣 × 𝑃 = 𝑏 × 𝑃
𝑃
𝑘 = 𝑃𝑣
Where ‘kb’ is constant of proportionality. It is also be defined as, “For a given
mass of gas the product of pressure and volume remains constant at constant
temperature”.

Explanation: If P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume of a given mass
of a gas and its final pressure and volume are P2& V2 at constant temperature then
we can write Boyle’s law as;
P1V1 = P2V2

 Example No 5.1: A 530 dm3 sample of hydrogen gas was collected in a

container at 8000 mm of the Hg pressure at room temperature. What volume
will the gas occupy at 400 mm of Hg?

 Given Data: Initial volume of hydrogen gas V1 530 dm3. Initial

pressure of hydrogen gas P1 = 800 mm Hg.
Final pressure of hydrogen gas P2 = 400 mm Hg.
Final volume of hydrogen gas V2= ?

 Solution + Formula:
As we know that;
Applying Boyle’s law:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1
= 𝑉2
𝑃2
“Or”
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Putting the values
800 × 530
𝑉2 =
400
𝑉2 = 1060 𝑑𝑚3 (Result).
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Q: 9. State and explain the Charle’s law:

Ans: Presentation: This law was proposed by Jacques Charles 1787 A.D.
Statement: “At constant pressure the volume of a given mass of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature”.

Mathematically: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡;

𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 (𝐴𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝑉 = (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) 𝑇
𝑉 = 𝐾𝑐𝑇 (𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑇)
𝑉 𝐾𝑐 𝑇
=
𝑇 𝑇
“𝑂𝑟”
𝑉
𝐾𝑐 =
𝑇
For a given mass of a gas the initial volume is V1 at the temperature T1 and if the
temperature becomes T2 its final volume becomes V2, the relationship can be
written as;
𝑉1 𝑉
= 2
𝑇1 𝑇2

 Example No. 5.2: If 3dm3 of air is heated from 300k to 400 k at constant
pressure then what is the volume of the gas at higher temperature.

 Given Data:
Initial volume of gas: V1 = 3dm3.
Initial temperature of gas: T1 = 300 k.
Final volume of a gas: V2= ?
Final temperature of gas: T2 = 400 k.

 Solution: As we know that;

𝑉1 𝑉 𝑉
= 2 𝑉2 = 1 × 𝑇2
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1
Putting the values;
3 × 400
𝑉2 =
300
𝑉2 = 4𝑑𝑚3 (Result)

Q: 10. What is vapor pressure? What are the factors which affect vapor
pressure?
Ans: Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted by the vapors above the liquid at a
given temperature when the rate of evaporation becomes equal to the rate of
condensation is called vapor pressure.

Explanation: When a liquid is placed in a closed container, the molecules

with higher kinetic energy leave the liquid and start gathering above its surface or
evaporation occurs. Some of the vapor loses energy and come back into the liquid
this process is called condensation. When the rate of evaporation becomes equal to
the rate of condensation and equilibrium is established.
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In the closed container vapor exert pressure on the liquid.

Unit: Pascal (1Pa = Nm-2 or kgm-1.s-2)

Factors Affecting Vapor Pressure: Vapor pressure can be affected by following

factors;
i) The Nature of Liquid: Vapor pressure depends on the strength of
intermolecular forces. Stronger the force of attraction less would be the vapor
pressure (H2O v.p at 250oC = 24mm Hg)
(Alcohol = 50 mm Hg) (Ether = 53 mm Hg).
ii) Temperature: The vapor pressure increases with increase in
temperature(𝑉. 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇). This is because increase in temperature increases the
kinetic energy of the molecules, which causes increase in vapor pressure and vice
versa.

iii) Intermolecular Attractive Forces: The vapor pressure of a liquid at a

particular temperature depends upon the intermolecular attractive forces. Stronger
the attractive forces less will be the vapor pressure and vice versa. Two methods
are used to measure the vapor pressure of a liquid.
a. Barometric method.
b. Monometric method.

Q: 11. Define boiling point? How it depends on the nature of the liquid?
Ans: Boiling Point: The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.

Explanation: When a liquid is heated the kinetic energy of the liquid

molecules increase and vapors will form, soon a state will reach where the vapor
pressure of the liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure and the liquid will
start boiling. At boiling the kinetic energy of molecules are maximum and further
increases its boiling point rather this heat will be used to increase the vapor.
Example: i) B.P of water = 100oC
ii) B.P of benzene = 80.15oC
iii) B.P of carbon tetrachloride = 76.50oC.

Factors Affecting Boiling Point: Boiling point of a liquid is affected by the

following factors.
i) Nature of Liquids: The B.P depends on the inter-molecular forces present in
the liquid. If the molecular forces are stronger more energy will be required to
break them to change the liquid into the vapor state. So, stronger the intermolecular
forces of attraction, higher will be the boiling point of that liquid and vice versa.
For Example: At 1 atm, boiling points of;
a. H2O = 100 C ii) Ethyl Alcohol = 78.5oC,
o
iii)Ether = 34.5oC.
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The higher B.P of water and alcohol is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.
The low B.P of ether indicates the absence of H-bond.

ii) External Pressure: The boiling point of liquids is directly proportional to the
external pressure. Greater the external pressure higher will be the boiling point.
For Example: Water boils at 100oC in plane areas where as it boils at 98oC at
Murree hills, where the external pressure is lower.

Q: 12. What are the types of Solids? Give examples.

Ans: Types of Solids: Solids are of two types;
I) Crystalline Solids.
II) Amorphous Solids.

I) Crystalline Solids: Crystalline solids are the solids in which particles (ions,
atoms and molecules) are arranged in a regular pattern in three dimensions.
Properties of Crystalline Solids:
i) Pure crystalline solids have sharp melting points.
ii) All crystalline solids have proper geometrical shapes.
iii) Their particles are arranged in three dimensional spaces.
iv) These solids have axes angles and edges.
v) They are also called “True Solids”.
Examples: Sodium Chloride, Naphthalene.

II) Amorphous Solids: Amorphous solids are those solids in which the particles
are not proper arranged in three dimensions.
Properties of Amorphous Solids:
i) They have no sharp melting points.
ii) Their particles are not in three dimensional spaces.
iii) They have no proper geometrical shape.
iv) They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
Examples: Glass, Plastics, Waxes etc.
Q: 13. Define allotropy and transition point. Give examples of allotropic forms of
Carbon.
Ans: A) Allotropy: It is derived from Greek word “Allotropia” which means
“Variety” or “other form”. It can be defined as; “The existence of an element in
more than one crystalline form is called Allotropy”. The different forms are called
“Allotropic forms”.

Examples: i) Sulphur exist in two allotropic forms;a. Rhombic, b. Monoclinic.

ii) Allotropic Forms of Carbon: Crystalline carbon exists in three allotropic forms;
a. Diamond, b) Graphite, c) Bucky Balls.
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B) Transition Point: The temperature at which two allotropic forms are in

equilibrium with each other is called “Transition point” or “Transition
temperature”.
Examples: Sulphur exist in two isotopic forms, which exist I transition point;

Allotropic Forms of Carbon: There are three allotropic forms of Carbon, which
are; i) Diamond, ii) Graphite, iii) Bucky Balls.

1) Diamond:
Occurrence: It is the purest form of carbon and occurs in India, Brazil,
U.S.A and South Africa.

Structure: Diamond exist in cubic form in which each carbon atom is

tetrahedrally bonded by four covalent bonds with four other carbon atoms. Since
covalent bond is too much strong.

Properties:
i. Diamond is a colorless and transparent crystalline substance.
ii. It is the hardest substance known, density being 3.53 g/cm3.
iii. It is bad conductor of heat and electricity.
iv. It has high boiling and melting points.

Uses of Diamond:
i. It is used as a gem (jewelry).
ii. It is also used for cutting glass.
iii. It is used for boring and drilling purpose.

2) Graphite: It is also called “plumage” or “black lead”.

Occurrence:
i. It is found in Italy, U.S.A, Siberia and Srilanka.
ii. It is also prepared artificially at Acheson work, Niagara.
iii. Low quality graphite has also been found in Pakistan.

Structure: In graphite carbon atoms are arranged hexagonally in the form of

sheets. These sheets are linked by weak attractive forces, these sheets slide over
each other.

Properties:
i. Graphite is a soft grey substance.
ii. Its density is 2.2 g/cm3.
iii. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
iv. It is soapy to touch and leave marks.

Uses of Graphite:
i. It is used in electrotyping.
ii. It is used as lubricant for heavy machinery.
iii. It is good conductor used as electrodes.
(Anode).
iv. It is used in the manufacturing of pencils.

3) Bucky Balls:
i. It is the third allotropic form of carbon.
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ii. It was discovered in 1995.

iii. One molecule contain between 40-100 carbon atoms.
iv. The atoms are arranged in such a way to form a hollow cage like structure.
v. The carbon atoms are joined together making a pentagon and hexagon
structures.
vi. These carbon atoms after linking with each other assume the shape like a
football.
vii. The simpler formula for one molecules of Bucky ball is C60, i.e. its
molecules contain 60 carbon atoms.

Uses of Bucky Balls:

i. It is used as semiconductor, super conductor.
ii. It is used as lubricant.

Q: 14. State and explain diffusion in gases. How diffusion differ from effusion?
Ans: Diffusion: The spontaneous mixing of the molecules of one fluid with
another at a given temperature and pressure is called diffusion.

Explanation: When the substances like gases and liquids are released, their
molecules travel in between the molecules of media. Diffusion is inversely related
to the mass of the gas. Greater the mass of the gas lesser will be the diffusion.
Example: Invert a jar containing red brown colored bromine vapors over a jar of
air. The red brown color spread inside the jar of air and diffuse with each other.

Rate of Diffusion: Number of molecules which spread in per unit time from
higher concentration to lower concentration is called rate of diffusion. The rate of
diffusion of gases varies from gas to gas depend on their masses.

Differences b/w Diffusion and Effusion: The process of intermixing of two or

more gases spontaneously with random collision and motion is called diffusion.

Effusion: The escape of gaseous molecules one by one from the container
through a small hole of the molecular size without collision is called Effusion.

Q: 15. What is the difference b/w evaporation and boiling?

Ans: Differences b/w evaporation & Boiling: Following are the
differences b/w boiling and evaporation.
i) Evaporation is a process in which the i) Boiling is a process in which liquid
liquid gets converted into its gaseous gets converted into gaseous state on
form at any temperature below its B.P. B.P.
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ii) Evaporation takes place at any

temperature.
iii) Evaporation is surface phenomenon.
iv) Evaporation is a slow process.
v) It is an exothermic process.
vi) The rate of evaporation depends on
surface are.
ii) Boiling process has a fix temperature.
iii) Boiling is bulk phenomenon.
iv) Boiling is a rapid or fast process.
v) It is an endothermic process.
vi) The rate of boiling depends on the
amount of heat.

“Exercise”
Q: 9. i) A pleasant smell of rose is felt when a person passes by a rose garden.
Why?
Ans: Reason/Explanation: It is the property of gases to escape from higher
concentration to lower concentration. As in rose garden fragrance is in high
concentration it moves outside the garden due to diffusion and one can feel it
which passes near the garden.

ii) It is easier to compress air than water. Why?

Ans: Reason/Explanation: In case of gases (air) the distance b/w the gas
molecules is large and as a result the intermolecular attractive forces are extremely
weak and the gaseous molecules move freely from place to place and can be
compressed by applying pressure because they have large empty spaces b/w the
molecules. On the other hand while in liquid (H2O) the intermolecular forces of
attraction are strong enough which hold the molecules together less space is
present among the molecules of liquid as compare to gases (H2O). Therefore it is
easier to compress air than water.

iii) Why liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape?

Ans: Reason/Explanation: It is the property of a liquid which have no definite
shape but have definite volume. Because in liquids weak intermolecular forces of
attraction are present. Therefore the molecules of liquids can slide over each other due
to which liquids adopt the shape of the container or liquids have no definite shape.

iv) Why it takes long time to cook at high altitudes?

Ans: Reason/Explanation: The boiling points of the liquids depend upon the
atmospheric pressure greater the atmospheric pressure more will be the boiling
point of the liquid. At higher altitudes the atmospheric pressure is readily reduced
and hence the boiling point of liquids also decreased.
Example: At Murree hills, water boils at 98oC so due to the low boiling point at
higher altitude it will take much longer time for cooking.
v) Diamond and Graphite are the two allotropic forms of carbon but diamond is
hard & graphite is soft. Why?
Ans: Reason/Explanation: Consider the structure of diamond and graphite. In
diamond each carbon atom is tetrahedrally bonded with four other carbon atoms,
giving an interlocked structure. Atoms occupy fixed positions. This make difficult
for atoms to slide over each other. While in graphite each carbon atom is
covalently bonded with three carbon atoms and makes hexagon structure. These
hexagons make sheets which are held together by weak Vander Waal’s forces
which slide over each other. Therefore, diamond is hard and graphite is soft.

vi) A gas can be compressed but a solid cannot or is incompressible. Why?

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Ans: Reason/Explanation: According to kinetic molecular theory (K.M.T) the

molecules of gases are away from each other. There are empty spaces present
between these molecules and negligible forces of attraction are present due to
which gases can be applied pressure. On other had; solid molecules are much
closer to each other and have high intermolecular attractive forces, results no
empty spaces in between solid molecules and have compact structure due to which
solids are incompressible.

vii) Hydrogen gas diffuses faster than any other gas. Why?
Ans: Reason/Explanation: According to Graham’s law of diffusion, gases
having heavy molecules diffuse slowly than the gases having lighter molecules.
Mathematically:
𝑟1 𝑚2
=√
𝑟2 𝑚1
The rate of diffusion of gases varies from gas to gas, depending ontheir
masses. As we know that hydrogen is the lightest gas having mass 1.008 a.m.u. So,
it diffuses faster than any other gas.

viii) In a hot summer day when there is sweat on the body of a person; one
feels cool under fast moving fan. Why?
Ans: Reason/Explanation: On a hot summer day our whole body is covered
with sweat and the sweat mainly consist of water and salt. The water molecules of
sweat on our skin usually absorb heat from our body and when these molecules of
water evaporate due to air produced by a fast moving fan, the average kinetic
energy of remaining molecules decreases and our body temperature decreases and
hence we feel cool under fast moving fan on hot summer day.

“Exercise Numerical”
1. A sample of a gas at room temperature occupies 0.80 dm 3 at 1.5 atm. What
will be its volume when the pressure of the gas is raised to 2.1 atm?
Ans: Given Data:
Initial volume of gas: V1 = 0.80 dm3
Initial pressure on gas: P1 = 1.5 atm
Final volume of gas: V2= ?
Final pressure on gas: P2 = 2.1 atm.

Solution:
Applying Boyle’s law;
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Putting the values;
1.5 × 0.80
𝑉2 =
2.1
𝑉2 = 0.57 𝑎𝑡𝑚. (Result)

2. A 1.54 dm3 cylinder in chemistry laboratory contain oxygen gas at 21oC. The
air conditioning in the lab breaks down and the temperature rise to 31oC. What
will be the volume of the oxygen gas in the cylinder now?
Ans: Given Data:
Initial volume of oxygen: V1 = 1.54 dm3
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Initial temperature of oxygen: T1 = 21oC

Final temperature of oxygen: T2 = 31oC
Final volume of oxygen: V2= ?

Solution: According to Charle’s law;

𝑉1 𝑉
= 2 ‘or’
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑉1
𝑉2 = × 𝑇2
𝑇1
Putting the values;
1.54 × 31
𝑉2 =
21
𝑉2 =2.273 dm3.