PHYSICS NOTES Badshah Zoodin 1234 For CLASS - Docx New (Repaired)

CHAPTER NO: 1 1 PHYSICS NOTE FOR CLASS 9
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & MEASUREMENT

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBAL ACADEMY
‫سسٹم‬ ‫سکول‬
According To
‫آکسفورڈ‬
Physics Notes
‫دی‬
For Class 9
New Syllabus 2013
Written By: Badshah zo ddin (Mahsood)

B.Sc Physical Science
Peshawar University
Mob: 0307 – 5980935
Face Book ID:
Badshahzoddin@Yahoo.Com
EIDGHAH ROAD MADINA COLONY PESHAWAR

2
CHAPTER NO: 1 PHYSICS NOTE FOR CLASS 9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

EIDGAH ROAD MADINA COLONY Charssadda road Peshawar
3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q NO: 1 How would you define physics? Describe the main braches of physics.
ANS: Physics is the branch of science which deals with the properties of
matter, energy and their mutual relationship.
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:
1) MECHANICS:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of motion of
material objects ( ‫ ) مادی اجسام‬under the action of forces known as
mechanics.
2) HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS:
It is an important branch of physics and also a form of energy. In this
branch we study how heat energy is transferred from one place to
another by conduction, convection and radiation and it also deals with
the transformation of heat energy into other forms of energy.
3) OPTICS:
Optics is the scientific study of sight and of light. It deals light as a
form of energy. Its different properties like reflection, (‫ )انعکاس‬refraction,
(‫ )انعطاف‬dispersion (‫ )انتشار‬etc. some Optical instruments like microscope,
telescope, Camera and different kinds of mirrors are also studied.
4) ELECTRICITY & MEGNETISM:
It is the branch of physics. Which deals with the properties of charges
at rest as well as in motion and effects of electricity is also studied.
5) ATOMIC PHYSICS:
The branch of physics which deals with the structure and properties
of individual atoms.
6) NUCLEAR PHYSICS:
The branch of physics which deal with the structure and properties of
atomic Nuclei of an atom.
7) SOLID STATE PHYSICS:
The branch of physics which deals with the physical properties of
solids is known as solid state physics.
8) ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS:
Besides Protons, Neutrons and electrons, a good number of other
particles have been observed. The study of these particles is called
elementary particle physics.
9) PLASMA PHYSICS:
Plasma is the ionized state of matter, at very high temperature when
its atom loses all the electrons. The study of plasma is called plasma

4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
physics. It is present mostly in sun and stars. Plasma is the fourth state of
matter.
10) QUANTUM PHYSICS:
It is that branch of physics which deals with indivisible units of energy
called quanta as described by Quantum theory. ( A theory based on the
assumption ( ‫ ) مفروضہ‬that in radiation the energy of electrons exists in
units that cannot be divided ).
11) SEMI CONDUCTOR PHYSICS:
The substance whose conductivity is in between conductors and
insulators is called semi conductor. Physics related to semi conductor is
called Semi Conductor Physics.
12) ASTRO PHYASICS:
The study of Heavenly bodies like sun, moon, stars and other planets
and interaction of matter and energy in space is called Astro Physics.
13) GEO PHYSICS:
The study of earth, its structure, atmosphere, earthquakes, earth’s
magnetism and study of weather are studied in geo physics.
14) BIO PHYSICS:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of biology based on
the principles of physics is called bio physics.
Q NO: 2 Mention some applications of physics that have changed the life style of the
modern man. (OR)
What is the importance of physics?
ANS Some important applications of physics:
1) Physics has changed the life style of man with the help of satellite
communication.
2) The man has landed on moon and reached the depth of ocean.
3) It is now very easy to study heavenly bodies with the help of telescope.
4) The invention of microscope has helped a lot to study the tiny particles.
5) The inventions of different heat engines have enabled man to run
vehicles and fly aero planes.
6) Physics has led us to utilize the energy stored in coal and petroleum.
7) In the field of medical science physics has some wonderful inventions
like:
a: Computer tomography. (CT scan)
b: Magnetic Resonance imaging. (MRI)

5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c: Ultrasonic Imaging.
D: Laser Surgery etc.
ADVERSE EFFECTS: (‫)برے اثرات‬

the development of physics has also some adverse (‫ )برے‬effect
on human society. Atomic Bomb, Hydrogen Bomb and other Nuclear
weapons are very dangerous and devastating ()‫ )تباہ کن‬inventions.
Q NO: 3 Explain physical Quantities and its types?
ANS PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:
All those quantities which can be measured easily and by ordinary

method are called physical Quantities.
EXAMPLES:
1) Length of a book can be measured easily.

2) Mass of a box can be measured easily.
3) Duration of our stay at school is also a measurable quantity.
In these examples length, mass and time are physical Quantities.

These quantities are expressed in terms of magnitude.
MAGNITUDE:
The Number together with the unit is called magnitude of a physical
quantity. (Number + unit = magnitude).
EXAMPLE:
Length of meter rod is 100 c.m. In this example 100 is the Numerical
value of length and c.m is the unit of length so 100c.m is the magnitude of
length.
UNIT: The standard with which things are compared is known as unit.
TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

There are two main types of physical Quantities.
1) Basic or Fundamental physical Quantities.

2) Derived physical Quantities.
1. BASIC OR FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL QUANTITITES :
a) DEFINITION:
Basic Quantities are those quantities which are chosen in an
International Conference in 1960, in terms which other quantities can
be expressed.

6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) NUMBER:
They are seven in number.
c) QUANTITIES OBTAINED:
Base physical Quantities are not obtained from derived quantities.
d) EXAMPLES :
1) Length
2) Mass
3) Time
4) Electric Current
5) Temperature
6) Amount of substance
7) Luminous intensity of light
2. DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES :
a) DEFINITION:
The physical quantities which are derived from base physical
quantities are called derived physical quantities.
b) NUMBER:
They are infinite, having no fixed Number.
c) QUANTITIES OBTAINED:
Derived physical quantities are obtained from base quantities by
multiplying or dividing or both.
d) EXAMPLES:
Area, Volume, Speed, Acceleration, Density, Work and Momentum
etc.
Q NO: 4 Distinguish between Base and Derived physical Quantities.

7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS Difference between Base and Derived physical quantities:
BASE PHYSICAL QUANTITIES DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
a) DEFINITION: a) DEFINITION:
Basic Quantities are The physical quantities
those quantities which are which are derived from base
chosen in an International physical quantities are called
Conference in 1960, in terms derived physical quantities.
which other quantities can be b) NUMBER:
expressed. They are infinite, having
b) NUMBER: no fixed Number.
They are seven in c) QUANTITIES OBTAINED:
number. Derived physical
c) QUANTITIES OBTAINED: quantities are obtained from base
Base physical Quantities quantities by multiplying or
are not obtained from derived dividing or both.
quantities. d) EXAMPLES:
d) EXAMPLES : Area, Volume, Speed,
1) Length Acceleration, Density, Work and
2) Mass Momentum etc.
3) Time
4) Electric Current
5) Temperature
Q NO: 5 Name the seven S.I base units of measurement?
ANS
International System of Unit (SI)

S. No Quantity Quantity Symbols Unit name Unit Symbols
1 Length l Meter m
2 Mass m Kilogram Kg
3 Time t Second s
4 Electric Current I Ampere A
5 Temperature T Kelvin K
6 Intensity of light L Candela Cd
7 Amount of substance n Mole Mol
Q NO: 6 Make a table of Derived physical quantities and their units?
AND

8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.No Derived Physical Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol

1 Volume Cubic meter m3
2 Force Newton N
3 Pressure Pascal Pa
4 Velocity Meter per second ms −1
5 Density Kilogram per cubic meter Kgm−3
6 work Joule J
7 Area meter m2
Q NO: 7 write a short note on the International system of Units (SI)?
ANS In 1960, an International Conference was held near Paris in France .In this
Conference it was decided to introduce a system which could be used all over
the world .It was given the name of system International (SI).
In this system seven quantities were chosen as basic. The unit of these
quantities is defined and they are known as Basic Units.

S. No Quantity Quantity Symbols Unit name Unit Symbols
1 Length l Meter m
3 Time t Second s
Q NO: 8 Explain with examples the need for introducing multiples and sub multiples
of the basic Units?
ANS MULTIPLES:
The units which are greater than the basic units are called multiples.
For example the distance between two cities is measured better in
Kilometers rather than meters or centimeters.
SUB-MULTIPLES:
The units which are less than the basic units are called sub multiples.
For example to measure the thickness of a thin wire, we need smaller units
like millimeters rather than meter or Kilometer.
CONCULUSION:

9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We need multiples and sub multiples of the basic unit, because in

some cases .We has to deal with very large or very small quantities.
Q NO: 9 Why we use prefixes of the power of 10. .﴾ ‫﴿ سابقے‬
ANS PREFIXES:
The multiples and sub multiples of difference units are obtained
simply by multiplying or dividing with 10 or powers of 10.
The multiples and sub multiples of base units of length, mass and time are
given. They are given special names and symbols and certain power of 10 to
multiply a quantity.
PREFIXES USED AS MULTIPLES

MULTIPLES PREFIX SYMBOL MULTIPES PREFIX SYMBOL
𝟏𝟎𝟏 deca da 109 Giga G
𝟐 hecto h 12 tera T
𝟏𝟎 10
𝟑 kilo K 15 peta P
𝟏𝟎 10
𝟔 mega M 18 exa E
𝟏𝟎 10
PREFIXES USED AS SUB-MULTIPLES

MULTIPLES PREFIX SYMBOL MULTIPES PREFIX SYMBOL
𝟏𝟎−𝟏 deci d 10−9 nano n
−𝟐 centi c −12 tera P
𝟏𝟎 10
𝟏𝟎− milli m 10−15 peta F
−𝟔 −18
𝟏𝟎 micro µ 10 atto a
EXAMPLE 1.1: The thickness of metal sheet is 0.2 mm. what will be its thickness in meters?
SOLUTION: Given data
Thickness d = 0.2mm
We know that
1m = 1000 mm
0.2
So d = 1000 m
2
d = 10000 m
2
d = 104 m
d = 2 × 10 −4 m
d = 0.0002 m
10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The required thickness in meters.
EXAMPLE 1.2: The Gold smith weighted .The mass of potassium with digital balance as
600 mg. what will be the mass of potassium in Kg?
SOLUTION: Given data:
Mass (m) = 600 mg
We know that
1 gram = 1000 mg & 1 Kg = 1000 gram
Therefore
1 Kg = 1000 × 1000 mg
1 Kg = 1000000 mg
Since the conversion process is from smaller unit to bigger unit.
Therefore we have to divide the quantity

600
So 600 mg = kg
1000000
600 mg = 6 × 10 −4 kg
OR 600 mg = 0.0006 kg (ANS)
Q NO: 10 write a note on Standard form or Scientific Notation?
ANS STANDARD FORM OR SCITIFIC NOTATION:

We can express very large or very small Numbers very easily with the
help of Scientific Notation.
A large or small number (N) can be expressed in term of a Number
(M) and a power of (10) like N = M × 10n
Where ( M ) represents a Number whose first digit is non-zero digit
( n ) represent the power of 10 , which may be position or Negative .
For Examples:
1) Age of a Universe = 5 × 10 17 Sec. ( Time )

2) Thickness of a page in this book = 1 × 10 −4 m ( Length )
3) Radius of the sun = 7 × 10 8 m ( Length )
4) Proton = 2 × 10 −27 kg ( Mass )
5) Electron = 9 × 10 −11 kg ( Mass )

11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMPLE 1.3: Write 26300 kg in standard form?

m = 26300 kg
Now writing in standard form
According to the Rules of standard form:
26300.0 kg = 2.63 × 10 4 kg
the power of 10 is +ive because we moved the decimal four (4) digits towards
left side.
EXAMPLE 1.4: Write 0.00167 m in standard form?

S = 0.00167 m
Now writing in standard form
According to the Rules of standard form:
0.00167 m = 1.67 × 10 −3 m
the power of 10 is –ive because we moved the decimal three (3) digits toward
right side.
Q NO: 11 what is mean by Measuring Instruments? Give the names of measuring

Instruments?
ANS MEASURING INSTRUMENT:

Those Instruments which are used for measuring physical quantities
are called Measuring Instruments.
Physicists used a vast range of Instruments to perform their measurements.
The range from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron
microscope.
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
1) Meter rule
2) Vernier calipers
3) Screw gauge
4) Stop watch
5) Measuring cylinder
Q NO: 12 what is meter rule?

12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS METER RULE:

This instrument is used in laboratory to measure the lengths of
objects or the distance between two points.
When we use this instrument for measuring the length of an object,
we should place our eye vertically above the mark being read.
If our eye is not in the correct position means vertically above the
mark, then there will be error in our measurement called Parallax error.
EXAMPLE:
In the given figure 1.8 cm is the correct reading because the position
of the eye is just above vertically above the mark.
1.5 cm and 2.0 cm are incorrect reading because there is a parallax error in
both the cases due to wrong position of the eye.
To improve accuracy we should take several readings and use the average of
these readings for a better result.
Q NO: 13 Describe the construction and use for measurement of the following
Instruments?
A) Vernier Calipers b) Screw gauge
ANS a) VERNIRE CALIPERS: (Definition)

it is a mechanical instrument invented by Pierre Vernier in 1931. It can
1
measure length accurately up to one tenth of a millimeter ( 10 mm ) or
(0.1 mm).
CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of a rectangular steel bar whose one side is graduated by
centimeter. This scale is known as Main Scale. (M.S)
13
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VENIER SCALE:
A small scale constant of 10 division whose length is 9 mm slide over
the main scale is known as Vernier Scale.
JAWS:
It has two jaws upper and lower jaws which measure the external and
internal diameters of cylindrical objects.
VERNIER CONSTANT (V.C) OR LEAST COUNT (L .C):

Vernier constant or least count is the minimum distance that can be
measured with the help of Vernier calipers. It can be calculated as
Value of smallest division on Main Scale

Least count =
Total Number of division on Vernier Scale
1
Least count = mm
10
Least count = 0.1 mm OR
Least count = 0.01 cm
ZERO ERROR:
When zero of the main scale does not coincide ﴾ ‫﴿ ملنا‬with the zero of
the Vernier scale. This error is called zero error.

14
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zero error
POSITIVE ZERO ERROR:

When the zero of the Vernier scale is behind the zero of the main
scale, such error is called positive zero error.
Positive zero error
NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR:

When zero of the Vernier scale is a head ﴾ ‫ ﴿ آ گے‬the zero of the main
scale such error is called Negative zero error.
Negative zero error

15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZERO CORRECTION:
When there is error, then we find out, with the jaws closed, that
division (n) of the Vernier scale which coincides with any division of the Main
Scale division.
We multiply this number (n) with the least count (L.C). If error is
positive this value is subtracted from the actual reading. If the error is
negative, the value is added to the actual reading.
MEASUREMENT WITH VERNIER CALLIPERS:
1) First we check the zero error of the Vernier calipers.

2) Then we place the object between the jaws of Vernier calipers and tight
them.
3) We note the reading on main scale. Let this reading is represented by
(x).
4) Now we note a division on Vernier scale which coincides with and division
of main scale .We multiply this division of Vernier scale with least count.
Let this reading be (y).
5) Now add (x) and (y), (x + y) which is the measurement of the given object.
6) In case of zero error we add negative error with (x + y) and in case of
positive error we subtract the error from (x + y).
Accurate Measurement = (x + y) + Zero Error.
b) SCREW GAUGE: (Definition)

it is a device which is used to measure the thickness of very small
objects.
CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of a u shaped metal frame. One end of this frame is fitted
with a stud and the other end is fitted with a graduated hollow cylinder.
There is a circular scale around the cylinder. It consists of 100 Division.
There is another scale, linear scale which is graduated in millimeters.
PITCH OF THE SCREW:

It is measured by the distance moved by the circular scale on the main
scale in its one complete rotation.
LEAST COUNT (L.C):

The smallest distance that can be measured by screw gauge is called
its least count.
Pitch of the Screw
Least count =
Number of division on Curcular Scale

16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If the pitch of the screw is 1 mm and the number of division on circular scale
is 100 then:
1
Least count = 100 mm
Least count = 0.01 mm OR

Least count = 0.001 cm.
ZERO ERROR:
If the zero of circular scale does not coincide with the Datum line on
the linear scale, then there is and error, called zero error.
Zero error
TYPES OF ERROR:
There are two types of error known as positive zero error and
Negative zero error.
POSITIVE ZERO ERROR:

If the zero of the circular scale remains behind the horizontal line,
then such error is known as positive zero error.

17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive zero error
NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR:

If the zero of the circular scale remains ahead the horizontal line, then
such error is known as Negative zero error.
Negative zero error
MEASUREMENT WITH SCREW GAUGE:
1) Close the jaws of the screw gauge completely and then find zero error if
present.
2) Place the given wire or metal strip between the jaws and turn the screw
till the wire or metal strip is gently pressed.
3) Note the main scale reading up to complete division.
4) Now check which division of the circular scale coincides with the Datum
line of main scale. Multiply this number with least count.
5) Add this reading to Main Scale.
6) To get the correct measurement apply the zero correction if any.
ZERO CORRECTION:
If there is zero error, then for correct measurement, we add the
negative error or subtract the positive error from the actual reading. Such
measurement is known as zero correction.
Q NO: 14 Discuss the purpose, construction and working of Stop Watch?
ANS STOP WATCH: (Definition)

18
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is an instrument used for measuring specific intervals of time.
CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of two hands.
1) A small minute hand.

2) A long second hand.
3) Scale for each hand is marked on a circular dial.
WORKING:
1) To note the time, both the hands (second and minute) are set at zero, by
pressing and releasing the knob B.
2) A knob (b) is pressed and released again, the watch starts.
3) When we want to stop the watch, the knob (B) is pressed and released
again. The watch stops at once.
4) The new positions of the hands give the time interval for which the watch
was running.
Q NO: 15 Discuss the purpose, construction and working of Measuring Cylinder?

19
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS MEASURING CYLINDER:

It is a device with the help of which we can determine the volume of a
liquid and also volume of irregular solid body.
CONSTRUCTION:
It is made of glass or plastic (transparent). It has a vertical scale which
is graduated in milliliter, (ml) or cubic centimeter ( cm3 ).
WORKING OR MEASUREMENT:
1) Place the base of cylinder on a flat place.

2) Now pour the liquid into the cylinder.
3) Note the volume of liquid from the scale on the side of cylinder.
4) For accurate measurement, the eye should be leveled with the bottom of
the meniscus.
To find the volume of irregular solid body (pebble)﴾ ‫﴿ کنکر‬
PROCESS:
1) First, fill the measuring cylinder with water up to some level as shown.
2) Measure the volume of water in measuring cylinder as (V1).
3) Now pour or place the pebble in measuring cylinder fill with water. The
water level will increase.
4) Measure the combined volume of water and pebble as (V2).
5) Find the volume of pebble by using the formula : V = V2 – V1
Measuring cylinder
Q NO: 16 Define significant figure. How would you identify them?

CHAPTER NO: 1 20 PHYSICS NOTE FOR CLASS 9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS SIGNIFICANT FIGURE: (Definition)
in any measurement, the number of accurately known figures and the
first doubtful figures are known as significant figures.
EXPALANATION:
Suppose we want to measure the length of a rod with the help of
meter rod. Let the length of a rod measured by three persons are 20.72 cm,
20.73 cm, and 20.74 cm.
Now in this case we are agreeing with 20.7 cm. So these digit are
known as accurate digits. But the fourth digit is doubtful .we is confused with
2, 3, and 4. So such digits are called doubtful digits.
So in this example there are four significant figures out of which three
are accurate and the fourth is doubtful.
Q NO: 17 Give the rules of determining the number of significant figures?

ANS RULES:
1) All the non-zero digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9are significant .

For example in 124.79 cm there are five significant figures.
2) The zeros between two non-zero digits are significant.
For example 2007 kg, there are four significant figures.
3) The zeros to the right of decimal symbol and to the left of a none zero
digits are not significant.
For example in 0.00647 m, there are only three (6, 4, 7) significant figures.
4) All zeros to the right of decimal after non-zero digits are significant.
For example in 0.07080 cm and 20.00 mm there are four significant
figures in each.
5) In case of scientific notation, all digits before the power of 10 are
significant.
For example in 1.60 × 10 3 sec there are three (1, 6, 0) significant
figures before power of 10.
6) While in rounding off non significant figures, the following rules should be
followed:
a) If the last digit is less than five (5) then it will be ignored.
For example 93.83 is rounded to 93.8
b) If the last digit is greater than (5) then the last retained digit is
increased by 1.For example9.68 is rounded to 9.7
c) If the last digit is (5) and the last retained digit is even then the last
digit i-e (5) is ignored without affecting the next one
21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d) If the last digit is (5) and the last retained digit is odd, then the 2 nd last
digit is increased by 1.
For example 64.35 are rounded to 64.4.
Q NO: 18 Discuss about various precautions while performing experiments in the

laboratory?
ANS LAB SAFTY:

Following points should be kept in mind while performing
experiments and using laboratory.
1) Do not perform unauthorized experiments. Always obtained your

instructor permission.
2) Make your concept clear before coming to lab. Ask your teacher or
instructor in case of any doubt.
3) Must know how to use different safety equipments which are present in
the lab. Like fire extinguisher safety shower, fire blanket, eye wash and
first aid kit.
4) If there is an accident, injury, or incorrect procedure, report to your
instructor at once.
5) If clothing should catch fire, smother ﴾ ‫ ﴿ بجھانا‬it under a safety shower.
Never run.
6) Always use the dangerous, toxic ﴾ ‫﴿ زھریلے‬, combustible or radioactive
substances under the supervision ﴾ ‫ ﴿ نگران‬of your instructor.
7) If you spill ﴾ ‫﴿ گرجانا‬acid or any chemical, wash it with water at once.
8) Never taste any chemical or draw poisonous materials into a glass tube
with your mouth.
9) Keep the combustible and explosive materials away from the open flames
﴾ ‫ شعلہ‬، ‫﴿ آگ‬.
10) Place broken glass and solid substance into their proper container.
11) Use and check electric equipments carefully before you activate them.
12) Turn off the water, gas and electric circuit carefully when your
investigation is completed.
13) Use or wear safety goggle ﴾ ‫ ﴿ بڑی عینکیں‬while performing experiments.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
22
Q NO: 1 Give some examples of applications of work done by physists.
ANS Some examples of applications of work done by physists are as given below:
1. Ibn-ul-haitham invented Pin Hole Camera and got the image of sun
eclipse. ﴾ ‫ ﴿سورج گرھن‬His most famous book Kitab-ul-Manazir is written
on Optics.
2. Galileo, Galilee an Italian scientist finds the value of gravitational
acceleration. ( g = 9.8 ms −2 )
3. Einstein in 1905, proposed the theory of interconversion of matter and
energy according to equation E = mc 2 .
4. The discovery of electron microscope which used for the internal
structure of atom.
5. The discovery of telescope which help us in the study of heavenly bodies
like (Sun, Moon, Stars, and other planets etc) in space.
6. Dr Abdussalam : ( Pakistani scientist )
He presented Grand Unification Theory (GUT) AND WAS AWARDED Nobel
Prize for this theory in 1979.
Q NO: 2 Name the convenient unit you will use to measure
a) width of a book
b) length of a room
c) diameter of a wire
ANS
a) The convenient units for the measurement of width of a book may be

1 : centimeter (cm ) 2: Inch ( in )
b) The convenient units for the measurement of length of room may be foot
or meters.
c) The convenient units for the measurement of diameter of a wire are
millimeter (m.m).
(OR)
a): Width of a book Centimeters (c.m )

b): length of a room Meters or feet ( m or ft )
c): Diameter of a wire Millimeters ( mm )
Q NO: 3 Name the most convenient unit of mass you will use to measure;
a) Mass of candy
b) Bag of sugar
c) Mass of cricket ball
23
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS
a) Mass of candy Milligrams (mg)

b) Bag of sugar Kilogram (kg)
c) Mass of cricket ball Grams (g)
(OR)
a) Mass of candy is measure in milligrams.

b) Mass of sugar bag is measured in kilograms.
c) Mass of cricket ball measured in grams.
Q NO: 4 Name the seven S.I base units of measurement?
ANS
Quantity Unit
S. # Quantity Unit name
Symbols Symbols
1 Length l Meter m
3 Time t Second s
Q NO: 5 choose the base physical quantities and derived physical quantities from
the following.
Temperature, Volume, Time, Area, Density, Length
ANS

Temperature Volume
Time Area
Length Density
Q NO: 6 Why area is called a derived quantity?
ANS A derived quantity is the combination of various base quantities.

As area is two dimensional derived quantity. Because in case of area
the base quantity (length) occurs twice in the form of
Area = Length × Breadth
A = L × B
24
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A = m × m
A = m2
CONCLUSION:
As, unit of area is derived from base unit (meter) therefore area is a
derived physical quantity.
Q NO: 7 Digital stop watches are more commonly used in physics experiments.
Why?
ANS Digital stop watches are used for accurate measurement as compared to
ordinary or Analogue stop watch.
An Analogue stop watch can measure time with accuracy up to 0.1 sec
while a digital stop watch can measure time with accuracy up to 0.01 sec.
That is why for more accuracy we use digital stop watch as compared to
Analogue stop watch in physics.
Q NO: 8 Give the names and symbols of the prefixes used to represent the following
values;
a. 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 b. 𝟏𝟎 −𝟔 c. 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗 d. 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟐
ANS
Prefixes Names Symbols

𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 milli m
𝟏𝟎 −𝟔 micro µ
𝟏𝟎 −𝟗 nano n
𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟐 pico P
Q NO: 9 How much water in units of liter can fill a water tank of 1 m3 capacity?
Explain.
ANS Data
Volume of water tank = 1m3
Volume of water = 1 m3
Volume of water in liters =?
SOLUTION:
We know that
1 m = 10dm (taking cubes on both sides)
(1 m )3 = ( 10 dm )3
1m3 = 1000 dm3 --------------------------------------- (1)
3
as 1 dm = 1 liter

25
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So 1000 dm3 = 1000 liters ------------------------------ (a)

Equation (a) put in Equation (1)
1 m3 = 1000 liter
so a water tank of 1 m3 can fill water of 1000 liters.
Q NO: 10 Explain the statement, “A micrometer screw gauge measures more

accurately than a Vernier calipers”.
ANS A micrometer screw gauge measures more accurately than Vernier calipers
because;
1) Vernier calipers can be used to measure length accurately up to one-

1
tenth (10 mm) of a millimeter (0.1 mm) while screw gauge is used to
1
measure accurately up to one-hundredth ( 100 mm) of a
millimeter(0.01 mm).
2) The least count of Vernier calipers is 0.1 mm while the least count of
screw gauge is 0.01 mm.
Therefore screw gauge measures more accurately than Vernier
calipers.
Q NO: 11 If the zero of circular scale is above the datum line then explain how we can
correct our reading?
ANS When the zero of circular scale is above the datum line then such error is
called negative zero error.
For example in the given figure there is a Negative zero error of 5 division .So
we will multiply it by least count
I-e 0.01 mm (5 × 0.01 = 0.05 mm) zero correction. As the error is

Negative so it will be added to the final reading.
So correct reading will be
Correct Reading = Final reading + 0.05 mm
this process is called zero correction.
Q NO: 12 How can we find the volume of a small pebble with the help of measuring
cylinder?
ANS To find the volume of irregular solid body (pebble) ﴾ ‫﴿ کنکر‬

PROCESS:
1) First, fill the measuring cylinder with water up to some level as shown.

26
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Measure the volume of water in measuring cylinder as (V1).

3) Now pour or place the pebble in measuring cylinder fill with water. The
water level will increase.
4) Measure the combined volume of water and pebble as (V2).
5) Find the volume of pebble by using the formula : V = V2 – V1
Measuring cylinder
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following branch of physics deals with the internal structure of the
earth?

27
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. Biophysics b. Geophysics c. Plasma Physics d. Atomic Physics

2. The matter of our Sun is in __________ state.
a. Liquid b. Gas c. Solid d. Plasma
3. Which of the following is not a base quantity?
a. Length b. Mass c. Time d. Force
4. Name the SI unit having the symbol cd?
a. Candela b. cm c. Ampere d. Second
5. Which of the following is the SI unit of volume?
a. m3 b. cm3 c. mm3 d. km3
6. The prefix micro means a factor of ______________.
a. 𝟏𝟎 −𝟔 b. 10 −9 c. 10 +6 d. 10 −3
7. How many millimeters are there in 10 cm?
a. 100 mm b. 200 mm c. 50 mm d. 10 mm
8. The symbol of the prefixes used for Mega is _________________.
a. G b. m c. M d. d
9. The diagram shows part of a micrometer screw gauge.
What is the reading shown?

a. 2.29 cm b. 2.31 cm c. 2.5 cm d. 2.39 cm
10. Which of the following is not a derived quantity?
a. Time b. Density c. Volume d. Area
11. When the zero of the Vernier scale remains left to the zero of the main scale, then
the error is said to be ______ zero error.
a. Negative b. Positive c. none d. Both types
12. The least count of Vernier caliper is __________ containing 10 Vernier scale divisions.
a. 0.001 mm b. 0.01 mm c. 0.1 mm d. 0.0001 mm
13. Which of the following is measured by using a measuring cylinder?
a. Mass b. Area c. Volume d. Weight
14. Which of the following is measured using a micrometer?
a. current b. force c. length d. mass
15. The instrument used to measure the internal diameter of a pipe is _________.
a. micrometer b. Vernier caliper c. cylinder d. Balance
16. Which prefix represents a largest value?
a. Mega b. Giga c. Peta d. Exa
17. Which of the following numbers shows one significant digit?
a. 17 b. 6.0 c. 7 d. 1.0 × 10 2
18. Which of the following numbers shows 4 significant digits?
a. 9008 b. 20 c. 517.00 d. 12106
19. Which of the following numbers shows two significant digits?
a. 5001 b. 6 × 102 c. 41.0 d. 0.70
20. Which of the following is the smallest unit?
a. Atto b. Pico c. Nano d. Femto
21. How many cubic centrimetres are there in a liter?
a. 1000 𝐜𝐦 𝟑 b. 100 cm 3 c. 10 cm 3 d. 10,000 cm 3
22. A cube of side 2 cm is placed in a graduated measuring cylinder. 20 m L of water is then

28
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
added and the cube remains at the bottom of the cylinder. What will be the reading on
the measuring cylinder?
a. 22 cm 3 b. 24 cm 3 c. 28 𝐜𝐦 𝟑 d. 30 cm 3 (1 m L = 1 cm 3)
23. The diagram shows part of a micrometer screw gauge.
What is the reading shown?

a. 5.31 mm b. 5.81 mm c. 5.71 mm d. 5.21 mm
24. The diagram shows some liquid in measuring cylinder.
What is the volume of liquid?

a. 84 𝐜𝐦 𝟑 b. 35 cm 3 c. 33 cm 3 d. 36 cm 3 e. 34 cm 3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
Q NO: 1 How would you define physics? Describe the main braches of physics.
ANS See question No: 1 , on page No: 3 .

29
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q NO: 2 Give points to advocate that physics is linked with Biology, Chemistry,
Geography, and Astronomy.
ANS PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY:
1. Physics lead us to great inventions like microscope, electron microscope,

and computer. Tomography (CT scan), Ultrasonic machines, X-rays etc. All
these are helping biology to great extent.
2. Physics has invented concave and convex lenses which are widely used to
correct short and long sightedness.
3. The movement of muscles and bones are studied and followed by the
principles of physics (lever and its types).
4. Physics has helped a lot to understand photosynthesis by describing the
nature of light.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY:
1. Physics is concerned with chemistry (Analytical Chemistry) which is the

study of kinds of atoms, molecules Number of atom s, molecules in
matter.
2. Physics is the base of Industrial chemistry, Heavy machines using laws of
physics are used in industrial chemistry.
3. The principles of Nuclear physics are applied to study the changes
occurring in the nuclei of atom along with emission or absorption of
radiation.
4. Ultrasonic’s are used in industrial chemistry for Quality control.
PYSICS AND GEOGRAPHY:
1. The principles of physics are applied to study the earth, its structure and
atmosphere.
2. Earth magnetism, earthquakes and study of weather is not possible
without applying laws of principles.
3. Barometer, which measures the atmospheric pressure, is the invention of
physics.
4. The ultraviolet radiations are the discovery of physics. Geology has
informed us the effects of these radiations on ozone layer.
PHYSICS AND A STRONOMY:
1. Astronomy is the study of heavenly bodies. The wonderful inventions of

physics have helped a lot to explore the universe.

30
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The invention of reflecting, refracting, telescope satellites, spaceships etc

are used in Astronomy.
3. The Astronomy using different phenomenon’s of physics gives
information about the distance between various planets.
4. It is because of physics that Astronomers predict about the coming Lunar
and Solar eclipse which make the study of Astronomy much interesting.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‫تندی باد مخالف سے نہ گھبر ا اے عقا‬

‫ب‬
‫یہ تو چلتی ہے تجھے اونچا اڑانے‬
‫کے لیے‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q NO: 3 Distinguish between Base and Derived physical Quantities.

31
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a) DEFINITION: a) DEFINITION:
Basic Quantities are those The physical quantities which
quantities which are chosen in an are derived from base physical
International Conference in 1960, quantities are called derived
in terms which other quantities physical quantities.
can be expressed. b) NUMBER:
b) NUMBER: They are infinite, having
They are seven in number. no fixed Number.
c) QUANTITIES OBTAINED: c) QUANTITIES OBTAINED:
Base physical Quantities are Derived physical quantities are
not obtained from derived obtained from base quantities by
quantities. multiplying or dividing or both.
d) EXAMPLES : d) EXAMPLES:
1) Length Area, Volume, Speed,
2) Mass Acceleration, Density, Work and
3) Time Momentum etc.
4) Electric Current
5) Temperature
ANS
Q NO: 4 What is meant by the significant figures of measurement? What are the
main points to be kept in mind while determining the significant figures of
measurement?
ANS SIGNIFICANT FIGURE: (Definition)

in any measurement, the number of accurately known figures and the
first doubtful figures are known as significant figures.
EXPALANATION:
Suppose we want to measure the length of a rod with the help of
meter rod. Let the length of a rod measured by three persons are 20.72 cm,
20.73 cm, and 20.74 cm.
Now in this case we are agree with 20.7 cm. So these digit are known
as accurate digits. But the fourth digit is doubtful .we is confused with 2, 3,
and 4. So such digits are called doubtful digits.
So in this example there are four significant figures out of which three
are accurate and the fourth is doubtful.

32
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERAL POINTS FOR SIGNIFICANT FIRGURES:
1) All the non-zero digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9are significant .

For example in 124.79 cm there are five significant figures.
2) The zeros between two non-zero digits are significant.
For example 2007 kg, there are four significant figures.
3) The zeros to the right of decimal symbol and to the left of a none zero
digits are not significant.
For example in 0.00647 m, there are only three (6, 4, 7) significant figures.
4) All zeros to the right of decimal after non-zero digits are significant.
For example in 0.07080 cm and 20.00 mm there are four significant
figures in each.
5) In case of scientific notation, all digits before the power of 10 are
significant.
For example in 1.60 × 10 3 sec there are three (1, 6, 0) significant
figures before power of 10.
6) While in rounding off non significant figures, the following rules should be
followed:
a) If the last digit is less than five (5) then it will be ignored.
b) If the last digit is greater than (5) then the last retained digit is
increased by 1.For example9.68 is rounded to 9.7
c) If the last digit is (5) and the last retained digit is even then the last
digit i-e (5) is ignored without affecting the next one
d) If the last digit is (5) and the last retained digit is odd, then the 2 nd last
digit is increased by 1.
For example 64.35 are rounded to 64.4.
Q NO: 5 Describe the construction and use for measurement of the following
Instruments?
A) Vernier Calipers b) Screw gauge
ANS See question No: 13 , and page No: 12 .
NUMERICAL
NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS

33
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q NO: 1 Express the following in terms of powers of 10.

a) 7 nanometer b) 96 megawatt c) 2gigabite
d) 43 picofarad e) 2 millimeter.
SOLUTION:
a) 7 nanometer
As 1 nano meter = 10 −9 meter
So 7 nanometer = 7 × 10 −9 meter (ANS)
b) 96 megawatt
As 1 mega watt = 10 6 watt
So 96 megawatt = 96 × 10 6 watt (ANS)
c) 2gigabite
As 1 gigabite = 10 9 bite
So 2gigabite = 2 × 10 9 bite (ANS)
d) 43 picofarad
As 1 picofarad = 10 −12 farad
So 43 picofarad = 43 × 10 −12 farad (ANS)
e) 2 millimeter
As 1 millimeter = 10 −3 meter
So 2 millimeter = 2 × 10 −3 meter (ANS)
Q NO: 2 For each of these values identify the number of significant figures and
rewrite it in the standard scientific notation
a) 706.5 g b) 0.067800 s
ANS

34
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. 706.5 g
Number of significant figures = 4

In Scientific Notation = 706.5 g
In Scientific Notation = 7.065 × 10 −2 g (ANS)
b. 0.067800 s
Number of significant figures = 5

In Scientific Notation = 0.067800 s
In Scientific Notation = 6.78 × 10 −2 s (ANS)
Q NO: 3 Express the following in terms of scientific notation using power of 10.
a) Diameter of HIV = 0.000,0001 m

b) Diameter of the Sun = 1000,000,000 m
ANS
a) Diameter of HIV = 0.000,0001 m

In Scientific Notation = 0.000,0001 m
In Scientific Notation = 1 × 10 −7 m (ANS)
b) Diameter of the Sun = 1000000000 m
In Scientific Notation = 1.000,000,000 m
In Scientific Notation = 1 × 10 9 m (ANS)
‫ہو‬ ‫اس قوم کو شمشیر کی حاجت نہیں رہتی‬

‫جس کے جوانوں کی خودی صورت فوالد‬
Always speak truth should be honest to
everyone.
Never give hurt who care you’re a lot.
Q NO: 4 A beaker contains 200 ml of water ( 1 liter = 1000 cm3 ), what is volume of
water in cm3 and m3?
ANS Given data:

Volume of water in ml =200 ml
Volume of water in cm3 =?

35
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Volume of water in m3 =?
SOLOTION:
We know that
1 ml = 1 cm3
So 200 ml = 200 cm3
Now converting 200 cm3 into m3
As 1 m = 100 cm
1
m= 1 cm
100
1 ml = 1 cm3
1 3
So 200 ml = 200 (100 m)
200
200 ml = m3
100 ×100 ×100
200
200 ml = m3
1000000
2
200 ml = m3
10000
200 ml = 0.0002 m3
(OR)
200 ml = 2 × 10 −4 m3
So 200 ml of water in cm3 = 200 cm3

and 200 ml of water in m3 = 2 × 10 −4 m3
Q NO: 5 An aquarium having dimensions of 0.4 m width, 70 cm length and 3 dm

height is half filled with water, as shown in figure. Find the volume of water
in m3 and cm3
Ans Given data:
Width = w = 0.4 m
Length = L = 70 cm = 70 /100 m= 0.7 m
Height = h = 3 dm = 3 / 10 m = 0.3 m (1 dm = 0.1 m or 1/10 m)

36
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find volume of water in m3 =?

Find volume of water in cm3 =?
SOLUTION:
Find volume of aquarium;

V=lxwxh
V = 0.7 m x 0.4 m x 0.3 m
V = 0.084 m3
as the aquarium is half filled with water so volume of water will be
VOLUME OF WATER IN m3:
0.084
V= m3
2
V = 0.042 m3 (OR) V = 4.2 × 10 −2 m3
NOW CONVERTING 𝟒. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝐦3 into cm3
as 1 m = 100 cm
Now
VOLUME OF WATER IN cm3:

V = 4.2 × 10 −2 × 100 × 100 × 100 cm3
V = 4.2 × 10 −2 × 10 6 cm3
V = 4.2 × 10 −2+6 cm3
V = 4.2 × 10 4 cm3
So
Volume of water in m3 = 4.2 × 10 −2 m3
Volume of water in cm3 = 4.2 × 10 4 cm3
-------------------------------------------- END OF CHAPTER NO: 1-----------------------------------------------
CHAPTER NO: 2
21 KINEMATICS
ISE

37
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A f t e r s t u d y i n g t h i s c h a p t e r t h e s t u d e n t s w i l l b e a b l e t o:
 describe using example how objects can be at rest and in motion simultaneously.
 Identify different types of motion i.e.; translatory, (linear, random, and circular), rotatory and
vibratory motions and distinguish among them.
 differentiate with examples between distance and displacement, speed and velocity.
 differentiate with examples between scalar and vector quantities.
 represent vector quantities by drawing.
 define the term speed, velocity and acceleration.
 plot and interpret distance-time and speed-time graph.
 determine and interpret the slope of distance-time and speed-time graph.
 determine from the shape of the graph thee, state of a body when it is
i. at rest ii. moving with constant speed
iii. moving with variable speed.
calculate the area under speed-time graph to determine the distance travelled by the moving
body.
 solve problems related to uniformly accelerated motion using appropriate equations.
 solve problems related to freely falling bodies using 10 ms–2 as the acceleration due to gravity.
Q NO: 1 Define Kinematics?

38
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS The branch of physics that deals with the study of motion of bodies
without reference to the forces causing the motion is called kinematics.
Newton’s three equations of motion are the examples of kinematics?
Q NO: 2 Define dynamics?
ANS Dynamics is the study of motion of bodies under the action of forces.
Q NO: 3 Define Rest and Motion with Examples?
REST: (Definition)
a body is said to at rest if it does not change its position with
respect to its surroundings.
EXAMPLES:
1. A bus standing at stop.

2. A sleeping boy.
3. A car in garage.
MOTION: (Definition)
a body is said to be in motion if it is changing its position with respect
to its surroundings.
EXAMPES:
1. A flying bird.
2. A moving car.
3. A running boy.
Q NO: 4 what are different types of motion? Explain each by giving examples.
ANS There are three types of motion

1) Translatory motion
2) Rotatory motion
3) Vibratory motion
1) Translatory motion:
When a body is moving in a line, its motion is called translatory
motion .The path may be straight or curved. If the path is straight, it is
called rectilinear motion and if the path is in a curve, then it is called
curvilinear motion.
Examples:
1. A flying bird
2. A moving car on road
3. Motion of body in circle

39
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Motion of aero plane

5. Falling objects
6. Boats etc.
2) Rotatory motion:
When a body moves or rotates such that its distance from the fix
point remains constant.
Examples:
1. Moving blades of fan
2. Wheel of a bicycle and car
3. Motion of clock hands Top Fan
4. Motion of top
5. Motion of electron around the nucleus etc.
3) Vibratory motion:
To and fro motion of an object along same path about mean position
is called vibratory or oscillatory motion.
Examples:
1. Motion of pendulum Pendulum
2. Vibration of plucked sitar string or Motion of wires of sitar
3. Motion of swing
4. Motion of a mass attached to an elastic spring etc.
Q NO: 5 Define and explain Position?
ANS Position: (Definition)

Position is the location of an object relative to some reference point
which is called origin.
There are two methods to represent the position of a body.
1. First method:
In order to describe the location of certain place we often say that
“The place from school is situated at a distance of about 100 m towards
east “i-e we talk about the locations with reference to some fixed point.
Thus if a body is at position (p) then in order to describe its position
we tell its distance (p) from fixed point (o) in the form of straight line as
(o to p ).
P (position of a body)

40
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
O (origin or reference point)
2. Second method:
The position of an object in a coordinate plane:
Coordinate plane: (Definition)
the set of two mutually perpendicular axes (X – axis and Y – axis) is
known as coordinate plane. The points at which the axes are intersect
each other known as origin.
2nd method:
By using perpendicular axis:
This is another method to represent the position by using
perpendicular axis.
By drawing x-y axes by which the position of a point (p) is written as
p( s, y ) where (s) is the perpendicular distance of point (p) from y- axis
and (y) is the perpendicular distance of point (p) from x-axis .
Points (x, y) are called coordinates of point (p).
Y P (x, y)
X’ x
O
Y’
Q NO: 6 Define distance and displacement?
ANS Distance: (Definition)

The length of the actual path followed by a body during its motion is
called distance. The actual path may be straight or curved or zigzag. It is
denoted by (S) and its SI unit is meter (m). It is a scalar quantity.
1. 2. 3.
Straight path Curved path Zigzag path
Displacement: (Definition)
The shortest possible distance between any two points during the
motion of a body is called displacement.
OR

41
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The distance in a straight line directed from one point to another is called
displacement.
Unit: Its unit is meter (m) and it is a vector quantity.
∆x B
Displacement A ∆d
Q NO: 7 Define speed, average speed, variable speed and instantaneous speed?
ANS Speed: (Definition)

it can be defined as “The distance covered by body in unit time.
(OR)
Speed is the rate of change of distance”.
For example: Earth rotating 30,000 meters per second round the sun.
Mathematically:
Distance covered
Speed =
time taken
S
V= (s = distance, t = time)
t
Unit: The unit of speed is m/s orms −1. The common unit of speed is Km/h.
It is a scalar quantity.
Uniform Speed: (Definition)

if a body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, then its speed
is said to be uniform.
Mathematically:
Equal Distance
Uniform Speed =
Equal interval of time
S
V= (s = distance, t = time)
t
Unit: The unit of uniform speed is m/s orms −1 , Km/h or Kmh−1 .
Average Speed: (Definition)

The total distance covered by a body divided by total time is called
average speed.
Mathematically:
Total distance
Average Speed =
Total time

42
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S
<V> = t
Unit: The unit of average speed is m/s or ms −1, Km/h or Kmh−1 .
Variable Speed: (Definition)

if a body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time, then
speed of the body is said to be Variable.
For example: Speed of a car on the busy road.
Instantaneous Speed:(Definition)
it is defined as the speed of body at any instant of time. For
instantaneous speed we take time interval very small such that approach to
zero. ∆t →0
Mathematically:
Distance covered
Instantaneous Speed =
Time taken
∆s
Vins = lim
∆t→0 ∆t
Unit: The unit of Instantaneous speed is m/s orms−1 , Km/h orKmh−1 . & it
is a scalar quantity.
NOTE: The average speed and instantaneous speed become equal when the
body is moving with uniform speed.
EXAMPLE 2.1 Book page 31
A car travel on motor way from Peshawar to Islamabad it covers a distance

of 170 km in 2 hours to reach Islamabad. Find the average speed of the car?
Solution Total time taken = t= 2 h

Distance covered = s= 170 km
Distance covered
Average Speed = < 𝑉 > =
time taken
S
Or <𝑉> =
t
170 km
<V> = = 85 Kmh−1 .
2h
As SI nit for speed is meter per second, therefore, we shall change kilometer
to meters and hours into seconds.

43
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Therefore,
170 ×1000 m 1,70,000 m
<V> = = = 23.611 m/s (ANS)
2×60 ×60 s 7200 s
EXAMPLE2.2 Book page 31
A car travel 40 km at a uniform speed of 60 𝐊𝐦𝐡−𝟏 and the next 80 km at a

uniform speed of 40𝐊𝐦𝐡−𝟏 . Find the average speed of the car?
Solution Distance travel in first stage, S1 = 40 km

Speed in the first stage, V1 = 60 Kmh−1
Time taken in the first stage,
S1 40 km
T1 = = = 0.66 h
V1 60 Kmh−1
Distance travel in second stage, S2 = 80 km

Speed in the second stage, V2 = 40 Kmh−1
Time taken in the second stage,
S2 80km
T2 = = = 2h
V2 40 Kmh−1
Total distance covered = S = S1 + S2

Total distance covered = 40 km + 80 km = 120 km
Total time taken = t = t 1 + t2
Total time taken = 0.66 h + 2 h = 2.66 h
Total distance covered

Average Speed, <V> =
Total time taken
120 km
Average Speed, <V> = = 45.112 Kmh−1
2.66 h
Average Speed, = 45.112 Kmh−1 (ANS)
Q NO: 8 Define velocity, uniform velocity, variable velocity, Average velocity and
instantaneous velocity?
ANS Velocity: (Definition)

the speed of a body in a particular direction is called velocity.
(OR)
The rate of change of displacement is known as velocity.
Mathematically:
S ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗
V =
t

44
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit : Unit of velocity is m/s or ms −1 and it is a vector quantity.
Uniform Velocity: (Definition)

the velocity of a body is said to be uniform. When the speed as well as
the direction of the body do not change with time. A body moving with
uniform velocity has no or zero acceleration.
(OR)
If a body covers equal displacement in equal interval of time is known
as uniform velocity.
Mathematically:
Equal Displacement
Uniform Velocity = Equal interval of time
⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ = S
V
t
Unit: Unit of uniform velocity is m/s or ms−1 and it is a vector quantity.
Variable Velocity: (Definition)

Velocity is variable if a body is changing its speed or direction or both.
Motion of variable velocity is called acceleration motion.
(OR)
If a body covers unequal displacement in equal interval of time, then
the velocity is said to be variable velocity
Unit: Unit of variable velocity is m/s or ms −1 and it is a vector quantity.
Average velocity: (Definition)

Average velocity of a body is defined as “The displacement of a body
from initial to final position divided by the total time.
Mathematically:
Total displacement
Average Velocity, < ⃗⃗⃗
V > = Total time
⃗⃗⃗
S
< ⃗⃗⃗
V > =
t
Unit: Unit of average velocity is m/s or ms −1 and it is a vector quantity.
Instantaneous Velocity: (Definition)

the time rate of change of displacement is called instantaneous
velocity.
For instantaneous velocity we take time interval very small such that
approach to zero i-e ∆t → 0
Mathematically:

45
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⃗⃗⃗
𝐒
⃗⃗⃗
V INS = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 Unit:
∆𝐭 → 𝟎 𝐭
Unit of instantaneous velocity is m/s or ms −1 and it is a vector
quantity.
EXAMPLE 2.3 Book page 33

A runners makes one lap around a 260 m circular track in a time of 30 s.
what the runner’s
A) Average speed =? B) Average velocity =?
Solution Given data:
Distance covered = S = 260 m

Time taken = t = 30 s
using the relation:
A) Average Speed = < V > =?
As we know that
Total distance covered
Average Speed, < V > =
Total time taken
S
<V> = putting values
t
260 m
<V> =
30 s
< V > = 8.66 m/sec (ANS)
B) Average Velocity = < ⃗⃗⃗

𝐕 > =?
We know that
⃗⃗⃗ > = Total displacement

Average Velocity = < V
Total time
⃗⃗⃗
S
< ⃗⃗⃗
V > =
t
Displacement is zero. Because the runner reached at the starting

point. (⃗⃗⃗S = 0m)
0m
Therefore < ⃗⃗⃗
V > = = ⃗⃗⃗
0 ms−1 (ANS)
30 s
Q NO: 9 Define Acceleration, Uniform acceleration, Variable acceleration, linear

acceleration, Positive acceleration, Negative acceleration and
Instantaneous acceleration?

46
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS Acceleration: (Definition)

the rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
Mathematically:
Change in velocity
Acceleration =
Time interval
⃗⃗⃗
∆V
a⃗⃗ =
t
V𝐟 − V𝐢
a⃗⃗ =
t
Unit: The SI unit of acceleration is ms−2 and it is a vector quantity.

There are two types of acceleration:
1) Positive acceleration 2) Negative acceleration
1) Positive acceleration:
If the magnitude of velocity increases with respect to time then
acceleration is called positive acceleration. Positive acceleration is
always in the direction of motion of a body.
Example: A
car starts from rest and its speed increases along a straight line with
respect to time, then the car is said to have positive acceleration.
2) Negative acceleration:
If the magnitude of velocity decreases with respect to time, then
acceleration is called negative acceleration or deceleration or
retardation. Negative acceleration is always in the opposite direction
to the motion of the body.
Example:
If a car is moving with a certain speed and then applies brakes,
then the acceleration is negative.
Uniform acceleration: (Definition)

Acceleration of constant magnitude and changing direction is
called uniform or constant acceleration.
(OR)
If equal change occurs in velocity in equal interval of time , then
the acceleration is said to be uniform acceleration.
Variable acceleration: (Definition)

if unequal change occurs in velocity in equal interval of time, then
the acceleration is said to be variable acceleration.
Linear acceleration; (Definition)

47
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Change in magnitude of velocity in a straight line is called linear

acceleration.
(OR)
The linear acceleration is produced due to change in magnitude of
velocity of the body.
Radial acceleration: (Definition)

the radial acceleration is produced due to changes in direction of
velocity of the body.
Average acceleration: (Definition)

the total change in velocity divided by total time is called average
acceleration.
Mathematically:
⃗⃗⃗
∆V
< a⃗⃗ > =
t
V𝐟 − V𝐢
< a⃗⃗ > =
t
Unit: The SI unit of average acceleration is ms −2 and it is a vector

quantity.
Instantaneous acceleration: (Definition)

Acceleration of a body at any particular instant of time is known as
instantaneous acceleration. It is obtained from average acceleration as ∆t
is made smaller till it approaches to zero.
Mathematically:
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝐕
⃗⃗⃗
𝐚 = = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝐭 → 𝟎 ∆𝐭
Where ∆t is very small instant of time.
Example 2.4 Book page 35:

The velocity of a truck increases in 20 s from 10 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 to 100𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . Fine the
average acceleration of the truck?
Solution Given data

Average acceleration, < a⃗⃗ > =?
Initial velocity, V𝐢 = 10 ms −1
Final velocity, V𝐟 = 100ms −1

48
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time interval, t = 20 s
As we know that
Change in velocity ⃗⃗⃗

∆V V𝐟 − V𝐢
Average acceleration = < a⃗⃗ > = = =
Time interval t t
Now putting the values of V𝐢 , V𝐟 and time interval.

∆V 100ms−1 − 10 ms−1
< a⃗⃗ > = = =
Time interval t 20 s

∆V 90 ms−1
< a⃗⃗ > = = = = 4.5 ms −1 (ANS)
Time interval t 20 s
Q NO: 10 Define scalar and vectors quantity with example?
ANS Scalars Quantities: (Definition)

that physical quantity which is completely described by its magnitude
is called a scalar quantity.
Examples :
Area , Volume , Time , Speed, Density , Work , Distance , Power ,
Temperature , Heat , Current , Charge , Energy etc .
 Scalar quantity is non directional quantity.

 Scalars are added, subtracted, multiplied and divided according to
ordinary arithmetical laws.
For Example:
15 cm3 + 20 cm3 = 35 cm3
10 m − 5 m = 5m
2 km × 5 km = 10 km
20 m3 ÷ 4 m3 = 5 m3
Vectors quantities: (Definition)

Those physical quantities which are completely described by its
magnitude as well as direction are called a vector quantity.
Examples:
Acceleration, Velocity, Force, Displacement, Weight, Momentum etc.
 A vector is denoted by a letter with an arrow head over it, e.g. acceleration is
written and denoted as ( a⃗⃗ ).

49
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q NO: 11 How is a vector represented?

(OR)
What is meant by representation of vector?
ANS A vectors is represented by two methods.

1) Symbolic Representation 2) Graphically Representation
1) Symbolic Representation:
Symbolically a vector is represented by a letter with an arrow head
above or below or with a bold face letters.
The symbolic representation of a vector A is
A
⃗ , → , A. We will use A
A ⃗ in our text.
The magnitude of a vector A⃗ is represented by A modulus i.e. |A
⃗ | or
the symbol of a vector with no arrow e.g. A.
2) Graphical Representation:
A vector is represented graphically by an arrow. The length of the
arrow (according to chosen scale) represents the magnitude and the
direction of arrow indicates the direction of vector.
Example:
Suppose a bus is moving towards east with a velocity of 50Kmh−1.
Step No: 1
To represent the velocity of the bus, we first show different directions
as shown.
Step No: 2 N
−1
Scale : Suppose 10 Kmh = 1 cm
50 Kmh−1 = 5 cm
W E
Step No: 3
O
now we draw the representative line ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB of
5 cm towards east.
A B S
(5 cm)
The length of this line ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

AB represents the magnitude of the given
vector and arrow head indicates the direction of the given vector.
The initial point ‘A’ of the line is called tail while the arrow head at
point ‘B’ is called head of the vector.
Q NO: 12 What are independent and dependent variables?

50
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS Independent Variable:

The quantity, whose values can be changed by a person according to
his wishes, is called independent variable.
Dependent variable:
The quantity whose values changes due to change in independent
variable, is called dependent variable.
Example:
In a relationship between Force and Pressure, Force is an independent
quantity while pressure depends upon form, so pressure is a dependent
quantity.
Example 2.5 Book page 37

Al-Khalid tanks are moving with a velocity of 100 𝐊𝐦𝐡−𝟏 towards North
East. Draw representative lines of its velocity.
N
Solution Given data
A
Velocity towards North East = 100 Kmh−1
Choosing a suitable scale: 450
Let suppose 50 Kmh−1 = 1 cm
O E
⇒ 100 Kmh−1 = 2 cm
We draw a line of length 2 cm an angle of 450 from East towards North to
represent the given velocity as shown in figure vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA represent 100
Kmh−1 North East.
Q NO: 13 Explain Graphical analysis of motion?
ANS Graph:
Graph is a straight or curved line which shows the relationship
between two interdependent quantities.
(OR)
Graph is convenient way of expressing relationship between two
physical quantities.
Example:
Distance time graph can tell us whether the velocity of the object is
decreasing or increasing and by which rate.
Methods:
Graph is drawn on a graph paper, which contains horizontal and
vertical lines at equal distance .Usually; rectangular coordinate system is used
to draw a graph. Rectangular coordinates system is consist of two mutually
perpendicular lines XOX` and YOY`. The horizontal axis is usually called the x-

51
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
axis and the vertical axis is usually called the y-axis. The origin is the point
where the two axis cross. The coordinate=s of the origin are (0, 0).
The slope of the graph is calculated as follows:
I. Pick two points on the line and determine their coordinates

i-e P1 ( X1 , Y1 ) and P2 ( X2 , Y2 )
II. Draw a perpendicular on x-axis as well as y-axis from both points.
III. Determine the difference in x-coordinates of these two point
i-e ∆X = y2 – y1
IV. Determine the difference in y-coordinates of these two points
i-e ∆Y = y2 – y1
V. Divide the “∆Y” by “∆X” to get the slope of the graph.
∆Y y𝟐 – y𝟏
Slope = =
∆X y𝟐 – y𝟏
Fig 2.7
Q NO: 14 What do you know about distance – time graph?
ANS The graph which is plotted between distance ‘S’ and time ‘t’ is called
distance-time graph.
Let a boy has collected the following data shown in the table
for a car moving on a road.
We take time along x-axis and distance along y-axis.
Thus y1, y2, y3----- represents the value of distance covered while x1, x2, and
x3--- represents the value of time taken.
The slope i-e speed is calculated as follows:
∆Y y𝟐 – y𝟏 ∆Y Distance (d)
Slope = = ( = )
∆X y𝟐 – y𝟏 ∆X Time (t)

52
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Slope between origin O(0,0) and P1(1,3):

O(0,0) = (x1,y1)
P1(1,3) = (x2,y2)
∆Y y𝟐 – y𝟏 3– 0
Slope = Speed = = = 1– 0
∆X y𝟐 – y𝟏
3
Slope = Speed = = 3 ms −1
1
2) Slope between P1(1,3) and P2(2,6):
P1(1,3) = (x2,y2)
P2(2,6) = (x3,y3)
y𝟑 – y𝟐 6– 3 3
Slope = Speed = = 1 = 3 ms −1
=
y𝟑 – y𝟐 2– 1
Similarly for other values . The speed of a car is 3 ms−1 throughout this
motion. Therefore, we say that the car moving with uniform speed.
Q NO: 15 Discuss the distance –time graph in the following cases?
1) No motion at all OR When there is no motion

2) Motion at constant speed OR Uniform speed
3) Motion with variable speed
ANS
1) No motion at all OR When there is any motion:

when there is no change in distance with the passage of time, then
the body will be at rest. Under such conditions, we get a straight
horizontal line , as shown
⃗⃗⃗ )
Velocity (𝐕
Time (t)
2) Motion at constant speed OR Uniform speed:

When the body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, then

)
53
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
the speed of the body is called uniform speed.

Under such condition, we get a straight line as shown
3) Motion with variable speed:

When the body covers unequal distance in equal interval of time, then
the speed of the body is called variable speed.
Under such condition, the slope does not remain constant between
distance and time to the area of triangle OAB.
So Distance covered = Area of triangle (OAB)
1
(here area of triangle = Area of rectangle)
2
1
So Distance covered = Area of rectangle.
2
Variable Speed
Q NO: 16 Discuss the speed- time graph when the speed decreases at constant rate
(Retardation)?

54
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS When the speed of a moving body decreases by equal amounts in equal
interval of time, such speed is called uniform retarding speed.
We get a straight line PQ as shown in the figure for uniform
retardation.
S-t graph showing uniform retardation
Q NO: 17 Finding distance by speed – time graph when the initial speed of the body is
not zero.
ANS The given figure shows the speed – time graph of a body having an initial
speed equal to OP and then acceleration from P to C.
In order to calculate the value of acceleration from this graph .we will
have to subtract the initial speed (OR) from the final speed (QC) and then
divide by time (OQ).
Change in Velocity
Uniform Acceleration = Time taken
QC – OP
Uniform Acceleration = OQ
Now Finding Distance Travelled:

According to the figure, the distance covered by the body is equal to
the area of trapezium OPCQ:
Distance Travelled = Area of trapezium

(OR)
Sum of two parallel sides ×height
Distance Travelled =
2
According to the figure:
(OP+QC)×OQ
Distance Travelled =
2
1
Distance Travelled = ((OP + QC) × OQ)
2

55
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fig: S – t graph of a body when its initial speed is not zero.
Speed – time graph when acceleration is not uniform:

When the speed of a body changes in an irregular manner, then the
speed – time graph of the body is a curved line.
The curved line OP shows the non – uniform acceleration of the
moving body.
Fig: S – t graph for non – uniform acceleration

The speed – time graph of an object moving in a straight line is shown in fig
2.27.
Calculate 1) Its acceleration during the first 10 seconds,

2) Its deceleration during the last 2 seconds,
3) The total distance travelled,
4) The average speed of the object for the whole journey,
Solution
1) Acceleration during the first 10 seconds :

Change in velocity
Acceleration =
Time interval
⃗⃗⃗
∆V V𝐟 − V𝐢 25 − 0 25
a⃗⃗ = = = = = 2.5 ms −2
t t 10 10
⃗⃗a = 2.5 ms −2
2) Acceleration during the last 2 seconds :
⃗⃗⃗
∆V V𝐟 − V𝐢 0 – 25
a⃗⃗ = = = = − 12.5 ms −2
t t 2
⃗⃗a = − 12.5 ms−2
A negative gradient indicates that the object is slowing down.
3) Total distance travelled = area under graph
Distance travelled = Area of trapezium

56
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Distance travelled =
2
( OF + BC ) × CD
2
Putting values (where OF = 32, BC = 20 , OA = CD = 25)
( 32 + 20 ) × 25
2
( 52 ) × 25 1300
Distance travelled = S = =
2 2
Distance travelled = S = 650 m.
4) Average Speed :
→
S
<V> = (S = 650 m , t = 30 s )
t
650 m
<V> =
30 s 25 A B C
< V > = 20.31 ms −1
Speed
0 E D F
10 30 32
Time
Type equation here.
Q NO: 18 Derive first equation of motion?

(OR)
Prove graphically V𝐟 = V𝐢 + at
ANS Statement:
Suppose a body has initial velocity “Vi” at point “A” and then its
velocity changes with uniform acceleration from point “A” to “B” in time
interval “t” and its final velocity become “Vf” as shown in the figure .
Now
E B
Velocity (𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 )
Initial velocity = V𝐢 = OA = DC
Final velocity = V𝐟 = BC
Time interval = t = OC
A D 𝐕𝐟
Acceleration = a = AB
𝐕𝐢
O C
Time (s)
Proof: V – T graph to derive equations of motion
From the graph:

BC = BD + DC -------------------------- (1)

57
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Putting the values of “BC” and “DC” in equation (1).

V𝐟 = BD + V𝐢 -------------------------- (2)
to find the value of “BD” we know that slope of velocity – time graph
is acceleration “a”.
From the graph:
Change in velocity
Acceleration = a =
Time taken
BD
AB =
OC
by cross multiplication:
BD = AB × OC (As Ab = a , and AD = OC = t)
BD = a × t
BD = at
Putting the value of “BD” in equation (2)
V𝐟 = BD + V𝐢
V𝐟 = at + V𝐢
(OR)
V𝐟 = V𝐢 + at (Proved).
Q NO: 19 Derive second equation of motion?

(OR)
`Prove graphically S = 𝐕𝐢 t + ½ 𝐚𝐭 𝟐
ANS Statement:
Suppose a body starts with initial velocity “Vi” and after sometime “t”
uniform acceleration “a” is produced and its final velocity becomes “Vf” as
shown in the figure.
E B
Now
Velocity (𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 )
Initial velocity = V𝐢 = OA = DC
Final velocity = V𝐟 = BC
A D 𝐕𝐟
𝐕𝐢
Distance covered = S=?
O C
Time (s)
V – T graph to derive equations of motion
Proof:
For finding distance “S” from the graph:
Distance travelled = Area of figure
S = Area of rectangle + Area of triangle

58
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(OR)
S = Area of rectangle + ½ Area of rectangle
S = (Length × breadth) + ½ (Length × Breadth)
as length = OC, Breadth = OA and also length = AD, Breadth = BD
So, S = (OC × OA) + ½ (AD + BD) 〈As (AD = OC = t)〉
(OR)
S = (t × V𝐢) + ½ (t + BD)
S = V𝐢 t + ½ (t + BD) -------------------------- (1)
For finding “BD” :
Change in velocity
Acceleration = a =
Time taken
BD
AB =
OC
By cross multiplication:
BD = AB × OC (As Ab = a , and AD = OC = t)
BD = a × t
BD = at
Putting the value of “BD” in equation (1)
S = Vi t + ½ (t + at)
(OR)
S = V𝐢 t + ½ at 2 (Proved)
Q NO: 20 Derived third equation of motion?

(OR)
Prove that graphically 2 aS = 𝐕𝐟 𝟐 – 𝐕𝐢 𝟐
ANS Statement:
Suppose a body starts with an initial velocity “V𝐢” and moves for time
“t” with uniform acceleration “a”. So that its final velocity becomes “Vf” as
shown in the figure.
Now
Initial velocity = V𝐢 = OA
Final velocity = Vf = BC
Distance covered = S=?
Proof:

)
59
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For finding distance from the graph:

Distance travelled = S = Area of trapezium
Distance travelled = S =
2
( OA + BC ) × OC
Distance travelled = S=
2
( V𝐢 + V𝐟) × t
Distance travelled = S =
2
( V𝐢+ V𝐟)
Distance travelled = S = ( )×t
2
(OR)
( V𝐟 + V𝐢)
Distance travelled = S = ( )t
2
We know that
Vf = Vi + at
and
V𝐟 – V𝐢
𝐭=
( 𝐚 )
( V𝐟 + V𝐢 ) V𝐟 – V𝐢
Distance travelled = S = ( )( )
2 𝐚
V𝐟 2 – V𝐢 2
Distance travelled = S = ( )
2a
By cross multiplication
2 as = V𝐟 2 – V𝐢 2 (proved )

A ships are moving at a speed of 56 𝐊𝐦𝐡−𝟏 . One second later, it is
moving at 58 𝐊𝐦𝐡−𝟏what its acceleration is?
Solution Given data

Initial velocity = V𝐢 = 56 Kmh−1
Final velocity = V𝐟 = 58 Kmh−1
Time interval = t = 1 sec
Find acceleration = a =?
As we know that
we use 1st equation of motion:
V𝐟 = V𝐢 + at ------------------------------------------ (1)
56 ×1000 m
Initial velocity = V𝐢 = 56 Kmh−1 = = 15.55 ms −1 .
60 ×60 s
58 ×1000 m
Final velocity = V𝐟 = 58 Kmh−1 = = 16.11 ms −1
60 ×60 s

60
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now
putting the values of “Vf" & “V𝐢” in equation (1)
V𝐟 – V𝐢
V𝐟 = V𝐢 + at ----------- (1) where (a = )
𝐭
V𝐟 – V𝐢 16.11 ms −1 – 15.55 ms −1
a= =
𝐭 1 sec
V𝐟 – V𝐢 −1
a= = 0.56 ms (Ans)
𝐭

A car starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration of
0.3 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 . After 30 s, find the velocity of the car and distance covered?
Solution Given data

Initial velocity = V𝐢 = 0 ms−1
Time interval = t = 30 sec
Find acceleration = a = 0.3 ms −2
1) Final velocity = Vf =?
2) Distance covered = S =?
As we know that
1) to find final velocity “𝐕𝐟”, we use 1st equation of motion:

V𝐟 = V𝐢 + at
V𝐟 = 0 + 0.3 ms −2 × 30 s = 9 ms −1 (Ans)
nd
2) Now to find distance covered, we use 2 equation of motion:
S = V𝐢 t + ½ at 2
S = 0 × 30 + ½ × 0.3 ms −2
S = ½ × 0.3 ms −2 × 900 s
S = ½ × 270 m
270 m
S=
2
S = 135 m (Ans)

A cars is moving with velocity of 120 𝐊𝐦𝐡−𝟏 on motorway By
applying brakes the car comes to rest after covering a distance of 25 m.
Calculate its acceleration?
Solution Given data

120 ×1000 m 1200 m
Initial velocity = Vi = 120 Kmh−1 = = = 33.33 ms −1
3600 s 36s
Final velocity = Vf = 0 ms −1

61
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distance covered, = S = 25 m
Find acceleration = a =?
As we know that
Now to find acceleration, we use 3rd equation of motion:

V𝐟 2 – V𝐢 2
2 as = V𝐟 2 – V𝐢 2 where (a = ) a =
2S
V𝐟 2 – V𝐢 2
-------------------- (1)
2S
Putting the values of ( Vi ,Vf , & S ) in equation (1)
0 2 – (33.33 ms−1 ) 2
a =
2 (25 𝐦)
− (33.33 ms−1 ) 2
a =
50 m
− (33.33)2 m 2 s −2
a =
50 m
− 1110.88 m 2 s −2
a =
50 m
a = − 22.21 ms −1 (Ans)
Q NO: 21 Define Acceleration due to gravity? (OR) Define Motion due to gravity?
ANS Definition:
The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called acceleration due to
gravity.
Representation:
It is represented by “g “.
Value:
Its value is found to be 9.8 ms −2 or 10ms −2.
Discovery:
It was discovered by an Italian scientist (Galileo) who dropped several
bodies at the same time from the famous leaning tower in Pisa. He
observed that all of them whether light or heavy reached the ground with
same acceleration. He called this acceleration as “Acceleration due to
gravity.”
Equation of motion for free falling bodies:

We can use the equation of motion by replacing “a” by “g”.
So, we get;

62
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Vf = Vi + gt
2) S = Vi t + ½ gt 2
3) 2 gs = Vf 2 – Vi 2
For downward motion, the value of “g” is taken as

positive and for upward motion the value of “g” is taken of
negative.
The leaning Tower of
Pisa, where Galileo is said
to have experimented
with the falling objects.

A brick falls from the Bab- e – Khyber 15 m high. How much time it will take
to reach the ground?
Solution given data

Initial velocity of the brick = Vi = 0 ms −1
Height of the Bab-e-Khyber = S = h = 15 m
Time taken = t =?
As the brick is falling vertically downward therefore, “g” is positive.
a = g = 10 ms −2
From equation of motion:
S = V𝐢 t + ½ at 2 (OR) Here S = h and a = g
h= V𝐢 t + ½ g t 2
15 m = 0 × t + ½ (10 ms −2 ) t 2
1
15 m = 2 × (10 ms −2 ) t 2
15 m = 5 ms−2 × t 2
t2=3 (Taking square root both side)
√t 2 = √3
t = 1.73 s (Ans)
Example 2.11 Book page: 49

A cricketer hit a cricket ball vertically upward with a velocity of
−𝟏
40𝐦𝐬 , then determine the

63
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Maximum height which the ball will attain.

2) Time to reach the maximum height.
Solution Given data

Initial velocity = Vi = 40 ms −1
Final velocity = Vf = 0 ms −1
Gravitational Acceleration = g = − 10 ms−2
1) Maximum height = h= S =?
2) Time to reach the max height = t =?
We know that
1) Use 3rd equation of motion due to gravity:
2 gS = Vf 2 – Vi 2
2 (− 10 ms −2 ) S = 0 2 – (40)2 m2 s−2
(− 20 ms −2 ) S = – 1600 m2 s−2
– 1600 m2 s−2
S=
− 20 ms−2
S = 80 m
2) to find time, we use 1st equation of motion:
Vf = Vi + gt
V𝐟 – V𝐢
As we know that (t = )
𝐚
V𝐟 – V𝐢
t= ---------------------------- (1)
𝐚
Putting the values ,Vf , Vi and ‘a’ in equation (1)
0 – 40 ms−1
t= = 4 sec.
− 10 ms−2
t = 4 sec (Ans)
Key Points
Mechanics: The branch of Physics, which deals with the motion of bodies.

64
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kinematics: The branch of physics, which deals with discussion of motion of object without
reference to the forces causing the motion.
Dynamics: It is the study of motion of bodies under the action of a force.
Rest: A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings.
Motion: A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings.
Types of Motion:
a) Translatory Motion b) Rotatory Motion c) Vibratory Motion
Position: The distance and direction of a body from a fixed point shows its position.
Displacement: The shortest distance between the initial and final position of a body is called
displacement.
Speed: Distance travelled per unit time is called speed. It is a scalar quantity its unit is ms–1.
Velocity: The time rate of change of displacement is called velocity it is a vector quantity.
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration. Its unit is ms–2 .
Uniform Acceleration: Acceleration of constant magnitude and unchanging direction is
called uniform acceleration.
Scalar: A physical quantity which is completely specified by its magnitude, that is, a proper
unit and a number is called scalar.
Vector: A physical quantity, which is completely specified by magnitude, as well as direction
is called vector.
Equations of Motion: The inter-relationship of velocity, uniform acceleration, time interval
and displacements of an object are expressed by the following equations:
1) V𝐟 = V𝐢 + at
2) S = V𝐢 t + ½ at 2
3) 2 as = Vf 2 – Vi 2
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

65
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) The rate of change of velocity is called_____________

a. acceleration b. displacement c. speed d. distance
2) If a body changes its position with respect to its surrounding then it will be in a state
of ________.
a. Rest b. relative motion c. motion d. Acceleration
3) The average speed of a bus is 20ms–1, how far can it travel in 10s?
a. 100 m b. 200m c. 150m d. 250m
4) A truck accelerates uniformly from 15ms–1 to 20m–1 in 5 s. What is the acceleration
of the truck?
a. 2 ms −2 b. 1.5 ms −2 c. 1 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 d. 2.5 ms−2
5) A car moving along a straight line at 20 m s–1 under goes an acceleration of 4ms-2.
After 2s, its speed will be _________________
a. 28 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 b. 16 ms −1 c. 12 ms −1 d. 8 ms −1
6) Which of following is not an example of the rotatory motion?
a. Motion of a top b. Motion of wheel of a car
c. Motion of blades of a fan d. Motion of pendulum
7) The slope of displacement-time graph is called ___________
a. acceleration b. velocity c. displacement d. speed.
8) The graph shows how the velocity of a bus changes with time. Which of the
following can be deduced from the graph.
a. The bus de-celerate until it stops.

b. The bus first accelerates and then move with a steady velocity.
c. The bus first de-celerate and then move with a steady velocity.
d. The bus accelerates uniformly.
9) The graph illustrates the motion of a car. Which area of the graph represents the
distance travelled by the object while moving with constant speed?
a. area A b. Area A + B
c. area B d. The gradient at point P.
10) Which quantity X is calculated by using this equation?
Change in velocity
X= Time taken
a. acceleration
b. speed
c. displacement
d. distance
66
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11) What must change when a body is accelerated?

a. the force acting on a body.
b. the mass of the body
c. the speed of the body.
d. the velocity of the body.
12) The graph shows the speed of the two buses over a
Period of time. From the information in the graph,
Which statement is correct?
a. bus A accelerates at the same rate as bus B
b. bus A and bus B always travel at constant speed.
c. bus A is more power full than B
d. bus A start at a faster speed than bus B.
13) The graph shows the speed of a car as it moves from rest.
What is the average speed of the car during the first 3s?
a 4 ms−1 b. 18 ms −1 c. 6 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 d. ms −15544
14) Water drips at a constant rate from a moving motor car the diagram shows the
Pattern of the drips on the road.
Which statement describes the motion of the car?

a. moved at steady speed and then slows down
b. it accelerated and then moved at steady speed.
c. it accelerated and then slows down
d. it moved at steady speed and then accelerated.
15) A stone falls freely with no air resistance near the surface of the earth which
quantity remains constant?
a. velocity b. Speed
c. Distance travelled in 1 d. Acceleration
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q 1. The figure given shows the speed time graph for a
Pendulum. Write down

67
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. The maximum speed

b. The time at which the maximum speed occurs.
ANS
a. The maximum speed is 12 ms −1 .
b. The time at which the maximum speed occurs is 3.5 sec.
Q 2. Can a body at rest be regarded in a state of motion? Give example.
ANS yes, a body at rest can be regarded in a state of motion.
For example:
Two people are sitting in a moving bus. Now with respect to each other these
two persons are at rest because they are not changing their position. But for a third
person standing on the road side, those are in motion because they are changing
their position with respect to their outside surrounding.
Q 3. Is the distance covered by a body may be greater than the magnitude of the
displacement?
ANS yes, the distance covered by a body may greater than the magnitude of the
displacement. B .C
A ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐒 . D
For example:
ٰIn the figure a body moves from A to B, then B to C and finally from C to D
to cover distance from A to D. But there is a straight or shortest distance ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD also
which displacement is.
So in the given example, distance = AB + BC + CD and displacement is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD
which is much less.
Q 4. Is it possible that displacement is zero but not the distance?
ANS Yes, it is possible that displacement is zero but not the distance when the
initial and final points of a moving body are at the same place.
Example No 1:
In case of circular path the displacement is zero but the distance covered will
be equal to the circumference of the circle.

68
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Starts & ends) at a same point or place.)

(No displacement)
Distance =
Circumference of
a circle
Example No 2:
In this figure also the displacement is zero, because the body starts and ends
at the same place or point “A”. . B
A. . C
Q 5. Under what condition displacement is equal to the distance?
ANS If a body moves in a straight line then the distance will be equal to
displacement is the shortest distance between two points in a straight line.
O .A
For example:
In the given figure a body moves from point “O” to “A”. Now in this case the
distance and displacement is equal.
Q 6. Can a body have acceleration with zero velocity?

69
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS Yes, a body can have acceleration with zero velocity.

For example:
When a body is thrown vertically upwards, then at highest point, the velocity
of the body becomes zero for a short interval of time. But during this time the
acceleration of the body is acceleration due to gravity.
A
(Body A) Vf = 0 ms −1
(a = g = 9.8 ms −2 or 10 ms −2 )
---------------Ground ---------------------------------------------------------
Q 7. Can the speed of the body be Negative?
ANS The speed of the body cannot be Negative.

Reason:
We know that
Distance covered
Speed =
Tiem taken
Speed is the distance covered by a body in unit time. As distance and time
can never be negative .Thus the body’s speed always remain positive not negati
Q 8. Is it possible that the velocity of an object be in a direction other then the direction
of acceleration?
ANS Yes, it is possible that “the velocity of an object be in a direction other than
the direction of acceleration.
For example:
1) When the body is coming to the rest.

2) When brakes are applied to a moving car, then speed of the car decreases.
Negative acceleration or deceleration is produced which is opposite to the
direction of velocity of the moving car.
Q 9. Is the kinematics equation S = 𝐕𝐢 t + ½ 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 true if acceleration is not constant?
ANS The derivation of equation S = Vi t + ½ at 2 is based upon uniform

acceleration. Which mean such acceleration whose direction and magnitude do
not change. It is possible only in straight line motion.
So, this equation is true for uniform or constant acceleration and
not for variable acceleration.

70
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 10. By giving an example prove that rest and motion are relative terms.
ANS Rest and motion both are relative terms.

For example:
Two persons sitting in a moving bus are at rest with respect to each other
but as far as their external environment is concerned. They are continuously
changing their position with respect to trees, buildings and other observers.
Conclusion:
Thus rest or motion is not absolute but relative.
Q 11. Give an example of an accelerated body moving with a uniform speed?
ANS The motion of a body in a circle with uniform speed is called accelerated
motion. If a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed, then at every instant
its direction changes. When direction, change in velocity occurs and acceleration is
produced towards the center of the circle.
Example:
The second of a clock is the example of uniform circular motion or
accelerated motion.
Q 12. Is unit 𝐊𝐦𝐡 −𝟏 𝐬 −𝟏 is same as 𝐊𝐦𝐬−𝟏 𝐡−𝟏 explain?
ANS Yes, the unit of Kmh −1 s−1 is same Kms −1 h−1. Because change of order in
product produce no effect.
I-e; Kmh −1 s −1 = Kms −1 h−1

(km change into meter and hour dhcnge into secone)
Unit: ms −2 = ms −2
Q 13. If bus is travelling eastward, can its acceleration be westward? Explain.
ANS Yes, it is possible for a bus travelling eastward has acceleration westward, if
1) The bus is coming to rest.

2) When brakes are applied to this travelling bus, then speed of the bus decreases.
Negative acceleration or deceleration is produced which is opposite to the
direction of motion of the bus.

71
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 14. If object is stationary is its acceleration necessarily zero?
ANS To answer this question we have two different cases:
⃗⃗⃗
∆V
1) We know that a⃗⃗ =
t
for a stationary object ⃗⃗⃗ = 0
∆V
0
So, a⃗⃗ =
t
a⃗⃗ = 0 ms−2
In this case the stationary object has no acceleration.
2) When a body is thrown vertically upwards, then at highest point, the object
becomes stationary (at rest) for a short interval of time. But during this time the
acceleration of the body which is acceleration due to gravity is not zero.
I-e a = g = 9.8 ms−2
A
(V𝐟 = 0 ms −1 )
(a = g = 9.8 ms−2 )
----------------------- ----- Ground -------------------
Q 15. When the velocity – time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis, what can you
says about its acceleration?
ANS When the velocity – time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis, it means
that the body moves with constant or uniform velocity having zero acceleration. The
body will have no acceleration.
Velociy (V)
Constant Velocity
Time (t)
V – T graph is a straight line parallel to time axis.
Q 16. A ball throw vertically upward with an initial speed of 5 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 .what will its speed
be when it returns to its point. (in the absence of air resistance.)

72
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANS Air resistance is the main factor of bringing about change in speed or velocity
of a moving object. So in case of no air resistance. A ball which is thrown
vertically upward with an initial speed of 5 ms−1 then the ball will return back to
its starting point with the same speed i-e 5 ms −1 .
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
Q 1. Explain different types of motion and give two examples of each.

Ans: See Q No: 3 , on page 38 .
Q 2. Derive the following equations of motion
1) 𝐕𝐟 = 𝐕𝐢 + at
2) S = 𝐕𝐢 t + ½ 𝐚𝐭 𝟐
3) 2 aS = 𝐕𝐟 𝟐 – 𝐕𝐢 𝟐
Ans: See Q No: 18 , 19 , 20 on page 56 .
Q 3. Define scalar and vector quantities. Separate scalars and vectors from the
following physical quantities.
Speed, Velocity, Volume, Time, Acceleration, Work, Length, Energy, Power,
Density.
Ans: See Q No: 10 , on page 48 .
Q 4. How you will represent a vector?
Ans: See Q No: 11 .on page 49 .
NUMERICAL QUESTIONS

73
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 1. A bus travel 15 km towards west and makes u-turn back to travel a further distance of
10km, find a. Distance traveled b. Its displacement
(25 km, 5 km towards east of starting points)
Sol: Given data:
a) Distance:
Distance “OA” toward West = 15 km
Distance “AB” toward East = 10 km
From figure;
Total distance “S” covered = OA + AB
S = 15 km + 10 km
S = 25 km
b) Displacement =?
From figure;
Displacement, “OB” = OA − AB
“OB” = 15 km – 10 km
OB = 5 km
Q 2. A race car travels around a circular track, covering a distance of 850m in 25s before
Stopping at point from where it started. Determine the average velocity of the car
during this period of time. (0𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 )
Sol: Given data:

Distance = S = 850 m
Time = t = 25 sec
⃗⃗⃗ > =?
Average Velocity = < V
We know that
Average Velocity, ⃗⃗⃗ > = Total displacement
< V
Total time
As the race car reach at the starting point, So displacement is zero.
⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ > = S =
< V
0m
t 25 s
⃗⃗⃗ > = 0 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏
< 𝐕
Q 3. A Truck moving at a speed of 20 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 begins to slow at constant rate of 3ms-2, find how
far it goes before stopping? (67 m)
Sol: Given data:
Initial Velocity, Vi = 20 ms−1
Acceleration, a⃗⃗ = − 3 ms −2 ( a⃗⃗ =
− 3 ms −2 , because velocity of truck decreases, and finally come s to rest. ) Final Velocity, Vf
−1 (because velocity of truck decreases, and finally come s to rest. )
= 0 ms
Distance, S =?
As we know that
Use 3rd equation of motion for finding distance, S.

74
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 aS = Vf 2 – Vi 2
Vf2 – Vi 2
In this equation distance, S=
2a
Now putting the values;
( 0 ) 2 – (20 ) 2 − 400
Distance, S= =
2 (−3 ) −6
Distance, S = 66.66 m
Q 4. The speed of a bus is reducing uniformly from 15𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 to 7.0 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . While travelling a
distance of 90m.
a. Find the acceleration.
b. How much further distance will the bus travel before coming to rest, provided
the acceleration remains constant? (–0.9778 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 , 25.25 m)
Sol: Given data

Final Velocity, Vf = 7 ms −1
Distance, S = 90 m
Acceleration, a⃗⃗ =?
As we know that
a) Use 3rd equation of motion for finding a⃗⃗ .
2 aS = Vf 2 – Vi 2
2
Vf – Vi 2
In this equation Acceleration, a⃗⃗ = 2S
( 7 ) 2 – (15 ) 2 49 − 225
a⃗⃗ = =
2 (90 ) 180
− 176
a⃗⃗ = = − 0.9778 ms−2
180
a⃗⃗ = − 0.9778 ms−2
b) For finding further distance “S” before coming to rest. Taking 𝐕𝐟 = 0𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 .
So, 2 a S ∗ = Vf 2 – Vi 2
2
Vf – Vi 2
S∗ = 2a

75
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( 0 ) 2 – (15 ) 2 − 225
S∗ = =
2 (−0.9778 ) − 1.9556
𝐒 ∗ = 115.054 m This represents the total distance covered

during the journey.
 Now to find the distance covered further more after 90 m.
∆S = S ∗ − S
∆S = 115.054 – 90
∆S = 25.054 m
Q 5. Brakes are applied to a train travelling at 72 𝐤𝐦𝐡−𝟏 after passing over 200 m its velocity
is reduced to 36 𝐤𝐦𝐡−𝟏 at the same rate of retardation, how much further will it go
before it is brought to rest. (–9.72 ms −2 , 66.67 m)
Sol: Given data
72 ×1000 m
Initial Velocity, Vi = 72 kmh−1 = = 20 ms−1
3600 s
36 ×1000 m
Final Velocity, Vf = 36 kmh−1 = = 10 ms −1
3600 s
Distance, S = 200 m
Acceleration, ⃗⃗a =?
As we know that
a) Use 3rd equation of motion for finding 𝐚

⃗⃗ .
2 aS = Vf 2 – Vi 2
2
Vf – Vi 2
In this equation Acceleration, a⃗⃗ = 2S
( 10 ) 2 – (20 ) 2 100 − 400 − 300

a⃗⃗ = = = = − 0.75 ms−2
2 (200 ) 400 400
⃗⃗⃗ = − 0.75 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐
𝐚
Now

76
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 a S ∗ = Vf 2 – Vi 2
2
Vf – Vi 2
S∗ = 2a
( 0 ) 2 – (20 ) 2 − 400
S∗ = =
2 (−0.75 ) − 1.5
𝐒 ∗ = 266.66m
= Total distance
Now distance which train covers after 200 m Is given by;

∆S = 𝐒 ∗ − S
∆S = 266.66 m – 200 m
∆S = 66.66 m (OR)
Finding distance:
If brakes are applied then
Vi = 0 ms −1
Vf = 10 ms −1
2
Vf – Vi 2
S= Putting the values;
2a
2 2 – 100
( 0 ) – (10 )
S= 2 (−0.75 )
= = 66.67 m
− 1.5
Distance “S” after 200 m is = S = 66.67 m
Q 6. A motor cyclist is moving on a road with an acceleration of 3𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 how much time will
it require to change the velocity from 10 𝐦𝐬−𝟏 to 20 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 ? (3.33 s)
Sol: Given data

Final Velocity, Vf = 20 ms −1
Acceleration, a⃗⃗ = 3 ms −2
Time, t =?
We know that V𝐟 = V𝐢 + at
V𝐟 – V𝐢 = at
V𝐟 – V𝐢
t= Putting the values;
a

77
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 – 10 10
t= = = 3.33 s
3 3
t = 3.33 s
Q 7. A cyclist start from rest and moves with uniform acceleration of 0.2 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 after 2
minutes, find the velocity of cyclist and distance covered. 24𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 , 1440 m)
Sol: Given data:
Initial Velocity, Vi = 0 ms −1 (𝐀 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, Vi = 0 ms −1 )
Acceleration, a⃗⃗ = 0.2 ms −2
Time taken, t = 2min = 2 × 60 s = 120 s
Final Velocity, Vf =?
Distance, S =?
As we know that
 Final velocity, Vf =?
Vf = Vi + at putting values;
Vf = 0 + 0.2 × 120
Vf = 24 ms−1 𝐕𝐟 = 24 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏
 Distance, S =?
S = Vi t + ½ at 2 putting values;
1
S = 0 × 120 + (0.2) (120) 2
2
2
S=0+ × 14400 = 140 m
2 ×10
S = 140 m S = 140 m
Q 8. A body is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 20 ms–1. How high will it rise?
(Take g = 10 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 ) (20 m)
Sol: Given data:
Final Velocity, Vf = 0 ms−1
Acceleration due to gravity, a⃗⃗ = g = − 10 ms −2
(−ive sign show that acceleration due gravity for upward motion. )
Distance, S =?
We know that 2 aS = Vf 2 – Vi 2 (a = g)
2 gS = Vf 2 – Vi 2 putting values;
2 (− 10) × S = (0) 2 − (20) 2

− 20 S = − 400 (− 20 divide both sides)
− 400
S= = 20 m Vf = 0
− 20

S = 20 m
78
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vi
(𝐚 = 𝐠 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 )
------Ground-----------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- END CHAPTER NO: 2--------------------------------------------
CHAPTER
3 Dynamics
79
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An f t e r s t u d y i n g t h i s c h a p t e r t h e s t u d e n t s w i l l b e a b l e t o:
• define momentum, force, inertia, friction, centripetal force.
• solve problem using the equation Force = change in momentum / change in time.
• explain the concept of force by practical examples of daily life.
• state Newton’s laws of motion.
• distinguish between mass and weight and solve problem using F = ma and w = mg.
• calculate tension and acceleration in a string during motion of bodies connected by the
string and passing over frictionless pulley using second law of motion.
• state the law of conversation of momentum.
• use the principle of conservation of momentum in the collision of two objects.
• determine the velocity after collision of two objects using the law of conservation of
momentum.
• explain the effect of friction on the motion of a vehicle in the context of tyre surface, road
conditions including skidding, braking force.
Q1. Define Dynamics.
Ans Dynamics is derived from Greek word Dynami meaning power. It is a branch
of physics (Mechanics) in which we study about the motion of bodies also we discuss
the causes of motion of bodies.
Q 2. What is Force?

80
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ans Force is an agent, which moves or tends to move an object and stops or tends
to stop a moving object.
(OR)
A force can change the direction of moving objects. Force is a vector quantity
and its unit is Newton.
Examples:
1) Kicking a foot ball.

2) Pushing a bus.
3) Striking a cricket ball.
4) Force applied on brakes.
5) Catching the cricket ball.
Q 3. What is contact force?
Ans Those types of forces which result when the two interacting objects are
physically contacting each other.
1 2 3
Isaac Newton English physicist and mathematician

(1642–1727) Isaac Newton was one of the most brilliant scientists in
history. Before the age of 30, he formulated the basic concepts and laws
of mechanics, discovered the law of universal gravitation, and invented
the mathematical methods of calculus. As a consequence of his theories,
Newton was able to explain the motions of the planets, the ebb and flow
of the tides, and many special features of the motions of the Moon and
the Earth. He also interpreted many fundamental observations
concerning the nature of light. His contributions to physical theories
dominated scientific thought for two centuries and remain important
today. (Giraud on/Art Resource)
Q 3. State and Explain Newton’s first law of motion?
Ans Statement:
“In the absence of any external force, of an object is at rest, it will remain at
rest and if a body is in motion it will continue its motion in a straight line with
uniform velocity.”

81
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mathematically:
⃗⃗⃗⃗
F =0 , a⃗⃗ = 0 , ⃗⃗⃗
V = Constant
Explanation:
Newton first law has two parts.
First part:
In the first part it is said that in the absence of any external force a body at
rest will remain at rest forever.
Example:
We have so many examples to prove this part of law.
For example if a book is lying on a table, it will remain there at rest unless
someone picks it up.
Second part:
In the second part of this law it is stated that in the absence of any external
force, if a body is in motion, it will continue its motion in a straight line with uniform
velocity forever.
Example:
We have no supporting example to prove this part of law. For example if we
roll a ball on the surface of earth, it stops after covering some distance and Newton’s
law seams to fail.
But actually law is not failed only its application is not satisfied. The law
demands that there should be no external force and on the rolling ball, three forces
were acting,
1) Force of Gravity.
2) Friction between ball and earth.
3) Air resistance.
Conclusion:
If we remove all these forces, the ball will continue its motion in a straight
line with uniform velocity.
Newton’s first law of motion is also called law of Inertia.
Q 4. Explain Inertia on what factors does it depend? Give example.
Ans Definition of Inertia:

The property of a body by which it opposes to produce any change in its state
of rest or of uniform motion, is called Inertia.
(OR)
The resistance to change in velocity is called Inertia.

82
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Factors:
It depends upon the following factors.
1) Mass of the body:

Inertia is directly proportional to the mass of body. It means by increasing
mass of the body inertia also increases.
2) Velocity of the body:
Inertia is also directly proportional to the velocity of the body. It means by
increasing velocity, Inertia also increases
3) Force:
Force is inversely proportional to Inertia.
Example:
If we want to remove the fruit from a tree, we give a sharp jerk to the branch.
The branch begins to move but the massive fruit tends to stay at rest position due to
Inertia. In this way fruit separate from the branch and falls.
Q 5. States and Explain Newton 2nd law of motion in detail?
Ans Statement:
“Whenever a net force acts upon a body, it produces acceleration in the
direction of force. The acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely
proportional to mass of the body.”
Derivation of formula:
According to Newton’s 2nd law of motion when a net force is applied on a
body, then acceleration is produced which is directly proportional to the applied
force.
Mathematically:
a ∝ F ------------------------- (1)
According to law, acceleration is inversely proportional to mass of the body.
Mathematically:
𝟏
a∝ ------------------------ (2)
𝐦
Combining (1) and (2), we get

𝐅
a∝
𝐦
𝐅
a=k
𝐦
Where k is constant. If units of mass and acceleration are taken in SI units,
then the value of “k” will be 1

83
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝐅
a = (1) (or)
𝐦
𝐅
a= (By cross multipication)
𝐦
F = ma
Unit of force:
The SI unit of force is Newton denoted by “N”.
Newton:
One Newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1m/s 2 in a body
of mass 1kg.
F = ma
1N = 1kg × 1m/s2
Example 3.1 Book page 62.

What force would be needed to produce an acceleration of 10 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 in a ball of
mass 0.5kg?
Solution Given data

Force, F=?
Mass, m = 0.5kg
Acceleration, a⃗⃗ = 10 ms−2
According to Newton’s 2nd law F = ma (putting values)
F = 0.5kg × 10 ms −2
F = 5kg ms−2
F=5N (Ans)

An object undergoes an acceleration of 8 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 starting from rest. Find the
distance traveled in one second.
Solution Given data

Acceleration, = a⃗⃗ = 8 ms −2
Initial velocity, = Vi = 0 ms −1 (Because start from rest. )
Time, = t= 1s
Distance traveled, = S =?
Using 2nd equation of motion:

1
S = Vi t + at 2 (putting the values)
2
1
S=0 ×1+ 8(1)2
2
S=0+4×1

84
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S=4m
Thus, the distance traveled in one second is 4 meters.
Q 6. State and Explain Newton’s 3rd law of motion?
Ans Statement:
This law state that
“To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.”
Explanation and Examples:
1) Walking on Ground;
When we walk on the ground, we push the ground in backward direction
which is the action of our feet on the ground, as a reaction the ground pushes us
in forward direction. In this way we walk on the ground.
2) Propulsion of Rockets:
When a rocket is fired, the hot gases produced by the burning of fuel rush out
﴾‫﴿ تیزی سے نکلنا‬at the rear end ﴾ ‫صہ‬
ّ ‫ )پچھلے ح‬of the rocket at great speed.
The equal and opposite reaction force of the downward going to gases
pushes the rocket upward with a great speed.
Other Examples are:
1) Firing a bullet from a Gun

2) Pulling a cart by a Horse
3) Flying of birds
4) Rowing a boat by oars. ﴾ ‫﴿ چپو‬
5) A jet airplane
reaction
reaction
action
action
reaction
action
A Jet airplane Rocket Firing a bullet from Gun
Q 7. Differentiate between mass and weight?
Mass Weight

85
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) The quantity of matter in a 1) The force with which earth attract

body is called mass. everything toward its center known
2) Mass is denoted by “m”. as weight.
3) The SI unit of mass is kilogram. 2) Weight is denoted by “W”.
4) Mass has no direction. 3) The SI unit of weight is Newton.
5) Mass is a scalar quantity. 4) Weight has direction (downwards).
6) Mass is a constant quantity. 5) Weight is a variable quantity.
7) Mass cannot be zero. 6) Weight is a vector quantity.
8) Mass can be measured by 7) Weight can be zero.
physical balance. 8) Weight can be measured by spring
9) Mass can be found by the balance.
formula m =
F 9) Weight can found by the formula
a w= mg
10)Mass is called the measurement 10)Weight is called the force of
of Inertia. attraction of the earth.
Ans
Example 3.3 Book page

Mass of body is 10kg. what is its weight?
Solution Given data

Mass, m= 10kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms −2 or 10ms −2 (constant)
Weight, w =?
As we know that
W = mg
Putting values;
W = 10 × 10 = 100 N
W = 100 N
Thus, the weight of the body is 100 N.
Example 3.4Book page

The mass of the girl is 60kg. How much she weight on the
1) Earth?
[Take g earth = 10𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 and g moon = 1.6𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 ]
2) Moon?
3) Also find her mass on moon?
Solution Given data
1) Mass, m = 60kg
Weight of girl on Earth, w =?

86
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
W = mg
W = 60 × 10 = 600 N
2) Weight of girl on Moon, W =?
W = mg (g = 1.6ms −2)
W = 60 × 1.61 = 96.6 N
W = 96.6 N
3) Mass of girl on Moon, m = 60 kg ( Unchanged )
Because mass is constant quantity.
Q 8. Discuss the tension in the string?
Ans Tension in a string:

It is an example of Newton’s third law of motion.
Explanation:
Suppose a person is holding an object of mass ‘m’ with the help of a string,
the object exerts a force on the hand through the string in downward direction while
the hand exerts an equal force a on the object in the upward direction through the
string.
So there are two forces acting on a suspended body.
1) Its weight “w” acting vertically downward.

2) The reaction of the hand “T” acting vertically upward.
As the suspended body is at rest,

so, the net forces on the suspended body is zero.
Thus T = W
T = mg
Q 9. Discuss the motion of bodies connected by a string when bodies move vertically?
Ans At wood’s machine (Simplified): (Definition)

Consider two masses m1 and m2 (m2 < m1) suspended by an inextensible
string which passes over a frictionless pulley, such an arrangement is known as
Atwood’s machine as shown.
Observation:
1) Since the string is inextensible and the bodies move together, the acceleration of
both masses will be same.
2) Since the pulley is frictionless, the tension “T” at both ends of the string is same.
Mathematically Form:
The net force on mass “m1”:

87
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F = m 1a
W1 + ( − T) = m1a
m 1g − T = m 1a ------------------------------ (1)
The net force on mass “m2”:
F = m 2a
T + ( − W2 ) = m2a
T – W2 = m2a
T – m2g = m2a ------------------------------ (2)
Finding acceleration “a” of Atwood’s machine:

Adding equation (1) and (2)
m 1g − T + T – m 2g = m 1a + m 2a
m 1g – m 2g = m 1a + m 2a
g (m1 − m2 ) = a (m1 + m2 ) ( ( m1 + m2 )dividmg both sides)
g (m1 − m2 ) a (m1 + m2 )
=
(m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )
g (m1 − m2 )
a =
(m1 + m2 )
m1 − m2
a = ( )g
m1 + m2
Finding Tension “T” of Atwood’s machine:

Dividing equation (1) by equation (2)
m 1g − T = m 1a ------------------------------ (1)
T – m 2g = m 2a ------------------------------ (2)
m1 g − T m1 a
=
T – m2 g m2 a
m1 g − T m1
= (By cross multiplication. )
T – m2 g m2
m1 (T – m2 g) = m2 (m1 g − T)
m1 T − m1 m2 g = m1 m2 g − m2 T
m1 T + m2 T = m1 m2 g + m1 m2 g
T ( m1 + m2 ) = 2m1 m2 g (( m1 + m2 ) dividubg both sides. )
𝟐𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐 𝐠
T =
( 𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 )

88
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Atwood’s machine) a -a
m1 > m2 T
OR
m2
` m2 < m1 T
m1 (W2 = m2g)
(W1 = m1g)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 10. Discuss the motion of bodies connected by string when one body is moving
vertically and other is moving horizontally? (𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝, 𝐀𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐨𝐝′ 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞)
An Definition:
Consider two bodies of mass “m1” and mass “m2” where m1 > m2 are
connected by an inextensible string such a way “m1” is moving vertically downward
and “m2” is moving horizontally such arrangement is known as modified Atwood’s
machine.
Mathematical Form:
Net force acting on “m1”:
According to Newton 2nd law of motion:
F net = m1a
W1 + (−T) = m1a
m 1g − T = m 1a ------------------- (1)
The force acting vertically on “m2”, FY = 0
The force acting horizontally on “m2”, FX = T N (Normal Force)
Net force acting on “m2”:
According to Newton 2nd law of motion:
F net = m2a
FX + FY = m2a
T + 0 = m 2a
T = m 2a ------------------------- (2)

N
89
CHAPTER NO: 3 PHYSICS m NOTE FOR CLASS 9
2
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finding acceleration “a”: W2 m1

Adding equation (1) and equation (2)
T + m1g − T = m2a + m1a
m1g = m1a + m2a Modified Atwood’s machine W1
m1g = a (m1 + m2) {(m1 + m2) dividing both sides}
m1 g a (m1 + m2 )
=
(m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )
m1 g
= a
(m1 + m2 )
m1 g
a =
(m1 + m2 )
Finding Tension “T”:

Take equation (2),
T = m 2a ------------------------ (2)
Now putting the values of “a” in equation (2)
m1 g
T = m2((m )
1 + m2 )
m1 m2
T = ( )g
m1 + m2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example3.5 Book Page 68

Two bodies of mass 3.5 Kg and 1.5 Kg respectively are tied to both the ends
of string which passes over a pulley. Find the acceleration of the bodies and the
tension in the string. (Take g= 10𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 )
Solution Given data

Mass, m1 = 3.5 kg
Mass, m2 = 1.5 kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 ms −2
1) Acceleration of bodies, a⃗⃗ =?

2) Tension in string, T=?
We know that
1) ⃗⃗ = ?
Acceleration of the bodies, 𝐚
m −m
⃗⃗
𝐚 = ( m1 + m 2 ) g
1 2

90
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Putting the values in the above equation, we get

3.5 kg − 1.5 kg
⃗⃗ = (
𝐚 ) 10 ms −2
1.5 kg + 3.5 kg
2 kg × 10 ms−2
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐚
5 kg
20 kgms−2
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐚 = 4 ms −2
5 kg
⃗⃗ = 4 ms −2
𝐚
2) Tension “T” in the string =?
2m1 m2 g
T = ( m1 + m2 )
Putting values in the above equation, we get
2 × 3.5 kg ×1.5 kg × 10 ms−2
T = ( 3.5 kg + 1.5 kg)
105 kg 2 ms−2
T =
5 kg
T = 21 kg ms −2 (kg ms −2 = N)
T = 21 N
Example 3.6 Book Page 69

A block of mass 200 g is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A thin string is tied
to the block and is passed over a pulley. Another block of mass 400 g is hanging
from the other end of the string. If the friction of the surface and the pulley is zero,
find the acceleration of the system and tension in the string.
Solution Given data
400
Mass of the body moving vertically, m1 = 400 g = 1000 = 0.4 kg
200
Mass of the body moving horizontally, m2 = 200 g = 1000 = 0.2 kg
1) Acceleration of bodies, a⃗⃗ =?
2) Tension in string, T=?
⃗⃗ =?
1) Acceleration of bodies, 𝐚
We know that,
m1 g
a = putting the values;
(m1 + m2 )
0.4 kg ×10 ms−2
a =
(0.4 kg + 0.2 kg)
4 kg ms−2
a = = 6.666 ms−2
0.6 kg
a = 6.666 ms −2

N
91 m2 = 200g
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
W2
2) Tension in string, T=? m1 = 400g
We know that,
m1 m2 g W1
T = Putting the values;
m1 + m2
0.4 kg ×0.2 kg × 10 ms−2
T =
0.4 kg + 0.2 kg
0.08 kg × 10 ms−2
T =
0.6 kg
0.8 kg 2 ms−2
T = = 1.333 kg ms−2 (kg ms −2 = N)
0.6 kg
T = 1.333 N
Q 11. Write a note on Momentum?
An Momentum: (Definition)
The quantity of motion in a body is called momentum.
(OR)
The product of mass and linear velocity is called momentum.
It is denoted by ⃗⃗⃗
P
Mathematically:
Momentum = Mass × Velocity
⃗⃗⃗
P = m × ⃗⃗⃗
V
⃗⃗⃗
P = m ⃗⃗⃗
V
Unit: According to equation, the unit of momentum is
⃗⃗⃗
P = mV ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗
P = Kg m/s
(OR)
⃗⃗⃗
P = Kg ms −1
It can also be written as Ns. (Newton second). It is a vector quantity.
Its directions are same as that of the velocity of the body.
Factors:
Momentum depends upon the two factors.
1) Mass of the body.

2) Velocity of the body.
Conditions:
1) The greater the mass and higher the velocity or both, the larger will be
the momentum of the body.

92
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) The smaller the mass and lower the velocity or both, the smaller will be
the momentum of the body.
Examples:
1) A fast moving cricket ball has a high momentum then an identical slow
moving ball. It requires more force to stop the faster ball.
2) A massive moving train has more momentum than a car moving with
same speed as the train, more force is required to stop the train than the
car.
Q 12. Derive a relation between momentum and Newton’s 2nd law of motion?
(OR)
∆𝐏
Prove that F = =? (OR)
∆𝐭
Prove that time rate of change of momentum is equal to the net force acting on
the body?
Ans Derivation:
A force changes the momentum of a free mass and According to Newton’s
nd
2 law of motion.
When a net force is applied on the body, acceleration is produced in the
direction of force; this acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the body.
Mathematically:
⃗⃗F = ma --------------------- (1)
Where “a” is the acceleration and mathematically:
Vf – Vi
a = ( ∆t
) Putting the values of “a” in equation (1)
⃗⃗
F = ma
Vf – Vi
⃗⃗F = m( )
∆t
mVf − mVi
⃗⃗F = ⃗⃗⃗ = m V
( As P ⃗⃗⃗ )
∆t
⃗⃗⃗ f − ⃗⃗⃗
P Pi
So ⃗⃗
F = ⃗⃗⃗ = P
(∆P ⃗⃗⃗ f − P
⃗⃗⃗ i)
∆t
⃗⃗⃗
∆P
So, ⃗⃗F net = -------------------- (2)
∆t
Equation (2) shows that time rate of change of momentum is equal to net
force acting on the body.
Q 13. State law of conservation of momentum and illustrate it with examples?

93
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An Law of conservation of momentum:

Statement:
“If there is no external force applied to a system (Isolated system), the
momentum of that system remains constant” I-e
Initial Momentum = Final Momentum
Pi = Pf
Mathematical Derivation :
According to Newton’s 2nd law of motion:
⃗⃗F = ma ------------------------------ (1)
Where “a” is acceleration and is given
V𝐟 – V𝐢
[a = ( )] putting the value of “a” in the equation (1).
𝐚
V𝐟 – V𝐢
⃗⃗
F = m ( )
𝐚
mVf − mVi
⃗⃗F = ⃗⃗⃗ = m V
( As P ⃗⃗⃗ )
∆t
⃗⃗⃗ f − ⃗⃗⃗
P Pi
⃗⃗
F = ⃗⃗⃗ = P
(∆P ⃗⃗⃗ f − ⃗⃗⃗
P i)
∆t
( By cross multiplication )
⃗⃗ ∆t =
F ⃗⃗⃗ f − P
P ⃗⃗⃗ i
( For an isolated system F = 0 )
0 × ∆t = ⃗⃗⃗ f − P
P ⃗⃗⃗ i
0 = ⃗⃗⃗
P f − ⃗⃗⃗
Pi
⃗⃗⃗
𝐏𝐢 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝐏𝐟 ( Proved )
Examples:
1) Fissioning of objects.
2) Propulsion of object.
3) Collision of objects.
4) Firing of a gun.
1) Fissioning of objects:
The splitting of an object into two or more parts is called Fissioning objects.
Suppose an object of mass ‘m’ is initially at rest. Its initial momentum is zero
( P⃗⃗⃗ i = 0 ).
Due to some internal interaction, let the body breaks by itself into two parts
‘m1’ and ‘m2’ with velocities ‘v1’ and ‘v2’.
⃗⃗⃗ f
P = ⃗⃗⃗ i
P
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0 ( subtract m2v2 from both sides )
m1v1 + m2v2 − m2v2 = 0 − m2v2

94
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
m1v1 = − m2v2 ( m1 dividing both sides )
m1 v 1 − m2 v 2
=
m1 m1
− m2 v 2
V1 = ------------------------ (A)
m1
Equation (A) show that the velocities of these two bodies are in opposite
direction. The lighter mass ‘m1’ move faster than heavier mass’m2’.
2) Propulsion of Rockets:
Propulsion of rockets and jet planes is another practical example of
conservation of momentum.
When a rockets takes up , then the hot gases produced are accelerated
downloads and the rockets moves upwards. The momentum of hot gases and
rockets are opposite in direction and are given as ;
Momentum of Rocket = Momentum of hot gases
m1v1 = − m2v2
Example 3.7 Book page No

An iron shot of mass 6 g is fired with an air gun. If the velocity of the shot is 62
𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 , what is its momentum?
Sol Given data

Mass of the iron shot, m = 6 g = 0.006 kg
Velocity of the iron shot, V = 62 ms −1
Momentum of the iron shot, p =?
We know that
p = m×v putting the values
p = 0.006 kg × 62 ms−1
p = 0.372 kg 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 (Ans)

A cricket ball of mass 400 g has the momentum of 10 kg 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . Calculate the
velocity fo the ball.
Sol Given data

400
Mass of the ball, m = 400 g = 1000 = 0.4 kg
Momentum of the ball, P = 10 kg ms −1
Velocity of the ball, V =?
As we know that
P = mv
P
V = Putting the values
m

95
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 kg ms−1
V =
0.4 kg
V = 25 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 (Ans)

A bullet of mass 50 gram is fired a 2 kg gun, if the velocity of the bullet is
600 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . What would be the recoil of the gun?
Sol Given data

50
Mass of the bullet, mb = 50 g = 1000 = 0.05 kg
Velocity of the bullet, Vb = 600 ms −1
Momentum of the bullet, Pb = mb × Vb = 0.05 × 600 = 30 kg ms −1
Mass of the gun, m gun = 2 kg
Recoil Velocity of the gun, V gun =?
According to the law of conservation of momentum;
Initial momentum = Final momentum
Momentum of the bullet + Momentum of the gun = 0
0.05 × 600 + 2 × V gun = 0
30 + V gun = 0
2 V gun = − 30
− 30
V gun =
2
V gun = − 15 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 (Ans)
Q 14. Define friction and limiting friction. Also describe advantages and disadvantages of
friction.
Ans Friction: (Definition)

A force which opposes the motion of a body is called friction.
Examples:
1) Friction between the ground and the wheels of a car.

2) Water and the fish swimming through it.
3) A flying cricket ball and the air.
There are two types of friction;
1. Sliding Friction
2. Rolling Friction
1. Sliding Friction: (Definition)
The friction force opposing the sliding or dragging of one solid body
over another solid body is called sliding friction.

96
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Types of Sliding Friction:

Sliding friction is of two types;
a) Kinetic Friction
b) Limiting Friction or Static Friction
a) Kinetic Friction: (Definition)
Kinetic friction is the force equal and opposite to the external
applied force and when surface is sliding over another surface. It is
always less than static or limiting friction.
b) Limiting Friction or Static Friction: (Definition)
The maximum force of friction that is opposite to applied force
and prevents the body from moving is called static friction. This
friction is also called limiting friction.
2. Rolling Friction: (Definition)
When a body rolls over a surface , the force of friction is called rolling
friction.
Advantages of Friction:
Friction is very useful in our daily life activities.
1) In the absence of friction , motion is not possible.

2) Without friction , it is not possible to stop a moving body.
3) In the absence of friction , a horse will not be able to pull a cart.
4) Without friction , a nail cannot stay in wood.
5) Without friction , it is not possible to tie a knot.
6) We can climb on the tree.
7) We can write on paper.
8) We can walk on the ground.
9) The lighting of a match stick is another useful application of friction.
Disadvantages of Friction:
1) Friction produces heat in various parts of a running machine.

2) Efficiency of the machine is decreased.
3) Due to friction , the machines suffer wear and tear.
4) Cars, buses and trains use part of their energy in overcoming friction.
5) The shoes etc become useless due to friction.
Method of reducing Friction:
1) The front of fast moving objects such as cars , aero-planes, ships etc is
made oblong to minimize (reduce) air friction.

97
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) The force of friction is can be reduced, if we lubricate the parts of

machines with grease and oil.
3) If we polish the rough surfaces. They become smooth and friction is
reduced.
Q 12. What is co-efficient of sliding friction?
Ans Co-efficient of sliding Friction:

when one surface slides over another surface, two forces are in action.
1) Weight of the body (Normal Reaction).

2) Force of Friction.
The frictional force is directly proportional to normal reaction. i-e
Fs ∝ N
Fs = µN
where µ (meu) is a constant of proportionality and is called co-
efficient of sliding friction. Its value depends upon the nature of the
surface which are in contact during sliding.
Fs = µN
OR
Fs
µ =
N
Unit:
As µ (meu) is a Ratio between two similar quantities so it has no unit.

A 5 kg heavy leather bag is placed on a horizontal wooden plank. How much force
is required to set it in motion if the coefficient of friction between the plank and
bag is 0.6.
Sol Given data

Mass of the bag, m = 5 kg
Co-efficient of friction, µ = 0.6
Normal reaction, Fn = W = mg = 5 kg × 10 ms −2 = 50 N
Force applied, F =?
We know that
F = µFn Putting values;
F = 0.6 × 50 N = 30 N
F = 30 N (Ans)

98
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A force of 100 N is required to pull a 50 kg wooden block on a wooden floor with
uniform velocity. Find the coefficient of friction.
Sol Given data

Applied force, F = 100 N
Mass of wooden block, m = 50 kg
Coefficient of friction, µ =?
Normal reaction, Fn = W = mg = 50 × 10 = 500 N
We know that
F = µFn
F 100
µ = = = 0.2
Fn 500
µ = 0.2 (Ans)
Q 15. Define uniform circular motion? Give examples.
Ans Uniform circular motion:

If a body moves in a circular path with a uniform (constant) speed, its motion
is called uniform circular motion.
Examples:
1) The motion of electron around the Nucleus.

2) The rotation of earth around the sun.
3) The seconds hand of clock.
4) The motion of fan.
5) The motion of wheel.
Q 16. Define and explain Centripetal Force?
Ans Centripetal Force:

Such a force which compels the body to move in circular path is called
centripetal force “Fc”. It is always directed toward the center of circle.
Derivation of mathematical form:
As force is required to move the object in a circle and we know that when
force is applied acceleration is produced in the body and the acceleration in this case
is centripetal acceleration “ac” which is written as
V2
ac =
r
Where “V” is the speed of the moving body and “r” is the radius of the circle.
According to Newton’s 2nd law of motion:

F = mac (Putting the values of “a” in this equation, we get)

99
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V2
F = m( )
r
As the force is moving the body along the circular path so it is called
centripetal force and denoted by Fc.
mv2
So, Fc =
r
Factors:
Centripetal force depends upon the following three factors.
1) Mass of the body.

2) Speed of the body.
3) Radius of the body.
Q 17. Give three examples of a motion in a circle and explain the origin of centripetal
force which keeps an object in a circular path.
Ans Example No 1:
When we whirl a stone tied to the end of string. then our hand provides
centripetal force to stone through string to move it in a circular path.
Example No 2:
The electron revolves around d the nucleus in circular path because of
centripetal force, which is provided by the nuclear force between electron and
nucleus.
Example No 3:
The moon revolves around the earth because of centripetal force, which is
provided by the gravitational force between moon and earth.
Application of centripetal force:
Q 18. What do you mean by banking of road?
Ans Banking of road:

The outer edge of a curved road is made a little higher than the inner edge.
This is called banking of road.
Purpose:
The force of friction between the tyres and the road provides the necessary
centripetal force and keeps the car moving on the curved pat. But
1) If the tyres are worn out.

2) Road is slippery due to rain or oil.
The friction in those cases will not be sufficient to provide necessary

centripetal force. As a result the car will skid off the road that is why outer edge of

100
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
the curved road is made a little higher than the inner edge. Just to provide more and
more centripetal force to the car for a safe turn.
Q 19. What is Centrifuge? Give examples.
Ans Definition:
Centrifuge is a device which is used for the separation of liquids of unequal
densities.
Principle:
mv2
Its principle depends on centripetal force ( ) which is required to
r
compel an object of mass “m” moving with velocity “V” in a circular path of radius
“r”.
Examples:
1) Washing Machine Dryer:

Washing machine dryer is a kind of centrifuge. The dryer consists of a long
cylinder with hundreds of small holes on its walls. Wet clothes are placed in this
cylinder, which is rotated rapidly about its axis. water moves outward to the
walls of cylinder and is drained out through the holes. In this way clothes become
dry quickly.
2) Cream Separator:
Cream separator is another example of centrifuge which is used to separate
cream from milk. In this machine milk is whirled (‫ )گول گھمانا‬rapidly.
Since milk is a mixture of light and heavy particles, when it is rotated the light
particles (cream) gathers near the axis of rotation which is collected very easily
from milk.
Q 20. What is meant by centripetal acceleration?
Ans Definition:
The acceleration which is produced by centripetal force is called centripetal
acceleration. (OR)
“It is the acceleration which is produced in the direction of motion of a body
moving in a circle with constant speed”.
This acceleration is directed towards the center of the circular path of
motion.
𝐕𝟐
Formula: ac =
𝐫
Unit: The unit of centripetal acceleration is ms −2 .
Explanation:
When a body moves in a circular path, at every instant the direction of

101
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
motion changes. Therefore the velocity also changes at every instant. It means that
acceleration is produced in the motion of the body.
V2
The equation centripetal acceleration is ac = shows.
r
1) Greater is the speed of the body greater will be the centripetal acceleration.
2) Smaller is the radius of circular path greater will be the centripetal
acceleration.
Q 21. State and explain Centrifugal force?
Ans Centrifugal force:

It is that force which compels a body to move away from the center of circle.
It is the is the reaction force of centripetal force
(OR)
The force of reaction equal in magnitude but opposite in direction of
centripetal force is called centrifugal force.
Example:
If a stone is tied to the end of a string and whirl the stone, then we provide
centripetal force to stone through string.
During this process our hand experiences a push in the outward direction.
This outward force on our is known as centrifugal force. Its magnitude is equal to
centripetal force but direction is opposite to it. The centrifugal force works as long as
the centripetal force is an action.
Mathematically:
− 𝐦𝐯𝟐
Centrifugal force is written as: Fc = .
𝐫

A motorcyclist is moving along a circular wooden track of a circus ( death well ) of
radius 5 m at a speed of 10 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . If the total mass of motorcycle and the rider is
150 kg find the magnitude of the centripetal force acting on him?
Sol Given data

Total mass, m = 150 kg
Speed, V = 10 ms −1
Radius of track, r=5m
So that they could provide the necessary reaction and the wheels could turns about
their axles.

102
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mv2
As F =
r
150 kg × (10 ms−1 )2
F =
5m
150 kg × 100 m2 s−2
F =
5m
15000 kgms−2
F =
5
F = 3000 kgms −2 (Newton = N = kgms −2 )
F = 3000 N (Ans)
EXERCISE
1) What do we call the pull of gravity on an object?
(a) Mass (b) Density (c) Momentum (d) Weight
2) Which one is the unit of weight?

(a) newton (b) Kilogram (c) meter (d) ms–1
3) An object of mass 200 g is moving in a circle with a constant speed of 5ms–1. If the
radius is 0.5 m, what will be the value of the centripetal force.
(a) 5 N (b) 10 N (c) 15 N (d) 20 N
4) How many times the centripetal force will increase if the mass of a body moving with
uniform speed in a circle is doubled?
(a) Six time (b) Two times (c) Four times (d) Eight times
5) A cricket ball of mass 400 g is moving with an acceleration of 10 ms–2. How much force
is required to stop the ball?
(a) 4 N (b) 10 N (c) 1 N (d) 20 N
6) What is the mass of a girl on the earth if her mass on the moon is 60 kg?
(a) 60 Kg (b) 70 Kg (c) 80 kg (d) 90 Kg
7) Momentum is ________
(a) Destroyed in all collisions and explosions.
(b) Conserved in all explosions and collisions.
(c) Destroyed in all collisions but conserved in explosions
(d) Destroyed in all collisions and conserved in explosions
8) Momentum = ______________
(a) Force × speed (b) mass × speed (c) mass × velocity (d) mass × acceleration

103
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9) Momentum is useful concept in physics because:

(a) It explains how objects accelerates
(b) It explains how objects heated up
(c) It explains how energy is created and destroyed
(d) It helps to explain collisions
10) A gun is fired for momentum to be conserved

(a) There is a recoil in the same direction as the directions of the bullet
(b) There is a recoil in the opposite direction to the directions of the bullet
(c) There is no recoil
(d) The bullet will not move4
11) When a force is applied to an object, several effects are possible. Which of the
Following effect cannot occur?
(a) The object speeds up.
(b) The object rotates.
(c) The object may change its shape.
(d) The mass of the object decreases.
12) A rock on the moon has a mass of 12 kg. It is brought to the earth where the gravitational
field is stronger. On the earth, the rock will have.
(a) Less mass and less weight
(b) Less mass and the same weight.
(c) The same mass and the same weight.
(d) The same mass and more weight.
13) A vector contains more information than a scalar. What is this extra information?
(a) Direction (b) Size (c) Time (d) Speed
14) In which direction does the frictional force always act on an object moving across a
horizontal surface?
(a) Opposite to the direction of the gravitational force
(b) In the direction of motion
(c) Opposite to the direction of motion
(d) In the direction of gravitational force
15) Which is the correct statement about momentum and force?
(a) Momentum and force both are vectors
(b) Momentum and force both are scalars
(c) Momentum is scalar, force is vector
(d) Momentum is vector, force is scalar
16) A girl just support a mass of 33 kg suspended from a rope. What is the resultant force acting
on the mass?
(a) 330 N (b) 0 N (c) 20 N (d) 200 N

104
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONCEPETUAL QUESTIONS
Q 1. When a tree is shaken, its fruits and leaves fall down why?
Ans When a tree is shaken, the braches bearing fruits and leaves also move but
the fruits and leaves do not move because of Inertia. They resist the motion, as they
do not move so they will fall down.
Q 2. Why does dust fly off, when a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick?
Ans When a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick. It starts to move but the dust
inside the carpet resist motion due to Inertia. It wants to maintain its state of rest. As
the dust particles do not move with carpet so these dust particles will fly off.
Q 3. Why a person travelling in a bus falls forward, when the bus stops suddenly?
Ans A person travelling in a bus falls forward when the bus stops suddenly. It is
because of Inertia. When the bus suddenly stops the lower body part of the person
stops with the bus and the upper body part wants to continue its motion due to
Inertia. As the upper body part does not stop so the person falls forward.
Q 4. Out of hard cricket ball and soft tennis ball, which one has more inertia an why?
Ans Mass is the measure of Inertia and it is directly proportional to Inertia. It
means greater is the mass of the object, greater will be the inertia.
Now out of hard cricket ball and soft tennis ball, hard cricket ball has massive
mass, so it will have more inertia than soft tennis ball.
Q 5. Why is it dangerous to jump out of a moving vehicle?

Ans when a person jumps from a moving vehicle his body too has the same speed
as that of bus. When he jumps his lower body part suddenly stops, but the upper
body part still wants to continue its motion and tend to move in forward direction
due to Inertia.
Therefore the person will fall forward and may injure himself. So it is advised
not jump out of moving vehicle.
Q 6. Why a hollow filled with air move forward, when air is released?
Ans It is an example of Newton’s third law as well as law of conservation of
momentum.
Newton’s 3rd law:
When air is released, the air exerts a force of action on the surrounding air
and as a result. The surrounding air pushes the balloon upward direction.
As a conservation of momentum:
The air and balloon forms an isolated system. When air from the balloon is
released it rushes out with great speed in backward direction, the balloon show
upward motion. Just to preserve the momentum.

105
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 7. You leave a parcel on the seat of a car. When you brake suddenly, the parcel fall
onto the floor. Explain why?
Ans The parcel falls on the floor of car. When brakes are applied suddenly.
It is because of inertia, as the car moves, the parcel on the seat of the car is
also in motion but when brakes are applied suddenly the car and seat stops its
motion but the parcel on the seat wants to continue its motion because of inertia, so
it falls down.
Q 8. Why does one get hurt seriously while jumping on a hard floor?
Ans A person get hurt seriously while jumping on a hard floor. It is because the
sudden change in momentum of the person which is called impulse and the effect of
impulse is severe when the person jumps on a hard floor the velocity and
acceleration suddenly becomes zero or momentum becomes zero, and the force
which ground exerts on the person acts for a short time. Because of huge force of
impact the person get hurt seriously.
Q 9. Why does a player move his hand backward while taking a catch?
Ans While taking a catch the player moves his band in backward direction. In this
way the ball takes much time to come to rest. The velocity and acceleration of the
ball decreases slowly and the sudden change in the momentum of ball does not
occur, thus the force also decreases and the ball does not hurt the player’s hand.
Q 10. Why is the surface of a conveyor belt made rough?
Ans The surface of a conveyor belt is made rough. Just to increase the force of
friction between the belt and the objects. Which are placed on the surface of belt. As
a result, the things lying on the belt remains safe from falling the belt will remain at
rest, due to the roughness of the belt.
Q 11. Why do coins move faster on a carom board when dusted with talcum powder?
Ans The talcum powder reduces the friction between coins and carom board and
when friction is reduced motion becomes easier and convenient.
Moreover rolling friction is less than sliding friction. The talcum powder
converts sliding into rolling. Which helps the coins to move faster on the carom
board?
Q 12. Why does a hose pipe tend to move backward when the fireman directs a powerful
stream of water towards fire?

106
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ans It is the example of Newton’s 3rd law as well as law of conservation of

momentum.
1) As Newton’s 3rd law of motion:

The pipe exerts a force and a powerful stream of water comes out from the
pipe as a reaction the water also exerts the same force on the pipe which move
backward.
2) As law of conservation of Momentum:
Similarly it can be explained by law of conservation of momentum; the water
comes out with great momentum from the pipe. To conserve the momentum of
water, the pipe moves in the backward direction.
Q 13. Why does a boatman tie his boat to a pillar before allowing the passengers to step
on the river bank?
Ans When the passengers step down the boat on the river bank, they actually
push the boat. In backward direction with their feet. The boat would move away
from the bank and the passengers may fall in water. That is why it is first tied to the
pillar before allowing the passengers to step on the river bank.
Q 14. Why does a gunman gets a jerk on firing a bullet?

Ans It is the example of Newton’s 3rd law as well as law of conservation of
momentum.
As Newton’s 3rd law of motion :
When a gunman fires a bullet, the gun exerts a forced of action on the bullet
to move it in forward direction, As a result the bullet pushes the gun in backward
direction, that’s why the gunman gets a jerk in backward direction.
As law of conservation of momentum:
when the gunman fires a bullet, the bullet show greater momentum in
forward direction. Now to conserve the momentum, the gun show momentum in
backward direction because of which the gunman gets a jerk, in backward direction.
Q 15. Why are the long jump athletes made to jump in sand pits?
Ans In long jump the athletes are always made to jump in sand pits for their
safety.
The sand pits provider time to athletes to bring about a change in their
momentum slowly. Their velocity and acceleration take time to slow down. When
the time interval is more than the impact of impulse will be reduced to greater
extent and the athletes will land in sand pits very safety.

107
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 16. Define Impulse?
Ans Impulse: (Definition)

When a large amount of forces apply for a short interval of time. Then the
phenomenon is called impulse. It is denoted by “I” or “J”.
Mathematically: Rough work
∆P
( F= )
I = F. ∆t ∆t
F × ∆t = ∆P
Now according to Newton’s second law in term of momentum
∆P
F = ∆t
By multiplying “∆t” both side

∆P
F × ∆t = × ∆t
∆t
F × ∆t = ∆P
As I = F × ∆t Putting in above equation
I = ∆P
Impulse = Change in momentum
It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is kgms −1 or Ns.
Example:
1) In collision of two vehicles large amount of forces apply for short interval of time.
2) When a ball is strike by a bat.

108
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Q 1. What is the acceleration produced by a force 10 N exerted on an object of 3000 g?
Sol Given data

Force, F = 10 N
3000
Mass, m = 3000 g = kg = 3 kg
1000
Acceleration, a
⃗⃗ =?
As we know that
F = ma
F
a= Putting values;
m
10
a= = 3.3 ms −2
3
a = 3.3 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 (Ans)
Q 2. Calculate the mass of a body when a force of 700 N, produce an acceleration of

12.5𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 .
Sol Given data

Force, F = 700 N
⃗⃗ = 12.5ms −2
Acceleration, a
Mass, m =?
We know that
F
F = ma OR m=
a
700
m= = 56 kg
12.5
m = 56 kg (Ans)
Q 3. A force of 2 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 N acts on a mass of 0.04 kg over a distance of 10 m. Assuming

the mass is initially at rest, find the final velocity and time for which the force acts.
(1𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 , 20s)
Sol Given data
Force, F = 2 × 10 −3 N
Mass, m = 0.04 kg
Distance, S = 10 m
Initial velocity, Vi = 0 ms −1
Final velocity, Vf =?
Time, t =?
Finding Final velocity, Vf =?

1st we find acceleration, a =?

109
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F = ma
F 2 × 10 −3 2
a= = = × 10 −3 × 10 2
m 0.04 4
2 2 2 1
a= × 10 −1 = = = = 0.05 ms −2
4 4 ×10 40 20
a = 0.05 ms −2
Now to find VF we use 3rd equation of motion:
2 as = Vf 2 – Vi 2 putting values
2 × 0.05 × 10 = Vf – (0) 2
2
2 × 0.05 × 10 = Vf 2
2×5
× 10 = Vf 2
100
10
= Vf 2
10
Vf 2 = 1
√Vf 2 = √1
VF = 1𝐦𝐬 −𝟏
Finding Time, t =?
Now we can use 1st equation of motion:
Vf = Vi + at
V𝐟 – V𝐢
t= putting values
𝐚
1 – 0 𝐅
t= 𝐅 (𝐚 =
𝐦
)
𝐦
m 0.04
t =1× =1×
F 2 ×10 −3
4 4 4
t =1× =1× = = 20 s
2 ×10 −3 × 10 2 2 ×10 −1 0.2
t = 20 s (Ans)
Q 4. How much momentum will a dumbbell of mass 10 kg transfer to the floor. If it fall
a height of 0.8 m?
Sol Given data

Mass, m = 10 kg
Distance, S = h = 0.8 m
Momentum, P ⃗⃗⃗ =?
We know that
Momentum, P ⃗⃗⃗ = mv ------------------------- (A)
1st finding velocity: Here we use 3rd equation of motion.

110
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 as = Vf 2 – Vi 2 (a = g , s = h)
2 gh = Vf 2 – Vi 2 putting values
2 ×10 × 0.8 = Vf 2 – (0) 2
160
= Vf 2
10
Vf 2 = 16 Taking under the root both sides
√Vf 2 = √16
Vf = 4ms −1
We know that
⃗⃗⃗
P = mVf
⃗⃗⃗
P = 10 × 4 = 40 kg ms −1
⃗⃗⃗
𝐏 = 40 kg 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 OR ⃗⃗⃗ = 40 Ns
𝐏 (Ans)
Q 5. Calculate the force required to stop a car of mass 1000 kg and a loaded truck of
mass 10,000 kg in 2 second, if they are moving with same velocity of 5 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 .
(–2500 N, –25,000 N)
Sol given data
Mass of a car, m1 = 1000 kg
Mass of a loaded truck, m2 = 10,000 kg
Time, t = 2 s
Velocity, VI = 5 ms −1
Force to stop the car, F1 =?
Force to stop the loaded truck, F2 =?
1st finding acceleration:

V𝐟 – V𝐢
a= putting values
𝐭
0 – 5 – 5
a= = ms −2
𝟐 𝟐
–5
a= ms −2
𝟐
Force to stop the car, F1 =?

F1 = m1a
–5
F1 = 1000 × ( 2 )
F1 = 500 × − 5
F1 = − 2500 N
The – ive sign show an opposing force.
Force to stop the loaded truck, F2 =?

F2 = m2a
–5
F2 = 10,000 × ( 2 )

111
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F2 = 5000 × − 5
F2 = − 25,000 N
The – ive sign shows on opposing force.
Q 6. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired with a rifle. The bullet takes 0.003 s to move through
barrel and leaves with a velocity of 300 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . What is the force exerted on the
bullet by the rifle? (1000 N)
Sol Given data
10
Mass, m = 10 g = = 0.01kg
1000
Time, t = 0.003 sec
Velocity, Vi = 0 ms −1
Velocity, Vf = 300 ms −1
Force, F =?
As we know that
F = ma ----------------------- (1)
1sr finding acceleration for the above equation.
V𝐟 – V𝐢
a= Putting values
𝐭
300 – 0
a=
0.003
300 ×1000 3,00,000
a= =
𝟑 𝟑
a = 1, 00,000 ms −2
Putting the values of mass (m) and acceleration (a) in equation (1)
F = ma
F = 0.01 × 1, 00,000
F = 1000 N (Ans)
Q 7. Two bodies of masses 200 g and 300 g are tied to string which is passed over a
pulley. If the pulley has no friction, then find the acceleration of the bodies and
tension in the string. (2 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 , 2.4 N)
Sol Given data

200
Mass of body two, m1 = 200 g = = 0.2 kg
1000
300
Mass of body one, m2 = 300 g = = 0.3 kg
1000
1) Acceleration, a =?
2) Tension, T =?
As we know that

112
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Acceleration, a =?
m −m
a = ( m1 + m 2 ) g
1 2
putting the values in the above equation.
0.3 − 0.2
a = (0.3 + 0.2 ) × 10
0.1
a = ( 0.5 ) × 10
1 10
a = = = 2 ms −2
0.5 5
a = 2 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 ----------------------------- (1) Ans
2) Tension, T =?
m1 m2
T = ( )g
m1 + m2
Putting the values in the above equation.
2 ×0.3 ×0.2
T = ( ) × 10
0.3 + 0.2
0.12
T = ( 0.5 ) × 10
1.2
T =
0.5
𝟏𝟐𝟎
T = = 2.4 N --------------------------- (2) Ans
𝟓𝟎
Q 8. A girl pushes a box of 60 kg mass on the floor, a force of 300 N is applied on the
box. What will be the co-efficient of friction existing between the box and the
floor? (0.5)
Sol Given data
Mass, m = 60 kg
Force, F= 300 N
Coefficient of friction, µ =?
We know that
F = µFN = µW = µ mg (FN = W = mg)
F = µ mg
F
µ=
mg
300 300
µ= =
60 ×10 600
µ = 0.5 (Ans)

113
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 9. A car of mass 1000 kg is running on a circular motor way interchange near Swabi
with a velocity of 80 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 the radius of the circular motor way interchange is
800m. How much centripetal force is required? (8000 N)
Sol Given data
Mass, m = 1000 kg
Velocity, V = 80 ms −1
Radius, r = 800 m
Centripetal force, Fc =?
As we know that
𝐦𝐯 𝟐
Fc =
𝐫
Putting the values in the above equation.
1000 × (80)2
Fc =
800
1000 × 6400
Fc =
800
Fc = 1000 × 8
Fc = 8,000 N (Ans)
Q 10. A body of 80 g attached by a string whirls in a horizontal circle of radius of 1 m.
Find the speed of the stone if the tension in the string is 50 N. (25 ms–1)
Sol Given data
80
Mass, m = 80 g = = 0.08 kg
1000
Radius, r = 1 m
Tension, T = F = 50 N
Velocity, V =?
We know that
𝐦𝐕 𝟐
Fc =
𝐫
2 Fc × r
V = Putting values
m
50 × 1 5000
V2 = = = 625
0.08 8
V2 =
625
Taking square root on both sides
√V 2 = √625
V = 25 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 (Ans)
--------------------------------END OF CHAPTER NO: 3 ----------------------------------------

114
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

115
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Turning effect of forces
Q 1. Discus various types of forces acting on a body?
Ans The various types of forces are:
1) Gravitational Force:
The force of attraction of the earth on a body is called gravitational force.
With in the gravitational field the earth attracts the body towards its centre.
As all bodies are made of particles size of the body is small as compared to earth.
Therefore the gravitation pulls acting on as shown in the figure.
Block lying on a table:
Two forces are acting on the block of mass ‘m’ lying on a table.
1. Weight of block ‘w’ acting in downward direction.
2. Reaction force of the table ‘R’ on the block acting in upward direction.
Those two forces have same line of action and they cancel or balance each
other.
2) Parallel Forces:
In a plane, if a number of forces act on a body in such a way that their points
of action are different but lines of forces are parallel to each other, they are
called parallel forces.
OR
If the directions of forces are parallel to each other, even if they are in
opposite direction, such types of forces are called parallel forces.
Types:
Parallel forces are of two types
1. Like parallel forces

2. Unlike parallel forces
1) Like parallel forces: (Definintion)
If two forces are acting on a body in a same direction, they are called
like parallel forces.
E xample:
In the given figure two forces ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are an example of two like
parallel forces acting at point ‘A’ and ‘B’.
Those forces are not equal but parallel and act in the same direction.
2) Unlike parallel forces or Anti parallel forces: (Definition)
If two forces are acting on a body in the opposite direction, they will
be known as unlike parallel forces or anti parallel forces.

116
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example:
In the figure two forces ‘L’ and ‘M’ are an example of unlike parallel
forces acting at point ‘C’ and ‘D’ respectively.
If forces ‘L’ is equal in magnitude to force ‘M’ then they are called
couple.
Q 2. Explain addition of different forces? OR Discus the addition of forces in details?
Ans We know that force is a vector quantity. Addition of forces (vectors) means
the combination of two or more forces (vectors) to get a resultant force (vector),
the resultant force determines whether the body will move, and how it will move.
1) When the angle between the forces is zero: (Like Parallel forces)
When the angle between the individual force (vector) is ‘0o’. Then we add the
magnitude of individual forces (vector) for getting magnitude of resultant force
(vector).
5 5
→ + → = 10
15 5
→ + →= 20
2) When the angle between the forces is 180 : 0
(Unlike parallel forces or Anti parallel force)

When the angle between the individual force (vector) is 180 o. Then we
subtract the magnitude of individual forces (vector) for getting magnitude of
resultant force (vector).
5 −5
→ + ← = 0
10 −15 −5
→ + ← = ←
3) When the angle between the forces is neither (0o) nor (180o):
When the angle between the forces is other than 0o and 180o. Then we use a
special method called “Head to tail rule” for finding their resultant force (vector).
Head to Tail Rule:
In order to get the resultant of two or more forces (vectors) draw the
representative lines of the given vectors (forces) in such a way that the head of
the one coincides (touches) with the tail of other.
Resultant Force (vector):
The straight line which is drawn by joining the tail of the first force (vector) to
the head of the last one gives the resultant force (vector) of these two forces.
This method of adding vector (Forces) is known as “Head to Tail Rule” of

addition of forces (vectors).

117
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example:
Suppose we have two forces (vectors) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
A and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
B and we have to add them
by head to tail rule as shown.
→
𝐑
→ →
𝐁 𝐁
→ →
𝐀 𝐀
⃗⃗⃗
𝐑 = ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐁
𝐀 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ ) is the resultant force (vector). Which is directed from tail
In the figure ( R
of the first vector to the head of the last vector.
Q 3. What is meant by resultant force (vector)?
Ans Resultant force (vector):

The sum or resultant force (vector) of two or more forces (vectors) is a
single force (vector) which has the same effect as the combined effect of all the
forces (vectors) to be added.
⃗⃗⃗ and⃗⃗⃗⃗
A B , their resultant force (vector) ‘ ⃗⃗⃗R ‘ can be represented by the
following equation.
⃗⃗⃗
R = ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
A + B
Q 4. Define resolution of force (vector)?
Ans The process of replacing one force (vector) by two or more than two forces
(vectors) is called resolution of vector (forces).
The forces so obtained are called the components of the original force
(vector).
Q 5. What is meant by rectangular components of a force (vector)?
Ans Generally a force is resolved into two components at right angle to each
other such components are called rectangular components.
Horizontal component( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅𝐱 ):
The component of force (vector) along horizontal direction is called
horizontal component.
Vertical component( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅𝐲 ):
The component of force (vector) along vertical direction is called vertical
component.
Q 6. Finding magnitude of rectangular components of a force ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐅?

118
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ans Representation of force (vector) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐅:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ making an angle ‘𝜃’
Consider a vector (force) ⃗⃗⃗⃗F which is shown by line OB
with x-axis.
Resolution of force ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅 :
To resolve (divide) the force (vector) ⃗⃗⃗⃗F into its component, we draw a
perpendicular ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BA on x – axis from point ‘B’.
Suppose ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB represent two forces (vectors).
1) Force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA is along x – axis, denoted by ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅𝐱 .
2) Force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB is along y – axis, denoted by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅𝐲 .
By applying head to tail rule of vector addition, we see that sum of vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy is equal to⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx .
Therefore ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy are the rectangular components of force ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅 (vector).
Magnitude of rectangular components:

The magnitude of rectangular components can be determined by using
trigonometric ratios.
Consider right triangle “OAB” as shown in the figure.
Horizontal component:
To find horizontal component, we use the ratio “Cos𝜃”.
Base
Cos 𝜃 =
Hypotenuse
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA
Cos 𝜃 = (As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA Fx and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗F )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx
So, Cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(By cross multiplication )
F
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx = ⃗⃗⃗⃗F Cos 𝜃 ------------------------- (1)
Eq (1) represent the magnitude of force ⃗⃗⃗⃗F along x – axis.
Vertical component:
To find horizontal component, we use the ratio “Cos𝜃”.
Perpendicular
Sin 𝜃 =
Hypotenuse
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB
Sin 𝜃 = (As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Fy and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗F )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy
So, Sin 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(By cross multiplication )
F

119
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy = ⃗⃗⃗⃗F Sin 𝜃 -------------------------- (2)
Eq (2) represent the magnitude of force ⃗⃗⃗⃗F along y – axis.
If the rectangular compounds ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Fy of a force (vector) are known, we
can determine the original force (vector)⃗⃗⃗⃗F .
Magnitude of force⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅:
Applying Pythagoras theorem to the right angle triangle OAB.
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2

2 2 2
( ⃗⃗⃗⃗F ) = ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx ) + ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy )
2 2 2
√ ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗F ) = √ ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx ) + √ (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy )
F = √⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx 2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy 2 ----------------- (3)
Eq (3) represent the magnitude of the resultant force⃗⃗⃗⃗F .
Direction of resultant force:

The direction angle of force ⃗⃗⃗⃗F is determined by the trigonometric ratio.
Perpendicular
Tan 𝜃 =
Base
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy
Sin 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx
Tan 𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy
=
𝑇𝑎𝑛 Tan (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy
(𝜃 = Tan−1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
) ----------------- (4)
Fx
Eq (4) represents the direction of the resultant force⃗⃗⃗⃗F .

120
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS BADSHAH ZO DDIN

M OB NO: 03075980935
EXACT VALUES FOR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ANGLES:
Angle 𝜽 Angle 𝜽
Sin 𝜽 Cos 𝜽 Tan 𝜽 Cot 𝜽 Sec 𝜽 Cosec 𝜽
in degrees in radian
0° 0 0 𝟏 0 ∞ 1 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
15° 𝝅/12
𝟒
(√𝟔 −- √𝟐 )
𝟒
(√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) 2 − √𝟑 2+ √𝟑 √𝟔 -√𝟐 √𝟔 +√𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
30° π/6 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
45° π/4 √𝟐 √𝟐 1 1 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
60° π/3 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 2 √𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
75° 5π/3 (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) (√𝟔 − √𝟐 ) 2 + √𝟑 2− √𝟑 √𝟔 +√𝟐 √𝟔 −√𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
90° π/2 1 0 ±∞ 0 ±∞ 1
𝟏 𝟏
105° 7π/12 (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) − (√𝟔 - √𝟐 ) − (2 +√𝟑) − ( 2− √𝟑) − (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) √𝟔 −√𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
120° 2π/3 √𝟑 −𝟐 −√𝟑 − √𝟑 −2 √𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
135° 3π/4 √𝟐 − √𝟐 −1 −1 −√𝟐 √𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
150° 5π/6 − √𝟑 − √𝟑 - √𝟑 − √𝟑 2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
165° 11π/12 (√𝟔 - √𝟐 ) − (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) −(2−√𝟑) −(2+√𝟑) − (√𝟔 -√𝟐) √𝟔 +√𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
180° π 0 −1 0 ±∞ −1 ±∞
𝟏 𝟏
195° 13π/12 − (√𝟔 - √𝟐 ) − (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) 2 − √𝟑 2 + √𝟑 − (√𝟔 −√𝟐) −(√𝟔 +√𝟐 )
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
210° 7π/6 − − √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑 − √𝟑 −2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
225° 5π/4 − √𝟐 − √𝟐 1 1 − √𝟐 − √𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
240° 4π/3 − √𝟑 − √𝟑 √𝟑 −2 − √𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
255° 17π/12 − (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) − (√𝟔 - √𝟐 ) 2+ √𝟑 2− √𝟑 − (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) − (√𝟔 −√𝟐)
𝟒 𝟒
270° 3π/2 −1 0 ±∞ 0 ±∞ −1
𝟏 𝟏
285° 19π/12 − (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) (√𝟔 −√𝟐 ) −(2+√𝟑) −(2− √𝟑) √𝟔 +√𝟐 − (√𝟔 −√𝟐)
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
300° 5π/3 − 𝟐 √𝟑 −√𝟑 − √𝟑 2 − √𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
315° 7π/4 − √𝟐 √𝟐 −1 −1 √𝟐 − √𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
330° 11π/6 − √𝟑 − √𝟑 − √𝟑 √𝟑 −2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
345° 23π/12 − (√𝟔 − √𝟐 ) (√𝟔 +√𝟐 ) − (2−√𝟑) −(2+√𝟑) √𝟔 −-√𝟐 −(√𝟔 +√𝟐 )
𝟒 𝟒
360° 2π 0 1 0 ±∞ 1 ±∞

121
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 7. Define torque or moment of force and discuss it in detail?
Ans Torque or moment of force:

The turning effect of a force applied to a body around a fix point or axis is
called torque or moment of force.
Torque or moment of force may rotate an object clockwise or anticlockwise
direction.
OR
Turning produces in an object due to force is called torque.
Clockwise Torque:
If the force is capable of rotating the body in clockwise direction, the torque
is known as clockwise torque. Clockwise torque is conventionally taken as negative
( − ive).
Anticlockwise torque:
If the force is capable of rotating the body in anticlockwise direction, the
torque is known as anticlockwise torque. Anticlockwise torque is conventionally
taken as positive (+ ive).
Examples:
1) Opening of a door.
2) Turning of a wheel.
3) Opening and closing of water tap.
Explanation:
Consider the example of a door. The region about which the door begins to
rotate is known as axis of rotation or pivot point.
The point on which force is applied is called point of action of force.
Moment Arm ( ⃗⃗⃗𝐫 ):
The straight path between axis of rotation (pivot point) and point of action of
force is called moment arm.
Angle ‘𝜽’:
The torque also depend upon the value of ‘𝜃’ between ⃗⃗⃗r and ⃗⃗⃗⃗F ;
1) If force is passes through pivot point then torque will be minimum.

i – e 𝜽 = 0o and 𝜽 = 180o
𝜏 = rf Sin 𝜽 𝜏 = rf Sin 𝜽
𝜏 = rf Sin (0) 𝜏 = rf Sin (180)
𝜏 = rf (0) 𝜏 = rf (0)
2) If force apply is perpendicular then torque will be maximum.
𝜏 = rf Sin 𝜽 (𝜃 = 90𝑜 )
122
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝜏 = rf Sin (90)
𝜏 = rf (1)
𝜏 = rf
Thus the torque will be maximum.
Now if the force is applied near the axis of rotation or hinge the door will not
open easily and if the same force is applied away from the axis of rotation or hinge, it
will open very easily.
Magnitude of force ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅 ):
Similarly, if we apply small force, the door will open a little and by applying
greater force, the door will open more.
Factors:
From these observations we conclude that torque depends on the following
factors.
1) Moment Arm of force ( ⃗⃗⃗r ):

2) Magnitude of force ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗F ):
Mathematically form:
Torque = Moment × Force
𝜏 = r×f
𝜏 = rf Sin 𝜽
Unit:
The SI unit of torque is Newton meter (Nm).
Torque is a vector quantity. It may rotate an object in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction.
Q 8. Define center of gravity (c.g) where is the center of gravity of regular shape bodies
located?
Ans Center of gravity:

A point inside or outside a body at which whole weight of the body appears
to act is called center of gravity (c.g). Center of gravity of regular shape bodies.
Center of gravity of regular shape:
Center of gravity of regular shape bodies is located at the geometrical
center of the body. The location of the c.g of different bodies is shown in the
following table.

123
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S# Name of the body Location of c.g

1 Sphere Centre of the sphere
2 Uniform rod Centre of the rod
3 Circular plate Centre of circular plate
4 Plates (Square or rectangle) Intersection of diagonals
5 Parallelogram Intersection of diagonals
6 Triangles Intersection of medians
1& 3 Circle or sphere 2 Uniform Rod
4 Square 4 Rectangular 4 Triangles 6 Triangle
Q 9. How you determine the center of gravity of irregular shape body?
Ans Center of gravity of irregular shape body:

If we want to find the center of gravity (c.g) of an irregular shaped object
such as cardboard by the method of suspension. Drill a few holes near the edge of
the cardboard.
Now suspend the object at “A” and draw the vertical line ‘Aa’ on the
cardboard repeat the process using the other holes “B” and “c” and draw “Bb” and
“Cc”.
The center of gravity of the object is at the point of intersection “O” of the
lines Aa, Bb and Cc. As shown in the figure;
B c
C b
a

124
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 10. Discuss the center of mass of an object?
Ans Center of mass: (Definition)

The center of mass of the body is the point about which mass is equally
distributed in all direction.
Explanation:
A body is made of large number of small particles. Each particle has a
definite mass. The mass of all particles together make the mass.
Identification:
The identification of this point is possible by applying a force at this point.
The force applied at this point will produce linear acceleration. The center of mass
is denoted by center of mass (c.m).
Uniform Rod
c.m
The center of mass and center of gravity coincide with each other in a
region of uniform gravitational field.
For example; near the surface of the earth or on the surface of the
earth, the gravitational force is uniform, therefore the two centers (center of
gravity and center of mass) are present at the same point. The center of gravity
does not coincide with center of mass in case the gravitational force is not
uniform.
Q3. Define and explain couple? Give examples.
Ans Couple: (Definition)

A couple consist of two parallel forces that are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction and do not act along the same line of action.
Explanation:
A couple does not produce any translation motion but only rotational
motion. In other words the resultant force of a couple is zero, but the resultant of a
couple is not zero. It is a pure moment.
Example:
Consider the example of steering wheel gripped by two hands at points ‘A’
and ‘B’ as shown.
Both hands apply force ‘F1’ and ‘F2’ of equal magnitude in opposite
direction, then the wheel begins to rotate such forces applied by the hand is called
couple .
If both hands apply a force in the same direction, the wheel will not rotate.
A pure couple always consists of two opposite forces equal in magnitude. The

125
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
shortest distance between the two couple forces is called arm of the couple.
Other examples of couple;
1. Winding up the spring of a toy car.

2. Opening and closing of cap of bottle.
3. Turning of a water tap.
4. Door key etc.
Q 11. Define equilibrium. What are its types? Explain it with example?
Ans Equilibrium:
When a number of forces are simultaneously ﴾‫﴿بیک وقت‬acting on a body and
the body does not change its state of rest or on uniform motion, then the body is
said to be in equilibrium.
OR
If a body maintains its state of rest or of uniform motion, then it is said to be
in equilibrium.
OR
A body is said t be in equilibrium when resultant of all the forces acting on it
must be zero.
i-e ∑F⃗⃗ = 0
Types of equilibrium:
There are two types of equilibrium;
1) Static equilibrium
2) Dynamic equilibrium
1) Static equilibrium:
If a body maintain, its state of rest then it is said to be in static equilibrium.
Example:
A lamp suspended form a ceiling. In its state of equilibrium two forces are
acting on the lamp.
1. Weight ‘W’ of the lamp acting vertically downward.
2. Tension ‘T’ in the wire acting vertically upward.
Both these forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. So the
resultant force on this lamp is zero. Therefore the lamp is showing static
equilibrium.
2) Dynamic equilibrium:
If a body moves with uniform velocity, then it is said to be in Dynamic

126
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
equilibrium.
Example No1:
A motor car is moving along a straight road with uniform velocity. Two forces
are acting on the car.
1. The force of engine of the car tends to push the car forward.
2. The friction between the wheels and the road acts backward.
These two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Therefore
the car moves with uniform velocity.
Example No 2:
Motion of paratrooper is another example of dynamic equilibrium.
In this weight ‘w’ of paratrooper is acting downward and the up thrust ﴿
﴾‫ قوت اچھال‬force of air is acting in upward direction. Both the forces balance
each other and the paratrooper moves downward with uniform velocity.
Q 12. What are the two conditions of equilibrium?
Ans There are two condition of equilibrium;
1) First condition of equilibrium: (Statement)

If the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero then it is in
equilibrium on a body is zero then it is in equilibrium.
Mathematically:
∑ ⃗⃗F = 0
Example:
These two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Therefore
the car moves with uniform velocity.
2) Second condition of equilibrium: (Statement)
A body is said to be in equilibrium, if the sum clockwise torque is equal to
sum of anticlockwise torque.
Mathematically:
∑ τ⃗⃗⃗ = 0
Explanation Diagram

127
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the given figure a rod is balanced on a wedge such that weights ‘w1’ and
‘w2’ are suspended from right side of the rod and ‘w3’ is suspend from the left side
of the rod.
Torque produced by ‘w1’ and ‘w2’ is clockwise and torque produced by ‘w3’
is anticlockwise.
Mathematically:
Clockwise torque = Anticlockwise torque
W1 × r1 + W2 × r2 = W3 × r3
5 × 4 + 20 × 1 = 20 × 2
20 + 20 = 40
40 Nm = 40 Nm
So, clockwise torque is equal to anticlockwise torque. It is also called principle

of moments.
Q 13. Discuss the principle of moment or principle of torque?
Ans Principle of moment:

Principle of moment states, “A body will be in equilibrium, if the sum of the
clockwise torque balances the sum of anticlockwise torque over the same pivot”.
Example:
These two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Therefore the
car moves with uniform velocity.
Explanation:
Diagram

128
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the given figure a rod is balanced on a wedge such that weights ‘w1’ and
‘w2’ are suspended from right side of the rod and ‘w3’ is suspend from the left side
of the rod.
Torque produced by ‘w1’ and ‘w2’ is clockwise and torque produced by ‘w3’
is anticlockwise.
Mathematically:
Clockwise torque = Anticlockwise torque
W1 × r1 + W2 × r2 = W3 × r3
5 × 4 + 20 × 1 = 20 × 2
20 + 20 = 40
40 Nm = 40 Nm
So, clockwise torque is equal to anticlockwise torque. It is also called principle

of moments.
Q 14. Define stability and on the bases of stability explain with examples the three states
of equilibrium.
Ans Stability:
The stability of the body depends on how the body in equilibrium behaves,
when disturbed by a force.
The degree of stability of a body depends on how the position of center of
gravity must change when disturbed by some external agent momentarily. (for a
short time )
On the basis of stability of an object there are three states of equilibrium,
both for ordinary and suspended bodies.
1) Stable equilibrium:
An object is in stable equilibrium, if it returns to its original position after it is
slightly disturbed.
Example:
Example of stable equilibrium are table, chair, book, box and brick lying on
the floor.
Explanation:
It is observed that if the book is lifted from its edge, the center of gravity (c.g)
of the book is lifted or raised and when released, it comes back to its original
state. This state of equilibrium of the body is called stable equilibrium.
2) Unstable equilibrium:
An object is in unstable equilibrium, if it does not return to its original
position after it is slightly disturbed.
Example:

129
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. A stick standing vertically on the tip of a finger.

2. A cone standing on its tip.
Explanation:
A pencil is made to stand in equilibrium on its tip. If it is slightly disturbed
from its position, its center of gravity (c.g) will loser and it will not come back to
its original position. This type of equilibrium is called unstable equilibrium.
3) Neutral equilibrium:
An object is in neutral equilibrium, if its center of gravity is neither raised nor
lowered from its original position after it is slightly disturbed.
Explanation:
If a ball is slightly displaced from its original position, it does not come back to
its original position, its adopt a new position but the center of gravity remains at
its place. It is neither raised nor lowered.
Q 15. Write a note on states of equilibrium for suspended bodies?
Ans There are three states of equilibrium for suspended bodies.
1) Stable equilibrium
2) Unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium
1) Sable equilibrium:
If the center of gravity of the suspended body is lowered than the point of
suspension, then it is in the state of stable equilibrium.
Example:
The toy bird shown in the figures has its tail built very heavy as compared
with the rest of the body. Its center of g4avity is below its points at the claws.
﴾ ‫﴿ پنجے‬ The bird does not fall down even after a jerk.
Other example of stable equilibrium is “A lamp suspended from
ceiling”.
2) Unstable equilibrium:
If the center of gravity of a suspended body is above the point of a
suspended, then it is in the state of unstable equilibrium.
Examples:
1. A meter rod balanced on a wedge.

2. An acrobat walking on a rope.
3. A fly kite.

130
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) Neutral equilibrium:
If the center of gravity of the suspended body lies at the point of suspension,
then the body is in the state of neutral equilibrium.
c.g
(Point of suspension)
A rod is shown in the figure.

There is a hole in the middle of the rod, through which the rod is suspended
by a nail in a wall. The center of gravity (c.g) and point of suspension are at same
place. So the rod is in neutral equilibrium.
The center of mass and center of gravity coincide with each other in a region
of uniform gravitational field.
For example; near the surface of the earth or on the surface of the earth, the
gravitational force is uniform, therefore the two centers (center of gravity and center
of mass) are present at the same point. The center of gravity does not coincide with
center of mass in case the gravitational force is not uniform.

131
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

132
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXERCISE

133
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS:
Q 1.
Ans In case (a) only there is no horizontal force acting on the suitcase because it
has only vertical component of force. i-e Tension acting in upward direction and
weight acting in downward direction. So from the figure it is very much clear that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx = 0.
Q 2.
Ans In case of figure “B” the ‘x’ and ‘y’ components of the force is equal to one
another.
We can prove it mathematically by the process of resolution of forces.
Finding horizontal component:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx = ⃗⃗ Cos 𝜃
F
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx = 100 × Cos 45o (Cos 45o = = 0.707)
√2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx = 100 × 0.707
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fx = 70.7 N
Finding vertical component:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy = ⃗⃗F Sin 𝜃
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy = 100 × Sin 45o (Sin 45o = = 0.707)
√2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy = 100 × 0.707
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy = 70.7 N
So, both ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Fy are equal in case of ‘B’.
Q 3.
Ans We know that degree of stability of a body depends on how the center of
gravity (its position) must change when disturbed.
When a person leans backward the position of center of gravity of the body
changes in such away that stability becomes difficult obviously. It becomes difficult
for the body to remain in state of equilibrium. That is why it is more difficult to lean
backward.
Q 4.
Ans We know that turning effect depends on force and moment arm.
Moment arm (perpendicular distance) play an important role in producing
torque, and it is directly proportional to torque. Means greater is the moment arm,

134
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
greater will be the torque produced.

By putting the handle near to the hinge,﴾ ‫ ﴿ قبضہ یا جوڑ‬moment arm will be
small and turning effect will be poor and the door will not open easily that is why the
handles are not put near the hinges.
Q 5. Why does a helicopter has a second rotor on its tail?
Ans A helicopter has two rotors. One rotor is on the upper surface and the other
at its tail.
According t second condition of equilibrium the body will be in state of
equilibrium, if the clockwise torque becomes equal to anticlockwise torque. Torque
produced by one rotor is cancelled by the torque produced by the other rotor and
the helicopter remains in state of equilibrium.
Q 6.
Ans Turning effect mainly depends on moment arm, which play an important role
in producing torque.
Greater is the moment arm, greater will be the torque produced. A long
spanner produced large moment arm because of which large turning effect will be
produced. So it is better to use long spanner rather than a short one to tighten a nut
on a bolt.
Q 7.
Ans Glass “C” is more stable than glass “A” and “B”.
Reason:
Glass “C” has larger base area and its center of gravity is lower. Both these
factors i-e larger base area and lower position of center of gravity are very important
for the stability of an object. That is why glass “C” is more stable than glass “A” and
“B”.
Q 8.
Ans When the girl is seated, her center of gravity has less height from the base of
the canoe. So she is safe while sitting in the canoe.
Because this position of the girl is more stale. But when she tries to stand up
the canoe capsizes because the change occur in the position of center of gravity , its
height increases from the base area which cause instability of the body that is why
the canoe ﴾ ‫ ﴿ چھوٹی کشتی‬capsize.﴾ ‫﴿ الٹنا یا پلٹنا‬
Q 9.

135
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ans Center of gravity of irregular shape body:

If we want to find the center of gravity (c.g) of an irregular shaped object
such as cardboard by the method of suspension. Drill a few holes near the edge of
the cardboard.
Now suspend the object at “A” and draw the vertical line ‘Aa’ on the
cardboard repeat the process using the other holes “B” and “c” and draw “Bb” and
“Cc”.
The center of gravity of the object is at the point of intersection “O” of the
lines Aa, Bb and Cc. As shown in the figure;
B c
C b
a
Q 10.
Ans We know that satellite moves around the earth in its fixed path. Centripetal
force compels the satellite to move around the circular path. This centripetal force is
provided by the gravitational force between the earth and satellite.
The earth exerts gravitational force on satellite and satellite exerts the same
force on earth. The angle between them is 180o.
So putting this value in the equation of torque;
𝜏 = fr Sin 𝜽
𝜏 = fr Sin (180o) (Sin 180o = 0)

𝜏 = fr × (0)
𝜏 = 0 Nm
So no torque is exerted by the gravitational force on satellite.
OR
We know that
𝜏 = fr Sin 𝜽 ------------------------ (1)
Here the angle between “r” and gravitational force “Fg” is 180o.
So equation (1) become;
𝜏 = fr Sin (180o) (Sin 180o = 0)
𝜏 = fr × (0)

136
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝜏 = 0 Nm
So no torque is exerted by the gravitational force on satellite.

137
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Q 1. A force of 100 N is applied perpendicularly at a distance of 0.50 m turn a nut of the
wheel of a bus. Find the torque acting on the nut? (𝝉 = 50 Nm )
Sol: Given data

Force, F = 100 N
Perpendicular distance, d = r = 0.50 m
Torque, 𝜏 =?
As we know that
Torque, 𝜏 = F×r
𝜏 = 100 × 0.50
𝝉 = 50 Nm (Ans)
Q 2. Figure given below shows a mobile crane lifting some material building of under
construction. The weight of the material produces a truing effect, on the arm of the
crane about point “A” the weight of material is 10,000 N. Calculate the moment of
this force using the distance marked on figure. (𝝉 = 1, 50, 000 Nm)
Sol: Given data

Weight, W = F = 10,000 N
Distance, d = r = 15 m
Torque, 𝜏 =?
As we know that
Torque, 𝜏 = Force × distance
𝜏 = 10,000 × 15
𝝉 = 1, 50,000 Nm (Ans)
Q 3. Two kids of weighing 300 N and 350 are sitting at ends of 6 m long see-saw. The
see-saw is pivoted at its center. Where would a third kid sit so that see-saw is in
equilibrium in the horizontal position? The weight of third kid is 250 N (ignore the
weight of see-saw) (0.6 m)
Sol: Given data

Weight of kid A, w1 = 300 N
Weight of kid B, w2 = 300 N
Weight of kid C, w3 = 300 N
Length of the see-saw = 6 m
The distance of kid A, from the pivot point r1 =3m
The distance of kid B, from the pivot point r2 =3m
The distance of kid C, from the pivot point r3 =xm

138
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Since we know that

Torque left = Torque right
𝜏2 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏3
r2 × w2 = r1 × w1 + r3 × w3
r2 w2 = r1 w1 + x w3
x w3 = r2 w2 − r1 w1
r2 w2 − r1 w1
x =
w3
Now, Putting the values;
3 ×350 − 3 ×300
x =
250
1050 − 900 150
x = = = 0.6 m
250 250
x = 0.6 m (Ans)
So the third kid will sit 0.6 m on the left of the pivot.
Q 4.
Sol: Given data

length of plank = 4 m = 400 cm
Distance of the unknown weight W2 to the left of pivot = 80 cm
let weight W2 = x
Distance of W1 to the right of pivot = 100 cm
Mass at the right of the pivot = 3.2 Kg
Weight W1 × g = 3.2 × 10 = 32 N

139
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

140
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

141
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

142
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

143
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

144
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

145
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

146
DYNAMICS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


PHYSICS NOTES Badshah Zoodin 1234 For CLASS - Docx New (Repaired)

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PHYSICS NOTES Badshah Zoodin 1234 For CLASS - Docx New (Repaired)

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CHAPTER NO: 1 1 PHYSICS NOTE FOR CLASS 9

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & MEASUREMENT

Written By: Badshah zo ddin (Mahsood)

EIDGHAH ROAD MADINA COLONY PESHAWAR

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

What is the importance of physics?

ANS Some important applications of physics:

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

ADVERSE EFFECTS: (‫)برے اثرات‬

Q NO: 3 Explain physical Quantities and its types?

ANS PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

All those quantities which can be measured easily and by ordinary

1) Length of a book can be measured easily.

In these examples length, mass and time are physical Quantities.

TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

1) Basic or Fundamental physical Quantities.

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

Q NO: 4 Distinguish between Base and Derived physical Quantities.

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

ANS Difference between Base and Derived physical quantities:

BASE PHYSICAL QUANTITIES DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Q NO: 5 Name the seven S.I base units of measurement?

International System of Unit (SI)

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

S.No Derived Physical Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol

Q NO: 7 write a short note on the International system of Units (SI)?

International System of Unit (SI)

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

We need multiples and sub multiples of the basic unit, because in

Q NO: 9 Why we use prefixes of the power of 10. .﴾ ‫﴿ سابقے‬

PREFIXES USED AS MULTIPLES

PREFIXES USED AS SUB-MULTIPLES

The required thickness in meters.

SOLUTION: Given data:

Mass (m) = 600 mg

1 gram = 1000 mg & 1 Kg = 1000 gram

Since the conversion process is from smaller unit to bigger unit.

Therefore we have to divide the quantity

OR 600 mg = 0.0006 kg (ANS)

Q NO: 10 write a note on Standard form or Scientific Notation?

ANS STANDARD FORM OR SCITIFIC NOTATION:

1) Age of a Universe = 5 × 10 17 Sec. ( Time )

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

EXAMPLE 1.3: Write 26300 kg in standard form?

SOLUTION: Given data

EXAMPLE 1.4: Write 0.00167 m in standard form?

SOLUTION: Given data

Q NO: 11 what is mean by Measuring Instruments? Give the names of measuring

ANS MEASURING INSTRUMENT:

Q NO: 12 what is meter rule?

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

ANS METER RULE:

ANS a) VERNIRE CALIPERS: (Definition)

VERNIER CONSTANT (V.C) OR LEAST COUNT (L .C):

Value of smallest division on Main Scale

Least count = 0.1 mm OR

Least count = 0.01 cm

PREPARED BY: BADSHAH ZO DDIN MOB: 0307-5980935 Global Academy

POSITIVE ZERO ERROR:

Positive zero error

NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR:

Negative zero error