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Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data to improve predictions without being explicitly programmed. There are three main types of machine learning: supervised learning uses labeled training data to predict outcomes for new data; unsupervised learning looks for patterns in unlabeled data; reinforcement learning uses rewards and punishments to learn optimal behaviors. Deep learning uses neural networks with many layers to learn from large amounts of data.
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data to improve predictions without being explicitly programmed. There are three main types of machine learning: supervised learning uses labeled training data to predict outcomes for new data; unsupervised learning looks for patterns in unlabeled data; reinforcement learning uses rewards and punishments to learn optimal behaviors. Deep learning uses neural networks with many layers to learn from large amounts of data.
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data to improve predictions without being explicitly programmed. There are three main types of machine learning: supervised learning uses labeled training data to predict outcomes for new data; unsupervised learning looks for patterns in unlabeled data; reinforcement learning uses rewards and punishments to learn optimal behaviors. Deep learning uses neural networks with many layers to learn from large amounts of data.
Algorithm Set of rules to be followed while solving a problem
Artificial Intelligence use of computer to mimic the cognitive functions of humans Machine Learning Subset of AI, focuses on ability of machines to receive a set of data & learn for themselves, changing algorithms as they learn more about the information they are processing. 3 types - Supervised: We have correct answers for the training cases. Eg. Predict price of home. Actual sales price - Unsupervised: No correct answer for training cases. Goal is exploratory. Eg. Detect unusual events, discover new consumer segments - Reinforcement: No correct answer. Eg ranking of outcomes. Noisy feedback. Eg. Chess, puzzles Neural Networks Computers are trained to think like humans using neural networks. NN are a series of algorithms modeled after human brain. Eg. Text Recognition, facial recognition. Supervised Learning approach Deep Learning Subset of machine learning. Many layers involved while NN only has one layer. Exposure to millions of data points. Reducible Error Irreducible Error Prediction Setting Inference Setting Parametric We make assumptions about the form of f – usually linear. Then we use data to fit the model. So we estimate parameters(coefficients in the equation) Usually least sq method. Basically work is to estimate parameters Non-Parametric No explicit assumptions about functional form of f. seek to estimate an f that is as close to datapoints as possible without being too wiggly. Over -Fitting When a model follows the data too closely including all its errors & noise Euclidian Distance Lasso Spline Generalized Additive models Bagging Boosting Support vector Machines Supervised learning There exists an associated y for every set of x we use. Models to predict well or to better understand the relationships Unsupervised No y for set of x. so can’t fit a linear model. Working blind. Unsupervised cos we lack results learning that can supervise our response. Eg. clustering Semi-Supervised Learn from supervised & apply on unsupervised. i.e. use of small amount of labeled data Learning with large amounts of unlabeled data Linear regression Logistic regression Cluster Analysis Regression problem Dealing with a quantitative response Classification problem Dealing with a qualitative/categorical response Error rate Usually for classification problems. No. of errors/ total classifications Indicator variable From above.. Is 0 if actual = predicted. Is 1 if actual not same as predicted Bayes classifier Conditional probability that Y belongs to class j, given x. basically assigns each observation to its most likely class given its predictors values. Can be used to minimize test error rate Bayes Decision The point where the points have equal possibilities to belong to any of the given classes. i.e. Boundary just as likely to fall into any class. Bayes Error rate Bayes classifier produces the lowest possible test error rate which is called Bayes error rate k-NN Given +ve int k, & test observation x0, identifies k points in training set nearest to x0 clalled N0, & then estimates the conditional probability for class j as a fraction of points in N0 whose response values equal j. Then applies bayes rule & classifies test obs to class with largest probability Leverage Point Outlier Leverage Point vs Outlier Loss Function Interaction term AIC, AICC? AIC Akaike Information Criterion. This is an asymptotic approximation to a “distance” measure between the data and the model Laplace Correction Model Generality