Chapter 1.6 - 1.

Science and Technology during the Middle Ages (In the Western World)

 It happened between 400 A.D. - 1300 A.D.

 Period between ancient and modern times.
476 A.D. to 1453 A.D.

 Europe fell into chaos and ruin.

 From the Fall of the Western Empire to the Fall of Constantinople
700 A.D. to 1300 A.D.

 The time where other powerful empires and great civilizations formed.
 Such as the Christian Empire of Byzantium, Arab Civilization, Tang Dynasty, Nara Culture,
and the Mayan Civilization.
Unifying Forces

 The Catholic Church

o The source of relief of the sick and the poor
o Served as centers of learning
o Monks had carefully hand-copied and preserved manuscripts of ancient
classical learning of posterity.
 Islam’s
o Through their conquests and trades.
Continuation of Europe

 Europeans have dedicated hundreds of years in study of theology

 They deemed to have sufficient knowledge on the fields of mathematics and sciences since
they produced the dogmas in the said fields.
 They failed to preserve their knowledge due to errors in print that were inadvertently
committed and multiplied.
The dogmas

 Aristotle
o Greek philosopher and scientist
o Founded his own school, Lyceum
 Euclid
o The founder of geometry
 Ptolemy
o The geocentric theory
 Galen
o A physician and surgeon
 o One of the first to develop the natural theory of disease
The Arab Civilization
 They were able to preserve Greco-Roman knowledge through conquest and trade with
countries that were once under the influence of the Greeks and the Romans.
Scientific Revolutions Contributed by the Arab Civilization
800 A.D.

 Al Khwarizmi
o Contributed in the field of astrology
o Made the quadrant (was once used as a device to observe heavenly bodies)
o One of the first directors of the House of Wisdom
900 A.D.

 Avicenna
o Cannon of Medicine that contained the summary of medical knowledge during that
period.
1100 A.D.

 Alhazen
o Theory of Vision
What the Arabs did not accomplish

 Experimental Methods
 Develop instruments
 Apply math techniques necessary to the development of modern times.
Europe during the Arab scientific revolution
 Arab works were translated to Latin and have reached Europe
 This rekindled their desire to study mathematics and science again
 At 1100 A.D. European universities were established.
The advance of Science and technology during the renaissance
Renaissance
 Period of rebirth or age of preparation for the 17th Century.
 Composed of:
o Period of Revival
 Based on the classical learning and its spread through conventional means.
o Period of Innovation
 The generation of much more new knowledge, this was spread much faster
and farther by the new technological means of print medium.
  Advancement in mathematics and science due to translation to Latin that enabled access in
the works of people such as:
o Galen
o Ptolemy
o Archimedes
o Aristotle
The history of Printing

 Printing is one of the most important technological advancement of this period.

 Resulted cheap, accurate and quick production of books that caused spread of knowledge and
preservation of culture.
700 A.D.
 The Chinese were the ones to invent printing.
 It was accompanied by the process of making paper out of old rags.
1200 A.D.

 Muslims picked up the technique and spread it to Europe.

1440 A.D.
 A German goldsmith that invented the movable metal type printing press in the
1440’s. His invention is a type-mold for casting the individual letters, ink daubers,
and a sticky ink.

 Paper making was later on improved alongside the printer in 1870.

 It is now made from wood pulp instead of old rags that began at Sweden.
 This has also caused for widespread deforestation
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 A.D. – 1519 A.D.)

 Italian polymath of the Renaissance

 Areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music,
mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history,
and cartography.
 He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is
widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time.
 Credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter, submarine and tank, machine gun,
and motor car.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION.

Scientific Revolution

 Happened in 15th and 17th Centuries.

  Philosophers and Scientist produced new theories about universe and societies relationship
with it.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.

 a step by step process.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

 Construct the Observation and Gathering data of expirements, called "A new scientific".

Galileo Galilei (1564-1662)

 Applied the new scientific method in his study on astronomy.

 Defend the " Copernican Theory"
 Heliocentric Universe
 Inspired by Archimedes Works.
 Construct a new physics of motion
 Discover the principle accelerated motion
o He connect the velocity and distance to the variable time.
 He believed that observation is a guide, expirement the test, and mathematics is the
language to proved the physical reality.

Nicolaus Copernicis (1473-1543)

 Helioentric Universe - that the center of the universe is the sun and rotating around the sun
are the planets like earth etc,.

Arguments between Heliocentric and Geocentric Universe.

 Ptolemaic System - (Geocentric Universe) Believed that the center of universe is the earth
and rotating around the earth are the other planets and the sun.
 Galileo had conflict with Catholic Church, because they are supporting the Geocentric
universe.
 Using scientific instruments (telescope) they found out that the universe is heliocentric, that
the sun is the center of universe.

DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS

John Napier (1550-1617)

  1614
 He discovered the Logarithms.
 Shortened the process of multiplying, dividing and finding a square root.

Rene Descartes (1596-1659)

 Discovered the Analytical Geometry, a study of geometry using coordinate system.

 Brought together the Geometry and Algebra.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

 Discovered Calculus with Gottfried Whilhelm von Leibniz.

 Proved his revolutionary hypotheses in astronomy and physics, without analytical geometry
and calculus he will never arrived his calculation to proved his revolutionary hypotheses in
astronomy and physics.
 Transform the principle in physical science with 3 laws of motion and law of universal
gravitation.
 1665-1666
 He is conducting a series experiment in composirion of light.
 His main discoveries in optics "Visible light is composed of primary colors". He proved
how prism seperate the composition colors in the spectrum.
 1704
 His major works " The optiks" pubished in 1704.
 His purpose, he said "not to explain the properties of light by hypothesis, but to propose
and prove them by reason and experiments."

GALILEO
 In 1583, while comparing the regularity of his pulse rate with the oscillations of a swinging
lamp in a Pisa Cathedral. He first noted the consistency of a pendulum's characteristic
swinging intervals as a potential device to measure time.

CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
 In 1656, started to use the pendulum as a time-controller in clocks.
 Galileo is believed to have invented the thermometer in 1592.
 Using an inverted long necked glass vessel partially filled with a liquid substance,
Galileo observed its changing temperature caused by the expansion and contraction
of the air trapped in the vessel's long neck as manifested by the rise and fall of
liquids level.

HANS LIPPERSHEY
 Invented the telescope in 1608.
 After he daw the clearer view of church steeple while looking with two lenses he
was holding up, one in each hand.
  By 1610, Galileo applied the same technique and devised his own telescope.
 Applied the same technique to study the heavens.

 Two Dutchmen, JAN SWAMMERDAM and ANTHONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK were able to
invent the microscope.

JAN SWAMMERDAM
 Used it to analyze blood in the process, probably discovered red corpuscles.

ANTHONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

 Found it quite powerful in revealing the appearance of animals (protozoa and bacteria)
usually invisible to the naked eye while he looked at them under the optical instrument he
made.

WILLIAM HARVEY
 In 1628, published his 1616 discovery of blood circulation with a diagram of a human heart
pumping blood around the body through a single circulatory system.
 1616 discovery of the blood's circulation was made even clearer in 1661.

MARCELLO MALPIGHI
 In 1661, discovered the capillary connections between the arteries and veins.
 Helps Harvey's 1616 discovery.

ROBERT HOOKE
 discovered the “cell” in 1665.
 "Cell" the term he used to describe what he saw while looking at the very thin layers of cork
under his microscope.

EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI
 invented the barometer in 1643.
 Helps Blaise Pascal

BLAISE PASCAL
 demonstrated how air pressure diminished with altitude.

OTTO von GUERICK

 The exhibition of mechanical air pump by OTTO von GUERICK clarified our understanding of
what vacuum is.
 Says that the essential role thay air plays in combustion and respiration.

 Studies revealed that light can pass through a vacuum but sound cannot.

 In 1663, GUERICK also invented the first electric generator which produced static electricity.

ISAAC NEWTON
 came up with the Newtonian Synthesis.