POINT OF VIEW

Analysis of isolated footing subjected to axial load

and high biaxial moments and numerical
approach for its solution
Bijay Sarkar

& &
&
In this paper a rigid isolated foundation of square or area&& coincides with the centre of the footing. The
rectangular shape is analyzed on the action of a vertical Parameters = P, ;,= = .=
and; dimensions . of the foundation
load and high biaxial moments at centre. The pressure == with;its
along ==
; sectional. properties
. are known and we get
intensity corresponding to any given set of above loads on =
pressure ; = .
, distribution
, , , under the foundation at any location
footings resting on elastic soils has been found through a (X, Y) with respect to centroidal axis of the footing by
,, ,,
general method of analysis and solution is made through using
, ,following bending equation :
a comprehensive numerical procedure. The common = ± = ×± ± × ×± ×
assumption of linear contact pressure in footing-soil == ±± ×× ±± ×× ;
interface is adopted for the solutions. Special attention has = ± × ± ×
been given where there are inactive parts of foundation, ∴ =∴ − = × − ×× − × × − ×× ×
without contact with soil and necessary equations on ∴∴ == −− ×× ×× −− ×× ××
case to case basis are deduced. Flow Chart for computer ∴ = − × × − × ×
procedure is also provided at end. The solution for these ∴ =∴ −= −− −…………….….…….. (1)
…………….….…….. (
cases is not yet given in any Indian Standards.
∴∴ == −− −− …………….….……..
…………….….……..(1)
(1)
∴ = − − ... (1)
…………….….…….. (1)
INTRODUCTION × ×
When a rectangular/square isolated footing of size L x B
××
× ×
where ×
is subjected to a set of forces comprising of compressive
L=××Length of the footing
axial load P and bi-axial moments Mx & My at centre of
B =×Breadth of the footing
footing, load P alone may equivalently be considered
&
X = Perpendicular distance from the Centroidal
at eccentricities in X & Y directions from origin at the
& Y-axis of the point on the Cross-Section at which pressure
following location from centre of footing : ;
= ; = . be determined.
is to
=
Y = Perpendicular = distance from the Centroidal X-axis of
= ; = .
the=point
= on the Cross-Section at which pressure is to be
, , = =
determined. =
, When pressure at any location under the footing is
P ==Vertical
= Force Acting on the section at centre.
compressive in nature, Centroid of the effective footing =× ×
= ± × ± ×
××
± × ± × ×
60 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 − −− >= +
− , or,>= , or, <=
+ <=
∴ = − × × − × ×
 = ± × ± ×
= ±= ± × ±× ± × ×
×= ± ± ∴×× ∴
±= −×= −× ×=
× −±× −×× ± ×× × ×
±× × ∴ = − × × − × ×
POINT OF VIEW ∴ = − × × − × × + = , assuming =
∴ ∴ = −= −× × × −× −× × × ×
×= ∴−× ∴=−× =×−× −−×− ∴×− …………….….……..
=× …………….….……..
− × × −(1) ×
(1) ×
× A =
− Compressive
× × area of the section = BL Due to uplift of the footing area from soil, Neutral Axis
× × − × × ∴ Y-axis
= = − as− calculated…………….….…….. (1) and y axis at .
My = Bending moment about∴the Centroidal = − − …………….….…….. from(1) equation (1), do not remain at the
P × −e x × − ∴ ∴ = = − − − − …………….….……..
…………….….…….. (1) (1) however, it gets shifted to other
calculated(1)location,
− =− ∴ (1) =
…………….….……..
…………….….…….. −(1) − …………….….……..
location to adjust the phenomena of uplift redistributing
−− − …………….….……..
…………….….…….. (1) (1)
×
×
×
Mx×Bending moment about the Centroidal X-axis = P × e y the base pressure under the footing− for obtaining and −
on x axisan
× ×
× Ix = Second moment of area × about Centroidal X-×
equilibrium.
axis = ×
× ×
× Iy = Second moment of area × about Centroidal Y-axis = First we divide the whole footing into four equal quadrants.
Assumed, biaxial moments are such that vertical load P
e x == Eccentricity of Load along X-Axis alone may be considered acting at in the upper
= = rightmost quadrant wrt centre. Thereby, the lower
e y = Eccentricity of Load along Y-Axis = left most corner of the footing will experience the least
= = =
= = + >
= = pressure. When , the lower left most
=
× × =
= = corner of the footing starts to uplift i.e. the neutral axis
= =
However, above equation remains valid till × whole starts to enter into the footing area from lower left most
×
− −− − >= , >= × ×
or, , or,+ +<= <= corner intersecting the footing sides. Depending on the
× cross-sectional area × of footing remains
intersection of neutral axis with the sides of the footing,
− − >= , or, + <=
under compression i.e.
− − >=
, or,
, or, + bearing
the <= pressure scenario underneath foundation is
− − − − >= >= , or, , or, + + <= <=
divided into five different cases :
− >= −, or, + >=
+
= + , , =
or, <=
,
assuming +
assuming
= −<=
, = = −, = >= , or, + <=
>= >= , or, , or, + +<= <=which can be represented as a general
+ = , assuming = , =
+ = , assuming = , = 1. When NA lies outside the footing area. Effective
form of straight andline equation+ .+= , assuming
= , ,assuming
assuming= ,= = , = shape remains rectangular and equation (1) is
+
assuming = , assuming
= ,and=y axis = yat,axis=at +. = , assuming = , = applicable. Issue is already discussed above
ng = , = = , =
ssuming i.e. intersecting the x-axis at and y axis at . – I).
(Case
and y axis at .
and yandaxisyat
axis at . .
axis atand −y axis
y-axis −
. ataton x axis. and
and −and
on xConsidering
axis − the on yataxis.
on yopposite
axis
axis. .
quadrant, . the adjacent two sides of
2. When NA intersects
xis at . . −axis and on x axis and − lower left on ymost
axis.corner of the footing. Contact area
we can get the co-ordinates − onx x-axis
on and− on y axis.
− − on x axis on xand − − on y axis.
axis and =
reduces to a pentagonal
on y axis. ;shape.=Issue is. discussed
−axis andon −x axis and on y-axis.
on
−
y−axis. Connecting on x axis and −
on y axis. these co-ordinates, we on y axis. under Case – II.
nd −
xis and − on y axis.
on y axis.
get a diamond shaped bounded zone around the centre +
3. When NA intersects the two opposite shorter +
of the footing which is called “KERN” or “Central Core”
= + +
− reduces to a non- −
sides of the footing. Contact area
of the footing. So as the load is located within this zone, rectangular shape. Issue is discussed under
whole cross-sectional area is effective in transferring Case – III.
loads to soil as compression.
4. When NA intersects the two opposite longer sides
PROBLEM DEFINITION of the footing. Contact area reduces to a non-rect-
When the eccentricities are such that the load location angular shape. Issue is discussed under Case – IV.
crosses the boundary of the “KERN”, equation (1) shows
a negative pressure i.e. tensile pressure at some zone 5. When NA intersects the adjacent two sides of up-
under the footing. As underneath soil can not resist such per right most corner of the footing. Contact area
tensile forces, the footing area in that zone gets detached reduces to a triangular shape. Issue is discussed
& uplifted from soil and thus the above equations for under Case – V.
base pressure calculation do not remain anymore valid.

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 61

 POINT OF VIEW

ANALYSIS OF THE FOUNDATION By assuming,

For Case – II to Case – V, analysis of footing has been +

= +
done and general equations on case to case basis are = − = Constant for given section and
+−
deduced here. In all the cases, aim is to find out the =
effective area, CG of the effective area, sectional properties loads −
of the+effective
> area, wrt centroidal axes system i.e. through +
= +
CG of the effective area. As we are not using principle = − = Constant for given section and
+ >
axis + > +−
, the sectional properties, ,
to
+ calculate
> we are to
, =
calculate the product moment of area of the effective loads −
footing also and use all such data in General Form of =
=
Bending Equation and assembling all the cases into a
graph. Assumed that a set of forces P, M b , M l are acting
= = Constant for given section and loads
at the centre of a rectangular isolated
, We can write, Am + Bn + C = p. This is the General Form
footing of size (L x B). P is acting in the vertically , + +
Equation of =pressure+underneath foundation = subjected to
downward, M b is acting along B (from down to top of , =
this paper) and M l is acting along L (from left to ∴ =
+
high Bi-Axial Eccentricity.
+ −− + +This is a straight
+
+
−
line equation.
+
right of this paper) respectively. When a portion of
∴ = Further,+ it can be observed− that at some combinations of
+ −+ +
m and
+ n, pressure p may remain constant.
footing area is lifted, CG of the effective compressed ∴ =
= ++ − =
+
footing .area shifts away from the centre and as CG is +
= + that pressure +
∴ = Now,+ we know +−− at+neutral ………………………..(
axis is equal −to 0. )
changed, the equivalent eccentricity of load also changes ∴ = + + ………………………..( )
−
Therefore, for+−any value of Co-Ordinate+ − (m, n) being on
from = . el , e;b to
= say, .. Therefore, −
.
. ∴ = the +neutral axis, we get, + Am + Bn + C = ………………………..(
0. This is nothing )
Revised Moments acting at revised CG location are = − −
= line equation representing the Neutral=
but a straight
= ; = . = ; = .
= ; = . Axis.
∴ =General Form+of Two Dimensional+ Bending Stress
+ + ……………………..(
= − × =) r = −
Equation will be−: − = − Substituting
×, = r
the values of= − , , for moments in
+ + + , +
= + + + = ++ = −+ ×
……………………..( equation =) (2), we get = −
r……………………..( )
= + − + − −...(2)
……………………..( )−
+ + +
+ +
− − = =∴ ∴ == r ++ = ∴+ = + +
= = r =
where, −−
p = Pressure at co-ordinate (m, n) wrt Centroidal = = r =
+ +
Axis = + × = r + = + + +
= ∴ =× = + r + = ∴ + = + + ……………………… …………………… +
P = Vertical Load at centre of the footing ∴+ = + − + − −
...(3)
Ar = Revised Effective area of the foundation = × = r − = −
= Revised Moment at Revised CG location about = − × equations = r = −
= −General
× = for Sectional
r = Properties,
− Eccentricities
Revised Centroidal Axis YY & co-ordinate of Maximum Pressure Location wrt Revised
= Revised Moment at Revised CG location about = − × = r = −
Centroidal Axis are found out and used in the above
+ == −− on × = +r = == −−− ×out the = location r
Iy
Revised Centroidal Axis XX = +equation × = × case= tor case basis = r+ for finding
= Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area = × = r =
+of Neutral Axis as well as Maximum + Bearing Pressure :
about Revised Centroidal Axis YY = × = r =
I x = Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area
=× =- II
= CASE r
r rr ==== = = r =
about Revised Centroidal Axis XX
= =× ==
I xy = When
× NA= cuts ABr and AD. = Here uplift portion is APQ
= Product Moment of Inertia of the effective area
+
and effective +++ is considered
m = X-Axis Co-ordinate of the location where pressure = + ×× portion
= == is PQDCBP. r
r ==This
= × = that
r =
= NA
× cuts
= AB at P & r AP ==yB and NA cuts AD at Q & AQ
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis
= ×
= xL = r =
n = Y-Axis Co-ordinate of the location where pressure
= × = r =
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis = − × = = −
r = = − −× =
r r
= − × =
62 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
+ ++
 = = ++ −
== + −
= − −
−+−
= ++
POINT OF = = VIEW = +−−
= + −
= = ++ −
Therefore, uplift == fraction
− in side AB is y & in AD is x and
= −−
neglecting the ineffective == triangular uplifted portion APQ,
,
=
all the sectional properties of effective portion PQDCBP
, = = area are calculated as follows :
of the foundation = + + +
, ∴ = +
, ,
1. Effective Area of the Section + and Revised + + of
−Centre
∴, = +
Gravity
, : + −+ +
,,∴ = + ++ ++ ++
∴∴ = = an+orthogonal
Considering
+ +axis+system+ − ++
+origin located at ………………………..( )
∴ ∴ = = + ++ + + − − +
+ ++ − area
= = + of+ CG at O++of the −effective
∴A,∴co-ordinate + +−
+ foundation
∴∴ =
= +
+ −
………………………..( )
PQDCBP is calculated as follows −++ :
− +−
∴ = + + + − ++ ………………………..( )
∴∴ = = ++ +− ++ +− ………………………..() )
………………………..(
(i)∴Effective = Area+(Rectangular + − − PBCS) + +: − − ………………………..( )
∴ = + ++ −+ ++ − ………………………..( )
∴
∴ == = ++− ×− −= ++ −r = − ………………………..(
………………………..( ))
− −−
= − × = r = −
Centre = of −Gravity × from = AB : r = −
= = − −= × ×= = = r r=r == −−
= − × = r = −
= −= × = = r =r = − = × = r =
== −− ×× == rr == −−
= = + r = +
Centre ==
= =of Gravity fromr×AD r =:= = r =
= × = r =
+ + = × =From (i), (ii)r & (iii),
=
== = × = r = r = = × = r =
= = r =
== = == ++ × rr= == = ++
+ = ×Area,
= =
+ = × =
r
= Total Effective
r
= = += × ×− =× = r r = = r
r+ = − = × = r =
+= × (Rectangular
= r += = × = r =
(ii) Effective Area
= = ++×− =× = =× r = = r r++= = − QRSD) : = + + = − = × r = −
== ×× == rr == = × = r =
= − × = =× = r r = = +−
= = −=− ×+× ×= = = where r rr = = = −− = + = + + = − = × r = −
+ = − = × r = −
= +− × = r += −
= Centre = × =×= =× = r r =r= −=
− = ++ + + =
== of−−Gravity + ××= from == AB: rr ==+ −− = −= − = ×× = r× = −
= + + × =+ + r= =− + + = × r = −
Therefore, Distance of revised Centre
− of Gravity from AB
= = + ×=× =×= = rr r= = =
+ : + + −
+= = =× × = = r + = + + = − = × = −×
= ++× = + + r
= r
= −= ++ = × = r = − = × = × − =
== × = r = + − + − −
Centre of Gravity = ××from ==
AD: +
r r ==
+ − = + − + = − × = ×
= = × ×= = = rr == = × = × Where,= = = − × = ×
== × ×= = r r= =− − −
= × = r + = + + −
= == ×××= === + rr r === = − × == ×+ + = ==
−−
Similarly, distance of revised Centre = of Gravity
× from= AD −×:
× = × − =
= × = r = − −
+ − + − −
= = × Area
(iii) Effective × =(Triangular
= + r+ =: =
rPQR) − = − = × = ×
= × == r = = × = × = −
= × = r = − −
== ×× == + where rr+ == − −
= = × = × Where,
= + =×
− − − − × − × −
Centre of Gravity from AB:
× =
− +
− × − × −
= + × × − − ×− −
= × = r = =
2.=Second + − − − Centroidal−Axis
= = × += × r− =− +Moment
× of −Inertia−wrt revised× − × −
× − × XX − :
Centre of Gravity from AD: = + − − − −
= ×= = + = + − − − −
× r −= − × − × Ix−
utting t a u o and sim i ying,
= MI of Area ABCD about XX-axis – MI of Area APQ
= × = r = =about XX-axis
+ − − − −
= + − − − − utting t au o and sim i ying,
utting t au o and sim i ying, −
= + + = − = × r = − = − +
= + =+ =+ − −= ×− −r = −− Theand
Indian −
Concrete Journal June 2014 63
utting t au o sim i ying,
utting t au o and sim i ying, −
 = + + = − = ×− r = − −−
= × r = − −
+ + − −
+ = + ++ ++− = −− × = × − = −
== + =++ + ++ × ===− − × −−×× == ×× = == − −− −
= = × = × −
=
POINT
+
= OF =
+ − VIEW− −−−= − × =× = × ×− − −−−== −
=
− = = − × − = × = −
× = × =− −
− + + −− 4. −Product Moment of Inertia (PMI) of the effective
=
= + × − = − − × × =
− ×
× − =section wrt revised Centroidal Axes :
−
+ + − −
− = = − × = × = If NA lies outside the section, Centroidal Axes are
× = × =− −
−=×== =−+++= ×+×−× ×+ −−×
−
−−
− ×
−
×× − −− − ××
− × − − ×
−−
− −
symmetrical at the centre of the footing. As in such
= + × − − − − × × − −× × − − condition, Centroidal axes are the principle axes, Product
Moment of Inertia of the section becomes zero. But, when
NA lies within the footing area, the Centroidal Axes may
=+ ==utting
+ t ×+ a u −o − −and− sim × −i ying,
− × −− −
= ==− ++ − ++ −− −−−− −−−−− −− − −− not be symmetrical or in other words, the Vertical and
Horizontal
utting t a u axes
o at Centroid
and sim are no more the principle axes
i ying,
= + × − − ×− − × −
×a u o− utting
utting tt =×and oo −−
aa uusim and+ sim ii ying, of the section. Principle axes may be in other orientation
utting
=utting ta u+ ao ui of
ying,
o and
andsim iying,
− −ii ying,
a u o − and − simplifying, −
Putting
utting t the value and
sim sim ying,
t sim ying, than the vertical and horizontal axes. Therefore, when we
utting t a u− o Vertical −i ying,
utting t
−
au o = considering
and sim i ying, are +and ×sim
and Horizontal axes at centroid
= = +
− − + −
× −−− − − − of the effective section, we − consider the Product
must
− −− == + = −−− −++ + − −
utting t = a u o− − and+sim− i ying,
− − − − Moment of Inertia of the effective − contact area which
= − += ×− −utting t+ a×u o = =utting
will
utting ×
take t
t icare
− a u o + ×
and
a uof oas if pressures
sim
and sim are
i ying,
being calculated with
− − and sim ying, −i ying,
× == t ××a u o
utting and sim i ying,
− respect to Principle Axes.
m i ying, == = × −× +
= × − −− −
= − ===
−
+ =×−−− −+++− ×=× − × −− =
utting t
−
a u o r= , and
+ =
×
− i ying,
×
==sim −− − +
+ + ××× −−
+× ×−− Product Moment of Inertia (PMI) of the Revised Effective
=Where, − = + − + ×− − − −−−
= × − − Footing Area,
− − −
r , − = −= = + × −− r ,+ = =× × − + ×
× −Ixy = = PMI×of ABCD − wrt revised CG − - PMI of APQ wrt
= =× = + − × +− × − − × − × × xy−
revised oCG rt r is d o rt r is d
3. Second Moment of Inertia wrt− Centroidal Axis YY : −
= − + × = × − −
×
−
− r , = − +r ,r ,× = = −− ++ ×× −
+ −I×=y=== MI
−++of Whole
××− Area−−
×ABCD
xy −−− about
××YY-axis
× o × −− – MI
− ××rtofr ××is d −− xy =o o rt r− −is drt r −is d − − o− × rt+r is×d ×
= + × − −
== + +× + × − − − − × ×−− −× ×× − × − − × − × × −
Triangular Area APQ about YY-axis −
r , = − + ×
−
= − − − utting
− xy = ×, in ao+−o × and sim−
× −−d −
rt r iisying, −×o + rt r × is d×
= = + + × −
−
+ == = − ++ − + −−− − − − −−− − −
− × − −
xy × −−− −×
o − rtxyr is d o o rt r is
rt r d is d o rt r is d
= + − − − −
= + × − utting − ×, in− a o × × − utting
=xyand sim oi−ying, = −rt=r = isx−d −y− − − ×o − − −++ rt r−×−is
i ying, −−d
Putting, G ,in G a in ×−× − + + −×− ×
o above
and sim
and simplifying,
− × − × × − −×
= + − − − −
= − = − + −= =utting
−sim ×−i ,ying,
,− −−in − −× sim
a o − and + + −×
i ying, × −− − −
= + − − − utting −, utting
in a o and in a o and sim i ying,
− − −
uttingt t aauu oo andsim
sim i iying,
ying,
utting the value of Fgx and in a o= and × i −ying, −
==sim − −+− + + −− − − − −
Putting and = ×
simplifying, utting
=
,
− =
− + − −− −

−−
== −− ++ ×× = − = − + − − = = =− ×
−−×+− −− − − + − − − − −
−− = × and = ; =
− −
== ×× − = = = −×− andWhere, − −
and = ; − =+= = −− ;− = −− ++ − −− −− −
− − − −
−− and a ong and r s ti y as a u at d as d on ntroid
Where,
r r, , == −− ++ ×× −= is r o− and at d du−−to u=+−i − − −− −
and −−
= ;and = =
t o som
;
;
= = − o t ooting ar a,
ortion ntri it
on t n ntroid to − ind out t r is − d mom nts
− − and − −as a u at d as d on ntroid
and a ong and r s ti y (i)as and da d
a isu at ong as on a rong
ntrid ity s
ntroid ti ing
y at ntr o t ooting. s nt
is r o at d du to u and i t o som ortion is− r o at d du
o t ; ooting to −u i t o som ortion o t ootingr ar aa, u at ntri
= = ar a, ntri iti s ar r uir d to d a
64
xy
xy oo
The Indian Concrete
onrt tr
Journal rtJune
n
is
r 2014
is dd ntroidoto
o ind out t
rt r r
rt r is dis on−
is
d td mom
= n+ nts −ntroid−= to ind+ out
− t × r is=d mom +nts −
(i) is d ntriand
ity a ong (i) is
andd a ntri
ong ityand
a ongr s ti y as a u at d as d on n
a ong and r s andti ay ong
as aandu at rds as tid ony as a u ating
ntroid d atas d
ntron o tntr
 o = rt r is d − o− − rt −r is d × + × × − −
utting , in a o and sim i ying, = = + + − − = = + + − − × ×− = =
= − − − − × + × × − −
utting =, in×a o and sim i ying, (ii) = isisdd+
(ii)
(ii) = = is d +==
ntriityityaarong
+ntri++ity−a− ong
ntri ,
ong
(ii) r==
(ii)
=+ −−− ××; == = +
, +is =
is
d d − ntrintri ; ity
ity a ong
a =−
ong−+−− −−
−
= −− ;;; ; = −
= − , − in a o− −and sim× i ying,+ × × − = =−=
== ++
++ rrrr r,,,, , == −−
== − ; − ==== −−−−−
utting
− =+ + r , = −= −; ;= = − −
, POINT OF sim VIEW
= − − + − − r ,
ng in a =o and i−ying, = = + + − − = = ++ = =− − ××+ + == + + r r
, −
,−− =−= − −
= − − −+ + − − − − − =− + −
(ii) is d ntri ity a ong == = +++ − =×= + r+r=, − , − == = = −−
+ +−+ −; − ; ××=
ng , in a o= and sim i −ying, − + − − Centroidal
− Co-ordinate System :
= ×
= =− × − + − − −− −
= + = − = −−
= = ; + =− =
= (i) Co-ordinate
+ + r r, , = − ; ; = −
and and;
− −
= + − × = − + of point P where r , NA=is== intersecting
−+ + −;the footing ,− =
=r ,r −
= −= ×− + − − − side=AB −: =− × r = −− −
= − − + − − − = −= − = −= −× × r
= =−−−
= ×5. Revised Eccentricities −
== −−−−
r
= − of Load − wrt. + revised−Centroidal − − ====−−−− ====−−−− ×××× rrr r
− ==
Axes : = − = =− − ×= − − × wherer r= = −− −
= × = − = − ++ − r, −= − − ; = = =− − = =− − × ×− −− rr =
and − and r s −ti y as a u at d as d on =ntroid− ing=at ×ntr −o t ooting.
a ong − r s = ntroid − −−
=Earlier
and −eccentricities = −− e +and =
− − B and − L respectively
− = − == −−
= =
×= −− − × × = − ==
−−
== −as −−d−
; r r r
and is r o at=d du − tob u; i etl oalong = som− ortion o t ooting ar a, ====ntri = iti −−s ar====r ×××uir
−−
− = × × −d −−to rwhere
−
− arrr r u at =
r − =
d
= − −−
−−
was calculated
on t n based−ntroid o to n ind Centroid
out − t being
r is datmom
centrentsof = =
− −
= × = − × − r r = = −−
−
= − −− + − − − − −
theandfooting. As =
is Centroid ntriisity; a ong
relocated = due to uplift of some = =−− ==−− ×× = = − − r r= = −×=×= −− −− rr
−− r r
=
−(i) d
−− − = − = − × = =
− − = =
− =− × × −
=portion of the ; footing = area, eccentricities are required to == −− == ×× −− r r r− ==
− − r s ti y as a u at d as d on ntroid ing at ntr o t ooting. s ntroid − −−
and
− =
be re-calculated a +
ong −
and
based −on the= new + Centroid
− × to find = out the + − (ii) Co-ordinate of point Q where NA is intersecting the footing
=is rand a; ong =: and
u − i tros som ti y as oa tu atootingd as ar d ona, ntroid
side
ntri AD ing at ntr o t ooting. s dntroid as= d−−
−
revised −o moments
at d du to ortion
=−=iti s: −ar− r ==uir ×d× to−− r a urat r = −
is
onr t o n at d duntroid to u toi tindo =som − t =ortion
out r− is× d o mom
t ooting
nts ar ra, = =
ntri −
=iti =s ing− −
ar r ==uir××d to−− r a= =u rat
= o× t −ooting. −rs −r ntroid
r d as == =d −
= ×−−× −− − r r
and a ong and r s ti y as a u at d as d on ntroid − − at
= =
ntr
× − = − −−
− −
on
(i) t nis d ntroid
ntri to
ity ind
a ongout t r is d mom nts =
= =
=o t − − − =
= =
= × × × −
×ds to−− r r =
= =
= −−− −
d a ong (i)is Revised
rando atr dEccentricity
s du ti to uy ialong
as
t o a som Bu :at dortionas doont ntroid ooting aring a, at ntr − ooting. −ntroid r where a u rrat d − as
(i) is d ntri ity a ong −= ntri−= iti s=−ar ×r = uir − × − r r= = d −− −
o at d du on to tu in=t o som + ortion
ntroid to ind o out
t r t, ooting
r is =ard a,
−
mom nts
;
ntri iti =s ar r uir−d to r a u at d =as = d− − = = ×−× −− −− rr
= + − = + − × = + − −
d = as ×d on− ntroid ring at = ntr= −o t = ooting. − × swhere = −− −−
ndn a ong (i) and
ntroid r dsout titntriry ityisas
to isind a=dong
amom u−atnts
= + − = − ==− −
ntroid r
×− == ×× −r− r = =−−−− ==
= + − = + − × − = − = − ×
r r
−
o at
is d du ntri to u ityi ta oong som ortion o t ooting ar a, ntri iti s ar r uir=
==−−
= −− ==
d to
==−−
r −a×
− × ××
u at d as d rr r
r − == == −−−− −−
n ntroid=to ind + out − t r= is +d mom − nts × = + − = − = =− − × =− × r r= = −− −−−
r− ×−× ==C −−
= is+ d − ntri =ity a+ong − × = + − == −− of ×× −−= =
==maximum − − = =−rlocation rr =
− 7. Co-ordinate
= − =
==− −× =−
=− −
pressure
× × = = r − − == = ×:−×− − =−= −− r
= + r , = − ; = − = − = −
r r
−
= − −−
= + − = = ++ − × r=, = −−
+ ;
=
= −
− =
=
−
−
−− ==== −−− −− == == −− −− −
= + Where, r , ; = − ; = = −= =−=−− − ===−
= =− ××−− rr == − −
= − = ×− − r− = = −= −= − =× − = = − = −= −r= −= = = −−=−− ×−× − r r
= + r , = − ; = ====− −−−− ==== −−−− −
− = − =
− = −= = − =−== −−− == −−
= + r , = − ; = − == −− == −−
=− =− × − r = − ==== −−−− ==BETWEEN −−
−== −
RELATIONSHIP and KNOWN
=
ECCENTRICITIES − and= − & = = − − = =
AND FOOTING −−
and
and
and
(ii) isis dd Eccentricity
ntri and
(ii) Revised
(ii) ntri ity
ityaalong
a ong
ong L : LIFTED and
= −&and == −− x & y :
and= FRACTIONS
−
= −& & = − =and
and = −− == −−
&
& &
(ii) ntriis
is d(ii) is d
d a ong ity a=ong−
ntri ity = − As points& & and
and
and lie on NA, Pressure
) == ++ ity−− ntri== ++a ong−− ×× == ++ −− (i)
&
or = = or Now o&ordinat and as of two , su stitut
p is(i)0 ator these = locations.
= or in
&o ordinat form
general and as , su s
= − = − oror ===
(i)(i) or ===&&pressure
oror ooordinat
ordinat and asas , ,su
su stitu
(i)
dimensional
(i) or
(i) or and =
=
and =
bending
= or
or
or o
o ordinatand
equation
ordinat and
(3),
and
o ordinat and as as
we
as put the,, su sustitu
, su stitu
sti
stitu
=is d + − == =++ +−− − ==× ++ =−− ×× + ==− ++ − (i) =
− − (i) orco-ordinates
or and = = of NA = oro ordinat
or points o ordinat
and
andasand as , su stituting
and , su stitu a
ntri ity a ong
== ++ rr ,, == −− ;; == − −(i)(i) oror + = = & −= = oror oneo oby ordinatana
ordinat
∴one and + other −
+ sectional− properties + the effective
− + area+ of
−− ∴ & +or ==
+&(i)(i) or −
− − == ++ ++ orof
or − −−ooordinat
− ordinat + and
andas+as
∴∴ +++and − + − −
−− ∴
footing
∴ ∴ + − +++++ the same to zero. −& &
+& equate − + + −− − + +++++ ++++ −
−;; ;
+= − + === + −+ r ×
+ , Where, + ;==− −− =
== rr −,, and == ∴ ∴
+ + ++ −−
−− + − − ++ +++ −−
− −− oror ==
(i)(i)For == ∴ ∴
or NA
or
For oo− −−
−+ +co-ordinate
+ + and
ordinat
ordinat +and
andasas
+ as −− , ,su
su stitu
stit
(i) or =∴∴ + =+ or (i)(i)
o or or
ordinat= = and =as= oror −
++in eqn (3), we simplify to get, ++ ord+
, − o
su ordin
ostitu
& substituting all the terms
− −−
+ r , = − ; =
− −− ++ −−
∴ ∴ ++ ++ − + − +− − ++ + +
= = − +, su stituting a∴∴ t + in+ n (+
== −− == −− ××
(i) or
rr == −
or ∴ as +
o ordinat and
−t−+ rms + +), + sim i y to g
−− − −−
6. Co-ordinate of points P & Q of NA intersecting the
footing side AB & AD wrt revised − −−
= − = − ==×−− == −− ×× ∴r + = +rr ==− − + − − −
== −− == ×× −− rr− == − −− + + =
−− − −
− −− ∴ × + × + = ......…….……( ) ... (4)
− × == × −− − == ×r× r−− = = −rr
−= = − ==
− − −−
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 65
− − + − − −
 − − − + −
= − +− −
∴ + − + +−
POINT
∴ × + OF
× VIEW
+ = ......…….……( ) −

∴ × + × + = ......…….……( ) − −
= ∴ × + ;× + = = …….…….…( ... (6)
……………….(
)
× + = ......…….……( − +) − − − − −
Where r = ;; =
− −
− − −
∴ ×∴ +× − ×+ +×+ =+ ......…….……( −= ......…….……( ) − − r = ; =
In = − ;(6),=it may − be
= ) =
− × ++ =r −......…….……( ) − ;− equation , seen that all right hand side
−
; −= −
− − + − − − − terms are in x & y only.
= + +
− − + − + − − − − − − − = = r , =
− ......…….……( + r× −
∴
)r
=+− ×= ; + = − − ); = = CASE – III − − − +
+ = −− ......…….……( ; − − − = +
+ ∴−= ×− + × + − = − ......…….……( −+ − ) − When + NA cuts AB and DC. Here−uplift portion is APQDA −
+ − + − = = r , = ; = − =
− imi ar y, or
(ii) o ation at −= = and effective portion is PQCBP. This is considered that
− ∴ × + − × −++ =− ......…….……( )
+ × + r; = =−=......…….……( − + + − − −− −−NA cuts AB at P where, AP = yB and NA cuts DC at Q
− +(ii) =imi −ar= y, or − +− ) −− − − ; + = − −− −where, DQ+ = xB − −
r = + o ation − − at = + =; += −− + = ; = ………
or − at =
o ation = −− − − − −− − + = −− − − −
∴ + + + + = =effective fraction
r , =
+ − × + +r = = ......…….……( − + )− − − − Therefore,
−
considering in side AB is v
− − ; − =
=− − − − −= & in DC is u, and uplift part in AB is y & in CD is x,
+ (ii) imi − arfory, NA +−; location
or o − +
ation at = = −and− − − + −
(ii)
∴
− ation
(ii) Similarly
=imi− +atar y, =−or =o +ation at − −
at= + + =−+ + −− − we have + = −+ ; = = − , where x, u and y, v are
or o
+ − + −eqn (3), we +get + = − + parts of B & B respectively. We will now involve
substituting
∴ −× + × += all the terms − in = …….…….…( −) − fraction
− + − − − − − only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the
= − +; =
− − − −
− − − − ++ − as follows
− = which = can be transferred
r , = in terms of
=+− +−+ × −++− −= − …….…….…( − −+ +
equations
n at− =∴ ∴− += × ∴ −− + − + +
+ ) + − ++ − + +
= =
(ii) imi ar y, or + o − ation at − = = − + x=& y from
= ) +− − above.
× + (ii)=r−imi …….…….…( ar y, or o− ation at = ;− = =− −
−
= = r , = ; = − =
− + − − − − − − + − Effective Area of the Section and Revised Centre of
1.
− − (ii)− rimi ar=y, or +−o ation + ;− =− =
∴ + ∴ ++× ×+ +×−− −=+ −at …….…….…(
× = =+ …….…….…( )+ )+= − +
Gravity :−
ar y,× or + ∴ o =− +
ation …….…….…(
at ; = =
)−= − − + + − − + − + =
− −∴ − −− − − + − + + −
+ −
Considering an +
orthogonal = axis system origin located at
= − + −+ − −
− −− − − − −+ + −A, co-ordinate
− = of CG at O of=the effectiverfoundation
, = area
− −r r= ==− − =− − − + −
; = =+ − − + −
= …….…….…(
r y, or ∴ − + )− ;
o ation at −
;
−+ − ++ ...(5)− − PQCBP is calculated
− + as=follows :
− ∴−−= × + × +−+− =− + +…….…….…( + −− ) + −+=
∴ × − ++ × − + = …….…….…( )+ − −
− − − −
= − + ; − = ……………….( )
; − = −− − −− − − − +−− −++ −−
∴ r × +
= × − − ++ − =
− + …….…….…( ; − =) − + + − + − = +
+ − × Where −+= == …….…….…(
r − −= +
−− ) + + −+
− − ; ;− = + − −− +
−; = =−
− −; − =−
−
……………….(− − )
= − ; = −−− −, ……………….( ) − + −
− r − = − ; + = −
+= × + −= …….…….…( + ; − − )= −−
+
= − − −− − +
+ − −
−− +
− = − ; = = −− − ; = − +……………….( − ) +)
; = = == = =+
,
= − , − =− −; ……………….(
r , − ) − ……………….( − +
− − − − − − + − −
= −; − = − + −
− =− − == − + −−
== −r r
, , = +
= ; = − = r ,+ = −
= = = −r =, ;−=……………….(
= ;+−= −, − ,) − + −
= − , =−− ; = − − ……………….( )
= −− ; = − ……………….( )
− −= −= r− , = +; −=− − = r , = −
= r , = ; + == −
= = r , = r , = + −
= = −− = r , = − −
− =−= r , = = −; r= , −= ……………….( )
= ; − ;− == − , ……………….( − )
− = − ; = −− ,
==
(4)−=& (5), = r=, ; = ; − = − = r , r=, −= −
= Solving r= , = ; = =− r−, r =, = = r ,− = =−
r −, = = r , = −
= ; − = ; === − , r , ……………….( = )
−; = − , = = − r , =
, = ; = −= − − = − = r , = − −= −
= = = = = = r , r=, ;r =, = − = r , = −
66 The Indian ==r ,
Concrete== Journal June
r r, , == ;
2014
= − = r , = −
= ; == − , r , =
 − −− − − −− − = ++ = ++ =
= == ; ;; = == ……………….(
……………….(
……………….(r ,+ =) ))+ = + = =
− −− − −− r , = r , = = = =
−
− = =+ + = −++ + + = + − =
=POINT OF − ……………….( − + + r , ==
;
= − VIEW ;
)
= = ……………….(
= =+ ) r , =+ + =
= == − −− ; ;; =−== − −− , ,, r ,= = +
− = + r ,− + = + − ++ − =
+ +
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular PBCS) : == + == ==
+ r, = −
, = =+ + + − + ++ − =
= = ==− =; == = − r, r,r ,, = == r ,
r , = = = − =
=+ + − + + + − =
= = ++− =
= + + rr ,, − == ++ + − =
r , = = == = == r r,r ,, = == ; ;;
where, = == − −− = === r r,r ,, −= ===− −− + =
= = r , = = + − + + = − =−
=r , − − − + − −
+ −
=
r , 4. Product= + − + −
− + − =
r , = ; = − = r , = − ==
+ +Moment
+ − −−of Inertia −++ (PMI) of +the + effective −− section ==
= = r , = ; = − = = = r ,
− = − − + − − =
−− − −− − r , wrt revised Centroidal Axes : −
= == = == r r,r ,, = == − = + − + + − =
(ii) Effective Area (Triangular PQS) = + − +(i) +is d − ntri ity− a ong =
= + − + + − − =
− = −− − −−− + − −
r , = − =r , == − r , = (i)= +; is d −== ntri+++ity a ong−− + ++ − ++ −− = ==
= = = + − = + −− × = + −
= = r , = ; =− + − + + − =
== == rr ,, == ;; = − − − + − − − =
= = r , = ; − =− = r , =+ ;− −−
= = r , = =; = r==, + = − is d= ntri
(i) ++ ity − a+×ong =− + −=
− −−
− − = r ,+ −−
== − + −− + −− − −− =++ −− −−+
−− −− = −− =−− =5. Revised
= + = − =
= = − − == rr ,, == − − −− − −
Eccentricities r
of ,
Load with
− respect ;to revised
= = == r −, = −= ; =r , = r; , (i)== − is −d = r , = =
= = r , = ntri ity a ong = + Axes
Centroidal − −: = +− − − × =+ + − − −
+ − +
= + = = == +− − r ,− = −+ ; − = − =
− − − − − − − +− (i)
(i) Revised
(i) ntri−ity
isis dd Eccentricity
ntri ityaalong
aong
ong B :
= (ii),= r ++, = = = + = == + − == = + − − × − =− + +− − − =
From ===(i) +& + = + == r , +
= + = + = = + + = = (i) is d ntri ity a ong +
= + = = r , = = + r , = − ; =
Total Effective Area + (i) is d == ntri ++ ity−−a ong == ++ −− ×× == ++ −−
+ ++ r , =
+ +
+ = r=r ,r, , +==== =+ + = r+ , = (i) +is d ntri = ity a + ong − = + −+× = + −
r , = = = =+ r =, = − ; =
+ + = + − = + − × = + −
++ +
+ = = = ++
+ == ++ == + == + = + −+ == + ++− × =rr ,, + == −−− ;; ==
, = r =, =+ = + = = =
= = == + +
r , = + r , = − ; =
+ +
+ + + ++ + + r , = + + + = + r , = − ; =
r ,, = ==
r=
+== = =r , = = = +
r ,
r , =
= + = r , = − ; =
+ +
++ ++= =
=+= + = + == + +=
= + + == + == + = =
, = r =, = = r , == (ii) is d ntri ity a ong
(ii) Revised
(ii) is d Eccentricity
ntri ity aalong
ong L :
+
+
rr=,, = ==
+ + ++ + = +r , = + (ii) is d ntri ity a ong
r , = + = r= , = (ii) is d = ntri + ity−a ong = + − × = + −
= of Inertia wrt revised Centroidal Axis − = + −
2. Second
r , Moment
= + − + + = + − − == + − ×
XX : (ii) is −d = a ong
ntri ity + − = + − × = + −
+ + =−− + − + = ++ − −= + − =× = + −
, = ==r , ++ = −−++ − ++ −− == −
= + − + − += +− − =+ + − = +
= + − + + − = = + = +
= +− − = = + −+ × = r , + ==− −−
r , ;
; =
= + − + + − =
− +
+ − − = + r ,
Where, = − ; + =
=− ++ − + + −−= − ++ =−− + =+ − r = =
== ++ −− ++ − ++ −− == = −+ , = − ;
= + − + − + = − + −= + + − =
= + − + + − = +
3. Second Moment of Inertia wrt revised Centroidal=Axis + − =− r , = − ; =
= − − − += − − − =
YY : −
+ − − =−
=− ++ −+ + − = +−− =−− − =− = − += − − − =
== −− −− −− − ++ −− −− =− ==− −
= − − − − =+ −− −− − =+ − − =
= − − − + − − = =− −
(i) is d ntri ity =a ong
− = − −
− −−d = =− The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 67
− − − ity a−ong +(i) is
+ ntri− ity−a ong = −
(i) = is
(i) is dd −ntrintri ity a ong − = −
 (ii) is d ntri ity a ong
(ii) is d ntri ity a ong
(ii) is d ntri ity a ong
(ii) is d ntri ity a ong − + − −
(ii)
(ii) isisd d ntri
ntriityitya aong
ong
POINT
= + OF
− VIEW
= + − × = + − ∴ + + + +
= + − = + − × = + − −
= + − = + − × = + −
= (ii)+ − isofd points
6. Co-ordinate = ntri
+ P ity−Q
& ×ong
of+NA=intersecting
+ −the Wherefrom, we get
(ii) is d is= =
(ii) d +ity
ntri + ntri
−
a−ongity aa=ong
= + − − × × = = + + − −
(ii)(ii) is is d d ntrintri
ityity
a ong
a ong
footing side AB & DC wrt revised Centroidal Co-ordinate
+
System :
= = + + − r , + =− −
= × =; =+ +− ∴ × + × + = ......…….……( ) …(7)
== + +−= + − = +
= + r ,=− = + − × =
× =+ − −=− = ;=++ + − + −
=− −× ×+ = = + + − − +
= + r , = − ; =
= + r , = −
(i) Co-ordinate of point P where NA is intersecting ; the =
footing ++ − + − −
== ++ r r, , == −− ; ; == r = − ;+ − −
side AB :
− + −r −= −
Where
++ r = ;; −− +
× = = −+ == − ++ + ++ −
=− + == −;− ;=; == =
= = ==+ −+−
= r , rr , , r
r ,r − , = =− + − ; −; − = = −
=− r = − − ; −
= − − ==−− − = − − −
= − −
= − − − −− − =
= − − + = − − − − −
= − ; = == −−− −− + − − +
− − −
==
(ii) =Co-ordinate
− r −− =of point Q where NA is intersecting; the r = ; =
= −= − − − − − −
footing side CD : − − + − −
= − = − + − − − − −
=−
== −− ==− −− −− − r + −− −− ;
= − = − + + − −− −
= − = = − −− − r = − =− − − − ;
− −− − +r +−= − − − −; +
= − − == −−−− − = = r = − + − −
; − +
= − − −− −
= = − − =
= − − − − + − − − − − −
== −− −− − − −
= − == −− = =− −
= = − +
− − +
− = = −= +− − −− − − − − − −
7. Co-ordinate of maximum pressure location C : = − −− −= =− = +− −
= = − −==− −− −−− += = − −−− −− − − − = =
=
= −=
= − + (ii) Similarly, for + NA −− location
+ at − −= = and
= − − ∴ − + − + + −+ −− − −
= − = = − − substituting −all the +
terms
∴ in −
eqn
+ −
(3), we get
= −
= −
= =
∴=
= = −
+ +− −+−− − − + +− − +− −− +−− − −+
= − = = − +
=−= −− − +− −
− −∴ + − +−−
= − == − − + = − − − + − − +− − − + −−
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN = = − − DIMENSIONLESS ∴ + ∴ + + − + + + −
= = −
ECCENTRICITY RATIOS AND ∴ × − + × + = …….…….…( ) −
= − and == − − ∴ × + × + = …….…….…
DIMENLESS FOOTING LIFTED = = − −FRACTIONS x & y : ∴ = × =+ × + = …….…….…( )
and − + − − − − + −
∴ and+ and + + ∴ =× + = × −+ = =+ …….…….…( = − +−∴ =× ..(1+ ) × + =
As points& and −
lie on NA, Pressure r = = = − − )
;+ − −
&
and
and
∴ × + × + ∴ = +…….…….…(−−) r−
+
+ = − −
−− −− + +
p is 0 at these locations. Now in general & form of two r = − − + − + ; − −− − +
& ∴ + +
∴ − + −+ − − − + +
dimensional bending&&
= and= and
pressure equation (3), we put the Wherefrom,
r = we get − − r−; =
and
or o ordinat and as , ∴ + − −+ + −
=
co-ordinates = of NA or points o ordinatand andas
and
& one, by one − + − −
∴ × + × + = = …….…….…( = r or )= o ordinat and as − − , +
; − −
and=all other = sectional
or o ordinat ofand
properties theaseffective, area of −= − − + −
& =&=& == oror o oordinat
ordinat and andasas , , =− …….…….…(
footing and equate the same to zero. & & ∴ × −+ −− × − ++− + = − )
∴ = ×=− +− × −∴− + −× = + …….…….…( −) − −
−− ++ −− −− × + = = …….…….…( ...(8) + )
∴ + r= + == − or + − − +; +
− , , +−
− −
++ ∴ −−×− + − × + == …….…….…(
− = − −
∴ For
(i) = + = + or = − oro NA
for ooordinat
ordinat
co-ordinate
ordinat and andas
as and
and as , + −
as )− −
== +∴−= −=+− or −
or+= o ordinato ordinat andandas as −, ,− −
+ − ++ − − =
∴ + + − −
−
substituting all the terms in eqn (3), we simplify to get, + + − +− − − + = − −− − − − + −
= − − − − −
∴∴ ++ ++ + −+ −++ r − + − −
− −= = + −+
;
− − − −
− =r = −− + −− − + ; − − +
−− = − − r −−+=−+−= − − − −+ − −− ;
− − +− + −++− − −− −− Where =r =− −− − − +−; −; − +
nat and as∴ ×∴ , =+ + × + − + =− − − − − − =
......…….……( −) − + ++ − +− − − −− =− − −
∴ ×+∴ + ++ × + + ∴=∴− +......…….……(
∴ + − +×+ −−+ ) × + + +=− ......…….……(
+
+ −+ + −)−− +− + −− + = − − −
=
+ −= = −
∴ = + +
∴ × + × + = ......…….……( ) −− = − −
∴∴ ×× ++ ×× ++ == ......…….……( ......…….……() ) − − −− − + −− − − −+ − −
== ; −= = ……………….( )
= − − − −; + =−− − − ……………… −
+ − − − − − =+ − − − = −− ; =
+ + − + − − = − − −= −
∴ =+ ×× ×++ +×× =++ ......…….……( == ......…….……( + )) = −;
+ − ……………
− ∴ ×∴ ∴ ∴ × ×− + + −
......…….……(
×× + )
+ = = ......…….……(
......…….……( ) )− − = − ;
− + − − − −
− = =− ; = − − , +
− − − + − − −
= ; = − ……………….( − +) − −
= = +
− = − ; = − , +− − − − − +−
= = − ; = − −+,
.....…….……( )
− − =
= − = ; = −r , , =−
68 The Indian=Concrete Journal June 2014 ; = ……………….( ) = − ; = − ,
− −
 ∴ + − + + + = ..(1 )
− − −
− − + − = − = r , = − ; = =
= − −
POINT− OF VIEW = = −r , r , = ; r, −
+− − − − = = − − == − − = ===
= + +
∴ × + − × + = …….…….…( ) − where, −
+ − − − − + − −
== − = r , r , = =−
r , − ==− − r= , ==
;
+ += − = ; = =
− − + −−− − − + =−− = − − r , − r,
= − + − +− CG of = Area A2 : =+ = r , ==
r = − ; −
= = −
−− − −
Solving (7) & (8),
= =− − = = == r =, −=r , − −===; ; −− == −rr , ,== = r , ==
= ; = r =, r ,
− − + − − − − − +− −
=
∴ + − −
……………….( + ) −− + + = = +r , = ..(1 )
−=
= − ; −= ……………….(
... (9) ) − −−
= (i) & (ii) above,
From ; = = r , =
− − − − − − − − −+ +
= = = = = −= r , −r+ , = === + =r=, + r =
= r =
In equation (9), see that all right hand side terms are in x Total= Effective Area; = = r , =
& y.
, ∴ × + × + =
− + − −)
…….…….…( − =− −+ + −= ++− =+ + + +
+− − r =, =+ =
r
= − ;= = − , =− = =
= −= ; =
=r , = =
= = r ,
= =
CASE – IV − − ;
+ +
= = = +
r ,
= = r =
− + − − CG of total Effective
+ Area : +
r , =When r NA =cuts BC and AD. Here uplift portion ;is ABPQA
= = = r , =
−
and effective portion is PQDCP. −that− + +
= = r , = This is considered
= = + ; = += = = =+ + = + r r, == ==++ + + r =+
NA cuts BC at P where, − BP = yL and NA cuts AD− at Q = = == == = r , r=,= =
=
where, AQ = xL ; = ……………….( )
− − −+ − −
= + === +++ + + rr ,,
Therefore, considering =
− effective fraction in side=BC is + === + r , === ==
+v = = ++ r = + −
= = − − −r ,
& in AD is u, and uplift part in BC is y & in AD is x, = = + + − =+ + + = =
−
we have = − ; = − ,, where x, u and y, v are
− −We will now=involve+
fraction parts of L− & L respectively.
+ − +− =+ = + − ++ =− = + r+−, = =
+
+ r,
== + + = − ==
only=the effective fractions u & v to ease formation
+ = the
of + = r ,
− − − −
equations as follows which can be easily transferred in
= = r , = = = + + − =− ++ + − + + + −− − + = =−
terms of x & y from above.
+ + +
= = = − = −r−, =
1. Effective− Area of the Section and Revised
− = of +
Centre − = +++ −−+ ++ − ++ = − − ==
= :
Gravity ; = ……………….( ) − −
− − = =+ −− = +− − − + − + −− −− = −
+
Considering an orthogonal axis system origin located at −
= + − + − +− − − − +=
A, co-ordinate of CG at O of the effective foundation= area + − = + +−
= + − + −− += − − =−
= − is calculated
PQDCP ; = − as follows
, : −
= − − − + − −
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular QSCD) : −
= + − + = + +−− = =−+ +− −− ==× + = − × + =−
= − =− −− +− −− +− − = −
= = r , =
= + − = + − × = + −
CG of Area A1 : = − = where,
r , = − ; = = r , =
−
= − − = −+ − += + − − × − = += −
= r , = − ; = = r , =
= − = r , = − ; = = r , =
− − == ++ −− × ==+ −+ × − = + −
= = r ,= =+ −
(ii) Effective Area (Triangular PQS) :
−
= −
r , = −
= = r , =
− − = + − = + − × = + −
= = r ,

−
= −r , − − −
= == r , ; = = r , = The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 69
 + = = −= = =r , = − r , = =+ + r , = − = −; ;= =
− − = = r = r ,
; = = =
= + r , r , = = − −
= =+ r , =
= + = = r = +
+ − + − + = + = − =
= = r , = −= − =
r , = r , = r , ;
POINT= OF
+ ; VIEW = =
+ r , = +
=+ − − = = r , =
+ = = = =+ = = r + r=, + =− − r , = r,
+
2. Second Moment of Inertia wrt revised = Centroidal = Axis
= = r , = =+
−XX : − + r , ++ = += −+ −= += −+ × − ×= −+ −
=+ = = − + = −
+
= = = r , r = =
+ = +; = = = − r −, r ,−= = +
= = + − +
+ + = + −; =
=
==
+ −+ = + − ×
r , =
= + − ++
= =
− −=
; r += = =
+=
+ r, =
= r , =
=+ == + ++ r , r r, = , − == −;− ;= ; =+
=
= = = r , =
− + +
+ + − = ++ =+ + = − r == + + + +
+ = = + = −
− r , + = − = ++ + =− === = r , =
r , + r = − ;
= = +
= + = = + ++ =−
+ + +r =+ + − = = −+== =
− − −+
+ rr ,, =
= − − ;; =
=
+
= = + = r , = +
=
3. Second Moment of = Inertia wrt revised = Centroidal
+ r Axis
, =+ = + + r , = −
− = = = − = − = r , + = r , = − ; =
+ YY−: + − ++ − = =+ − −6. Co-ordinate= + − of points = +P &− Q ×of NA=intersecting + the
−
+ + +− + + − − + = = − − = + r , = − ; =
= = = =− = −r , =−−= + r , =
− − = −
footing − side
= BC & AD wrt revised Centroidal Co-ordinate
= + − + − + − = = − System :
== ++ − = + + += + − r , ==+ = − = −
+
+ = − +
= = = − −(i) Co-ordinate == + −+of point = r −,NA×is intersecting ; =
− =
= + −
r ,= P where
= +
+ − × =
= +
the
+ −
footing
−
− + − − − + + − − = +
=++ −− + += − + ==− r =, = side BC : = + − = + − × =
− =− = + − = + − × = + −
= − − −− + − − = =− +
== ++ − + + −− == − = − == − −+= + − r , = += −− × ; = = + + −
= + − = + − =× = +
+ the effective
− − + = + =r , = − ; =
4. Product Moment of Inertia (PMI) of = −+ = − − = + r , = −
−
section wrt Centroidal− −Axes : = − = + = − =
= +− + +−− −+− + += −− − = == − r , ;
= − − = + r , = − ; =
+ − = + − × = − +− − = − (ii) Co-ordinate
=
= − − − − of point Q where NA is intersecting the
== + − − − + − + + − − =− − = = − −
= + − + + = −side −AD
footing
=
:
− − =
= + − =− + − × = + − =
= −
and −and
= + − − + + − = = − − = −
− − + − − = =
= − − − −= −
& = − −
+ − = = + − − × − = − −+ +−
&
− − and− = = − == −− −
= − − − =
= +−
− − − =
5. Revised Eccentricities of Load with respect to revised = == = = − − =−
− = −
= Centroidal = + Axes
− −
− : = − + −+ × −= +− − &=
7. Co-ordinate= of − maximum pressure location C :
, =−
= = , = −
= + (i)− Revised × Eccentricity
= + along − B: = −
= = −
= − − = −
= + − = + − × = + − , = −
= + − = + − × = and=+=− −− −−− −+ +− − −
∴ ∴ + + + ++ +
= + − = + − × = + − RELATIONSHIP & = − − BETWEEN − KNOWN
ECCENTRICITIES AND FOOTING
− − + − − +
∴ + LIFTED FRACTIONS
and
= and = x & y: + +
+ −
= + r , = − ; = and
∴ ×
∴+ ×As points
+ & + ×
× ; + and + ......…….……(1
==
and = + ......…….……(1 )
) Pressure
lie on NA, p is 0
= + r , == − + ; = r , = −&
,
at these locations. Now andin general& form of two dimensional
+
×= =
+ = − = &
r , ; ∴ × + bending
= +pressure= = equation (3), we)put the co-ordinates of
......…….……(1
NA points & = = by one and all other
one
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L : =
sectional properties =of−the− effective
+ area− of footing and
∴ +,, + +
= + − = + − × = + − equate the same = to zero.=
, −
= + − = + − × = =+ − + =− + − × = + , −
,
= + −
− −
− +
+ −
−
+ − = += − +× r+, −= − = ∴ + − −) +
+ ++
;
+ ∴
∴ ×+ + × + =+ − ......…….……(1 + −
= + r , == − + ; = r , = − ; =∴ −
+− − + −
70 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 ∴ + − + +
+ − − −+ −
 = − − − + −
− −∴ −+ − − ++ +− −
& ∴ + & + + − +
and = = ∴− × + × + = …….…….…(11)−
POINT
= = OF VIEW = = r =
− − + −
;
& − − = − = −− + − −
and ∴ + ∴ × + × + + + = …….…….…(11) +
(i) For , = = ,∴ × + × + = − …….…….…(11) − −
− −
−
−
− −
−
+
for NA co-ordinate and as r = ; =
& ∴ + − −+ − − + +
substituting all the terms in eqn (3), we simplify to get, = −
= = , − − −− − +
− − + −∴ r × + ×− +− = − =
r …….…….…(11)
− − + + ; − − =− − + ; − −=
− +
∴ + ∴
+ = + − − −+ =+ − − + −
−
, − ∴ =× + − × + −−=− …….…….…(11) +
+
−
−
− −
+ − − − =
− + − − +
∴ + − +− − − − ++ =− −−
− −
− r = + − + ;− − = −
−−
+ −
+ + + = − − − −= + −+−−
∴ × + × +− −= −......…….……(1
+ − = ) ∴ × + + − − − )−
× +− = + ......…….……(1 + − −+
∴ + + + − r =− + −= −; =
− = = − = ;− = ………………
− −
∴ we
Wherefrom + × + = ......…….……(1 ) −
× get, − − − + − −
= + − − −− +
…(1 ) − = ∴ −+ = − + ………………
+
− −− − ; − − − + −
∴ × + × + = ......…….……(1 = ) ...(10) ; = = − ……………….(1 + − )
− = − ; −= − ,− −
Solving (10) & (11),
− − + −
r = − − + − −−
+ ;; −− −
r = = − = ; ; = × + × +……………….(1
∴ = …….…….…(11))
r = − ; =− − ,
−−= − ;− = − , = = r , =
− −
− − + = − ; = ………………
+ − − + − − − − ...(12)
=
= ;− − +− −+− − + − r − −= ;
− − − −
− = − − = r = = r , = =
r = − ; ;
− − == − ; = = − , r , = = − = r ,−

− − − + − −
= In =equation
− ;(12), = see− that , all right hand side terms are in
− − −+ +− − − − − +x & y. − −
− − = =; − − + − −− += + − − + r , = −−=− − + = + − −− −r , −
= =− − − − + − + − = =+
= −r , = + + +
− +
r = − − ; − − −
− CASE = –V = r , =
− − + − − + − −
− + − − + −= − When NA cuts BC + and DC. Here uplift portion is ABPQDA +
= =+ = − + =−
− == = − =− −+ = + − −−− +
−+andr effective
, − − portion is PQC. This is considered
+
− that NA
= − −
cuts BC at P where, − BP = yL and NA cuts DC at−Q where,
− −− − − + = −=− − = r ;, = ………
∴ + − − − − − + − + − DQ+= xL − − − + − +− − = −
∴ Similarly,
(ii) + ∴for NA −
+ location at = + =+ and+ + − + = + =
− substituting all − terms
the
− −(3),−we get−
+ in equ − −
+= =
− − −+ − + −
Therefore, considering effective fraction in side BC is v
+ − −
− − = − +∴ −+ − − − & in− DC is u, and uplift + part in − BC is y+& in DC − is −x, we
+ + − − − − + + − = have −+ + += − y, v are + =
∴ × + × + = − = − −− ; , where x, u
−and
− ∴
∴ ×+ + ∴× × + + = × …….…….…(11) − +
…….…….…(11) + fraction parts of B & L +respectively.
= We will now involve
− + = …….…….…(11) −
only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the
= = equations as follows which can rbe easily transferred in
− − +− −× + − − = = , =
− =
+ rr + =
…….…….…(11) −
− − − − −−∴− ;×− ++ = −=
+ + = terms
…….…….…(11)
− of−x & y from above.
− + − −
∴ × + ×r= − − −
+ = = …….…….…(11) ; = ; − =− + − −
∴ + − − −
− + + 1. Effective − of the
Area
+ Section
= and Revised Centre of
− −
− Wherefrom we get, − + − −r − − −
Gravity : = − =− +r , − −
; −=− −− −− −= − ++ + − −− − −
; =
− =r
…….…….…(11) = − − − − −− + − − = − −− Considering
+ + −an−orthogonal axis system −
= = −− + ; + − − + +
origin located at
∴ × + × + − = …….…….…(11) −
…(11) − A, co-ordinate
− of CG at O of the effective foundation area
PQC is calculated as follows :
− − − − − + − −
−− ++ − −− − =+ + +
+ = −− −− −− −
−
;
− −+ −+− − − − The Indian−Concrete Journal June 2014 71
=
=r =−
− −
;−− =
+− ;
− = ……………….(1
− − )
+
 − − = + r , = − ; =
+
= + r , = − ; =
= − ; = − ,
POINT OF VIEW
= − ; = − ,
= + − = + − × = + −
Total Effective Area : = + − = + − × = + −
= = r , =
= + = − + = − + =− +
× −= × += − + −
= = r , =
= + − == + − = r , + =− − +
+ × ; = +
= + r , = − ; = +
= − = r , +=
= =+ + r , r = − = ;−
, =;
= − = r ,
+
= − ; = − = r , =r ,− = = − + ; =
= − −
= − −
= − ; = − = r , = − = + −
== − + − = + − ×
= −Moment
2. Second ; =of Inertia
− wrt= revised Centroidal
r , =Axis− 6. Co-ordinate of points P & Q of NA intersecting the
= − −= −
XX : = side
footing + BC− & DC=wrt+revised
− × = Co-ordinate
Centroidal + −
= = r , =
= − ; = − = r , = − System :
= − ; == − =r , = − = −
= = ;r , = = − − = = = −r , + = − =
+
r , = − ;
= = r , = (i) Co-ordinate of point P where NA is intersecting the footing
= − +
3. = − Moment
; = of− Inertia = wrt revised = −
r , Centroidal =
= −Axis=; YY
Second
= = :− − +
side BC r , = − ;
= : = ; −= == =− r=, = −
r ,
r , =
=rr , , ===− r ;, = =− − = − − r ,
=== − == = = = − r , == − − = −
− ; = =− = = r , r , = =−
= − − == −− −
== == r ,r , = =
= 4. Product === r ,
= = of Inertia
Moment = r ,= of =
r , (PMI) the effective
== == rr ,, = ==
section = wrt revised Centroidal
= Axes = r: , = == == −
r r, , (ii)=Co-ordinate of point Q where NA is intersecting the
= r , = footing side AD :
== = = r , r =, = = −
= == =r , = r
= , = = r , =
= = r , == = r , === −− −
5. Revised Eccentricities of Load with respect to revised
= = r , == r , =
=
Centroidal
== +=+Axes − −: = = + r+, − −×= × = = + +− − = − −
== + − = = + − r ×=, == =+ − r , =
(i) Revised Eccentricity along B :
= r , =
= + − = + − × = + −
== + + − = r+ , − ==× −+ = −; + −+ + − + × = + −
= + r , = − ; = =
+
= + r , = − ; =
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − × = + − +
=== + −++ = + rr ,−, × === +=−− − ; ;+ = − = +
= +r , − ×= − = ; + = − +
= +
+ − = + − × = + −
+
== + +− = + r ,− × = = − ; + +− =
= =+ + − r= , + − = ×− =; += − +
== + + − = +r , − × = −= + =− +
= +; r , = − ; =
+
+ r , = − ; =
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − ×= += − + = −+ − +× = + −
= + r , = − ; =+
= + r , = − ; = +
=
(ii) Revised +
Eccentricity along r ,L: = − ; =
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − × = + − +
=
=== +− −+ + r , =
= + r −, × == +− − ; = = + − × = − + ; − = + = + − +
= + r , = − ; =
+ − === −+− − − × = + −
== − + +
r , = − ; + =
= =+= −−− −− r , = − ; = + +
72 The==Indian + Journal June
Concrete r ,2014 ===− − − + ; = r, = − ; =
+
 = −
= − − − − + − − − −− +
− − + − r −−= −+
−= −......…….……(1
+
− −− −++− −− =− + ; − =−− +
r = ∴∴ +× ++ × + ; ∴ =×r + = ) × ++ =+ ......…….……(1
− +) ; = −
POINT
=− OF VIEW − − − −− −
− − + − −− −− +
−+ +−− − − −−
7. Co-ordinate of maximum −pressure
−r +=
location−C : r =− = ;+for− NA
(ii) Similarly,
− − + at − = + +; =
=− location =
and
− +
= ∴ × + × + ==
= +−......…….……(1 =) −− + −
= − = − − − terms in−eqn (3), we get
substituting all the

= − = − = − −
= −− −− ++ −− − − − +− + +− − − − − +
= − = = + ;= + − ++ −
== −− = − =r = −
= = − + ∴ −
+
= − = = −− ∴ = + =+ − − − + +
= −
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN= − KNOWN −
ECCENTRICITIES AND FOOTING
− − + − − −+ +− − − −
LIFTED FRACTIONS x & y : == −= + − − ∴∴ =
∴ ++= + − − − + + ∴ −×− − ++ × + + + =
and ∴ + + and − + +× + ++ × + = −…….…….…(1− ) =+ +
−
As points and and lie on NA, Pressure − p is 0 −
== −−and
& and
at these locations. Nowandin general &form of two dimensional − + − −+ × + − = + …….…….…(1 −− −− + −+
= −
= −pressure equation ∴=put + + ∴∴∴+× × + + ×− + + ++= …….…….…(1 ) +− +
bending & & we
(3), the =
co-ordinates of − − r = ) …(14) −
= &= ∴ × + × + = …….…….…(1 ) − r = − ; − = −
NA points & = = byorone and all other
one &
−
sectional =
properties = theoreffective
=
of = or area of footing and
== − = or
equate the = to zero.
same = (i) orFor ∴ = × += −×for
or NA −
= +…….…….…(1
∴ ×r− + − ) × −+ += …….…….…(1 − −− − ) + − − + −
= −, ,∴ − + + + −+ r =
=
− − −−+ + +++ − − −− =
− ;
;
=
=− −−
co-ordinate and as , r =, , substituting all the terms in ; − = − + − −
and
,and
, − − −−
eqn (3), we simplify, to get, − − + − − + − −
& −∴ − + +∴+ −× −− + − +×− − + −+ + = −…….…….…(1 − −− ++ ) +−−−−− − ++++− − −−−−+− −−−− + − − − =−−−
∴ +
&
− r + = − + − + − r =− = − ; + = − + = − ;+ = − −
∴ + ∴= + + − − + + − −− +− +=++ − +− + − −− − + − − += + = − −
∴ + and+ − − − − + +−− ++ − +−− −=−−
== ∴ or
== +
or + ∴ − + − + + + −− + + =
− − − −
∴ × + × + =−− ......…….……(1 ++ −− −)− − +− −− −− +− + − − − −
& = + ......…….……(1 = +; + +
∴ × ∴ + × × + + × =
r = = ......…….……(1
) ) =
− ∴ ∴ +×× ,, +++ ×× ++ =− +
= ......…….……(1 − − )) − − − −
+ × =+ ) −= ......…….……(1 )
......…….……(1
∴ × + × + ∴ = × −......…….……(1 − + − − + − −
= = or −
r − −= − +− −+ − ; − = +− −+ − −− −
r − =−r −− + =−− ++
− −− −− +; − −=; −+ = −− − −++ −− − + −
∴∴ r++ =++ − − = −+ − ; − −++
= − ++ + − − + + − − =− − − − ==+ − −+
……(1 )
, r = − −− r = ; − = − ; − −
Wherefrom, we get, −− − + − − − − + − − −
= − − + − + − −+ − −− − +
− − + − −= − +−= −−+− −−− − ++ − −− +− …(13) + −− − + + − − +−− + −+ +
∴∴ ××+ ++ + ×× +++ ==+− ......…….……(1 ......…….……(1
− − + +−)− ) − +− + + Solving −− (13)
= + −& (14), −+−− − + = − −
;∴ == = = + + + +
− − − − − − −
− − −− − −
−− −− = ++ = −− −− ++= −− −− ; = ...(15)
………………
rr =
= ;; == − −
∴ × −+= −
= − ......…….……(1 )= × + +== − =−−−=......…….……(1 −−
+ − =+ += − = + − −
)
= − += + =
− − − + − − − − + −
+ − −−− −−−∴ ++− ++ ++−−−− − − −− − − + +In equation
+ −− −− +−(15),
− +see− that all−right hand side terms are in =
==r = ; = ++−
+ ; −+ = − − − ++ − + − −+ − −
− ∴ + ∴+ + ∴ +
+ −− −− + + − − − + + y+− −− −−+ + + − = +=
= ......…….……(1 ) − +− −+−− +− x−−& − − − + =−− − − −
∴ + + ∴− + + + + − + + =
− − − = − −
PROBLEM
or ) . and SOLUTION
− − ; =
+ − ∴
− − − + + − − − × + × + = …….…….…(1
− + − − −
+ =− += +− =− +…….…….…(1 = =
× ∴+ ×−× −+− + ×++= + …….…….…(1 + ; ……………
− − ∴= × =∴ + ; × =+ − = −
…….…….…(1 − ) ) ) Method for
(A)
− − generating the whole graph − for all cases
− + +∴ × + × + ∴ = + × = + ) = : …….…….…(1 )
− × …….…….…(1
−
− + − − − − + −
r−− =+++−
− −−−+ −−− − − ; − −−−=−− − +−++ −+
−
− − ==
+ ∴ ∴− = ++ = ++ r − = r −+ = + − − − − −+ ++ ; ++ − =; −
+ −− − + − − =
+ − −− are all −functions
− − of+x and y− which
…….…(1 )
− r = − −+ − − −;− = − − −+ − −
r = − r = ; = − ; =
−− − − − in turn are the −fractions −− −
of L or or B.. and are known
+ + −
− + − − = − − + − + +
∴ +×× +++ ×× + ++ − ++− − − +−+ −
or . and
∴∴ = …….…….…(1
+=− …….…….…(1 −+ −)) −− +− + = − − +−
− − − =+
−= −= − = + − −
− −− + −
+ −+ − +& − − − − +− + −
; = − + − − +− − − − − + +− −
= = + + + +
− − − − −
−
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
− 73
 = − ; = −……………….(1 )
− − − − − −
=
=
− = − ; ;
=− ;
=
− = − ……………….(1 − ……………….(1
)
……………….(1 ) )
− − − −= −
;
− − =
−
……………….(1 )
= ; = or . and
……………….(1 )
POINT −−OF
∴ VIEW
= × −−
= ; or =. and ……………….(1 )
− −
parameters. Equations involving known on the right
− + − − + −
− r = =+ − or . and + + +
= ;
hand side and terms involving x, y on the right hand − ……………….(1 )
−
……………….(1 − ) or . and or .
−
and
side are deduced for all the casesor (Case . – and II to Case
or . – V). and , and
Right hand side parameters shall be calculated on
or . and
Equations involving known on the left hand side case to case basis depending on the NA location. After
or . and , , and and
generating numerous sets of dimensionless parameters
and terms involving x, y on the right hand side & are also in axis and
deduced for all the cases (Case – II to Case – V). These two , and against different sets of , x and and y, and
&
equations with two unknowns x & y for one particular case ininX-axis
axis
axis andand
or . and considering of in , and
and in
max
Y-axis, we can
are non-linear simultaneous equations and can & be used , and
&
plotincorresponding
axis and x values, , yandvalues and Kmax values.
for generating the graph as a whole & by assuming various maxin axis and
maxmax
After plotting many of such sets, we get the x-curves, y-
combination of x & y and& finding & the& corresponding
and & ,
in axis and , and
max
curves & Kmax-curvesinmaxmaxaxis and against max
plotted , . 8 (Eight)
& . However, for a particular known & in axis and
and ,
example
max hand calculations max for each casemaxusing the above
& efficient trial and error
values, & method&shall be adopted , ,
& max in axis and
and & , equations on case to case basis are placed in
to decrease the number of iterations. From the equations, max
max
, a tabular form
& and , ,
and , (Annexure Table
max 1 for Case – II, Table 2 , for Case – III,
we can see that though it is an iterative process to find max
&& and , Table 3 for Case – IV,, , Tablemax
4 for Case – V) at Annexure-A.
and and, , ,
out the values of x and y for known values of and and , Here, the curves for whole graph showing NA locations
and , , max
and , ,
, however, in reverse, if we thinkand that x and y are known and Pressure contours in ,respect of , are drawn
&and , and ,
and and ,
, , theing
parameters and unknowns are no problem
x, y, , and by
and , preparing a computer , program and is, presented in
and , ,
gets much easier. For several such no known
ing x, y,values and ofand
x and, Figure. 5 above. ,
and
and ,, and
y, we can find out corresponding and and by using ,
and (B) To find − out+ the maximum − pressure intensity for − a +
and (6) for Case-II, (9) for Case-III,∴(12) for
equation = Case-
no ing x, y,+ and , + + ,
given set of :
and
− + − − − + − −
and ,
IV, (15) for Case-V. Knowing no ∴ x, y, =
ing x, y, no anding x, + we and
y, , can , + , + +
no ing x, y, noand ing x,, y, and 1. −, MANNUAL METHOD ,
: Once a full − graph is
calculate
no ing x, corresponding
y, and maximum
, pressure on the base it
corner C of
ready,
, we− can use + this − graph for our future design −
,
noanding x, the
y, footing
and by, putting all known ∴ parameters
∴= =× + purpose by reading off values+ of+ maximum
along with coordinates of C in pressure equation (3) and − + − + − + − ,K and it it − + − +
∴ ∴= ∴= + ×= + − − +pressure − coefficient
+
− + − max + NA uplift− − quantity + −+−
− .(1
+
simplifying : ∴− =
+ ∴− + = −+ − + , + − + + −
+
−
it
− − given , . − − −
∴ = + + + against + −set − of ,
+ for.(1design ) itpurpose + −
no ing x, y, and , − +− r − = + − +− − + +
∴ = + ∴ =+ ×+− − − this, K,max.with
+ and multiply it + to get .(1− the ,+
) maximum − −
r −= + pressure under it + .
−+ footing. +
∴ = ∴× − it −
∴ = =∴ × × = × , .
∴ == × + − − + − 2. COMPUTER
− − + PROCEDURE
+ − − : A computer , .
it −
− ∴ + − r + =+ + + + .(1 ) + program
− + ...(16)
∴+ += −−, −. for solution
.(1 ) − + , .
× r − = r + − −− may +be created
+ −
+
− of the + non-linear −
− max−. + + −+− − +
= + − + + − +
− r + = −r + = −+ equations
− −−
for+finding+ −out +, the. uplift
+ fractions −
+ of the
− −
r = + + + − +
− +− − footing−against +− the max −. . values of
known
max ,x & . Oncey
∴ r = =× + + + +
− the uplift fractions
max.
− xi.e. &
the neutral axis location is
x &y y
known, we can calculate the Kmax and maximum nmax. a
− + − x &− y under
pressure + the −footing.
max. A Flow Chart for
− r = + − + − + + + xxr & & yy r
max. n n a a
+ + − + −
framing a program in any computer language is
− x & max y.
n a x &x xry r & &y yr r
x& y n maxa.

74 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 x r &y r n a x rx && yy r

n a
POINT OF VIEW
shown later in Figure 6. Following notes may be
read in conjunction with the flow chart :
1. Sets of Equations used in the Flow Chart are all
taken from the above discussion in the paper and
are provided at the end of the flow chart. Different
variable names have been used in the Equation
Sets with that of the paper for use in VB Macro.
2. As the final equations are dimensionless (as
discussed above), L or B of the footing are not
necessary to use in a program and hence, equa-
tions in the given Equation Sets are provided as
independent of L or B except for calculation of the
Maximum Pressure Pmax.
3. For each of the Equation Sets, different function
may be created and called as necessary by passing
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 75
 POINT OF VIEW

76 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014

POINT OF VIEW

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 77

 POINT OF VIEW
parameters for necessary calculations and getting
the result.
4. The values of fractional part x & y have been var-
ied from 0 to 2 (considering x= 0 to 1 for edge AD
& x= 1 to 2 for edge DC and y= 0 to 1 for edge AB
& y= 1 to 2 for edge BC).
5. A check is to be kept on x & y so that calculated
eccentricity always falls on the first quadrant
(+ve) i.e. upper rightmost quadrant of the footing.
6. Different values of ∆x & ∆y may be chosen by
calling a function for the same. For each new itera-
tion, ∆x & ∆y shall be less than the ∆x & ∆y values
of the previous iteration to gradually converge
into the solution.
7. Mark-A and Mark-B of one page of the Flow
Chart shall be considered merged with the same
Mark of other page to study the Flow Chart.
8. Abbreviations Used in Flow Chart : P = Axial
force, Mx = Moment about x-axis, My = Moment
about y-axis, Eb/B = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.)
along y-axis, El/L = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.)
along x-axis, ElByL and EbByB = Ecc./fdn dimn
based on assumed x & y i.e. NA location to com-
pare the same with the actual ones to reach at a
solution for x & y. ∆n = a negligible predefined
number to verify whether a solution is reached or
not. p, q, r, s = variables keeping record whether
y or x is increasing or decreasing. xprev & yprev
are keeping the values of x & y which are being
changed in the later part of the program.
Set Of Equations for Use in Flow Chart :: Equations given below may
be directly used in computer program in excel sheet (VB macro) with
the same variable names and suitable changes of operators are required
for other languages ::
Case – II : Equation Set (2) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area = 1 - x * y / 2 ; CGX = (3 - x ^ 2 * y) / (6 - 3 * x * y) ; CGY = (3 - x *
y ^ 2) / (6 - 3 * x * y)
Icgx = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x * y ^ 3) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * y) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2))
Icgy = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x ^ 3 * y) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * x) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2))
Icgxy = Abs((CGX - 0.5) * (CGY - 0.5) + ((x ^ 2 * y ^ 2 / 72) - (x * y / 2 *
(CGX - x / 3) * (CGY - y / 3))))
X1 = -CGX ; Y1 = (y - CGY) ; X2 = (x - CGX) ; Y2 = -CGY
78 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
Case – III : Equation Set (3) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area1 = v ; cgx1 = 1 / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 - v / 2 ; Area2 = (u - v) / 2 ; cgx2 = 2 /
3 ; cgy2 = (3 - 2 * v - u) / 3 ; Area = Area1 + Area2 ;
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
Area2 * cgy2) / Area
Icgx = v ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (u - v) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
(CGY – cgy2) ^ 2
Icgy = v / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (u - v) / 36 + Area2 * (CGX
– cgx2) ^ 2
Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (u - v) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
* (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
X1 = -CGX
Y1 = 1 - v - CGY
X2 = 1 - CGX
Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
Case – IV : Equation Set (4) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area1 = u ; cgx1 = 1 - u / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 / 2 ; Area2 = 1 / 2 * (v - u) ; cgx2 =
(3 - 2 * u - v) / 3 ; cgy2 = 2 / 3
Area = Area1 + Area2
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
Area2 * cgy2) / Area
Icgx = u / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (v - u) / 36 + Area2 * (CGY
- cgy2) ^ 2
Icgy = u ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (v - u) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
(CGX – cgx2) ^ 2
Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (v - u) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
* (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
X1 = 1 - v – CGX ; Y1 = 1 – CGY ; X2 = 1 - u – CGX ; Y2 = -CGY
Case – V : Equation Set (5) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area = v * u / 2 ; CGX = 1 - v / 3 ; CGY = 1 - u / 3
Icgx = v * u ^ 3 / 36 ; Icgy = v ^ 3 * u / 36 ; Icgxy = Abs(v ^ 2 * u ^ 2 /
72)
X1 = 1 - v – CGX ; Y1 = 1 – CGY ; X2 = 1 – CGX ; Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
Equation Set (A) : Stress Equation on NA for calculating EbByB and
ElByL :
Feccb = 0.5 – CGY ; Feccl = 0.5 – CGX ; a = 1 / Area
P1 = (Icgx * X1 + Icgxy * Y1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q1 = (Icgy * Y1 +
Icgxy * X1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
R1 = (a + Feccl * P1 + Feccb * Q1)
P2 = (Icgx * X2 + Icgxy * Y2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q2 = (Icgy * Y2 +
Icgxy * X2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
R2 = (a + Feccl * P2 + Feccb * Q2)
ElByL = (Q2 * R1 - Q1 * R2) / (P2 * Q1 - Q2 * P1)
EbByB = (P2 * R1 - P1 * R2) / (P1 * Q2 - Q1 * P2)
Equation Set (B) : Max Pressure Equation at Corner of footing :
X3 = 1 – CGX ; Y3 = 1 - CGY
a3 = (Icgy * Y3 + Icgxy * X3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; b3 = (Icgx * X3 +
Icgxy * Y3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
Max Pressure Coefficient Kmax = a + ((EbByB + Feccb) * a3 + (ElByL +
Feccl) * b3)
Max Pressure = Kmax * P / (B * L)
References
1. “Foundation Design” by Wayne C. Teng published by Prentice Hall
of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110001 Published in : 1979 pp
130-133
POINT OF VIEW
Annexure Table 1. Calculation of pressure co-efficients Annexure Table 3. calculation of pressure co-efficients
CASE - II (Short Side & Long Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part is uplifted CASE - IV (both the long sides intersected by na)
Example No → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Notations used Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion, y<1 in BC portion, x>y to keep the
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion and y<1 in AB portion
in paper ↓ eccentricity in first quadrant.
x 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.900 0.800 0.700 0.300 x 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
y 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 y 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
a1 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 u 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000
c1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 v 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
d1 0.500 1.000 0.500 1.000 0.850 0.800 0.750 0.700 a1 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000
a2 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.070 0.120 0.150 0.280 c1 0.650 0.700 0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950 1.000
c2 0.500 0.500 1.000 1.000 0.950 0.900 0.850 0.650 d1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
d2 0.000 0.500 0.000 0.500 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.200 a2 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
a3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.500 0.315 0.240 0.175 0.060 c2 0.267 0.367 0.467 0.567 0.667 0.767 0.867 0.967
c3 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.667 0.600 0.533 0.467 0.200 d2 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
d3 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.667 0.467 0.400 0.333 0.267 ar 0.750 0.650 0.550 0.450 0.350 0.250 0.150 0.050
ar 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.500 0.685 0.760 0.825 0.940
Fgx 0.624 0.674 0.724 0.774 0.824 0.873 0.922 0.967
Fgx 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.667 0.592 0.574 0.557 0.526
Fgy 0.511 0.513 0.515 0.519 0.524 0.533 0.556 0.667
Fgy 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.667 0.623 0.595 0.571 0.523
Fix 0.062 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.021 0.012 0.003
Fix 0.083 0.083 0.083 0.028 0.042 0.050 0.057 0.074
Fiy 0.035 0.023 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.000
Fiy 0.083 0.083 0.083 0.028 0.051 0.058 0.063 0.073
Fixy 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
Fixy 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.019 0.019 0.017 0.009
Feccl -0.124 -0.174 -0.224 -0.274 -0.324 -0.373 -0.422 -0.467
Feccl 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.167 -0.092 -0.074 -0.057 -0.026
Feccb -0.011 -0.013 -0.015 -0.019 -0.024 -0.033 -0.056 -0.167
Feccb 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.167 -0.123 -0.095 -0.071 -0.023
x1 -0.424 -0.374 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.173 -0.122 -0.067
x1 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.667 -0.592 -0.574 -0.557 -0.526
y1 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 0.333
y1 -0.500 0.500 -0.500 0.333 0.077 0.005 -0.071 -0.123
x2 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.174 -0.124 -0.073 -0.022 0.033
x2 -0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.333 0.308 0.226 0.143 -0.226
y2 -0.511 -0.513 -0.515 -0.519 -0.524 -0.533 -0.556 -0.667
y2 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.667 -0.623 -0.595 -0.571 -0.523
x3 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.333 0.408 0.426 0.443 0.474 x3 0.376 0.326 0.276 0.226 0.176 0.127 0.078 0.033
y3 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.333 0.377 0.405 0.429 0.477 y3 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 0.333
P1 -6.000 -6.000 -6.000 -24.000 -13.209 -11.326 -9.900 -7.543 P1 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 -2400.000
Q1 -6.000 6.000 -6.000 0.000 -4.132 -4.168 -4.195 -2.594 Q1 7.267 8.252 9.535 11.267 13.695 17.164 20.923 0.000
R1 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000 3.181 2.545 2.069 1.317 R1 2.662 4.084 6.486 10.927 20.294 44.782 140.615 1140.000
P2 -6.000 -6.000 6.000 0.000 0.630 0.039 -0.468 -4.047 P2 -9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000 0.000
Q2 -6.000 -6.000 -6.000 -24.000 -14.519 -11.854 -10.094 -7.552 Q2 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 -240.000
R2 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000 3.182 2.436 1.952 1.344 R2 2.663 3.941 6.013 9.634 16.659 32.557 77.231 60.000
el/L 0.083 0.167 0.000 0.250 0.170 0.149 0.130 0.139 el/L 0.249 0.282 0.316 0.349 0.382 0.414 0.446 0.475
eb/B 0.083 0.000 0.167 0.250 0.227 0.206 0.187 0.103 eb/B 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.037 0.047 0.066 0.107 0.250
Kmax 2.000 2.000 2.000 6.000 4.108 3.560 3.143 2.496 Kmax 2.840 3.307 3.956 4.918 6.486 9.474 17.143 60.000
Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL

Annexure Table 2 . calculation of pressure co-efficients Annexure Table 4. calculation of pressure co-efficients
CASE - III (both the short sides intersected by na) CASE - V (Long Side & Short Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part remains effective
Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions and x<1 for DC portion, y<1 in AB portion, x<y to keep the Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in DC portion, y<1 in BC portion
eccentricity in first quadrant
x 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 0.800
x 0.000 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
y 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
y 1.000 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
u 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.200
u 1.000 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200
v 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
v 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
a1 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
a1 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
c1 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
c1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
d1 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
d1 1.000 0.650 0.700 0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950
a2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
a2 0.500 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
c2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
c2 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
d2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
d2 0.667 0.267 0.367 0.467 0.567 0.667 0.767 0.867
ar 0.500 0.750 0.650 0.550 0.450 0.350 0.250 0.150 ar 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
Fgx 0.667 0.511 0.513 0.515 0.519 0.524 0.533 0.556 Fgx 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
Fgy 0.667 0.624 0.674 0.724 0.774 0.824 0.873 0.922 Fgy 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
Fix 0.028 0.035 0.023 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.0003426 Fix 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fiy 0.028 0.062 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.021 0.012 Fiy 0.010 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fixy 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 Fixy 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Feccl -0.167 -0.011 -0.013 -0.015 -0.019 -0.024 -0.033 -0.056 Feccl -0.233 -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467
Feccb -0.167 -0.124 -0.174 -0.224 -0.274 -0.324 -0.373 -0.422 Feccb -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467 -0.433
x1 -0.667 -0.511 -0.513 -0.515 -0.519 -0.524 -0.533 -0.556 x1 -0.533 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067
y1 0.333 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.174 -0.124 -0.073 -0.022 y1 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
x2 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x2 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y2 -0.667 -0.424 -0.374 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.173 -0.122 y2 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067 -0.133
x3 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x3 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y3 0.333 0.376 0.326 0.276 0.226 0.176 0.127 0.078 y3 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
P1 -24.000 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 P1 -53.571 -81.633 -133.333 -240 -500 -1333.333 -6000 -12000
Q1 0.000 -9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000 Q1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R1 6.000 2.663 3.941 6.013 9.634 16.659 32.557 77.231 R1 16.071 26.531 46.667 90.000 200.000 566.667 2700 5700
P2 0.000 7.267 8.252 9.535 11.267 13.695 17.164 20.923 P2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Q2 -24.000 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 Q2 -61.224 -95.238 -160.000 -300.000 -666.667 -2000 -12000 -6000
R2 6.000 2.662 4.084 6.486 10.927 20.294 44.782 140.615 R2 19.898 33.333 60.000 120.000 283.333 900 5700 2700
el/L 0.250 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.037 0.047 0.066 0.10714 el/L 0.300 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475
eb/B 0.250 0.249 0.282 0.316 0.349 0.382 0.414 0.44643 eb/B 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475 0.450
Kmax 6.000 2.840 3.307 3.956 4.918 6.486 9.474 17.143 Kmax 10.714 14.286 20.000 30.000 50.000 100.000 300 300
Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 79

 POINT OF VIEW
Bijay Sarkar holds a degree in Civil Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He is a Superintending
Engineer (Civil) in Engineering & Planning Cell of Project Department at DVC Head Quarters, Kolkata.
He has a long experience in civil construction and design for more than last 25 years in Damodar Valley
Corporation (DVC), a PSU under Ministry of Power, Govt of India. He is experienced in structural design
works for power house & boiler building structures, mill & bunker structures, coal conveying structures
of power plants for 500MW capacity & above owned by DVC. His keen interest is on preparing software
modules in respect of civil engineering aspects.

80 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014