Concrete technology

Concrete- is the mixture of cement, sand, crushes stones or bricks chips and water.

Cement - a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together.

Early History of Cement

- In ancient times, egyptians mostly used material obtained by burning gypsum.

-Greeks and Romans used th material obtained by burning limestone.

-First cement was invented by Joseph Aspidin on 21st of October

1824.

-First cement factory was started at Portland in England.

-In India, cement was first manufactured in 1904 in Madras by

South India Industrial Ltd.

Manufacture of Cement

Two ways of manufacturing cement:

> Dry process

> Wet process ( addition of water )

Process of Manufacturing Concrete

* Batching

• volume batching

• weigh batching

* Mixing

• Machine mixing

• Hand mixing

* Transportation

• Pump and Pipelines

* Placing

• Form work

• Under water concreting

* Compaction

• Hand compaction

• Internal vibrator

• Vibratory Rollers

* Curing

• water curing

• steam curing

• electrical curing

* Finishing
 • form work finishes

• applied finish

• Grinding and polishing

Types of Concrete

 Normal concrete- the concrete in which common ingredients i.e. aggregate water
cement are used is known as normal concrete.

 High Strength concrete – it a type of high performance concrete generally with a

specified strength of 6000 psi ( 40 mpa ) or greater.

 High Performance concrete – is a concrete mixer which posses high durability

and high strength when compared to conventional concrete.

 Air Entrained concrete – is a concrete contains billions of microscopic air cells

per cubic foot.

 Light weight concrete – it maybe define as the concrete of substantially unit lower
unit than that made from gravel or crushed stones.

 Self Compacting concrete – is commonly abbreviated to is a concrete mix which

low yield stress, high deformability, good segregation of resistance ( prevents
separation of particle in the mix ) and moderate viscosity necessary to ensure
uniform suspension of solid particle.

 Shotcret – is concrete or sometimes mortar conveyed through and pneumatically

projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique.

 Pervious concrete – permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous

pavement) Is a special type of concrete with high porosity used for concrete flat
work application that allows water from precipitation and other sources to past
directly through, thereby reducing runoff from a sight.

Uses of Concrete
 • Plain concrete – is used a concrete cementing materials for the construction of
roads and air field for foundation, dams etc.

• Reinforce concrete – if steel rods are embedded the plain cement concrete it is
termed as reinforce cement – concrete (RCC). In the construction of slab, bean, column
structural concrete are used.

• Pre-stressed concrete – it is also reinforced cement concrete but steel rods are
stressed before embedding in the concrete. This rods remain pre- stressed even after
the concrete has fully set.

Setting of Concrete

• The hardening of concrete before its hydration is known as setting of concrete.

• The hardening of concrete before it gains strength.

Factors Affecting Concrete

1. Water cement ratio

2. Suitable temperature

3. Cement content

4. Fineness of cement

5. Relative Humidity