Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(a) State the names of two polysaccharides found in starch and distinguish between their structures.
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(3)
(b) Compare the structural features of starch and cellulose.
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(3)
(c) Humans can digest starch but cannot digest cellulose. Explain why humans cannot digest cellulose.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
2. (a) State what is meant by the term dietary fibre.
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(1)
(b) Describe the importance of a high fibre diet and list two health problems related to a low fibre diet.
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(2)
(Total 3 marks)
3. Foods such as rice, bread and potatoes are rich in carbohydrates. There are three main types of carbohydrate –
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
(a) Glucose, C6H12O6, is a monosaccharide. When 0.85 g of glucose was completely combusted in a
calorimeter, the temperature of 200.10 g of water increased from 20.20 °C to 27.55 °C. Calculate the
–1
energy value of glucose in J g .
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(3)
(b) (i) Draw the straight chain structure of glucose.
(1)
(ii) Draw the structural formula of α-glucose.
(1)
(iii) Distinguish between the structures of α- and β-glucose.
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(1)
(iv) Two α-glucose molecules condense to form the disaccharide maltose. Deduce the structure of
maltose.
(1)
(c) One of the major functions of carbohydrates in the human body is as an energy source.
State one other function of a carbohydrate.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
4. Glucose is a monomer of starch.
(1)
(b) Explain why two cyclic isomers are formed from the straight-chain glucose and name both isomers.
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(3)
(c) State the name of the two polymeric forms of starch.
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(1)
(d) Compare the structure and linkage between the glucose monomers in both polymeric forms.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
5. (a) State what is meant by dietary fibre.
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(2)
(b) Give two examples of dietary fibre.
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(2)
(c) Describe two reasons for the inclusion of dietary fibre in a healthy diet.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
6. (a) Compare the structural properties of starch and cellulose.
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(4)
(b) Explain why humans cannot digest cellulose.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
MARKSCHEME
1
(c) energy reserve / can act as precursors in large number of metabolic
reactions/for other biologically important molecules; 1
[8]
4. (a)
5. (a) plant material that is not hydrolysed by enzymes (secreted by the human
digestive tract);
may be digested by microflora in the gut; 2
(b) Any two of the following:
cellulose;
hemicellulose;
lignin;
pectin; 2 max
(c) (may be helpful in the prevention of conditions/health problems such as)
Any two of the following:
diverticulosis;
irritable bowel syndrome;
constipation;
obesity;
Crohn’s disease;
haemorrhoids;
diabetes mellitus; 2 max
[6]
6. (a) both are polymers of glucose;
starch has two forms: amylose a straight chain polymer with a – 1, 4 linkages;
and amylopectin a branched polymer with a – 1, 4 and a – 1, 6 linkages;
cellulose has b – 1, 4 linkages; 4
(b) absence of cellulase enzyme; 1
[5]