Linking verbs (Can be put in front of the word "sick.

") am; is; are; was; were; be; been; being; have; has; had;
do; does; did; may; might; must; would; should; could; will; shall; can; grows; remains; appears; seems; sounds;
feels; stays etc...

Future tense: use "will" and "shall" I will go. She shall see.

Collective noun: common noun that names a group with more than one member; examples: jury, team,
brigade, staff, flock.

Abstract noun: names ideas, qualities, or feelings that cannot be seen or touched (love, faith, loyalty)

concrete noun: names things you can see and touch; examples: pizza, kitten, diamond

Antecedent: the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.

The baby kicked his legs. Pronoun-his, antecedent-baby

Interjection: a word that expresses emotion (Wow! Ouch!)

Conjunctions: joins words or groups of words (and, nor, or, so, but, neither)

Adjective: a word that modifies/describes a noun or pronoun

Noun: Word names person, place, thing or idea. •are often pointed out by noun indicators. These noun
indicators— the, a, an— signal that a noun is ahead, although there may be words between the indicator and
the noun itself, Express action or a state of being.

- Compound Noun: Made up of two or more words used together as a single noun. Like a derivative. It is
two words put together to make one word. E.g. toothpaste, seafood, onlooker.
- Common Noun: Names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas; They are not the names of
a single person, place or thing. This type of noun begins with a lowercase letter unless it is at the beginning
of a sentence. For example: People like; man, girl, boy, Animals like; fish, ant, snake, Places like; school, city,
building, or Ideas like; love, hate, pride.
- Proper Noun: names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. They are words which name specific people,
organisations or places. They always start with a capital letter.
E.g. the Civil War, Monday, or Potter.
- Concrete Noun: Names of an object that can be perceived by one or more of the senses. names things
that we experience through our senses, sight, hearing, smell, touch or taste. Most nouns are are these
types of nouns.
E.g. Cats, dogs, tables, chairs, buses, and teachers are all concrete nouns. The opposite of this type of noun
is an abstract noun.

- Abstract Noun: Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic. You cannot sense, it is the name
we give to an emotion, ideal or idea. They have no physical existence, you can't see, hear, touch, smell or
taste them. The opposite of this type of noun is a concrete noun.
E.g. adoration, dexterity, sadness, wit.
- Collective Noun: A word that names a group. Is a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of
people or things.
E.g. Tables, chairs, cupboards etc. are grouped under the collective noun furniture. Could be a Groups of
people - army, audience, band, or a Groups of things - bunch, bundle, clump., noun that represents a group
of persons animals or things family flock furniture etc., names a group of people, places, or things.

Pronouns: Takes the place of a noun, may represent specific persons or things: I, she, they, you, me, her,
them, yourself, myself, herself, themselves, yourselves, it, he, we, who, itself, him, us, whom, that, himself,
ourselves
• Indefinite: refer to nouns ( persons, places, things) in a general way: each everyone nobody somebody
• Other: point out particular things: Singular Plural
this, that
This is my treasure.
That is your junk.
These, those.
These are my jewels.
Those are your trinkets.
Personal pronouns: I, you, she, she, it, we, you, they, them, us, my, mine, me, your, yours, her, hers, its, our,
ours, us, their, theirs
Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, what, which, that
Interrogative pronouns: who, what, when, where, how
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
Indefinite pronouns: one, any, each, anyone, somebody, all...
Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another
Intensive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Adjectives: words that modify or describe a noun; they answer the question, "what kind?" or "How many?"
- Answering the what kind? Questions are descriptive. They tell the quality, kind, or condition of the nouns
or pronouns they modify.
RED convertible
DIRTY fork
NOISEY muffler
WILD roses
The rain is GENTLE.
Bob was TIRED.
- Answering the which one? Question narrow or restrict the meaning of a noun. Some of these are
pronouns that become adjectives by function.
MY money
OUR ideas
the OTHER house
THIS reason
THESE apples
- answering the How many? Questions are, of course, numbering words.
SOME people
EACH pet
FEW goals
THREE dollars
ONE glove
• The words A, AN, and THE are adjectives called ARTICLES. As “NOUN INDACATORS," they point out
persons, places, and things
Comparative Adjective: adjectives used to compare two things. Usually using the suffix –er and the word
'than'. i.e. faster than or slower than
Superlative Adjective: The extreme degree of comparison of adjectives. Used when comparing three or
more things. Usually using the suffix -est, or the word 'most'. i.e. most beautiful, or highest

Adverbs: Word that modify or describes VERBS, ADJECTIVES, or other ADVERBS; they answer the
question, HOW? WHEN? WHERE? And to WHAT DEGREE?
MODIFYING VERBS:
they (v) did their work QUICKLY.
He (v) replied ANGERLY.

MODIFYING ADJECTIVES:
They were (adv.)SOMEWHAT (adj.)happy.
- That answers the How? questions are concerned with manner or way.
She ate the snails HUNGRLY.
He snored NOISELY.
- That answers the Where? question show location.
They drove DOWNTWON.
He stayed BEHIND.
She climbed UPSTAIRS.

- That answers the When? question indicates time.

The ship sailed YESTERDAY.
I expect an answer SOON.

- That answer the to what degree? question express extent.

She is ENTIRELY correct.
He was SOMEWHAT annoyed.

Most words ending in – ly are adverbs.

He completed the task SKILLFULLY. [Adverb]
She answered him CURTIOUSLY. [Adverb]
However, there are a few exceptions.
The house provided a LOVELY view of the valley. [Adjective]
Your goblin mask is UGLY. [Adjective]

Conjunctions: Link words, phrases or clauses

- COORDINATION: (link words, phrases or clauses of equal weight): FANBOYS: FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR,
YET, SO
(The kangaroos hopped along, BUT they were hit by the speedy jeep.)
Two Nouns: Bring a (n)pencil (conj)AND some (n)paper.
noun conj noun
Two Phrases: Did she go (perp phrs)to the store (conj)OR (prep phrs)to the game?
prep phrase, conj prep phrase

Paired: such as either/ or, neither/ nor, or both/ and, are usually classed as coordinating conjunctions.
(conj)Neither the coach (conj)nor the manager was at fault.

SUBORDINATING: connect subordinate/dependent clauses to independent clauses.

BABAWES: BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH, BEFORE,AGTER,WHEN/ WHILE, EVEN THOUGH, SINCE

after, because, provided, whenever, although, before, since, whereas, but that, so that, whereas, as if, if, till,
wherever, as long as, in order that, until, as soon as, notwithstanding, when
- Sometimes the dependent clause comes BEFORE the main clause, where it is set off by a comma.
(conj)ALTHOUGH (subj)SHE (v)WAS IN PAIN, she stayed in the game.
-Sometimes the dependent clause comes AFTER the main clause, where it usually is not set off by a
comma.
She stayed in the game (conj) BECAUSE (subj) SHE (v)WAS NEEDED.

Prepositions: is a WORD or GROUP of words that FUNCTION as a CONNECTIVE. The preposition

connects its OBJECT(s) to some other word(s) in the sentence. A preposition and its object(s)— usually a
NOUN or PRONOUN— with MODIFIERS makes up a prepositional phrase.
Bart worked (prep) AGAINST great (obj) odds.
Everyone (prep)IN his (obj)household cheered his effort.

Some of the most common prepositions are the following: about, around, between, for, of, toward, above,
before, beyond, from, off, under, across, behind, but, in, on, until, after, below, by, into, over, upon, against,
beneath, despite, like, past, with, among, beside, down, near, to

Some prepositions are composed of more than one word and are made up from other parts of speech:
according to AHEAD OF ALONG WITH
AS FAR AS AS WELL AS ASIDE FROM
BECAUSE OF IN BACK OF IN FRONT OF
IN SPITE OF INSTEAD OF TOGETHER WITH
Caution: Do not confuse adverbs with prepositions
I went ACROSS slowly. [Without an object— adverb]
I went ACROSS the field. [With an object— preposition]
We walked BEHIND silently. [Without an object— adverb]
We walked BEHIND the mall. [With an object— preposition]

Interjections: conveys strong emotion or surprise. When an Interjection appears alone, it is usually
punctuated with an exclamation mark.
Wow!
Curses!
Cowabunga!
Yabba dabba doo!

When it appears as part of a sentence, an interjection is usually followed by a comma.

(conj) OH, I did not consider that problem.
The interjection may sound exciting, but it is seldom appropriate for college writing.

Subject: is who or what causes the action or expresses a state of being

Verb: indicates what the subject is doing or is being.

Simple Subject: sentence that is usually a single noun or pronoun.
Are never found in prepositional phrases
Are usually a single noun or pronoun
ex: The judge's (ssubj)reputation for order in the courtroom is well known.

The complete subject is the simple subject with all its modifiers— that is, with all the words that describe it.
ex:The judge's reputation for order in the courtroom is well known. Complete subject

The judge's (subj)REPUTATION for order in the courtroom is well known.

Action verbs: Expresses action

Being verb: is, was, were, are, and am
Helping verb: • may be used with the main verb to form other tenses. The combination is called a verb
phrase.
- had sung
- will be singing

Some Helping verb can be used alone as main verbs: has, have, had, is, was, were, are, am

Certain other Helping verb function only as helpers: will, shall, should, could.
Ex: At high noon only two men [ subject] were on Main Street.
Ex: The man with a faster draw [ subject and modifiers] walked away alone.

Complete sentence: is the simple subject with all its modifiers— that is, with all the words that describe or
qualify it.

EX: The judge's reputation for order in the courtroom is well known. Complete subject

Pronouns and nouns can be subjects.

*To be the subject of a sentence, a pronoun must stand alone. This is a treasure. [ Subject is this; pronoun
stands alone.]

*This treasure is mine. [Subject is treasure. This is an adjective— a word that describes a noun; this
describes treasure.]

Compound verb: joined by a word such as and or or are called?

Example: As a district attorney, Barbara (had presented) and (had won) famous cases.
She (prepared) carefully and (presented) her ideas with clarity.
We (will) go out for dinner or (skip) it entirely.

Infinitive: is made up of the word to and a verb. Provides information, but, unlike the true verb, it is not tied
to the subject of the sentence.

It acts as a modifier or a noun.

Example: His drive (to succeed) would serve him well. -acting as a modifier
He wanted (to get) a bachelor's degree.
His main objective was (to get) a bachelor's degree.- acting as a noun
Clause: is a group of words with a subject and a verb. It is a part or all of a complete sentence. There are
two kinds, independent (main) or dependent (subordinate).
Independent Main clause. Group of words with a subject and verb that can stand alone and make since.
Dependent: group of words with a subject and a verb that depends on the main clause to give it meaning.
Relative clause: is a dependent clause. It begins it clause with pronoun: that which or who. They relate the
clause to another word in the sentence.
Phrase: a group of words that go together. It does not have a subject or a verb

Simple sentence: one independent clause

- she did the work well.
compound sentence: two or more independent clauses.
She did the work well, and was paid well.
Complex: one independent clause and one or more dependent clause.
Because she did the work well, she was paid well
Compound-complex:two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clause
- well, she was paid well, and she was satisfied.

BABAWES
Because
Although
Before
After
When
Even though
Since

Verb: past tense: show an action or a state of being that occurred in the past.
- We walked to town yesterday.
-Tim was president of the club last year.
Verb: present tense (reg): show an action or a state of being that is occurring at the present time: I like
your hat. He is at a hockey game right now. Present- tense verbs can also imply a continuation from the
past into the future.
- She drives to work every day
Past-participle: are used with helping verbs such as has, have, and had
- Georgina had studied hard before she took the test.

Direct Object: a noun which receives the action of the verb. It must complete the meaning of the verb by
receiving the action of the verb or by naming the result of the action. **MUST follow an action verb unless
the sentence is inverted. The object that receives the direct action of the verb, a word or group of words
that names the receiver of the action. Ex. New Yorkers take the subway. (Subway is the direct object),
receives the action of a verb. It answers the question whom? Or what? After an action verb

Indirect Object: a noun that tells to whom or for whom or to what or for what an action is done. It receives
the direct object. It comes between the verb and the direct object. It receives the DO and can ONLY
appear in the combination with a DO., a word or group of words that tell "For whom am I doing this
wonderful thing." It is located between the action verb and the direct object. Ex. Harriet gave her mother a
bracelet for her birthday. (Mother is the indirect object.), Comes before the direct object. Tells to whom, for
whom the action of the verb is done. (Claire threw JOSEPH the ball)
Predicate: what the subject is doing; always a verb, an antecedent is also a word or phrase that
a pronoun refers to:
Exp. : In the sentence, "Joe threw the ball to Wendy, and Wendy threw it back," "the ball" is the
antecedent of "it."