Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
formulated for static and dynamic environments considering single and multiple
past two decades because of their simplicity, flexibility, derivation-free and local minima
avoidance. These techniques have been mostly inspired by very simple concepts typically
based and population based. Among these, the latter has some advantages than the primer
which motivate the researcher to apply meta-heuristic techniques for solving various
' ( !)
24
problem to the edge, whereas, their mathematical methods are difficult to implement for
problems.
al., 2014, which mimics the leadership hierarchy of wolves are well known for their
group hunting.
Grey wolf belongs to Canidae family and mostly prefer to live in a pack. They
have a strict social dominant hierarchy; the leader is a male or female, called Alpha ( ).
The alpha is mostly responsible for decision making. The orders of the dominant wolf
should be followed by the pack. The Betas ( ) are subordinate wolves which help the
alpha in decision making. The beta is an advisor to alpha and discipliner for the pack. The
lower ranking grey wolf is Omega ( ) which has to submit all other dominant wolves. If
a wolf is neither an alpha or beta nor omega, is called delta. Delta ( ) wolves dominate
The hunting techniques and the social hierarchy of wolves are mathematically
modelled in order to develop GWO and perform optimization. The GWO algorithm is
tested with the standard test functions that indicate that it has superior exploration and
exploitation characteristics than other swarm intelligence techniques. Further, the GWO
has been successfully applied for solving various engineering optimization problems
(Hong Mee Song et al., 2014; Ali Madadi and Mahmood Mohseni Motlagh, 2014;
Moreover, most of the swarm intelligent techniques that are used to solve the
optimization problems cannot have the leader to control over the entire period. This
drawback is rectified in GWO in which the grey wolves have natural leadership
' ( !)
25
mechanism. Further, this algorithm has a few parameters only and easy to implement,
which makes it superior than earlier ones. Due to the versatile properties of the GWO
algorithm, attempts have been made to implement GWO to solve the optimization
problems.
The GWO mimics the hunting behavior and the social hierarchy of grey wolves.
In addition to the social hierarchy of grey wolves, pack hunting is another appealing
societal action of grey wolves. The main segments of GWO are encircling, hunting and
attacking the prey. The algorithmic steps of GWO are presented in this section.
Step 1: Initialize the GWO parameters such as search agents (Gs), design variable size
→ → →
A. = 2 a. rand 1− a (3.1)
→
C. = 2. rand 2 (3.2)
→
The values of a are linearly decreased from 2 to 0 over the course of iterations.
Step 2: Generate wolves randomly based on size of the pack. Mathematically, these
G11 G 21 G31 1
. . . . . G Gd −1
1
GGd
G12 G 22 G 32 2
. . . . . GGd −1
2
GGd
. . . . . . . . . .
Wolves = (3.3)
. . . . . . . . . .
G1Gs G 2Gs G3Gs . . . . . GGd
Gs
−1
Gs
G Gd
' ( !)
26
Where, Gij is the initial value of the jth pack of the ith wolves.
Step 3: Estimate the fitness value of each hunt agent using Equations (3.4)-(3.5).
→ → → →
D = C . G p (t)- G (t) (3.4)
→ → → →
G (t + 1 ) = G p (t) − A . D (3.5)
Step 4: Identify the best hunt agent (G ), the second best hunt agent (G ) and the third best
→ → → →
Dα = C 1 . G α - G (3.6)
→ → → →
Dβ = C2 . G β - G (3.7)
→ → → →
Dδ = C3 . G δ -G (3.8)
→ → → →
G1 = G α − A1 .( D α ) (3.9)
→ → → →
G2 = G β − A2 .( Dβ ) (3.10)
→ → → →
G 3 = G δ − A3 .( D δ ) (3.11)
Step 5: Renew the location of the current hunt agent using Equation (3.12).
→ → →
→ G1 + G 2 + G 3
G (t + 1) = (3.12)
3
Step 6: Estimate the fitness value of all hunts.
Step 8: Check for stopping condition i.e., whether the Iter reaches Itermax, if yes, print the
' ( !)
27
This chapter details the justification for using the meta-heuristic techniques for
find the feasible solution for non-linear optimization problem are also presented. The
' ( !)