10/11/2018 In-text citation - APA Referencing Style Guide - Library Guides at AUT University

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APA Referencing Style Guide

This guide introduces the APA referencing style with examples of citation styles for different
types of resources.

Referencing General rules

and APA style
Author and date are the key components in the in-text citation of
APA brief the APA referencing style. 
guides
   No author: when author information is not available, use the
APA source title to replace the author's position.
referencing
   Dates:
style
give the month for monthlies
In-text
give the month and day for weeklies
citation
if the journal or magazine gives a season, not a month, include
General that: e.g. (2008, Spring)
rules Page range:

In-text Use an en dash, NOT a hyphen, for page ranges: e.g. 21–27.
citations - No gaps between the page numbers and the en dash
Author
How to add an en dash in Microsoft Word by: hold the Control key
and date
and type the minus sign on the small numeric keypad.
Authors -
summary               

Two or
more
In-text citations - Author and date
references
in in-text No author
citation
Use the first few words of the title, or the complete title if short.  
Direct
Put the title in quotation marks:
quotes
  This research highlights the debate around nuclear weapons
("Nuke Test Inquiry," 2009).
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In-text citation - APA Referencing Style Guide - Library Guides at AUT University

Paraphrasing   This definition ("Collins Concise New Zealand Dictionary," 2008)

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Secondary
shows ... My account Ask a librarian

citations If it is the title of a publication put it in italics in the text:

Reference   This definition from the Collins Concise New Zealand

Dictionary (2008) shows ...
list

Articles
One author
Books
Crothers (2016) found that...
Websites
or
TV, film & ... (Crothers, 2016).
video

Tables & Two authors

figures
Use "and" between two authors in the text:
(images)
  Walker and Allen (2004) said ...
Reports
Use "&" between two authors in the citation:
Conferences   ... to stop smoking (Walker & Allen, 2004) ...

Theses
Three, four or five authors
Personal
First citation include all authors:
communications
  ... as the findings suggested (Alred, Brusaw, & Oliu, 2009).
Lecture notes Subsequent citations include the first author and et al.:
  .... in the same study (Alred et al., 2009)...
Social media

Computer Six or more authors

software &
mobile Cite only the surname of the first author, et al. and the year:
  Kosslyn et al. (1996) found that...
applications

Legislation & With an Anonymous author

cases
(Anonymous, 2016).
Standards &
patents
Corporate authors

Well known corporate author:

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Specific health First citation:

LIBRARY
examples
  The research My
2007)...
indicates
account(Inland Revenue Department [IRD],
Ask a librarian

Exhibition Subsequent citation:

catalogue   ... suggested by recent statistics (IRD, 2010).

Unabbreviated corporate authors - write the corporate author in

full every time if it is not well known by abbreviation:
  ... on student retention (The University of Auckland, 2010)...

One author, multiple works published in the same year

If the year of publication is the same for both add 'a' and 'b' after
the year.
  ... as research has shown (Rush, 2015a, 2015b).  

For references that are in press or that have no date (n.d.)  

  (in press-a) and (in press-b)
  (n.d.-a) and (n.d.-b)

Two or more works by the same author

... Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press)

Two or more works by different authors

... Several studies (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b, in press-a;

Rothbart, 2003)

List authors alphabetically

Authors with the same surname

F. Kelly (2010) and A. Kelly (2016) described that...

or
(F. Kelly, 2010; A. Kelly, 2016)....

If lead authors share the same surname, include author's

initials in all in-text citations even if the year of publication
differs.

Authors with the same surname and first initial

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LIBRARY (Paul, Janet, 1876), (Pierre Janet,1906)

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If lead authors share the same surname and first initial, full first
name should be included in all in-text citations even if the year
of publication differs.

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Authors - summary
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Authors - in-text citations

in brackets use & between authors:

(Walker & Allen, 2004)

in a sentence use and between authors:

Walker and Allen (2004) argue that ....

Summary

Author/s First citation  Subsequent Reference list

in text citations
in text

1-2 Both authors Both authors Both authors

3-5 All authors First author et al. All authors

6-7 First author et First author et al. All authors

al.

8+ First author et First author et al. First 6 authors ...

al. last author

Corporate in a sentence: in a sentence: Ministry of Health

author Ministry of MoH (2009)
(if abbreviated) Health (MoH,
in brackets:
2009)
(MoH, 2009)
in brackets:
(Ministry of
Health [MoH],
2009)

 See section 6.1 in the Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association, 6th edition.

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Two or more references in in-text citation

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If you need to cite two or more references in an in-text citation,
order the citations alphabetically.

(Allen, 2004; Smith 1999; Tsvetkova, 2018 )

Direct quotes

When you include a sentence or words reproduced from a text

(book, article, etc.) in your writing, you should follow the APA style
for direct quotations. Your in-text citation for direct quotations
should include author, date, and page numbers.

Short direct quotes (fewer than 40 words)

He argued for what he called "a new intellectual framework"

(Smith, 2001, p. 378).
Smith (2001) argued that "..." (p. 378).

As she postulated, "..." (Jones, 2010, pp. 111–112).

When a direct quotation is incorporated into your text, enclose

in "..." and give the exact page number in your citation
preceded by p.
For quotes across more than one page, use pp.

Quotes in the middle of a sentence

Smith (2001) found that "..." (p. 378), which contributed to the
final negative outcome.

Long direct quotes (40 words or more)

In 2001, Smith found the following:

          Many young people can be encouraged to stop smoking by
          introducing specific measures including . . . dependence
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upon

LIBRARY           tobacco.My
(pp. 378–379)
account Ask a librarian

Introduce the quotation first with a colon

Quotation should start on a new line
Indent the block of the quotation 1/2 inch from the left margin
(in the same position you would start a new paragraph)
No quotation marks
Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) for missing words in a
sentence
Exact page number, in brackets, after the full stop at the end of
the quote

Direct quote but no page numbers

Generally, in order of preference, give Author/s, year, plus:

1. page numbers
2. or paragraph numbers (e.g. para. 4).
3. or headings (e.g. Discussion section, para. 1).
4. or shortened headings (e.g."Mandatory Labelling Has
Targeted," para. 4).

Reference List - reference this article as usual but without page

numbers

Quotes with mistakes

"Sickness occurred even when reel [sic] drugs were administered"

(Miele, 1993).

Insert [sic] after the misspelled word. Sic should be italicised

and in brackets

Adding emphasis

"Futhermore, the behaviours were never exhibited again

[emphasis added], even when the correct dosage was given."
(Miele 1993)
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(Miele, 1993).

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When you, not the author, are adding emphasis to the words
in a quotation, italicise the words and follow by [emphasis
added].

 See sections 6.03 - 6.09 and 4.08 in the Publication manual of

the American Psychological Association, 6th edition.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing

When you rewrite someone else's ideas in your own words you
must acknowledge them with an in text citation. The citation
should fit smoothly within your sentence.

McFeely (2001) argues that young people can be encouraged to

stop smoking by ...
... are proven methods to encourage young people to stop
smoking (McFeely, 2001).

Two or more citations

(Read, 2007; Smith, 2009)

(Edeline & Weinberger, 1991, 1993)

Same alphabetical order as in your reference list

Separated by a semi colon ;
Give the authors' surnames once only

Repeated citations in the same paragraph

Among epidemiological samples, Kessler (2003) found that early

onset social anxiety disorder . . . results in a more potent and
severe discourse. Kessler also found brain damage . . . . The study
also showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity with
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alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression (Kessler,

LIBRARY 2003). My account Ask a librarian

When the author's name is part of the narrative, only cite the
year of publication in brackets. Otherwise, always give both the
name and the year in brackets.
Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) for missing words in a
sentence;
Use four for an entire missing sentence (the first . indicates the
full stop at the end of the first quoted sentence)

When to include the year in citations appearing more than once in a

paragraph

See section 6.11, p. 174 in the Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association, 6th edition.

See section 6.08, p. 172 in the Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association, 6th edition.

No author

Article, chapter or web page:

.... on free care ("Study Finds Care," 2007)

Use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the
title) and the year
Put double quotation marks around the title of an article or a
website; use capitals

Periodical, book, brochure or report:

.... in the book College Bound Seniors (2008)

Use italics and capitals

See sections 6.15 in the Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association, 6th edition.

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Secondary citations
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A secondary citation is where you are citing information or quotes
the author of your reference has taken from source that you have
not read.

In-text citation:

Seidenberg and McClelland’s study, conducted in 1990 (as cited

in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), shows that ...

... as some studies show (Seidenberg & McClelland, as cited

in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993).

Name the author of the original work in your text, cite the
secondary source in in-text citation: (as cited in ..., 1993)

Reference list entry: 

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of

reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing
approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589–608.

Give the secondary source in the reference list.

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