Al Ajrumiyah Map

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
Written by the Learned Scholar Abi Abdullah

Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ajurum
Translated and mapped by Shariq Khan

Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Speech 2
Chapter 2: Inflection 4
Chapter 3: Signs of Inflection 6
Present/Future Verbs 8
Present/Future Verbs with Weak Endings 8
Indeclinable Nouns 9
Chapter 4: Inflected Words 10
Chapter 5: Verbs 12
Chapter 6: Nominative Nouns 14
Chapter 7: Subject 16
Chapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named 18
Chapter 9: The Subject and Predicate 20
Chapter 10: Governing Agents of the Subject and Predicate 22
Chapter 11: Adjectives 26
Chapter 12: Conjunctions 28
Chapter 13: The Corroborative 30
Chapter 14: The Permutative 32
Chapter 15: Accusative Nouns 34
Chapter 16: The Direct Object 36
Chapter 17: The Infinitive 38
Chapter 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers 40
Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier 42
Chapter 20: The Specifying Element 44
Chapter 21: Exception 46
Chapter 22: Absolute Negation 48
Chapter 23: The Vocation 50
Chapter 24: The Object of Reason 52
Chapter 25: The Object of Accompaniment 52
Chapter 26: Genitive Nouns 54
1
INTRODUCTION
Before the advent for the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, the Arabic language had reached a pinnacle in
terms of style, beauty, precision and conciseness. Poets of this age were highly honored; a word from a good
poet could raise or debase a tribe by degrees in the eyes of the Arabs. It was in this atmosphere that the Qur’an
was revealed to the Unlettered Messenger, peace be upon him, and incapacitated everyone, from the best poet
to the layperson, by its power and beauty.
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, Islam saw explosive growth in Africa to the
West, Persia to the East and Europe to the North. Many peoples, who were until then not familiar with the
language of the Arabs, took to reading and memorizing the Qur’an in its original form. In order to facilitate this,
the Qur’an was compiled and eventually distributed as a text, something that had not been done in the time of
the Messenger, peace be upon him, though was seen as necessary to spread and preserve the revelation. The
scholars of this time realized that in addition to preserving the text of the Qur’an, every detail of the language of
revelation had to be preserved and documented. The fruits of their labor produced, among others, three
essential linguistic sciences: Nahu (Grammar), Sarf (Morphology) and Balagha (Terminological Usages). So, if
people wanted access to the Book, and by extension to the hadith literature and numerous other Islamic sciences
derived from and based on these primary texts, they had to first master the linguistic sciences.
The Ajrumiyyah is a classical text of Arabic grammar that found acceptance and praise throughout the Muslim
world, which is a proof of the author’s sincerity and that Allah accepted his efforts. It was one of the first books
in grammar taught to, and memorized by, enumerable scholars of Islam. The blessing of the text has also been
attributed to the report that the author, Abi Abdullah Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ajurum, wrote it while
seated in front of the blessed Kaaba.
It is hoped that this work will aid students in gaining access to the science of Arabic Grammar, and thus to the
various Islamic sciences. To facilitate this, in addition to translating the original text into English, each chapter
has been mapped in order to give the student an overall structure of the chapter being studied.
The present text was prepared with the help of Shaykh Hamza Yusuf, Shaykh Talal Ahdab, and Maulana Abdir-
Rashid. Thus, if anyone benefits from this work, it is requested that they remember those who had a hand in
preparing it in their prayers in this world and in their intercession in the next, and praise is for Allah, Lord of
the Worlds.
Shariq Khan
2
CHAPTER 1: Speech ُ‫الْ َكالم‬

ُ
ُ ُ‫الْ َكالم‬
Speech
ِ
ْ ‫ه َوُاللَّ ْفظُالْمَرَّكبُالْمفيدُبِالْ َو‬
ُ‫ض ِع‬
It is uttered, compounded, complete
and placed (in Arabic)
ُ ُ‫أَقْ َسامه‬
Its types
ُ ُ‫َح ْرف‬ ُ‫فِ ْعل‬ ُ‫اسم‬

ْ
Particle Verb Noun
ُ ِ‫يُ ْع ِرفُب‬
Known
by
ُِ ‫اخلَْف‬
ُ‫ض‬
Genitive
Succeeds Succeeds
)‫ف‬
َ ‫(س ْو‬
َ )‫(قَ ْد‬ ُ‫التَّ نْ ِوي ِن‬
Succeeds Nunation
‫تاءُالتأنيثُالساكنة‬ ) ‫(س‬ ِ‫ي ْع ِرفُب‬
َ
The feminine Known
ُ‫ُوالَّالَِم‬ ِِ
ُ )‫(ت‬
ْ َ ‫األَلف‬ by
Definite
article
ُ‫ُم َعه‬
َ ‫لل‬ ْ َ‫َماُ ُلَُي‬ ُ‫َع ْن‬ ُ ‫ِم ُْن‬
ِ ِ ‫إِىل‬
َ ‫َدليلُال ْس ِم‬
ِ‫ي ْع ِرفُب‬ َُ‫ُول‬ ‫َعلى‬ about from ِ ‫حر‬
ِ ‫وفُاخلَْف‬
ُ‫ض‬
Known ‫َدلِيلُال ِْف ْع ُِل‬ ‫يف‬ on to
ََ
by in Genitive
ِ‫ل‬ ِ‫ب‬ particles
Neither the
signs for the for ‫َك‬ by ُ‫رب‬
َّ
noun nor the like maybe
verb are ِ ‫حر‬
ُ‫وفُالَْق َس ِم‬
proper to it Adjuration
َ‫ت‬ ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫َو‬ particles
by by by
3
CHAPTER 1: Speech ُ ُ‫الْ َكالم‬

Speech is uttered, compounded, complete and placed (in
ِ ِ
Arabic). Its types are three: nouns, verbs and particles. ُ:‫ُوأَقْ َسامه ُثَالَثَة‬.َ ‫ُه َو ُاللَّ ْفظ ُالْمَرَّكب ُالْمفيد ُبال َْو ْض ِع‬:ُ‫الْ َكالم‬
ُ .‫ُجاءَُلِ َم ْع ًن‬
َ ‫ُو َح ْرف‬،
ِ ‫اسم‬
َ ‫ُوف ْعل‬،
َ ْ
• Nouns are known by:
◦ the genitive case ُ
ُ‫ُوالَّالَِم؛‬ ِِ ِ ِ َ‫ُف‬
ِ ‫ُبِاخلَْف‬:‫اال ْسم ُي ْعَرف‬
َ ‫ُودخول ُاألَلف‬، َ ‫ُوالتَّ نْ ِوي ِن‬،
َ ‫ض‬
◦ nunation
◦ the definite article ِ ِ ‫ض‬ ِ
◦ the genitive particles, which are:
ُ،‫ب‬َّ ‫ُور‬،‫يف‬
َ ‫ُو‬،‫ى‬ َ َ‫ُو َعل‬، َ ‫ُو َع ْن‬،
َ ‫ُ َو َإىل‬،‫ُم ْن‬:‫ُوه َي‬، َ ِ ‫َو َحَروفُاخلَْف‬
∙ ‫( ِم ُْن‬From) ُ،‫ُوالَْباء‬، ِ ‫وفُالْ َقس ِم‬ ِ ‫ُوالَّالَم؛ُوحر‬،‫ُوالْ َكاف‬،‫والْباء‬
َ ‫ُال َْواو‬:‫ُوه َي‬، َ َ َ َ َ ََ
∙ ُ‫( َإىل‬To) ُ .‫َوالتَّاء‬
∙ ‫( َع ُْن‬About) ُ
ِ ِ
ُ .‫ُالساكنَة‬ ِ ِ ِ
َّ ‫ُوتَاءُالتَّأْنيث‬ ِ
ِ َّ ‫ُ ِو‬،‫ُ ََُوالف ْعلُُي ْعرفُبَِق ْد‬
∙ ‫( َعلَى‬On) َ‫ف‬ َ ‫ُو َس ْو‬
َ ‫السي‬ َ
∙ ‫( يف‬In) ُ
∙ û÷ُ‫ب‬ َّ ‫( ر‬Perhaps) ُ .‫ُدلِيلُال ِْف ْع ِل‬
َ َ‫ُول‬ ِ َِ ‫لل ُم ُعه‬
َ ‫ُدليلُال ْس ِم‬ َ َ ْ َ‫الح ْرفُُ َماُلَُي‬َ ‫َو‬
∙ ُ‫( الْبَاء‬By) ُ
∙ ‫( الْ َكاف‬Like)
∙ ُ‫( الَّالَم‬For)
◦ the particles of adjuration, which are:
∙ ُ ‫ال َْو‬
‫او‬
∙ ُ‫الْبَاء‬
∙ ُ‫الُتَّاء‬
• Verbs are known by being succeeded by:

· ‫) قَد‬Indeed, perhaps)
· ُِ ‫الس‬
‫ي‬ َّ (Will)
· َُ ‫( َس ْو‬Will)
‫ف‬
· ‫ُالساكِنَ ُِة‬
َّ ‫يث‬ِ ِ‫( تَ ِاءُالتَّأْن‬Closed feminine ta)
• Particles are known by the fact that neither the signs for
the noun nor the verb are proper to them.
4
CHAPTER 2: Inflection ُ‫ا ِإل ْع َراب‬
ُ ُ‫ا ِإل ْعَراب‬

Inflection
ً‫ُعلَْي َهاُلَ ْفظاًُأ َْوُتَ ْق ِديرُا‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫اخ ِرُالْ َكلِ ِم‬

َ ‫ُل ْخت ِالفُال َْع َوام ِلُالداخلَة‬
ِ ‫ُتَ ْغيريُأَو‬:‫ه ُو‬
َ َ
It is the change of the last syllable of words based on agents
of inflection governing them, explicitly or implicitly
ُ ُ‫أَقْ َسامه‬
Its types
ُ ُ‫َج ْزم‬ ُ ُ‫َخ ْفض‬ ُ ُ‫لب‬

ْ َ‫ن‬ ُ ُ‫َرفْع‬
Jussive Genitive Accusative Nominative
ُ‫اسم‬
ْ
Noun
ُ‫فِ ْعل‬
Verb
5
CHAPTER 2: Inflection ُ ‫ا ِإل ْع َر‬

ُ ‫اب‬
Inflection is the change of the last syllable of words based on
ُ‫ُالداخلَ ِة‬
ِ ‫ُلختِ ِالفُالْعو ِام ِل‬ ِ ِ
agents of inflection governing them, explicitly or implicitly. Its ََ ْ ِ ‫ُتَ ُْغيري ُأ ََواخ ِر ُالْ َكل ِم‬:‫ا ِإل ْع َرابُ ُه َُو‬
types are four:
ُ .ً‫َعلَْي َهاُلَ ْفظاًُأ َْوُتَ ْق ِديرا‬
• ُ‫( َرفْع‬Nominative)
ُ
• ُ ‫ل‬
‫ب‬ ْ َ‫( ن‬Accusative)
• ُ‫( َخ ْفض‬Genitive)
‫ُو َج ْزُم‬،
َ ‫ُو َخ ْفض‬،
َ ‫لب‬ ْ َ‫ُون‬، َ ُ‫ْسامهُُأ َْربَ َعة‬
َ ‫ُرفْع‬: َ ‫َوأَق‬
ُ.‫ُج ْزَمُفِ َيها‬ ِ ِ ْ ‫فَلِأل‬
• ُ‫( َج ْزم‬Jussive) َ َ‫ُول‬،
َ ‫ُواخلَْفض‬، َ ‫َّلب‬ْ ‫ُوالن‬،
َ ‫ُالرفْع‬
َّ ‫ك‬َ ‫َْسَاء ُِم ْنُذل‬
ُ .‫ضُفِ َيها‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ُخ ْف‬ َ َ‫ُول‬،
َ ‫ُواجلَْزم‬،َ ‫َّلب‬
ْ ‫ُوالن‬،
َ ‫ُالرفْع‬:
َّ ‫ك‬ َ ‫َولألَفْ َعا ِل ُِم ْنُذل‬
Nouns are nominative, accusative or genitive, but not jussive.
Verbs are nominative, accusative or jussive, but not genitive
6
CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection ِ ‫الماتُاإل ْعر‬

ُ‫اب‬ َ ‫َع‬
َ
ُِ ‫ُاإلعَر‬
ُ ‫اب‬ ْ ‫المات‬
َ ‫َع‬
Signs of Inflection
ُ‫لِلْ َج ْزِم‬ ُ ‫لِلْ َخ ْفض‬ ِ ‫َّل‬

ُ‫ب‬ ِ
ْ ‫للن‬ ُ‫لِ َّلرفْ ِع‬
Jussive Genitive Accusative Nominative
َُْ َُِ ََُ ُ َُ

ْ ُُ)‫ا‬
ُ ‫ُالل ِحي‬
َّ ‫ضارِع‬ ِ ُ ‫ل ِرف‬ ِ
َ ‫ف)ُالْف ْعلُُامل‬ َ ‫ا)ُال ْسمُامل ْفَردُاملُْن‬ ُ ‫السمُامل ْفَرد‬ ْ ُ)‫ا‬
ُ ‫السمُامل ْفَرد‬
ِ
ُ ‫اآلخر‬ N) Declinable N) Singular noun N) Singular noun
V) Imperfect verbs
singular noun ‫ا)َُُوَجَْعُالتَّ ْك ِسري‬ ‫ا)ُ َوَجَْعُالتَّ ْك ِسري‬
‫ل ِرف‬ ِ
with a sound َ ‫ا)ُ َوَجَْعُالتَّ ْكسريُاملْن‬ N) Broken plural N) Broken plural
ُْ‫ضا ِرعُاُلَّ ِذيُ ََل‬ ِ ِ ‫َّثُالس‬
ُ ََُ َّ ِ ‫ا)َُجَْعُامل َؤن‬
ending N) Declinable broken
َ ‫ف)ُالْف ْعلُامل‬ ُ‫اَل‬
plural
ُ ُ‫ُش ْيء‬ َ ِ‫آخره‬ِ ِ‫للُب‬ ِ
ْ َ‫يَت‬
ِ ‫َّثُالس‬ N) Sound feminine
ُ‫اَل‬ َّ ِ ‫ا)َُجَْعُامل َؤن‬ plural
V) Imperfect verb
N) Sound feminine
with nothing at its ُْ‫ضا ِرعُالَّ ِذيُ ََل‬ ِ
َ ‫ف)ُالْف ْعلُامل‬
plural
ِ ُ ُ‫ُش ْيء‬َ ِ‫آخره‬ِ ِ‫للُب‬ ِ
ْ َ‫يَت‬
termination
ْ ‫ضارِع‬
ُ‫ُاملعتَ َّل‬ َ ‫ف)ُالْف ْعلُُامل‬
ِ
ُ ‫اآلخر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬
V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at its
V) Imperfect verbs termination
with a weak
ْ ‫ا)ُاأل‬
‫َْساءُاخلَ ْم َسة‬ ْ ‫ا)ُاأل‬
ending
ِ ‫ف)ُاألَفُْعالُرفْعِهاُبِثَب‬
ُ‫ات‬َ َ َ
N) The five nouns
‫َْساءُاخلَ ْم َسة‬
N) The five nouns
‫و‬
ُِ ‫الن‬
‫ُّون‬ ُ‫ا)ُتَثْنِيَة‬
V) Verbs that are
nominative by the
N) Dual
ُِ ‫رُالس‬
ُ ‫اَل‬ َّ ِ‫ا)َُجَْعُال َم َّذك‬
َُِ ُِ ‫رُالس‬
ُ ‫اَل‬ َّ ِ‫ا)َُجَْعُال َم َّذك‬
N) Sound masculine
presence of the plural
N) Sound masculine
ِ ‫َّثُالس‬
nun plural ُ‫اَل‬ َّ ِ ‫ا)َُجَْعُامل َؤن‬ ْ ‫ا)ُاأل‬
‫َْساءُاخلَ ْم َسة‬
N) Sound feminine N) The five nouns
ََُ
plural
‫ا‬
ُ ‫ل ِرف‬ ِ
َ ْ‫ا)ُال ْسمُلُي ن‬
ُ‫ي‬
N) Indeclinable ‫ا)ُتَثْنِيَُة‬
nouns ‫ا)ُتَثْنِيَُة‬ N) Dual
N) Dual
ُِ ‫رُالس‬
َّ ِ‫ا)َُجَْعُال َم َّذك‬
ُ ‫اَل‬
N) Sound masculine
‫ن‬
plural
ُ‫ُإِ َذا‬،‫ضارِع‬ ِ
ٍ ِ ِ ِ
‫ن‬ ُ‫ُأ َْو‬،‫ُضمريُتَثْنيَة‬ َ ‫َّل َلُبِه‬ َ ‫ات‬
ِ ِ
ُ ‫ُأ َْوُامل َؤنَّثَةُامل َخاطَُبَُة‬،‫َجْ ٍع‬
V) Imperfect verb
ُ‫ف)ُاأل َْف َعالُاخلَ ْم َسةُالَِِّت‬
with an attached
ُِ ‫اتُالن‬
‫ُّون‬ ِ ‫رفْعِهاُبِثب‬
ََ َ pronoun, such as
V) Verbs that are that of ‘dual’,
nominative by the ‘plural’, or ‘2nd
presence of the person feminine’
nun
7
CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection ِ ‫الماتُاإل ْعر‬

ُ‫اب‬ َ ‫َع‬
َ
ُ
The nominative has four signs: dammah, waw, alif and nun.
• Dammah is the sign of the nominative in four cases: ُ .‫ُوالنُّون‬، َ ‫ُواألَلف‬،
ِ ‫ُوالْواو‬،‫َّمة‬
َ َ َ َّ ‫ُالض‬:ُ‫ُعالَ َمات‬ َ ‫لرفْعُأ َْربَع‬ َّ ِ‫ل‬
ُ‫ُالس ِم‬ ِ ِ ِ
◦ the singular noun ْ ‫ ُيف‬:‫َّمةُ ُفَتَكون ُعَالََمةً ُل َّلرفْ ِع ُيف ُأ َْربَ َعة َُم َواض َُع‬ َّ ‫فَأ ََّما ُالض‬
ِ ِ
َّ ‫ َُو ََجْ ِع ُامل َؤنَّث‬،‫ َُو ََجْ ِع ُالتَّكْس َري‬،‫امل ْف َرِد‬
◦ the broken plural ِ ِ
◦ the sound feminine plural
ُِ‫ضا ِرع‬ َ ‫ َُوالْف ْع ِل ُامل‬،‫ُالساَل‬
ُ ُ.‫ُش ْيء‬ َ ِ‫آخره‬ ِ ِ‫للُب‬ ِ ِ َّ
◦ the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination ْ َ‫الذيُ ََلُْيَت‬
• Waw is the sign of the nominative in two cases: ُ‫َُجْ ِع ُال َم َّذكِر‬َ ‫ ُِيف‬:‫ي‬ ِ ْ ‫ُالواوُ ُفَتَكون ُعَالََمةً ُلِ َّلرُفْ ِع ُيف َُم ْو ِض َع‬ َ ‫َوأ ََّما‬
◦ the sound masculine plural ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫الس‬
ٍُ ‫وُم‬
◦ the five nouns, which are: ‫ال‬
ُ،‫وك‬ َ ‫ َُو ََح‬،‫وك‬ َ ‫ َُوأَخ‬،‫وك‬ َ ‫ ُأَب‬:‫ َُوه َي‬،‫َْساء ُاخلَ ْم َسة‬ ْ ‫اَل ُ ِويف ُاأل‬ َّ
َ ‫ُذ‬،‫وك‬
َ ‫ُف‬،‫وك‬
َ ‫َُح‬،
َ ‫وك‬َ ‫ُأَخ‬،‫وك‬
َُ ‫( أَب‬your
father, your brother, your in-law, your mouth,
ُ .‫وُم ٍال‬
َ َ َ ‫َوف‬
‫ذ‬ ‫ُو‬، ‫وك‬
ِ ْ ‫ُِيفُتَثنِي ِةُاأل‬ ِ ِ
possessor of wealth) ُ .ً‫اصة‬َّ ‫ُخ‬ َ ‫َْسَاء‬ َ ْ ِ ‫ُعالََمةًُل َّلرفْع‬ َ ‫َوأ ََّماُاألَلفُفَتَكون‬
• Alif is the sign of the nominative in the dual case only ِ ِ
ُِ‫َّل َل ُبِه‬
َ ‫ُإِ َذاُات‬،ِ‫ضا ِرع‬ َ ‫َوأ ََّماُالنُّونُ ُفَتَكون ُ َعالََمةً ُل َّلرفْ ِع ُِيف ُالْف ْع ِل ُامل‬
• Nun is the sign of the nominative in the imperfect verb
with an attached pronoun, such as that of ‘dual’, ‘plural’, ُ .‫ُض ِمريُامل َؤنَّثَِةُامل َخاطَبَ ِة‬ َ ‫ُأ َْو‬،ٍ‫ُض ِمريَُجْع‬
ٍِ
َ ‫ُأ َْو‬،‫ض ِمريُتَثْنيَة‬ َ
or ‘second person feminine’. ِ ِ ‫َّص‬ ِ
ُ،‫ُوالْيَاء‬،َ ‫ُوالْ َك ْس َرة‬، َ ‫ُواألَلف‬، َ ‫ُالْ َفتْ َحة‬:ُ‫ب ُ َخ ْمس ُعَالَ َمات‬ ْ ‫َوللن‬
ِ ‫وح ْذفُالن‬
ُ .‫ُّون‬
The accusative has five signs: fatha, alif, kasrah, ya and omission ََ
ِ
ُِ‫ُيفُال ْسم‬: ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
of the nun. ‫َّلب ُيف ُثَالَثَة َُم َواض َع‬ ْ ‫فَُأََّماُالْ َفتْ َحةُ ُفَتَكون ُعَالََمةً ُللن‬
• Fatha is the sign of the accusative in three cases: ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫ْس ِري‬ ِ ‫ ُو ََج ِع ُالتَّك‬،‫امل ْفرُِد‬
◦ the singular noun
ُْ‫ب َُوََل‬ً ‫ُعلَْيه ُنَاص‬ َ ‫اُد َخ َل‬ َ َ‫ضا ِرِع ُإذ‬ َ ‫ُوالف ْع ِل ُامل‬،َ ْ َ َ
◦ the broken plural ُ .‫ُش ْيء‬ َ ِ ِ‫َّل ْلُب‬
ِ
‫ه‬‫ر‬ ‫آخ‬ ِ ‫يت‬
َ
◦ the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ُ:‫َُنو‬ َْ ،‫َْساء ُاخلَ ْم َسة‬ ْ ‫ب ُيف ُاأل‬ ُ ‫َّل‬ ْ ‫ ُفَتَكون ُعَالََمةً ُللن‬:ُ‫َوأ ََّما ُاأللف‬
• Alif is the sign of the accusative in the five nouns, for ِ
example: ‫اك‬
َُ ‫َخ‬
ُ .‫ك‬ َ ‫ُوَماُأَ ْشبَهَُذل‬،َ ‫اك‬ َ ‫َخ‬َ ‫اك َُوأ‬َ َ‫َرأَيْتُأَب‬
َ ‫اك َُوأ‬
َ َ‫( َرأَيْتُأَب‬I saw you father and brother)
ِ ِ ‫َُجْعُِامل َؤن‬ ِ
• Kasrah is the sign of the accusative in the sound feminine ُ .‫ُالساَل‬َّ ‫َّث‬ َ ‫ب ُِيف‬ ِ ‫َّل‬ْ ‫ُعالََمةًُللن‬ َ ‫ُفَتَكون‬:ُ‫َوأ ََّماُالْ َك ْس َرة‬
ُ .ِ‫بُيفُالتَّثْنِيَ ِة َُواجلَ ْمع‬ ِ ‫َّل‬ ِ
plural. ْ ‫ُفَتَكونُعَالََمةًُللن‬:ُ‫َوأ ََّماُالْيَاء‬
• Ya is the sign of the accusative in the dual and the sound ِ
ُِ‫ب ُيف ُاألَفْ َع ِال ُاخلَ ْم َسة‬ ِ ‫َّل‬
ْ ‫ُعالََمةً ُللن‬ َ ‫َّون ُفَيَكون‬ ُِ ‫ُحذْف ُالن‬ َ ‫َوُأََّما‬
masculine plural.
• Omission of the nun is the sign of the accusative in those ِ ‫اتُالن‬
ُ .‫ُّون‬ ِ ‫الَِِّتُرفْعِهاُبِثَب‬
َ َ
verbs that are nominative by the presence of the nun. ُ .‫ُوالْ َفتْ َحة‬، ِ ِ
َ ‫ُوالْيَاء‬، َ ‫ُالْك ْس َرة‬:‫َوللْ َخ ْفضُثَالَثُعَالَ َمات‬
The genitive has three signs: kasrah, ya and fatha. ُ‫ ُيف‬:‫اض َع‬ ِ ‫ض ُيف ُثَالَثَِة ُمُو‬
ََ ِ ‫ُعالََمةً ُلِلْ َخ ْف‬ َ ‫ ُفَتَكون‬:ُ‫فَأ ََّما ُال َك ْس َرة‬
ِ ‫وَجْ ِع ُامل َؤن‬ ِ ‫ْس ِري ُاملنْل ِر‬ ِ ‫ ُو ََج ِع ُالتَّك‬،‫ف‬ ِ ْ‫الس ِم ُامل ْفرِد ُاملن‬ ِ
• Kasrah is the sign of the genitive in three cases: ُ‫َّث‬ َ ُ،َ ‫ف‬ َ ْ َ ‫ل ِر‬ َ َ ْ
◦ the declinable singular noun ِ ‫الس‬
ُ .‫اَل‬ َّ
◦ the declinable broken plural
ُِ‫َْساء‬ ِ
ِ ‫ض ُيفُثَالَثَة ُمو‬ ِ
ِ ‫ُعالََمةًُللْ َخ ْف‬
◦ the sound feminine plural َْ ‫ُيفُاأل‬:‫اض َع‬ ََ َ ‫ُفَتَكون‬:‫َوأ ََّماُالْيَاء‬
• Ya is the sign of the genitive in three cases: ُ .ِ‫ُواجلَ ْمع‬، ِِ ِ
◦ the five nouns َ ‫ُويفُالتَّثْنيَة‬، َ ‫اخلَ ْم َسة‬
◦ the dual َُ‫ُال ْسم ُالَّ ِذي ُل‬ ِ ‫ض ُِيف‬ ِ ‫ ُفَتَكون ُعَالََمةً ُلِلْ َخ ْف‬:ُ‫َوأ ََّما ُالْ َف ْت َحة‬
◦ the sound masculine plural ُ .‫ل ِرف‬ َ ‫يَْن‬
ُِ َ‫ْج ْزِمُعَالَ َمت‬
• Fatha is the sign of the genitive in indeclinable nouns. ِ
ُ .‫ُواحلَ ْذف‬، َ ‫ُالسكون‬: ُّ ‫ان‬ َ ‫َولل‬
ُِ ‫ُالل ِحي‬ ِ ِ ِ
The jussive has two signs: sukun and omission. َّ ‫ضا ِرِع‬ َ ‫ُعالََمةً ُللْ َج ْزم ُيفُالْف ْع ِل ُامل‬ َ ‫اُالسكونُ ُفَيَكون‬ ُّ ‫فَأ ََّم‬
• Sukun is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with a ِ
ُ .‫اآلخ ِر‬
sound ending.
ِ ِ ِ
• Omission is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with َُّ‫ُاملعتَل‬
ْ ‫ضارِع‬ َ ‫ُعالََمةً ُللْ َج ْزم ُِيف ُالْف ْع ِل ُامل‬ َُ ‫ُالحذْفُ ُفَيَكون‬ َ ‫َوأ ََّما‬
ِ ِ ِ ِ
.‫ُويفُاألَفْ َعالُاخلَ ْم َسةُالَِِّت َُرفْ عهاُبِثَبَاتُالنُّون‬، ِ
a weak ending and verbs that are nominative by the
َ ‫اآلخ ِر‬
presence of the nun.
8
IMPERFECT VERBS َ ‫ال ِْف ْعلُالم‬

ُ‫ضارِع‬
‫جمع‬ ‫مثنى‬ ‫مفرد‬

Plural Dual Singular
‫مؤنث‬/‫متكلمُمذكر‬
ُ‫نَ ْف َعل‬ ُ‫أَفْ َعل‬ 1st person masc/fem
‫مخاطبُمذكر‬
ُ‫تَ ْف َعلو َن‬ ِ ‫تَ ْفع‬
ُ‫الن‬ ُ‫تَ ْف َعل‬
َ 2nd person masc
‫مخاطبُمؤنث‬
ُ‫تَ ْف َع ْل َن‬ ِ ‫تَ ْفع‬
ُ‫الن‬ ُ‫ي‬ ِ
َ َ ‫تَ ْف َعل‬ 2nd person fem
ُ‫غائبُمذكر‬
ُ‫يَ ْف َعلو َن‬ ِ ‫ي ْفع‬
ُ‫الن‬ ُ‫يَ ْف َعل‬
ََ 3 person masc
rd
‫غائبُمؤنث‬
ُ‫يَ ْف َعلْ َن‬ ِ ‫تَ ْفع‬
ُ‫الن‬ ُ‫تَ ْف َعل‬
َ 3 person fem
rd
ِ ِ‫للُب‬
ِ ِ َّ ِ
َ ِ‫آخره‬
ُ ‫ُش ْي ُء‬ ْ َ‫ضا ِرعُالذيُ ََلُْيَت‬
َ ‫ُالْف ْعلُامل‬ Imperfect verbs with nothing at their termination
ُ‫األَفْ َعالُاخلَ ْم َسة‬ The five verbs
ُ‫َمْب ِن‬ Imperfect verbs with fixed endings
Weak Ya Weak Waw Weak Alif Sound End

ِ
ُ ُ ُ
‫يرمي‬ ‫يدعو‬ ‫يرضى‬ ُ‫يدخل‬ ‫ُرفع‬- Nom.

ِ ُ
ُ ُ ُ
‫يرمي‬ ُ‫يدع َو‬ ‫يرضى‬ ُ‫يدخل‬ ‫ نصب‬- Acc.

َ
ُِ
ُ ُ ُ
‫يرم‬ ُ‫يدع‬ ُ‫يرض‬ ُْ

‫يدخل‬ ‫ جزم‬- Juss.
َ
ُ‫صل‬
ْ َ‫ا‬ Original
ُ‫َح ْذف‬ Omission
ُ ‫تَ ْق ِد‬
‫ير‬ Implicit
9
INDECLINABLE NOUNS ‫غيرُمنصرف‬
A noun is indeclinable if it has the

following properties, unless it has the
definite article or is mudaf.
ُ‫العلمية‬ ‫الوصفية‬ ُ ‫صيغةُمنتهىُاجلموع‬ ُ ‫ألفُالتأنيث‬

Proper name Descriptive In the pattern of the ‫املقلورةُأوُاملمدودة‬
utmost plural
Feminine that ends
with an alif maqsura
or alif and hamza
‫العدل‬ ‫وزنُفعل‬ ‫زيادةُاأللفُوُالنون‬

Changed Pattern of verb Superfluous ‫ان‬
‫التأنيثُبغريُألف‬ ‫العجمة‬ ‫الرتكيب‬

Fem. with no alif Non-Arab origin Compounded
‫غريُمنلرف‬
Indeclinable
Does not accept a

kasra, instead takes a
fatha, and can not
take a tanween.
10
CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ُ‫المُ ْع َربَات‬
ُ‫املُ ْعَربَات‬
Inflected
Words
ِ ‫بِاحلر‬
ُ‫وف‬ ُِ ‫بِاحلَرَك‬
ُ ‫ات‬
َ
By letters By vowels
ُ‫َرفْع‬ ُ‫َرفْع‬
‫ا‬ Nom. َُ Nom.
ُ‫لب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬ ‫ا)ُالتَّثْنِيَ ُة‬ ُ‫لب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬
ِ
ُ‫ا)ُالسمُامل ْفَرد‬
‫ي‬ Acc. N) Dual ََُ Acc. N) Singular noun
ُ‫َخ ْفض‬
َُِ Decline
‫ل ِرف‬ ُ‫َخ ْفض‬
Gen. َ ْ‫يَن‬
Gen.
ُ‫َرفْع‬ ُ ‫لُي ْنل ِرف‬
َ َ ُ‫رفْع‬
‫و‬ Nom. ََُ ُُIndecline َُ Nom.
َ
ُ‫لب‬ ُِ ‫ُالس‬
ُ ‫اَل‬ َّ ‫ا)َُجَْعُامل َذ َّك ِر‬ ِ ‫ا)َُجَْعُالتَّك‬
ُ‫ْس ِري‬
‫ي‬ ْ َ‫ن‬ ُ‫نلب‬
ََُ Acc.ْ َ
Acc. N) Sound masc. pl. N) Broken Plural
ُ‫َخ ْفض‬
Gen.
َُِ Gen.
ُ‫َخ ْفض‬
‫و‬ Nom. َُ Nom.
ُ ُ‫سة‬ ِ ‫ُالس‬ ِ ‫ا)َُجَْعُامل َؤن‬
‫ا‬ ُ‫لب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬ َ ‫َْسَاءُاخلَ ْم‬
ْ ‫ا)ُاأل‬ ُ‫لب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬
ُ‫اَل‬ َّ ‫َّث‬
Acc. N) The five nouns ََُ Acc. N) Sound fem. pl.
ُ‫َخ ْفض‬ ُ‫َخ ْفض‬
‫ي‬ Gen. Gen.
‫ن‬ Nom. َُ Nom.
ُ ُ‫سة‬
َ ‫ف)ُاألَفْ َعالُاخلَ ْم‬ ُ‫ضا ِرعُاُلَّ ِذي‬ ِ
ُ ُ‫لب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬ ِ ِ‫َّللُب‬
ِ
‫ن‬
V) The five verbs
ُ‫ُوتَ ْف َعالَ ِن‬ ِ ََُ ُ Acc.
ُ‫لب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬ ُ ُ‫ُش ْيء‬ َ ِ‫آخ ِره‬ ْ ‫ََلُْيَت‬
Acc. َ ‫(يَ ْف َعالَن‬ V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at
ُ‫ُوتَ ْف َعلو َن‬
َ ‫َويَ ْف َعلو َن‬ ُ ‫الل ِحي‬
َّ
)‫ي‬ ِ
َ ‫َوتَ ْف َعل‬
َُْ Sound ُ ُ‫َج ْزم‬
its termination
ُ ُ‫َج ْزم‬ Juss.

Juss. ُ ُ‫امل ْعتَل‬
Weak
11
CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ُ‫المُ ْع َربَات‬

Inflected words are of two types: those inflected by vowels and ِ ُِ ‫المُعرباتُ ُقِسم‬
those inflected by letters.
ُُ‫ُوقِ ْسم ُي ُْعَُرب‬ ِ ِ
َ ،‫ ُق ْسم ُي ْعَرب ُباحلََرَكات‬:‫ان‬ َْ ََ ْ
ِ
ُ .‫بِاحلروف‬
• Those types inflected by vowels are four: the singular ُ
ِ :ُ‫ب ََعة ُأَنْ واع‬ ِ ِ
noun, the broken plural, the sound feminine plural and the ُ،‫ُالسم ُامل ْفَرد‬ َ َ ‫الح َرَكات ُأ َْر‬َ ِ‫ََفالَّذي ُي ْع َرب ُب‬
imperfect verb with nothing at its termination. ِ َّ ‫َّث‬
ُْ‫ضارِع ُالَّ ِذيُ ََل‬ ِ ‫اَل‬
َ ‫ُوالْف ْعل ُامل‬، َ ‫ُالس‬
ِ ‫ُوَجَْع ُامل َؤن‬،‫ْس ِري‬
َ
ِ ‫وَجَْع ُالتَّك‬
َ
◦ All of these are nominative by the dammah, accusative by
ُ .‫ُش ْيء‬ ِ
‫ه‬ِ
‫ر‬ ِ
‫آخ‬ ِ‫ب‬ُ‫ل‬ ِ
the fatha, genitive by the kasrah and jussive by the sukun, َ ْ َ‫ي‬
‫َّل‬ ‫ت‬
ُ،‫ُوُتْ َفض ُبِالْ َك ْسَرِة‬ ِ ِ ُ ‫ ُوت ْن‬،‫َّم ِة‬
except in three cases:
َ ،‫لب ُبالْ َفْت َحة‬ َ َ َّ ‫َوكلُّ َها ُت ْرفَع ُبِالض‬
∙ the sound feminine plural is accusative by the kasrah ِ ‫السك‬
ُ .‫ون‬ ُّ ِ‫َو ُْتَزمُب‬
ُ‫لب‬ ِ َّ ‫َّث‬ ِ ‫ َُجَْع ُامل َؤن‬:‫ك ُثَالَثَة ُأَ ْشياء‬ ِ
∙ the indeclinable noun is genitive by the fatha َ ‫ُالساَل ُي ْن‬ ََ َ ‫ُع ْن ُذل‬ َ ‫َو َخَر َج‬
∙ the imperfect verb with a weak ending is jussive by ُ‫ُوال ِْف ْعل‬، ِ ِ
َ ‫لرف ُُيْ َفض ُبالْ َفتْ َحة‬
ِ َ ْ‫ال ْسم ُالَّ ِذيُلَ ُيَن‬ ِ ‫ ُو‬،ُِ‫بِالْ َكسرة‬
َ َْ
omission ِ ‫ف‬
ُ .ِ‫ُآخ ِره‬ ِ ‫اآلخرُُيزم ُِِب ْذ‬ ِ ُ‫ضارِعُاملعتَ ُُّل‬
َ َْ ْ َ ‫امل‬
ُ
• Those types inflected by letters are four: the dual, the
ُ‫ُوَجَْع ُامل َذ َّك ِر‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ َّ
sound masculine plural, the five nouns and the five verbs, َ ،‫ ُالتَّثْنيَة‬:ُ‫َوالذي ُي ْع َرب ُبالحروف ُأ َْربَعَة ُأَنْ َواع‬
which are:ُ‫ي‬ ِ ِ ِ ُ،‫ُيَ ْف َعالَ ِن‬:‫ُوِه َي‬، ِ َّ
َ ‫ُتَ ْف َعل‬،‫ُتَ ْف َعلو َن‬،‫ُيَ ْف َعلو َن‬،‫ُتَ ْف َعالَن‬،‫ُيَُ ْف َعالَن‬. َ ‫ُواألَفْ َعال ُاخلَ ْم َسة‬، َ ‫َْسَاء ُاخلَ ْم َسة‬ ْ ‫ُواأل‬،َ ‫الساَل‬
ُ .‫ي‬ ِ ِ
◦ The dual is nominative by the alif and accusative and َ ‫ُوتَ ْفعَل‬،
َ ‫ُوتَ ْفعَلو َُن‬،
َ ‫ُويَ ْفعَلو َن‬،
َ ‫َوتَ ْفعَالَن‬
genitive by the ya. ُ .‫ُوُتْ َفضُبِالَْي ِاء‬ َ ‫لب‬
ِِ ِ ِ
َ ‫ُفَرتفَعُباألَلف‬:ُ‫فَأَماُالتَّ ْثنيَة‬
َ ‫ُوت ْن‬،
◦ The sound masculine plural is nominative by the waw ِ ِ َّ ‫وأ ََّما ُجمع ُالم َذ َّك ِر‬
and accusative and genitive by the ya.
ُ‫لب ُ َُوُيْ َفض‬ َ ْ‫ُوي ن‬َ ،‫ ُفَي ْرفَع ُبال َْوا ِو‬:ُ‫ُالسالم‬ َْ َ
ُ .‫بِالْيَ ِاء‬
◦ The five nouns are nominative by the waw, accusative by
ِ ِ‫لبُ ُبِاألَل‬ ِ
the alif and genitive by the ya. ُ،‫ف‬ َ ْ‫ُوت ن‬َ ،‫ ُفَت ْرفَع ُبال َْوا ِو‬:ُ‫ُاالس َماء ُال َخ ْم َسة‬ ْ ‫َوأ ََّما‬
ُ‫لب‬ ِ ِ ِ
◦ The five verbs are nominative by the nun and accusative َ ‫ُوت ْن‬
َ ‫ُوأ ََّما ُاألَفْ َعال ُاخلَ ْم َسة ُفَت ْرفَع ُبالنُّون‬ َ ‫َوُتْ َفض ُبالْيَاء‬
and jussive by omission.
ُ.‫َوُتَْزم ُِِبَ ْذفِها‬
12
CHAPTER 5: Verbs ُ‫األَف ْْعال‬

ُ‫األ َْف ْعال‬
Verbs
ُ‫أ َْمر‬ ُ‫ضا ِرع‬

َ‫م‬ ٍ ‫َم‬
ُ‫اض‬
Imperative Imperfect Perfect
‫ََْمزومُأَبَ ًدا‬ ‫ُجا ِزُم‬ ِ ِ َ ‫ُح ىّتُي ْدخل‬،ً‫ُوهوُمرفوعُأَبدا‬،‫ُأَنَيت‬:‫ك‬ ِ َْ ‫ىُالزوائِ ِدُاأل َْربَ ِع‬ ِ ِِ ِ ‫م ْفتوح‬
‫ُاآلخ ِرُأَبَ ًدا‬
َ ‫ُع ْلي ُهُنَاصبُأ َْو‬ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ‫ُُي َمعهاُقَ ْول‬ َ َّ ‫يفُأ ََّولهُإ ْح َد‬ َ
Always Always commences with one of the letters contained in ُ‫أَنَْيت‬ Fatha always
jussive the last vowel
Always nominative unless acted upon by a accusative or jussive agent
ِ ‫النَّو‬
ُ‫اصب‬ ‫اجلَوا ِزُم‬
َ ُ‫إِ ْن‬
Acc. agents ُ‫أَ ْن‬ Juss. agents
If
That
‫َما‬
ُ‫لَ ْن‬ What ْ‫ََُل‬
ُ‫بِنَ ْف ِس ِه‬
Will not Did not
ُ‫َم ْن‬
Act by
‫إِذَ ُْن‬ Who ‫لَ َّما‬
themself
Then ‫َم ْه َما‬ Not yet
Whatever
ُ‫َك ْي‬ ْ‫َوأَ ََُل‬
So that ‫إِ ْذ َما‬ Did not? ‫َُْيزمُفِ ْعل‬
Whenever
Make one
ُ‫أَي‬ ‫أَملا‬ verb juss.
َّ
Not yet?
Which
ُ ُ‫لَمُ َك ْي‬
ِ َ‫َُْيزمُفِ ْعل‬
ُ‫ي‬
Lam of cause ُ‫َم َّت‬ ُ‫ُّع ِاء‬
َ ‫لَمُاْأل َْم ِر َُوالد‬
When Make two Lam of
ُِ ‫لَمُاجلح‬
verbs juss. imperative &
‫ود‬ ُ‫أَيَّا َن‬ supplication
Lam of neg. When
ُ ُ‫ح َّّت‬
َ ُ‫أَيْ َن‬ ُ‫ُّع ِاء‬
َ ‫ُوالد‬ ْ ‫لَ ُِيفُالن‬
َ ‫َّه ِي‬
ْ ‫بِأَ ْنُم‬
‫ض َمَرًُة‬ Until Where No of prohibition
& supplication
Act by a ُ‫َّن‬
َّ ‫أ‬
concealed ُ ‫الْ َفاء‬
How
)‫(أن‬ So
‫َحْيثما‬
‫ال َْواو‬ Wherever
And
‫َكي َف َما‬
However
ُ‫أ َْو‬
Or
ُ ‫اصة‬
َّ ‫ُخ‬ ِ َ‫إِذ‬
َ ‫اُيفُالش َّْع ِر‬
‘If’ in poetry only
13
CHAPTER 5: Verbs ُ‫األَف ْْعال‬

There are three types of verbs: the perfect, the imperfect and the
ُْ ‫ُاض ِر‬، ُ،‫ب‬
َ ‫ضَر‬
َ ُ :‫َُن َُو‬
َْ ،‫ُوأ َْمر‬
َ ،‫ضارِع‬
َ ‫ُوم‬ ٍ ‫ُم‬
َ ،‫اض‬ َ :ُ‫األَف ْْعال ُثَالَثَة‬
imperative. For example: ‫ب‬ ْ ‫ض ِرب‬
ْ َ‫ُي‬،‫ب‬
َ ‫ضَر‬
َ
The last vowel of a perfect verb is always a fatha. The imperative ْ ‫اض ِر‬
ُ ُ.‫ب‬ َ ‫ض ِرب‬
ْ ‫ُو‬، ْ َ‫َوي‬
is always jussive. The imperfect commences with one of the ُ
letters in ‘ُ‫ ’أَنَْيت‬and is always nominative unless acted upon by an ِ ‫فَالْم‬
ِ ‫ُم ْفتوح‬:‫اضي‬
ُ ُ.‫ُاآلخ ِرُأَبَ ًدا‬ َ َ
accusative or jussive agent.
• The accusative agents are ten, they are:
ُ
◦ ‫َن‬ ُْ ‫( أ‬That) َْ ُ‫َواْأل َْمر‬
ُ .‫َُمزومُأَبَ ًدا‬:
◦ ُ‫( لَ ْن‬Will not) ُ
‫( إِ َذ ُْن‬Then) ِ ِ ِ ِ
َّ ‫ُما ُ َكا َن ُيف ُأ ََّوله ُإِ ْح َدى‬
◦ ُ‫ُُي َمعها‬
َْ ‫ُالزَوائد ُاأل َْربَ ِع‬ َ :ُ‫ضارِع‬
َ ‫َوالم‬
ُ‫اصب ُأ َْو‬ِ َ‫ُح ىّت ُي ْدخل ُعلي ِه ُن‬،ً‫ُوهو ُمرفوع ُأَبدا‬،ُ‫ُأَنَيت‬:‫ك‬
◦ ‫( َك ُْي‬So that) ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ‫قَ ْول‬
◦ ‫( لَمُ َك ُْي‬Lam of cause) ُ .‫َجا ِزم‬
◦ ُِ ‫( لَمُاجلح‬Lam of negation)
‫ود‬ ُ
◦ ُ‫( َح َّّت‬Until) ُ :‫ُو ِه َي‬،
َ ‫ُع َش َرة‬ َ ‫اصب‬ ِ ‫فَالنَّو‬
َ
◦ ُِ ‫( اجلََوابُبِالْ َف‬Fa of reply)
‫اء‬ ُ،‫ُو َح َّّت‬ ِ
َ ،‫ُولَم ُاجلحود‬
َ ،‫ُولَم ُ َك ْي‬
َ ،‫ُوَك ْي‬َ ،‫ُوإذَ ْن‬
ِ
َ ،‫ُولَ ْن‬َ ،‫أَ ْن‬
ِ
ُ ‫َواجلََوابُبِالْ َف‬
◦ ‫( ال َْوا ُِو‬And) َ ‫ُ َوال َْوا ِو‬،‫اء‬
ُ .‫ُوأ َْو‬،
◦ ُ‫( ُأ َْو‬Or) ُ
• The jussive agents are eighteen, they are: ُ :‫ُو ِه َي‬،‫ة‬ َُ َ‫الجوا ِزمُثَ َمانِيَةَُع‬
َ ‫ش َر‬ َ ‫َو‬
◦ ْ‫( ََُل‬Did not) ْ ‫ُولَ ُِيف ُالن‬
ِ
ُ‫َّه ِي‬ َ ُ ،‫ُّعاء‬ َ ‫ُولَم ُاْأل َْم ِر‬
َ ‫ُوالد‬ َ ،‫ُوأَملَّا‬
َ ،ْ‫ُوأَ ََل‬
َ ،‫ُولَ َّما‬
َ ،ْ‫ََل‬
◦ ‫( لَ َّما‬Not yet) ِ ‫ُوإِ ْن ُوَماُوَم ْن ُوَم ْهم‬،‫ُّع ِاء‬
ُ،‫ُوأَيَّا َن‬،
َ ‫ُوَم َّت‬،
َ ‫ُُوأَي‬،‫ا‬
َ ‫ُوإ ْذ َم‬،‫ا‬
َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ‫َوالد‬
◦ ْ‫( أَ ََُل‬Did not?) َّ ‫َّع ُِرُ َخ‬
ُ .‫اص ًة‬ ِ َ‫ُوإِذ‬،‫ا‬
ْ ‫اُيفُالش‬ َ ‫ُوَكي َف َم‬،‫ما‬
َ ‫ُو َحْيث‬، َ ‫َّن‬َّ ‫ُوأ‬،
َ ‫َوأَيْ َن‬
◦ ‫( أَملا‬Not yet?)
َّ ُ
◦ ُِ ‫ُّع‬
‫اء‬ َ ‫( لَمُاْأل َْم ِر‬Lam of imperative & supplication)
َ ‫ُوالد‬
◦ ُِ ‫ُّع‬
‫اء‬ َ ‫ُوالد‬
َ ‫َّه ِي‬ْ ‫( لَ ُِيفُالن‬No of prohibition & supplication)
◦ ‫( إِ ُْن‬If)
◦ ‫( َما‬What)
◦ ُ‫( َم ْن‬Who)
◦ ‫( َم ْه َما‬Whatever)
◦ ‫( إِ ْذ َما‬Whenever)
◦ ُ‫( أَي‬Which)
◦ ُ‫( َم َّت‬When)
◦ ‫( أَيَّا َُن‬When)
◦ ‫( أَيْ َُن‬Where)
◦ َُّ ‫( أ‬How)
‫َّن‬
◦ ‫( َحْيثما‬Wherever)
◦ ‫( َكي َف َما‬However)
◦ ‫اص ًُة‬
َّ ‫ُخ‬َ ‫َّع ِر‬ ِ ‫‘( إِ َذ‬If ’ in poetry only)
ْ ‫اُيفُالش‬
14
CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ُ‫األسماء‬

ْ ُ‫وعات‬
َ ‫الم ْرف‬
َُ
ُ ُ‫وعاتُاألْسْاء‬
َ ‫ُاملَْرف‬
Nominative
Nouns
ُ‫اَ ْخلَبَ ر‬ ُ ُ‫الْمْبتَ َدأ‬ ُ ُ‫س َّمُفاعِله‬ ِ َّ ُ ِ‫الْ َفاع‬

َ ‫امل ْفعولُالذيُ ََلُْي‬
َ
ُ ‫ل‬
ُ
Predicate of a Subject of a The object whose
noun sentence noun sentence subject is unnamed Subject
ُ‫التَّابعُلِلْ َم ْرفو ِع‬ ‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬

ْ ‫َُّوأ‬ ِ
َ ‫َخبَ رُإن‬ ‫َخ َواِِتَا‬
َ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ‫اسمُ َكا َن‬
ْ
Appositions َُّ ِ‫إ‬
Predicate of ‫ن‬ Subject of
to nom. nouns or her sisters ُ‫ َكا َن‬or her sisters
ُ‫َّعت‬
ْ ‫الن‬ ُ‫ال َْعطْف‬ ُ‫الُتَّوكِيد‬ ُ‫الُْبَ َُدل‬
Adjective Conjunctive Corroborative Permutative
15
CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ُ‫األسماء‬

ْ ُ‫وعات‬
َ ‫الم ْرف‬
َُ
Nominative nouns are of seven types:
• the subject ُ :‫ُو ِه َي‬،
َ ‫ُس ْب َعة‬
َ ‫وعات‬ َ ‫الم ْرف‬
َُ
• the object whose subject is unnamed ُُ‫اسم‬ ِ ِ َّ ِ
• the subject of a noun sentence and its predicate ْ ‫ُو‬، َ ‫ُو َخبَ ره‬،
َ ‫ُواملْبتَ َدأ‬،
َ ‫ُواملَْفعول ُالذيُ ََُلُْي َس َّم ُفاعله‬،
َ ‫الْ َفاعل‬
ُ‫ُوه َوُأ َْربَ َعة‬، ِ ِ ‫ُوخب رُإِنَُّوأ‬،‫َكا َنُوأَخواِِتَا‬
• the subject ofُ‫ن‬
َُ ‫ُ َكا‬or her sisters َ ‫ُوالتَّابعُللْ َم ْرفو ِع‬،‫ا‬
َ َ‫َخ َواِت‬
ْ َ ََ َ َ َ َ
ُ .‫ُوالُْبَ َُدل‬، ِ
• َُّ ِ‫إ‬or her sisters
the predicate ofُ‫ن‬ َ ‫ُوالتَّوكيد‬،
َ ‫ُوال َْعطْف‬،َ ‫َّعت‬ْ ‫ُالن‬:َ‫أَ ْشيَاء‬
• appositions to nominative nouns, which are:
◦ adjectives
◦ conjunctives
◦ corroboratives
◦ permutatives
16
‫‪The Ajrumiyyah Mapped‬‬
‫‪CHAPTER 7: Subject‬‬ ‫ال َف ِ‬

‫اعلُ‬
‫ال َفاعِلُ‬
‫‪Subject‬‬
‫‪ُ:‬ال ْسمُامل ْرفوعُاملذْكورُقَ ْب لَهُفِ ْعلهُ‬

‫ه ُو ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪It is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb‬‬
‫قِ ْس َم ْ ُِ‬
‫يُ‬
‫‪Its two types‬‬
‫ض َمر ُ‬
‫مْ‬ ‫ظَ ِ‬
‫اه ر ُ‬
‫‪Implicit‬‬ ‫‪Explicit‬‬
‫َن َُو ُ‬
‫َْ‬
‫‪For‬‬
‫‪ - Plural‬جمع‬ ‫‪ - Dual‬مثنى‬ ‫‪ - Singular‬مفرد‬ ‫‪example‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ماضي ُ‬
‫ُ‪ُ/‬الرجالُ‬
‫ُالزيْدو َن ِّ‬
‫قَ َام َّ‬ ‫ُالزيْ َد ِانُ‬
‫قام َّ‬
‫َ‬ ‫وك ‪ /‬غالَِمي‬
‫قام َُزيْدُ‪ُ/‬أَخ َُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫غائبُمذكر‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫مضارع ُ‬ ‫‪3rd person‬‬
‫ُ‪ُ/‬الرجالُ‬
‫ُالزيْدو َن ِّ‬
‫يَقوم َّ‬ ‫ُالزيْ َد ِانُ‬
‫يَقوم َّ‬ ‫وك ‪ /‬غالَِمي‬
‫يَقوم َُزيْدُ‪ُ/‬أَخ َُ‬ ‫‪masculine‬‬
‫‪Imperfect‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫قَامت ِ‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫تُاهلِْنداتُ‪ُ/‬ا ْهلنودُ‬
‫قَام ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫تُاهلِْن ِ‬
‫دانُ‬ ‫قَام ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُهْندُ‬ ‫َ ْ‬ ‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫غائبُمؤنث‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫مضارع ُ‬ ‫‪3rd person‬‬
‫تَقومُاهلِنْداتُ‪ُ/‬ا ْهلنودُ‬ ‫تَقومُاهلِنْ ُِ‬
‫دان‬ ‫تَقوم ِ‬
‫ُهنْدُ‬ ‫‪Imperfect‬‬ ‫‪feminine‬‬
‫‪ - Plural‬جمع‬ ‫‪ - Dual‬مثنى‬ ‫‪ – Single‬مفرد‬

‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫متكلمُمذكرُ‪ُ/‬مؤنث ُ‬
‫ضَربْنا‬
‫َ‬ ‫ضَربْتُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪1st person masc/fem‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫مخاطبُمذكر ُ‬
‫ضَربْتم‬
‫َ‬ ‫ضَربْتُما‬
‫َ‬ ‫تُ‬
‫ضَربْ َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪person masc‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ضرب ِ‬ ‫مخاطبُمؤنث‬
‫تُ‬
‫ضَربْ َّ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ضَربْتُما‬
‫َ‬ ‫تُ‬ ‫َ َْ‬
‫َن َُو ُ‬
‫َْ‬ ‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪person fem‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫‪For‬‬ ‫غائبُمذكر‬
‫‪example‬‬ ‫ضَربوا‬
‫َ‬ ‫ضَربا‬
‫َ‬ ‫بُ‬
‫ضَر َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪3rd‬‬ ‫‪person masc‬‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ضَربْ َنُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ضَربَتا‬
‫َ‬ ‫تُ‬
‫ضَربَ ْ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪3rd person fem‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪CHAPTER 7: Subject‬‬ ‫ال َف ِ‬

‫اعلُ‬
‫‪The subject is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb. It‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اعل ُه ُو‪ِ :‬‬ ‫ال َف ِ‬
‫‪is of two types: explicit and implicit.‬‬
‫ُعلَىُ‬‫ُوه َو َ‬‫ُاملَْرفوع ُاملَذْكور ُقَ ْب لَه ُف ْعله‪َ .‬‬‫ُال ْسم ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ض َم ٍر‪ُ .‬‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫‪ُ،‬وم ْ‬‫ق ْس َم ْي‪ُ:‬ظَاه ٍر َ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Examples of the explicit subject include:‬‬ ‫ُ‬
‫◦‬ ‫وك ُ‪ُ /‬غالَِمي‬
‫قام َُزيْدُ ُ‪ُ /‬أَخ َ‬ ‫ك‪ُ:‬قام َُزيد‪ُ،‬وي قوم َُزيد‪ُ،‬وقام َّ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫‪َ (Zaid/your brother/my servant‬‬ ‫‪ُ،‬ويَقومُ‬‫ُالزيْ َدان َ‬ ‫فَالظَّاهرُ ََْن َوُقَ ْول َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫)‪stood up‬‬ ‫َّ ِ‬
‫ُويَقومُ‬ ‫ُالر َجالُ‪َ ،‬‬
‫ُوقَاَم َّ‬‫ُالزيْدو َن‪َ ،‬‬
‫ُويَقوم َّ‬ ‫ُالزيْدو َن‪َ ،‬‬‫ُوقَ َام َّ‬
‫الزيْ َدان‪َ ،‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫وك ُ‪ُ /‬غالَِمي‬
‫‪ (Zaid/your brother/my servant‬يَقوم َُزيْد ُ‪ُ /‬أَخ َ‬
‫ُوتَقومُ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫الرجال‪ُ ،‬وقَام ِ‬
‫)‪stands up‬‬ ‫ُوقَ َامت ُاهلْندان‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ُوتَقوم ُهْند‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ت ُهْند‪َ ُ ،‬‬ ‫َّ َ َ َ ْ‬
‫ُالزيْ َد ُِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫قامت ُا ْهلنود‪ُ،‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬
‫◦‬ ‫ان‬ ‫قام َّ‬
‫)‪َ (The two Zaids stood up‬‬ ‫ُو َ‬ ‫ُوتَقوم ُا ْهلنْ َدات‪َ ،‬‬ ‫قامت ُا ْهلنْ َدات‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ُو َ‬ ‫ا ْهلنْ َدان‪َ ،‬‬
‫ُالزيْ َد ِانُ‬ ‫ي‪ُ،‬ويَقُومُ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫◦‬ ‫)‪ (The two Zaid stand up‬يَقوم َّ‬ ‫‪ُ،‬وقَ َام ُغالَم َ‬ ‫وك َ‬ ‫‪ُ،‬ويَقوم ُأَخ َ‬ ‫وك َ‬ ‫قام ُأَخ َ‬‫‪ُ،‬و َ‬ ‫َوتَقوم ُا ْهلنود َ‬
‫ك‪ُ .‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫◦‬ ‫ُ‪ُ/‬الرجالُ‬ ‫ُالزيْدو َن ِّ‬‫)‪ (The Zaids/men stood up‬قَ َام َّ‬ ‫ي‪ُ،‬وَماُأَ ْشبَ َهُذل َ‬
‫غالَم َ‬
‫◦‬ ‫ُ‪ُ/‬الرجالُ‬ ‫ُالزيْدو َن ِّ‬
‫)‪ (The Zaids/men stand up‬يَقوم َّ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ِ‬
‫◦‬ ‫ُهْندُ‬‫)‪ (Hind stood up‬قَامت ِ‬
‫َ ْ‬ ‫ضَربْنَا‪ُ،‬‬
‫ُو َ‬
‫ُضَربْتُ‪َ ،‬‬ ‫ك‪َ :‬‬ ‫َُن َو ُقَ ْول َ‬
‫ُع َشَر‪َْ ،‬‬ ‫ض ِمرُ ُاثْنَا َ‬ ‫َوالْم ْ‬
‫◦‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪ (Hind stands up‬تَقومُهنْدُ‬ ‫ب‪ُ،‬‬‫ضَر َ‬ ‫‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ت َ‬ ‫ضَربْ َّ‬
‫‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ضَربْت ْم َ‬
‫ا‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ضَربْت َم َ‬ ‫‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ت َ‬ ‫ضَربْ ُِ‬‫‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ت ََُ َ‬ ‫ضَربْ َ‬‫َو َ‬
‫◦‬ ‫تُاهلِْن ُِ‬
‫دان‬ ‫)‪ (The two Hinds stood up‬قَام ِ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ضَربْ َن‪ُ .‬‬
‫ا‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ضربو َ‬ ‫ا‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ضَربَ َ‬ ‫‪ُ،‬و َ‬
‫ت َ‬ ‫ضَربَ ْ‬‫َو َ‬
‫◦‬ ‫دانِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪ (The two Hinds stand up‬تَقومُاهلنْ ُ‬
‫◦‬ ‫تُاهلِْنداتُ‪ُ/‬ا ْهلنودُ‬ ‫)‪ (The Hinds/Hinds stood up‬قَام ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫◦‬ ‫ِ‬
‫)‪ (The Hinds/Hinds stand up‬تَقومُاهلنْداتُ‪ُ/‬ا ْهلنودُ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Examples of the implicit subject include:‬‬

‫◦‬ ‫ضَربْتُ‬
‫)‪َ (I hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربْنا‬
‫)‪َ (We hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربْ َُ‬
‫ت‬ ‫)‪َ (You (m) hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربْ ُِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫)‪َ (You (f) hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربْتُما‬‫)‪َ (You two hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربْتُم‬
‫)‪َ (You all (m or m/f) hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫تُ‬‫ضَربْ َّ‬
‫)‪َ (You all (f) hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَر َُ‬
‫ب‬ ‫)‪َ (He hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربَ ُْ‬
‫ت‬ ‫)‪َ (She hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربا‬
‫)‪َ (They two (m or m/f) hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربَتا‬ ‫)‪َ (They two (f) hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربوا‬ ‫)‪َ (They all (m or m/f) hit‬‬
‫◦‬ ‫ضَربْ َُن‬
‫)‪َ (They all (f) hit‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is ُ‫المفعولُالذي‬

Unnamed
‫لمُيسمُفاعله‬
ُ‫املفعولُالذي‬
ُ ‫َلُيسمُفاعله‬
Object Whose Subject
is Unnamed
‫ُم َعهُفَاعِل ُه‬ ِ ُِ ‫هُ َو‬

َ ‫ُالَّذيُ ََلُْي ْذ َك ْر‬،‫ُالسمُُاملَْرفوع‬:
It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned with it
ِ ‫ُض َّمُأ ََّولهُوفتِ ُماُقَ بل‬:ً‫ضا ِرعا‬

ُ ‫ُآخ ِرُِه‬ َ ‫َكا َنُم‬ ُ ‫ُآخ ِرُِه‬ ِ ‫َكا َنُال ِْفعل‬
ِ ‫ُض َّمُأ ََّولهُوك ِسرُماُقَ بل‬:‫اضيا‬
َْ َ َ َْ َ َ َ ً ‫ُم‬َ ْ
When its verb is imperfect, the first vowel When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is
is a dammah and the second last a fatha a dammah and the second last a kasrah
ُِ ْ ‫قِ ْس َم‬
ُ‫ي‬
Its two types
ُ ‫ض َمر‬
ْ‫م‬ ِ َ‫ظ‬
‫اهر‬
Implicit Explicit
‫ – مفرد‬Singular
ُ ُ
‫ماضي‬
َ ‫أ ْك ِرَم‬
‫ُع ْمرو‬ َ ‫ض ِر‬
ُ‫ب َُزيْد‬ ‫غائبُمذكر‬
Perfect ُ‫ََْن َو‬
ُ ُ
‫ُع ْمرو‬ ‫مضارع‬ 3rd person masc For

َ ‫يكَْرم‬ ُ‫ضَرب َُزيْد‬
ْ‫ي‬ example
Imperfect
‫ جمع‬- Plural ‫ مثنى‬- Dual ‫ – مفرد‬Single

ُ ُ
ُ ‫ُمؤنث‬/ُ‫متكلمُمذكر‬
‫ض ِربْنا‬ ُ‫ض ِربْت‬ 1st person masc/fem
ُ ُ ُ
ُ ‫مخاطبُمذكر‬
‫ض ِربْتم‬ ‫ض ِربْتُما‬ َ ْ‫ض ِرب‬
ُ‫ت‬ 2nd person masc
ُ‫ََْن َو‬ ُ ُ ُ
‫مخاطبُمؤنث‬
For َّ ْ‫ض ِرب‬
ُ‫ت‬ ‫ض ِربْتُما‬ ِ ‫ض ِرب‬
ُ‫ت‬
example َ 2nd person fem
ُ ُ ُ
‫غائبُمذكر‬
‫ض ِربوا‬ ‫ض ِربا‬ َ ‫ض ِر‬
ُ‫ب‬ 3rd person masc
ُ ُ ُ
ُ‫ض ِربْ َن‬ ‫ض ِربتا‬ ْ َ‫ض ِرب‬
ُ‫ت‬ 3rd person fem
19
CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is ‫المفعولُالذي‬

Unnamed
ُ ‫لمُيسمُفاعله‬
It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned with it. ُ
ُ‫ ُفَإِ ْن ُ َكا َن‬.‫ُم َعه ُفَاعِله‬ ِ ُِ :‫َوه َو‬
َ ‫ ُالَّذي ُ ََلْ ُيُْذ َك ْر‬،‫ُالسمُ ُاملَْرفوع‬
When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is a dammah and the
second last a kasrah. When its verb is imperfect, the first vowel is
ُ‫ُوإِ ْن ُ َكا َن‬ ِ ِ ‫ ُض َّم ُأ ََّوله‬:‫اضيا‬ ِ ‫ال ِْفعل‬
a dammah and the second last a fatha. It is of two types: explicit َ ،ِ‫ُما ُقَ ْب َل ُآخ ِره‬
َ ‫ُوكسَر‬ َ ً ‫ُم‬ َ ْ
and implicit. ُ:‫ي‬ ِ ْ ‫ُعلَى ُقِ ْسم‬ ‫و‬
َ َ َ ‫ه‬‫ُو‬ . ِ
‫ه‬ِ
‫ر‬ ِ ‫ ُض َّم ُأ ََّوله ُوفتِ ُما ُقَبل‬:ً‫ضا ِرعا‬
‫ُآخ‬ َ‫م‬
َ َْ َ َ
ُ ‫ض َم ٍُر‬ ِ
َ ‫ظَاه ٍر‬
ْ ‫ُوم‬،
• Examples of the explicit include:
◦ َ ‫( ض ِر‬Zaid was hit)
ُ‫ب َُزيْد‬ ُ
ِ ِ
◦ ُ‫ضَرب َُزيْد‬
ْ ‫( ي‬Zaid is being hit) ُ،‫ُع ْمرو‬ َ ‫ُوأ ْك ِرَم‬
َ ‫ضَرب َُزيْد‬ ْ ‫ُوي‬ َ ‫ب َُزُيْد‬َ ‫ك ُض ِر‬ َ ‫فَالظَّاهرُ ُ ََْنو ُقَ ْول‬
ُ ُ.‫َويكَْرمُعَ ْمرو‬
◦ َ ‫( أ ْك ِرَم‬Amr was honored)
‫ُع ْمرو‬
ُ
◦ ‫( يكَْرمُُعَ ْمرو‬Amr is being honored) ِ َ ،‫ضمر ُاثْنا ُعشر‬
ُ،‫ت‬َ ْ‫ُوض ِرب‬َ ،‫ك ُضُربْتُ ُ َوضُ ِربْنَا‬ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ‫َوالم‬
َ ‫َُن َو ُقَ ْول‬
ْ َ‫ُوضُ ِرُب‬ ِ
ُ،‫ت‬ َ ،‫ب‬ َ ‫ُوضُ ِر‬
َ ،‫ت‬َّ ْ‫ُوضُ ِرب‬
َ ،‫ُوضُ ِربْت ْم‬ َ ،‫ُوضُ ِربْتما‬َ ،‫َوض ِربْت‬
• Examples of the implicit include: ُ .‫ُوضُ ِربْ َن‬،‫ا‬
َ ‫ُوضُ ِرَبو‬،‫ا‬ َ َ‫َوضُ ِرب‬
◦ ُ‫( ض ِربْت‬I was hit)
◦ ‫( ض ِربْنا‬We were hit)
◦ َُ ْ‫( ض ِرب‬You (m) were hit)
‫ت‬
◦ ُ‫ت‬ِ ‫( ض ِرب‬You (f) were hit)
َ
◦ ‫( ض ِربْتُما‬You two were hit)
◦ ‫( ض ِربْتم‬You all (m or m/f) were hit)
◦ َّ ْ‫( ض ِرب‬You all (f) were hit)
ُ‫ت‬
◦ ُ‫ت‬ْ َ‫( ض ِرب‬She was hit)
◦ ‫( ض ِربا‬They two (m or m/f) were hit)
◦ ‫( ض ِربتا‬They two (f) were hit)
◦ ‫( ض ِربوا‬They all (m or m/f) were hit)
◦ ُ‫( ض ِربْ َن‬They all (f) were hit)
20
CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate ‫المبتدأُوالخبر‬
‫املبتدأُواخلرب‬
The Subject and
Predicate
ُ‫يُع ِنُال َْع َو ِام ِلُاللَّ ْف ِظيَّ َة‬ ِ ‫ُهو‬:ُ‫الم ْبَت َدأ‬
َ ‫ُال ْسمُامل ْرفوعُاُلْ َعا ِر‬ َ
‫ُال ْسمُامل ْرفوعُامل ْسنَدُإِلَْي ُِه‬
ِ ‫ُهو‬:ُ‫والْ َخبَ ر‬
َ َ
َ
The Subject: Nominative noun free of explicit agents
The Predicate: Nominative noun connected to the subject
ُُُُ‫َنو‬
َْ ُ For example
‫َزيْدُقَائِ ُم‬
ٍ‫غَي رُم ْفرُد‬ ِ ‫ا ْخلَب رُقِس‬
ُ‫مان‬ Zaid is ِ ‫املبتَ َدأُْقِس‬
ُ‫مان‬ ُ‫ض َمر‬
َ ْ ْ َ standing ْ ْ ْ‫م‬
Not single Predicate’s two Subject’s two Implicit
ِ ‫دانُقَائِم‬
ُ‫ان‬ ِ ‫الزي‬
types َ ْ َّ types
The two Zaids are ِ َ‫ظ‬
ُ‫م ْفَرد‬ standing ‫اه ُر‬
Single Explicit
÷‫الزيْدو َنُقَائِمو َُن‬
َّ ُ
The Zaids are
standing
ُ‫َزيْدُيف‬
For ‫ جمع‬- Plural ‫ مثنى‬- Dual ‫ – مفرد‬Single
‫الدَّا ُِر‬
ُ‫ُوامل ْجرور‬‫اجل ُّار‬ example ُ ‫ُمؤنث‬/ُ‫متكلمُمذكر‬
ََ َ
Preposition ُ‫ََْنو‬ ُ‫ََْنن‬ ‫أَنَا‬
1st person masc/fem
and its object ُ ‫مخاطبُمذكر‬
ُ‫أَنْت ْم‬ ‫أَنْتما‬ ُ‫ت‬
َ ْ‫أَن‬
‫َزيْدُعِنْ َد َُك‬ 2nd person masc
ُ‫الظَّْرف‬
ِ ْ‫أَن‬ ‫مخاطبُمؤنث‬
Adverbial ‫ُأَنَاُقَائِ ُم‬ ُ‫ت‬
َّ ْ‫أَن‬ ‫أَنْتُما‬ َُِ ‫ت‬
expression ُ
2nd person fem
ُ‫ََْنن‬ ‫غائبُمذكر‬
ُ‫ُم َعُفاعِلِ ِه‬ ِ ُ‫ه ْم‬ ‫ُهَا‬ ُ‫ه َو‬
َ ‫الْف ْعل‬ ‫قَائِمو َُن‬
3rd person masc
Verb and its ُ‫ُقام‬
َ ‫َزيْد‬ ‫غائبُمؤنث‬
subject ُ‫ه َّن‬ ‫ُهَا‬ ُ‫ِه َي‬
ُ‫أَبوه‬ 3rd person fem
‫ُخ َِربُِه‬
َ ‫ُم َع‬
َ ‫املْبتَ َدأ‬
Subject and its
predicate
‫ُجاُِريَتهُ َذ ِاهبَ ُة‬
َ ‫َزيْد‬
21
CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate ‫المبتدأُوالخبر‬

The subject is a nominative noun that is free of explicit agents ُ
and the predicate is a nominative noun connected to it. For ُ .‫يُع ِنُال َْع َو ِام ِلُاللَّ ْف ِظيَّ َة‬
َ ‫ُال ْسمُامل ْرفوعُال َْعا ِر‬ِ ‫ُهو‬:ُ‫الم ْبَت َدأ‬
َ
example:
ُ ُ.‫ُال ْسمُامل ْرفوعُامل ْسنَدُإِلَْي ِه‬
ِ ‫ُهو‬:ُ‫والْ َخبَ ر‬
• ُ‫( َزيْدُقَائِم‬Zaid is standing)
ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ِ َ ِ َ
ِ ‫دانُقَائِم‬
ِ ‫الزي‬ ُ .‫الزيْدو َنُقَائمو َن‬ َّ ‫ُو‬
َ ‫الزُيْدانُقَائ َمان‬ َّ ‫ُو‬
َ ‫ك َُزيْدُقَائم‬ َ ‫ََنْوُقَ ْول‬
• ُ‫ان‬ َ ْ َّ (The two Zaids are standing)
ِ ُ
• ‫الزيْدو َنُقَائمو َُن‬
َّ (The Zaids are standing)
ِ ُِ ‫والمبت َدأُْقِس‬
The subject is of two types: explicit and implicit. ُ .‫ض َمر‬ْ ‫ُوم‬،َ ‫ُظَاهر‬:‫مان‬ ْ َْ َ
ِ
ِ ‫اهرُُماُتَ َقدَّم‬
• Examples of the explicit subject include those that have ُ .‫ُذ ْكره‬ َ َ َّ‫فالظ‬
been mentioned above.
• There are twelve implicit subjects, they are:
ُ :‫ُو ِه َي‬،َ ‫اُع َش َر‬
َ َ‫ض َمرُاثْ ن‬ ْ ‫َوالم‬
◦ ‫( أَنَا‬I), for example: ُ،‫ُوِه َي‬، َ ‫ُوه َو‬، َ ‫ت‬ َّ ْ‫ُوأَن‬،
َ ‫ُوأَنْت ْم‬،‫ما‬َ ‫ُوأَنْ ت‬،
ِِ ‫ت‬
َ َُ ‫ُوأَنْت‬، َ َ ْ‫ُوأَن‬، َ ‫ُوََْنن‬،‫ا‬
َ َ‫أَن‬
◦ ‫( ََْن ُن‬We), for example: ُ‫ُوَماُأَ ْشبَ َه‬ ِ
َ ‫ُوََْننُقَائمو َن‬
ِ
َ ‫ُأَنَاُقَائم‬:‫ك‬ َُ ِ‫َُنوُقَ ْول‬،
َْ ‫ُوه َّن‬،َ ‫ُوه ْم‬،‫ا‬
َ َ‫َو ُُه‬
ُ .‫ك‬ ِ
◦ َُ ْ‫( أَن‬You (m))
‫ت‬ َ ‫ذل‬
◦ َُِ ‫ت‬ِ ْ‫( أَن‬You (f)) ُ
◦ ‫( أَنْتما‬You two) ُ .‫ُ َو َغْي رُم ْفَرٍد‬،ُ‫ُم ْفَرد‬:‫مان‬ُِ ‫َوالْ َخبَ رُقِ ْس‬
◦ ‫( أَنْت ُْم‬You all (m or m/f)) ُ .‫ُ َزيْدُقَائِم‬:ُ‫فَالْم ْف َردُُ ََْنو‬
ُ‫ُوال ِْف ْعل‬، ِ
◦ َُّ ْ‫( أَن‬You all (f))
‫ت‬ َ ‫ُوالظَّْرف‬،
َ ‫ُواملَ ْجرور‬َ ‫ُاجلَ ُّار‬:َ‫َوغَيْ ر ُالم ْف َر ُد ُأ َْربَ َعة ُأَ ْشيَاء‬
ِ َ ِ‫ُواملبتدأ ُمع ُخ ِربه‬،‫مع ُفاعِلِ ِه‬
◦ ُ‫( ه َو‬He) َ ‫ُزيْد ُيفُالدَّا ِر‬:
ُ‫ُوَزيْد‬، َ ‫ك‬ َ ‫َُنو ُقَ ْول‬،
ْ َ َ َ َ َ َْ َ ََ
‫( ِه َُي‬She) ِ ِ
ُ .‫ُجاريَتهُذَاهبَة‬ ِ
◦ َ ‫ُوَزيْد‬،َ ‫ُقامُأَبوه‬ َ ‫ُوَزيْد‬، َ ‫عنْ َد َك‬
◦ ‫( ُهَا‬Them two)
◦ ‫( ه ُْم‬Them all (m or m/f))
◦ ‫( ه َُّن‬Them all (f))
• For example:
◦ ُ‫( أَنَاُقَائِم‬I am standing)
◦ ُ‫( ََْننُقَائِمو َن‬We are standing)
The predicate is of two types: single and not single.
• Examples of the single predicate include:
◦ ُ‫( َزيْدُقَائِم‬Zaid is standing)
ُ‫ان‬ِ ‫دانُقَائِم‬
ِ ‫الزي‬
◦ َ ْ َّ (The two Zaids are standing)
◦ ِ
‫الزيْدو َنُقَائمو َُن‬
َّ (The Zaids are standing)
• There are four types of predicates that are not single, they
are:
◦ the preposition and its object, for example:
∙ ‫( َزيْدُيفُالدَّا ُِر‬Zaid is in the house)
◦ the adverbial expression, for example:
∙ ‫( َزيْدُعِْن َد َُك‬Zaid is with you)
◦ the verb and its subject, for example:
∙ ُ‫ُقامُأَبوه‬
َ ‫( َزيْد‬Zaid’s father stood up)
◦ the subject and its predicate, for example:
∙ ُ‫ُجا ِريَتهُذَ ِاهبَة‬
َ ‫( َزُيْد‬Zaid’s slave-girl is going)
22
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ُ ُ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬

the Subject and Predicate
‫لمبتدأُوُالخب‬
ُ ُ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬
ُ ‫املبتدأُوُاخلرب‬
Agents Governing
the Subject and
Predicate
ُ ‫اء‬
َُ ‫أَ ْشَي‬
Types
ِ ِ ِ ِ ْ‫ُالسمُوتَن‬
ِ
ُ‫اخلَبَ َر‬
ْ ‫َُو‬ َ ‫ُفَِإن‬:‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬
َ ‫َّهاُتَنْلبُاملْبتَ َدأ‬ َ ‫ظَنَ نْت‬ ُ‫ُوتَ ْرفَعُا ْخلَبَ َر‬
َ ‫َّهاُتَنْلبُال ْس َم‬ َ ‫إِ َّن‬
َ ‫ُفَإِن‬:‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬ ُ‫ُاخلَبَ َر‬
ْ ‫لب‬ َ ‫ُفَإِن‬:‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬
َ َ ْ ‫َّهاُتَ ْرفَع‬ َ ‫َكا َن‬
Dhanna and her sisters: Make Inna and her sisters: Make the Kana and her sister: Make the
the subject and predicate acc. noun acc. and the predicate nom. noun nom. and the predicate acc.
ُ َُ َ‫َصُب‬ ُ ‫كا َُن‬

ْ‫أ‬
Past Was
ُ ُ ِ‫لب‬ ُ ُ‫يَكون‬
ْ‫ي‬
ُِ ِ‫لِلت َّْوك‬
ُ ‫يد‬ ُ‫لِلت ََّر َّجي‬ Pres. Is
Possible ِ ‫َص‬
ُْ ََُ ‫ب‬
‫ح‬ ُ ‫ك ُْن‬
Emphasis ْ‫أ‬
ُ‫َح ِسْبت‬ ُ‫َِْس ْعت‬ Order ‫أ َْمسى‬ ُ‫اُد َام‬
َ ‫َم‬
Be!
ُ‫أ ََّن‬ ُ‫لَ َع َّل‬ َُ َ‫َصب‬

ْ‫أ‬ ُ‫ِح‬
َ ‫َماُُبَر‬
ُ‫ِخلْت‬ ُ‫َج َعلْت‬
ُ‫إِ َّن‬ ‫َضحى‬ ُ‫َماُفَتِ َئ‬
ْ‫أ‬
ُ‫ظَنَ نْت‬ ُ‫كا َن‬
ُ‫َزعَ ْمت‬ ُ‫َّاُتَ ْذت‬ ُ‫لَكِ َّن‬ ُ‫ت‬
َ ‫لَْي‬ ُ‫ظَ َّل‬ َُّ‫َماُانْ َفك‬
َّ ‫َكأ‬
ُ‫َن‬
ُ‫ات‬
َ َ‫ب‬ ُ‫اُز َال‬
َ ‫َم‬
ُ‫َرأَيْت‬ ُ‫َو َج ْدت‬
ُ‫الستِ ْد َر ِاك‬ِ ُ‫َّم َّن‬
ْ ‫ل‬ َ ‫للت‬ ُ‫س‬
ُ‫َعلِ ْمت‬ ُ‫ص َار‬
َ َ ‫لَْي‬
ْ ‫لِلت‬
ُِ ِ‫َّشب‬
Correction Impossible
ُ ‫يه‬
Comparison
ُ‫َُّزيْداًُقائِم‬
َ ‫إِن‬ ِ ‫ُش‬
ُ ُ‫اخص‬ َ ً‫ُع ْمرا‬
َ ‫ت‬َ ‫لَْي‬
Truly Zaid is standing I wish Amr was alone
ِ ‫ُش‬
ُ ً‫اخلُا‬ َ ً‫ُع ْمرا‬ ِ
َ ‫خلْت‬ ُ ً‫ُزيْداًُمنْظَلِقُا‬
َ ‫ظَنَ نْت‬ ً‫َكا َن َُزيْدُقَائِمُا‬ ِ ‫وُش‬
ُ ً‫اخلُا‬ َ ‫ُع ْمر‬
َ ‫لَْيس‬ َ
I thought Amr was alone I thought Zaid left Zaid was standing Amr was not alone
23
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing the Subject ُ ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬

and Predicate
‫المبتدأُوُالخب‬
They are of three types: kana and her sisters, inna and her
sisters and dhanna and her sisters.
• Kana and her sister make the noun nominaitve and the
ُ‫ُوظَنَ نْت‬
َ ،‫َخَُوات َها‬
َ ‫ُوأ‬ ِ ،‫َخوات َها‬
َ ‫ُوإ َّن‬
َ َ َ ‫ُوأ‬ َُ َ‫َو ِه َي ُثَالَثَة ُأَ ْشي‬
َ ‫ ُ َكا َن‬:‫اء‬
predicate accusative. They are: ُ .‫َخ َوات َها‬
َ ‫َوأ‬
◦ ‫( َكا َُن‬Was) ُ
◦ ‫( أ َْمسى‬In the evening) ِ ِ ‫ُالسم‬ ِ
ُ:ُ ‫ُوه َي‬،
َ ‫ُوتَ ْنلب ُا ْخلَبَ َر‬ َ َ ْ ‫َّهاُتَ ْرفَع‬ َ ‫ُفَإِن‬،‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬
َ ‫فَأ ََّماُ َكا َن‬
◦ َُ َ‫َصب‬ْ ‫( أ‬In the morning) ُ،‫ص َار‬ َ ‫ُو‬ َ ،‫ات‬َ َ‫ُوب‬ َ ،‫ُوظَ َّل‬ َ ،‫َضحى‬ ْ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ، َ َ‫َصب‬ ْ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ،‫ُوأ َْمسى‬ َ ،‫َكا َن‬
◦ ‫َضحى‬ ْ ‫( أ‬In the mid-morning) ُ‫ُوَما‬، ِ
َ ‫اُد َام‬
َ ‫ُوَم‬، َ ‫ِح‬ َُ ‫ُوَماُُبَر‬،
َ ‫ُوماُفَت َئ‬،
َ ‫ك‬ َّ ‫ُوَماُانْ َف‬،
َ ‫اُز َال‬َ ‫ُوَم‬،َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ولَْي‬
◦ ‫( ظَ َُّل‬Occurred) ُ ِ‫لب‬ َ ‫ف ُِمنْ َها‬
ْ ‫ُوي‬ َ َ َ‫َصُب‬ ْ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ،‫ُوك ْن‬ َ ،‫ُويَكون‬ َ ،‫ ُ َكا َن‬:‫َُنْو‬ َ ‫لَّر‬
َ َ‫ت‬
◦ َُ َ‫( ب‬In the night)
‫ات‬ ُ،ً‫ُشاخلا‬ ِ ِ ِ ْ ‫وأ‬
َ ‫ُع ْمرو‬ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ُولَْي‬
َ ،ً‫ ُ َكا َن َُزيْد ُقَائما‬:‫ ُتَقول‬،‫َصب ََُ ْح‬ َ
◦ َُ ‫ص‬
‫ار‬ َ (Occurred) ُ .‫ك‬ ِ
َ ‫وماُأَ ْشبَ َهُذل‬ َ
◦ ُ‫س‬ َ ‫( لَْي‬Not) ُ
◦ َُ ‫اُز‬
‫ال‬ َ ‫( َم‬Has not finished) ُ:‫ُوِه َي‬، ِ ِ
َ ‫ُاخلَبَ َر‬
ْ ‫ُوتَ ْرُفَع‬
َ ‫َّهاُتَ ْنلب ُال ْس َم‬ َ ‫َوأ ََّماُإِ َّن‬
َ ‫ ُفَِإن‬،‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬
◦ َُّ‫( َماُانْ َفك‬Still is) ُ،‫ُإِ َّن َُزيْداًُقائِم‬:‫ُتَقول‬،‫ُولَ َع َّل‬، ِ ‫ُوأَن‬،َّ‫إِن‬
َ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ُولَْي‬،َّ
َ ‫ُوَكأَن‬، َ ‫ُولك َّن‬،ََّ
◦ ‫( َماُفَتِ َُئ‬Still is) ُ‫ك‬ َُ ِ‫ُوَماُأَ ْشبَ َهُذل‬، ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ُش‬
‫اخ‬
َ َ ً‫ُع ْمرا‬
َ ‫ت‬ َ ‫َولَْي‬
◦ ُ‫ِح‬
َ ‫( َماُُبَر‬Still is)
◦ ‫اُد َُام‬
َ ‫( َم‬Still is)
• These also include conjugations of the above, for example:
◦ ‫( َكا َُن‬Was)
◦ ُ‫( يَكون‬Is)
◦ ُ‫( ك ْن‬Be!)
◦ َُ َ‫َصُب‬
ْ ‫( أ‬Last morning) - Past
◦ ُ ِ‫لب‬ ْ ‫( ي‬This morning) - Present
◦ ُْ ََُ ‫ب‬
‫ح‬ ِ ‫َص‬
ْ ‫( أ‬In the morning!) - Order
• For example:
◦ ً‫( َكا َن َُزيْدُقَائِمُا‬Zaid was standing)
ً‫اخلُا‬ ِ ‫وُش‬
َ ‫ُع ْمر‬
◦ َ ‫س‬
َ ‫( لَْي‬Amr was not alone)
• Inna and her sister make the noun accusative and the
predicate nominative. They are:
◦ ‫( إِ َُّن‬Truly)
◦ ُ‫( أ ََّن‬Truly)
◦ ‫( لكِ َُّن‬But/except)
◦ َُّ ‫( َكأ‬Like)
‫َن‬
◦ َُ ‫( لَْي‬Wish)
‫ت‬
◦ ‫( لَ َع َُّل‬Hope)
• For example:
◦ ُ‫َُّزيْداًُقائِم‬
َ ‫( إِن‬Truly Zaid is standing)
ِ ‫ُش‬
ُ‫اخص‬ َ ً‫ُع ْمرا‬
◦ َ ‫ت‬َ ‫( لَْي‬I wish Amr was alone)
24
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ُ ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬

the Subject and Predicate
‫المبتدأُوُالخبر‬
ُ ُ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬
ُ ‫املبتدأُوُاخلرب‬
Agents Governing
the Subject and
Predicate
ُ ‫اء‬
َُ ‫أَ ْشَي‬
Types
ِ ِ ِ ِ ْ‫ُالسمُوتَن‬
ِ
ُ‫اخلَبَ َر‬
ْ ‫َُو‬ َ ‫ُفَِإن‬:‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬
َ ‫َّهاُتَنْلبُاملْبتَ َدأ‬ َ ‫ظَنَ نْت‬ ُ‫ُوتَ ْرفَعُا ْخلَبَ َر‬
َ ‫َّهاُتَنْلبُال ْس َم‬ َ ‫إِ َّن‬
َ ‫ُفَإِن‬:‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬ ُ‫ُاخلَبَ َر‬
ْ ‫لب‬ َ ‫ُفَإِن‬:‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬
َ َ ْ ‫َّهاُتَ ْرفَع‬ َ ‫َكا َن‬
Dhanna and her sisters: Make Inna and her sisters: Make the Kana and her sister: Make the
the subject and predicate acc. noun acc. and the predicate nom. noun nom. and the predicate acc.
ُ َُ َ‫َصُب‬ ُ ‫كا َُن‬

ْ‫أ‬
Past Was
ُ ُ ِ‫لب‬ ُ ُ‫يَكون‬
ْ‫ي‬
ُِ ِ‫لِلت َّْوك‬
ُ ‫يد‬ ُ‫لِلت ََّر َّجي‬ Pres. Is
Possible ِ ‫َص‬
ُْ ََُ ‫ب‬
‫ح‬ ُ ‫ك ُْن‬
Emphasis ْ‫أ‬
ُ‫َح ِسْبت‬ ُ‫َِْس ْعت‬ Order ‫أ َْمسى‬ ُ‫اُد َام‬
َ ‫َم‬
Be!
ُ‫أ ََّن‬ ُ‫لَ َع َّل‬ َُ َ‫َصب‬

ْ‫أ‬ ُ‫ِح‬
َ ‫َماُُبَر‬
ُ‫ِخلْت‬ ُ‫َج َعلْت‬
ُ‫إِ َّن‬ ‫َضحى‬
ْ‫أ‬ ُ‫َماُفَتِ َئ‬
ُ‫ظَنَ ْنت‬ ُ‫كا َن‬
ُ‫َزعَ ْمت‬ ُ‫َّاُتَ ْذت‬ ُ‫لَكِ َّن‬ ُ‫ت‬
َ ‫لَْي‬ ُ‫ظَ َّل‬ َُّ‫َماُانْ َفك‬
َّ ‫َكأ‬
ُ‫َن‬
ُ‫ات‬
َ َ‫ب‬ ُ‫اُز َال‬
َ ‫َم‬
ُ‫َرأَيْت‬ ُ‫َو َج ْدت‬
ُ‫الستِ ْد َر ِاك‬ِ ُ‫َّم َّن‬
ْ ‫ل‬ َ ‫للت‬ ُ‫س‬
ُ‫َعلِ ْمت‬ ُ‫ص َار‬
َ َ ‫لَْي‬
ْ ‫لِلت‬
ُ ‫َّشبِي ُِه‬
Correction Impossible
Comparison
ُ‫َُّزيْداًُقائِم‬
َ ‫إِن‬ ِ ‫ُش‬
ُ ُ‫اخص‬ َ ً‫ُع ْمرا‬
َ ‫ت‬َ ‫لَْي‬
Truly Zaid is standing I wish Amr was alone
ِ ‫ُش‬
ُ ً‫اخلُا‬ َ ً‫ُع ْمرا‬ ِ
َ ‫خلْت‬ ُ ً‫ُزيْداًُمْنظَلِقُا‬
َ ‫ظَنَ ْنت‬ ً‫َكا َن َُزيْدُقَائِمُا‬ ِ ‫وُش‬
ُ ً‫اخلُا‬ َ ‫ُع ْمر‬
َ ‫لَْيس‬ َ
I thought Amr was alone I thought Zaid left Zaid was standing Amr was not alone
25
ْ ‫َن ُلِلت‬
ُ،‫َّشبِ ِيه‬ َّ ‫ُوَكأ‬ ِ ِ ِ‫ ُولكِ َّن ُل‬،‫يد‬
َ ،‫الست ْد َراك‬
ْ
ِِ ِ
َ ‫ُوأ ََّن ُللت َّْوك‬
ِ
َ ‫َوَم ْعىن ُإ َّن‬
• ُ‫ إِ َُّن & أ ََّن‬are for emphasis. ِ
ُ .‫َّوقَّ ِع‬
َ ‫ُولَ َع َّلُللت ََّر َّجيُ َوالت‬،
َ ‫َّم َّن‬
َ ‫تُللت‬َ ‫َولَْي‬
• ‫ لكِ َُّن‬is for correction.
ُ
• َُّ ‫ َكأ‬is for comparison.
‫َن‬ ِ
ُ‫ُعلَىُأَنَّه َما‬
َ ‫َُوا ْخلَبَ َر‬
َ ‫َّهاُتَ ْنلبُاملْبتَ َدأ‬ َ ‫ُفَإِن‬،‫ُوأَ َخ َوات َها‬َ ‫َوأ ََّماُظَنَ ْنت‬
• ُ‫ت‬ َ ‫ لَْي‬is for wishing for the impossible. ِ ،‫ ُوح ِسبت‬،‫ ُظَنَ نْت‬:‫ُوهي‬ ِ ِ
ُ،‫ُوَزعَ ْمت‬ َ ،‫ُوخلْت‬ َ ْ ََ َ ،‫َم ْفعولَن ُ َهلَا‬
• ‫ لَ َع َُّل‬is for hoping for the possible. َِ ،‫ ُوجعلْت‬،‫ ُو َّاُتَ ْذت‬،‫ ُووج ْدت‬،‫ ُوعلِمت‬،‫ورأَيت‬
ُ‫ُوْس ْعت؛‬ ََ َ َ َ ََ ْ ََ ْ ََ
ِ ِ ِ ِ
• Dhanna and her sisters make the subject and the predicate َُ ‫ُوَماُأَ ْشبَهَُذل‬،
‫ك‬ َ ً‫ُشاخلا‬ َ ً‫طَلقُا‬
َ ً‫ُوخلْتُعَ ْمرا‬، ُ ُْ‫ُظَنَ نْت َُزيْداًُمن‬:‫تَقول‬
accusative as they are both objects of them. They are:
◦ ُ‫( ظَنَ ْنت‬I thought)
◦ ُ ‫( َح ِسْب‬I thought)
‫ت‬
◦ ُ‫( ِخلْت‬I thought)
◦ ُ‫( َز َع ْمت‬I thought)
◦ ُ ْ‫( َرأَي‬I saw)
‫ت‬
◦ ُ‫( َعلِ ْمت‬I knew)
◦ ُ‫( َو َج ْدت‬I found)
◦ ُ‫( َّاُتَ ْذت‬I made)
◦ ُ ْ‫( َج َعل‬I made)
‫ت‬
◦ ُ‫( َِْس ْعت‬I heard)
• For example:
◦ ً‫( ظَنَ ْنت َُزيْداًُمُْن ُطَلِقُا‬I thought Zaid left)
ً‫اخلُا‬ ِ ‫ُش‬ َ ً‫ُع ْمرا‬ ِ
◦ َ ‫( خ ْلت‬I thought Amr was alone)
26
CHAPTER 11: Adjectives ‫النعت‬
‫النعت‬
ُ
Adjectives
ِ ‫النَّعتُتَابِعُلِلْمنْ ع‬
ُ :‫وتُيف‬ َ ْ
Adjectives imitate what they describe in being:
ُِ‫فضه‬
ِ ‫خ‬
َ ُ‫لبِ ِه‬
ْ َ‫ن‬ ‫َرفْعُِِه‬
Gen. Acc. Nom.
‫النَّكَِرُة‬ ِ‫تَنْكِ ِريُه‬ ِ ‫تَع ِر‬

ُ ِ‫يفُه‬ ‫امل ْع ِرفَُة‬
ْ َ
Indefinite nouns Indefinite Definite Definite nouns
ُ‫ُُُُ ََْنو‬For example
ُ ُ‫ْعاقِل‬
َ ‫قاََم َُزيْدُال‬
Intelligent Zaid ُ‫ض َمر‬ ِ
ْ ‫ال ْسمُامل‬
stood up
)‫ت‬َ ْ‫اُوأَن‬
َ َ‫(أَن‬
ُ‫َرأَيْت َُزيْداًُال َْعاقِ َل‬
Personal pronouns
ُ I saw intelligent Zaid (I, you)
ُ َُ‫س ُهُل‬ِ ِ
ُ ‫ُشائِ ٍع ُِيفُجُْن‬
ِ َ ‫ُاس ٍم‬ ُ‫َمَرْرتُبَِزيْ ِد ٍَُال َُْعاقِ ِل‬ ‫ال ْسمُال َْعَل ُم‬ ُِ
ْ ‫ك ُّل‬
ُ ُ‫ُوتَ ْق ِريبه‬، ِ ‫صُبِِه‬ I passed by )‫َ(زيْ ٍد َُوَم َّك َة‬
َ ‫ُآخَر‬ َ ‫ُواحدُدو َن‬ َ ُّ َ‫ُيَْت‬ intelligent Zaid Proper names
ِ ِ
َ ‫ُوالَّالَِم‬
ُ ُ،‫ُعلَْيه‬ ِ
َ ‫اُصلَ َ ُدخولُاْألَلف‬ َ ‫ُم‬ َ ‫ك ُّل‬ (Zaid, Mecca)
ُِ ‫ُوالْ َفَر‬
‫س‬ َ ‫ُالرج ِل‬
َّ ‫ََنْو‬ ِ
‫ال ْسمُاملْب َه ُم‬
ِ ‫ُوهؤ‬،‫هذ ِه‬
)‫لء‬ ِ ‫(ه َذ‬
All nouns that describe a general َ ‫ُو‬،‫ا‬ َ
category and do not refer to only Demonstrative pronouns
some within a category to the (This)
exclusion of others. Also, all ُ ‘‫ال ْسمُالَّ ِذيُفِ ِيهُ’ال‬
ِ
nouns to which it is proper to ُ )‫(الرج ِل َُوالْغالَِم‬
َّ
attach the definite article, for
Nouns with the def. article
example: the man, (The man, the boy)
the horse.
ُ ُ‫ىل‬ َ ‫َماُأ ِض‬
َُ ِ‫يفُإ‬
ُ ُِ‫ُهذ ِهُاأل َْربَ َعة‬
ِ ‫و ِاح ٍد ُِمن‬
ْ َ
That in conjunction with
the above four
27
CHAPTER 11: Adjectives ُ‫النعت‬

Adjectives imitate what they describe in being nominative, ُ
accusative or genitive, and in being definite or indefinite. For ُِ‫ُوتَ ْع ِر ِيفه‬ ِِ
َ ،‫ُو َخفضه‬
ِ ِ َ‫وت ُيف ُرفْعِ ِه ُون‬
َ ‫لبه‬ ْ َ َ
ِ ‫ ُتَاُبِع ُلِْلمْن ع‬:ُ‫َّعت‬
َ ْ ‫الن‬
example: ِ ِ ِِ ِ
ُ‫ُوَمَرْرت‬، َ ‫ُوَرأَيْت َُزيْدُاًُال َْعاق َل‬،
َ ‫ُقاََم َُزيْد ُال َْعاقل‬:‫َوتَ ْنكريه؛ُتَقول‬
• ُ‫ْعاقِل‬
َ ‫( قاََم َُزيْدُال‬Intelligent Zaid stood up) ُ .‫بَِزيْ ٍُدُال َْعاقِ ِل‬
• ُ‫( َرأَيْت َُزيْداًُالْعَاقِ َل‬I saw intelligent Zaid)
ُ
• ‫( َمَرْرتُبَِزيْ ٍُدُال َْعاقِ ُِل‬I passed by intelligent Zaid)
ِ :‫اء‬ َُ َ‫الم ْع ِرفَة ُ َخ ْم َسة ُأَ ْشي‬
ُ،‫ت‬َُ ْ‫ُوأَن‬
َ ‫ ُأَنَا‬:‫َُنو‬
َْ ‫ض َمر‬ ْ ‫ُال ْسم ُامل‬ َ ‫َو‬
ُ،‫ ُه َذا‬:‫َُنو‬ ِ ٍ
َّ ‫ َُزيْد‬:‫َُنو‬ ِ‫و‬
Definite nouns are of five types: َْ ‫ُوال ْسم ُاملْب َهم‬ َ ،‫ُوَمك َة‬َ َْ ‫ال ْسم ُال َْعلَم‬ َ
• ُ‫ض َمر‬ ِ (Personal pronouns), for example:
ْ ‫ال ْسمُامل‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ َّ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ِ
ُ‫ُالرجل‬
َّ :‫َُنْو‬ َ ‫ُوالالَّم‬
َ ‫ُوال ْسم ُالذي ُفيه ُاألَلف‬، َ ‫ُوهؤلء‬، َ ‫َوهذه‬
◦ ‫( أَنَا‬I) ِ ِ ِ ِ
ُ .‫ُواحدُم ْنُهذهُاأل َْربَ َعة‬ٍ ِ ِ
ِ َ ‫ُوَماُأض‬،‫والْغالَِم‬
َ ‫يفُإ َىل‬ َ َ
◦ ‫ت‬ َُ ْ‫( أَن‬You (m)) ُ
• ُ‫ال ْسمُال َْعلَم‬ِ (Proper names), for example: ِ ‫ص ُبِِه ُو‬ ِ
ِ ُِ ‫ُشائِ ٍع ُِيف ُجُْن‬ ِ
ُ‫احد ُدو َن‬ َ ُّ َ‫س ُه ُلَ ُُيَْت‬ َ ‫اس ٍم‬ْ ُ ‫ُُك ُّل‬:ُ‫والنَّك َرة‬
◦ ‫( َزيْ ٍُد‬Zaid) ِِ
َْ ،‫ُعلَْي ِه‬
ُ‫َُنو‬ َ ‫ُوالَّالَِم‬
َ ‫ُصلَ َ ُدخول ُاْألَلف‬ َ ‫ُما‬ َ ‫ُوتَ ْق ِريبه ُك ُّل‬
َ ،‫آخَر‬َ
◦ ‫( َم َّك َُة‬Mecca) ُ .‫ُوالْ َفَر ِس‬ ِ
ِ (Demonstrative pronouns), for example: َ ‫الر‬
‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ َّ
• ُ‫ال ْسمُاملْب َهم‬
◦ ‫( ه َذا‬This (m))
◦ ‫هذ ُِه‬ ِ (This(f))
◦ ‫لء‬ ُِ ‫( هؤ‬These)
ُ‫ُوالالَّم‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ َّ ِ
• َ ‫( ال ْسم ُالذيُفيه ُاألَلف‬Nouns with the definite article), for
example:
◦ ‫الرج ُِل‬
َّ (The man)
◦ ‫( الْغالَُِم‬The boy)
• ِ ‫اح ٍد ُِمن‬
‫ُهذهِ ُاأل َْربَ َع ُِة‬ ِ ‫( ما ُأ ِضيف ُإِ َىل ُو‬That in conjunction with the
ْ َ َ َ
above four)
Indefinite nouns are that which describe a general category, and

do not refer to only some within a category to the exclusion of
others. Also, all nouns to which it is proper to attach the definite
article, for example:
• ‫ل‬ ُِ ‫الرج‬
َّ (the man)
• ُ‫( الْ َفَر ِس‬the horse)
28
CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions ‫ال َْعطْف‬
‫الْ َعطْف‬
Conjunctions
ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ
ُ‫َح َّّت‬ َُ‫ل‬ ‫إِ َّما‬ ُ‫أ َْم‬ ُ َّ‫ُث‬ ُ‫ال َْواو‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ
‫لكِن‬ ُ‫بَ ْل‬ ُ‫أ َْو‬ ُ‫الْ َفاء‬
: ‫اُعلَى‬ ِ ‫إِنَُّعطَ ْف‬

َ َ‫تُِب‬
َ َ
If you connect with
them to:
ُ‫ت‬ ٍ ٍ ‫َمَْف‬ ٍ ‫منْل‬

َ ‫ُجَزْم‬
َ ‫َمَْزوم‬ ُ‫ت‬
َ‫ض‬ْ ‫ُخ َف‬
َ ‫وض‬ ُ‫ت‬
َ ‫ُنلْب‬
َ ‫وب‬ َ ُ‫ت‬
َ ‫وع َُرفَ ْع‬
ٍ ‫َمَرف‬
a juss., the word a gen., the word an acc., the word a nom., the word
connected is juss. connected is gen. connected is acc. connected is nom.
ُ‫ُوَلُْيَ ْقع ْد‬ ‫َمَرْرتُبَِزيْ ٍُدُ َو َع ْمٍُرو‬ ً‫ُو َُع ْمرُا‬

َ ً‫َرأَيْت َُزيْدا‬ ‫ُو َع ْمرو‬
َ ‫قام َُزيْد‬
َ ‫َزيْدُ ََلُْيَق ْم‬ َ
Zaid did not sit, nor I passed by I saw Zaid Zaid and
did he stand Zaid and Amr and Amr Amr stood
29
CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions ‫ال َْعطْف‬

The particles of conjunction are ten, they are:
• ُ‫( ال َْواو‬And)
ُ :‫ُو ِه َي‬، ِ
َ ُ‫وحروفُالْعَطْفُعَ َش َرة‬ َ
ُ‫ُو َح َّّت‬،‫ن‬ ِ ِ ‫ُوأ َْم‬،‫ُوأ َْو‬،َّ‫ُو ُث‬،‫ُوالْ َفاء‬،‫الْواو‬
• ُ ‫( الْ َف‬Then/So)
‫اء‬ َ ‫ُولَك‬، َ َ‫ُول‬، َ ‫ُوبَ ْل‬،‫ا‬َ ‫ُوإ َّم‬،
َ َ َ َ َ َ
ِ ‫ضُاملو‬
ُ .‫اض ِع‬ ِ
• َّ‫( ُث‬Then/Later) ََ ‫يفُبَ ْع‬
• ‫( أ َُْو‬Or) ُ
ُ،‫ت‬ ٍ ‫ُعلَىُمْنل‬ ِ ‫فَإِنَُّعطَ ْف‬
• ‫( أ َُْم‬Either... or) َ ‫ُنلْب‬
َ ‫وب‬ َ َ ‫ُأ َْو‬،‫ت‬ َ ‫ىُمَرفو ٍع َُرفَ ْع‬
َ َ‫اُعل‬ َ َ‫تُِب‬ َ َ
ُ‫ُقام‬: ٍ ٍ ‫ُعلَىَُمَْف‬
• ‫( إِ َّما‬Either) َ ‫ُتَقول‬،‫ت‬ َ ‫ىَُمزوم ُ َجَزْم‬ َْ َ‫ُعل‬َ ‫ُأ َْو‬،‫ت‬ َ‫ض‬ ْ ‫ُخ َف‬َ ‫وض‬ َ ‫أ َْو‬
ٍ ِ
• ‫( بَ ُْل‬Rather) َ ‫ُوَمَرْرت ُبَزيْ ُد ُ َو َع ْمٍُر‬،
ُْ‫ُوَزيْد ُ ََل‬،‫و‬ َ ً‫ُو َع ْمرا‬َ ً‫ُوَرأَيْت َُزيْدا‬،‫و‬
َ ‫ُو َع ْمر‬ َ ‫َزيْد‬
ُ .‫ُوَلُْيَ ْقع ْد‬
َ ‫يَق ْم‬
• َ‫( ُل‬Not)
• ‫( ُلَكِن‬But)
• َُّ ‫( َح‬Until) in some instances
‫ّت‬
If you connect a word with them to a nominative word, the

connected word is also nominative.
If you connect a word with them to an accusative word, the

connected word is also accusative.
If you connect a word with them to a genitive word, the

connected word is also genitive.
If you connect a word with them to a jussive word, the

connected word is also jussive.
For example:
• ‫ُو َع ْمرو‬
َ ‫قام َُزيْد‬
َ (Zaid and Amr stood)
• ً‫ُو َع ْمرُا‬
َ ً‫( َرأَيْت َُزيْدا‬I saw Zaid and Amr)
• ‫( َمَرْرتُبَِزيْ ٍُدُ َو َع ْمٍُرو‬I passed by Zaid and Amr)
• ‫ُوَلُْيَ ْقع ُْد‬
َ ‫( َزيْدُ ََلُْيَق ْم‬Zaid did not sit, nor did he stand)
30
CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative ‫التوكيد‬
‫التوكيد‬
The Corroborative
ُ‫ُوتَ ْع ِر ِيف ِه‬ ِِ

َ ‫ُو َخ ْفضه‬
ِ ِ َ‫ُهوُتَابعُلِْلم َؤَّك ِدُيفُرفْعِ ِهُون‬
َ ‫لبه‬ ْ َ َ َ
The corroboratives imitate the corroborated
in nom., acc., gen., and definiteness
ُ‫ََجَع‬
ْ‫أ‬ ُ‫ك ُّل‬ ُ‫ي‬
ُ ْ ‫ال َْع‬ ُ ُ‫النَّ ْفس‬
Appositives
‫تَ َوابِ ُع‬ All All Self Self
ُ‫أَ ْكتَع‬
ُ‫أَبْتَع‬
ُ‫َرأَيْتُالْ َق ْوَمُكلَّه ْم‬ ُ ُ‫ُزيْدُنَ ْفسه‬
َ ‫قام‬
َ
I saw the entire Zaid himself
ُ‫لع‬
َ ْ‫أَب‬ community stood up
ُ‫ي‬ ِ ْ ‫مررتُبِالْ َقوِمُأ‬

َ ‫ََجَع‬ ْ ََْ
I passed by the entire
community
31
CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative ‫التوكيد‬

The corroboratives imitate the corroborated in being nominative,
ُ .‫ُوتَ ْع ِر ِيف ِه‬ ِِ ِ ِ َ‫ُتَابعُلِلْم َؤَّك ِدُيفُرفْعِ ِهُون‬:ُ‫التَّوكِيد‬
accusative or genitive, and being definite. This is with certain َ ‫ُو َخ ْفضه‬َ ‫لُبه‬ ْ َ َ ْ
known words, which are: ُ
• ُ‫( النَّ ْفس‬Self) ٍ ‫اظ ُمعل‬ ٍ
ُ،‫ََجَع‬ْ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ،‫ُوك ُّل‬ َ ،‫ُوال َْع ْي‬
َ ،‫ ُالنَّ ْفس‬:‫هي‬ َ ‫ُو‬َ ،‫ومة‬َ ْ َ ‫َويَكو ُبِأَلْ َف‬
• ُ‫( ال َْع ْي‬Self) ُ‫ُقام َُزيْد‬ ِ ،‫ََجع‬ ِ
َ :‫ ُتَقول‬،‫لع‬ َ ْ‫ُوأَب‬
َ ،‫ُوأَبْتَع‬
َ ،‫ ُأَ ْكَتع‬:‫ُوه َي‬ َ َ َ ْ ‫َوتَ َوابع ُأ‬
• ‫( ك ُُّل‬All) ُ .‫ي‬ ِ ْ ‫ُومررتُُبِالْ َقوِمُأ‬،‫ُورأَيتُالْ َقومُكلَّهم‬،‫نَ ْفسه‬
َ ‫ََجَع‬ ْ ََْ َ ْ َ ْ ْ ََ
• ُ‫ََجَع‬
ْ ‫( أ‬All) and the appositives of ُ‫ََجَع‬
ْ ‫أ‬, which are:
◦ ‫أَ ْكتَ ُع‬
◦ ُ‫أَبْتَع‬
◦ ُ‫لع‬
َ ْ‫ُأَب‬
For example:
• ُ‫ُزيْدُنَ ْفسه‬
َ ‫قام‬
َ (Zaid himself stood up)
• ُ‫( َرأَيْتُالْ َق ْوَمُكلَّه ْم‬I saw the entire community)
• ‫ي‬ ْ ‫( َمَرْرتُبِالْ َق ْوِمُأ‬I passed by the entire community)
َُ ِ‫ََجَع‬
32
CHAPTER 14: The Permutative ‫البدل‬
ُ ‫البدل‬
The Permutative
َِ ‫إِ َذاُأب ِد َلُاسم ُِم ِنُاس ٍمُأَوُفِعل ُِمنُفِع ٍلُتَبِعه ُِيف‬

ُ‫َُجي ِعُإِ ْعَرابِِه‬ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ
The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another noun,
or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its inflection
ُ ُ‫سامُه‬
َ ْ‫أَق‬
Its types
ُ‫الْغَلَ ِط‬ ِ ِ‫ال ْشت‬

ُ‫مال‬ ِ
ُ‫ض ُِم َنُالْك َّل‬
ِ ‫الْبَ ْع‬ ُ‫َّي ِء‬
ُْ ‫الش ْي ِء ُِم َنُالش‬
َ
Correction of Specific from a One thing for
Part of a whole
an error general another
ُ‫س‬
َ ‫َرأَيْت َُزيْداًُالْ َفَر‬ ُ‫نَ َف َع ِن َُزيْدُعِلْمه‬ ُ‫يفُث لثَه‬ِ َّ ‫أَ َكلْت‬
َ ‫ُالرغ‬
ُ‫وك‬
َ ‫قام َُزيْدُأَخ‬
َ
I saw Zaid, (I Zaid benefited I ate a loaf of Zaid stood,
mean) the me, (with) his bread, a third your brother
horse knowledge of it
33
CHAPTER 14: The Permutative ُ ‫البدل‬

The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another ُ
noun, or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its َِ ‫إِ َذاُأب ِد َلُاسم ُِم ِنُاس ٍمُأَوُفِعل ُِمنُفِع ٍلُتَبِعه ُِيف‬
ُ .‫َُجي ِعُإِ ْعَرابِِه‬ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ
inflection. It is of four types, which are:
ُ
• ‫َّي ُِء‬
ُ ‫الشي ِء ُِم َنُالش‬
َ (One thing for another)
ْ ْ ُ :ُ‫ْسام‬
• ِ ِ
‫( الْبَ ْعضُم َنُالْك َُّل‬Part of a whole) َ ‫َوه َوُأ ََربَعَةُأَق‬
ُ‫ُوبَ َدل‬ ِ ِ ‫ُوبَ َدل ُالْبَ ْع‬ ِ ُْ ‫ُالش ْي ِء ُِم َن ُالش‬
• ُِ ِ‫ال ْشت‬
‫مال‬ ِ (Specific from a general) َ ،‫ض ُم َن ُالْك َّل‬ َ ،‫َّي ُء‬ َ ‫بَ َدل‬
ِ َ ‫ُوبدل ُالْغلَ ِط‬،‫مال‬
• ُِ َ‫( الْغَل‬Correction of an error)
‫ط‬
ُ‫ُوأَ َُك ْلت‬،
َ ‫وك‬ َ ‫ُقام َُزيْد ُأَخ‬:
َ ‫ك‬ َ ‫َُنْو ُقَ ْول‬، َ َ َ َ ِ ِ‫ال ْشت‬ ِ
ِ ِ َّ
ُ‫تُأَ ْن‬
َ ‫ُأ ََرْد‬،‫س‬ َ ‫ُونَ َف َع ِن َُزيْدُعلْمه‬،‫يفُث لثَه‬
َ ‫ُوَرأَيْت َُزيْداًُالْ َفَر‬، َ ‫الرغ‬
ُ .‫ْت َُزيْداً ُِمْنه‬ ِ ‫ُالْ َفر‬:‫ول‬
For example: َ ‫سُفَغَلطْتُفَأَبْ َدل‬ َ َ َ ‫تَق‬
• ‫وك‬ َُ ‫قام َُزيْدُأَخ‬
َ (Zaid stood, your brother) ُ
‫يفُث لثَُه‬ ِ َّ ‫( أَ َكلْت‬I ate a loaf of bread, a third of it)
• َ ‫ُالرغ‬
• ُ‫( نَ َف َع ِن َُزيْدُعِلْمه‬Zaid benefited me, (with) his knowledge)
• ُ‫س‬
َ ‫( َرأَيْت َُزيْداًُالْ َفَر‬I saw Zaid, (I mean) the horse)
◦ You intended to say ‘the horse’, but you mistakenly
said ‘Zaid’.
34
CHAPTER 15: Accusative Nouns ‫منصوباتُاألسماء‬
‫منلوباتُاألْساء‬
Parts of Speech
in Accusative
َ‫اسمُ ُل‬
ْ ِ ‫الت‬
ُ‫َّمْييِز‬ ُ‫احلَال‬ ِ ‫ظَرفُامل‬
ُ‫كان‬ ِ ‫ُالزم‬
ُ‫ان‬ ُ‫امل ْفعولُبِِه‬
Noun ُ‫امل ْستَثْ َىن‬ Circum- َ ْ َ َّ ‫ظَْرف‬ ُ ُ‫ل َدر‬
ْ َ‫امل‬ َ
Specifying Place Time Direct
Negated Exception stantial Infinitive
Element Qualifier Qualifier Object
by la Qualifier
ِ ‫التَّابعُلِلْمْنل‬
ُ‫وب‬
ُ
‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬
َ ‫َُّوأ‬ ِ ْ ‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬
َ ُ ‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬ َ ‫اسمُإن‬ َ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ‫َخبَ رُ َكا َن‬ ُ‫ُم َعه‬
َ ‫املَْفعول‬ ُ‫َجلِ ِه‬ ِ
ْ ‫املَْفعولُم ْنُأ‬
Appositions َ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ‫َم ْفعُولُظَنَ نْت‬ Subject of Predicate of Object of ‫ادى‬
َ َ‫املن‬
Two Subjects of Object of Vocation
to an Inna & Kana & Accom-
Dhanna & Sisters Reason
Accusative Sisters Sisters paniment
ُ‫َّعت‬
ْ ‫الن‬ ُ ُ‫ْعطْف‬
َ ‫ال‬ ُ‫الت َّْوكِيد‬ ُ‫الْبَ َدل‬
Adjective Conjunctive Corroborative Permutative
35
CHAPTER 15: Parts of Speech in Accusative ُ ‫منصوباتُاألسماء‬

The accusatives are fifteen, they are: ُ
• ‫( امل ْفعولُبُِِه‬The Direct Object) ِِ ِ ،‫ُع َش ُر‬
ُ،‫ل َدر‬ ْ َ‫ُوامل‬
َ ،‫ ُاملَْفعول ُبه‬:‫ُوه َي‬ َ َ َ ‫الم ْنصوبَات ُ َخ ْم َس َة‬ َُ
َ ِ ‫ ُوالت‬،‫ ُواحلال‬،‫كان‬ ِ ‫ان ُوظَرف ُامل‬ ِ َّ ‫وظَرف‬
• ‫ل َد ُر‬ ْ َ‫( امل‬The Infinitive) ُ،‫ ُوامل ْستَثْ َىن‬،ُ‫َّمْييِز‬ َ َ َ ْ َ ‫ُالزَم‬ ْ َ
ِ ِ ِ َ
• ُِ ‫ُالزَم‬
‫ان‬ َّ ‫( ظَْرف‬The Time Qualifier) ُُ‫ُو َخبَ ر‬، ‫ه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ُم‬ ‫ول‬
َ َ َ َْ َ ْ ْ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫امل‬
‫ُو‬، ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫َج‬‫أ‬ُ ‫ن‬ ‫ُم‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬
ْ َ َ َ َ َ ‫اس‬
‫امل‬
‫ُو‬،‫ى‬ ‫اد‬‫ن‬‫امل‬
‫ُو‬، ‫ل‬ ُ ‫م‬ ْ ‫َو‬
َ
• ُِ ‫( ظَْرفُامل‬The Place Qualifier)
‫كان‬ ُ‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬
َ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ‫ُم ْفعول ُظَنَ نْت‬
ِ ‫ ُواسم ُإِ َّن ُوأ‬،‫َكا َن ُوأَخو ِاِتَا‬
َ ،‫َخ َواِتَا‬
َ َ َْ ََ َ
َ
• ُ‫( احلَال‬The Circumstantial Qualifier) ُ،ُ‫ُوال َْعطْف‬ َ ، ‫ت‬ ‫َّع‬
‫ُالن‬ : ‫اء‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬
ْ َ َ ْ َ َْ َ ََ‫أ‬ُ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬
‫َر‬‫أ‬ُ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ُو‬ ، ِ
‫وب‬ ‫ل‬ ْ َ ْ‫َوالتَّابع ُلِل‬
‫ن‬‫م‬
ُ‫َّمْييِز‬ ِ ‫( الت‬The Specifying Element) ُ .‫ُوالْبَ َدل‬، ِ
• َ ‫َُوالت َّْوكيد‬
• َُ ْ‫( امل ْستَث‬Exception)
‫ىن‬
• َ‫اسمُ ُل‬ ْ (The Noun Negated by la)
• ‫ادى‬ َ َ‫( املن‬Vocation)
• ِ‫( امل ْفعول ُِمنُأَجلِ ُه‬The Object of Reason)
ْ ْ َ
• ُ‫ُم َعه‬ َ ‫ول‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬
ْ ‫امل‬ (The Object of Accompaniment)
ِ َ
• ‫َخ َواِتَا‬َ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ‫( َخبَ رُ َكا َن‬The Predicate of Kana and her Sisters)
• ‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬
َ ‫َُّوأ‬ ِ ُْ (The Subject of Inna and her Sisters)
َ ‫اسمُإن‬
• ‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬
َ ‫ُوأ‬
َ ‫(ُ َم ْفعول ُظَنَ ْنت‬The Two Subjects of Dhanna and her
Sisters)
• ِ ‫( التَّابع ُلِْلمنْل‬The Appositions to an Accusative), which are
ُ‫وب‬ َ
of four types:
◦ ُ‫َّعت‬
ْ ‫( الن‬The Adjective)
◦ ُ‫( ال َُْعطْف‬The Conjunctive)
◦ ُ‫( الت َّْوِكيد‬The Corroborative)
◦ ُ‫( الْبَ َدل‬The Permutative)
36
‫‪CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object‬‬ ‫المفعولُبه‬
‫املفعولُبه ُ‬
‫‪The Direct‬‬
‫‪Object‬‬
‫ُال ْسمُاملْنلوبُالَّذيُيَ َقعُبِِهُال ِْف ْعلُ ُ‬

‫هو ِ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫‪It is an accusative noun that is‬‬
‫ضَربْت َُزيْدُاً‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪the object of a verb’s action‬‬
‫‪I hit Zaid‬‬
‫َركِْبتُالْ َفَر َُ‬
‫سُ‬
‫‪I mounted the‬‬ ‫قِ ْس َم ُِ‬
‫ان ُ‬
‫‪horse‬‬ ‫‪Its two types‬‬
‫ظَ ِ‬
‫اه ُر‬ ‫ض َمرُ‬
‫مْ‬
‫‪Explicit‬‬ ‫‪Implicit‬‬
‫‪ - Plural‬جمع‬ ‫‪ - Dual‬مثنى‬ ‫‪ - Single‬مفرد‬
‫ضَربَنَا‬ ‫ضَر ِبنُ‬ ‫متكلمُمذكرُ‪ُ/‬مؤنث ُ‬

‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪1st‬‬ ‫‪person masc/fem‬‬
‫ضَربَك ْمُ‬ ‫ضربَك َما‬ ‫كُ‬ ‫مخاطبُمذكر ُ‬

‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ضَربَ َ‬
‫َ‬
‫‪2nd person masc‬‬
‫ضَربَك َّنُ‬ ‫ضربَك َما‬ ‫ك َُِ‬
‫ضرب ِ‬ ‫مخاطبُمؤنث‬ ‫‪Connected‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ََ‬ ‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪person fem‬‬ ‫مت ِ‬
‫َّللُ‬
‫ضَربَه ْمُ‬ ‫ضَربَه َما‬ ‫ضَربَُه‬ ‫غائبُمذكر‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪3rd person masc‬‬
‫ضَربَه َّنُ‬ ‫ضَربَه َما‬ ‫ضَرَِبا‬ ‫غائبُمؤنث‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪3rd‬‬ ‫‪person fem‬‬
‫‪ - Plural‬جمع‬ ‫‪ - Dual‬مثنى‬ ‫‪ – Single‬مفرد‬ ‫قِ ْس َم ُِ‬

‫ان ُ‬
‫‪Its two types‬‬
‫إِيَّانَا‬ ‫ايُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫متكلمُمذكرُ‪ُ/‬مؤنث‬
‫إيَّ َ‬ ‫‪1st person masc/fem‬‬
‫إِيَّاك ْمُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫مخاطبُمذكر ُ‬
‫اكما‬
‫إيَّ َ‬ ‫إِيَّ َ‬
‫اكُ‬
‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪person masc‬‬
‫إِيَّاك َّنُ‬ ‫اكما‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫إِيَّ ِ‬ ‫مخاطبُمؤنث‬ ‫مْن َُف ِ‬
‫إيَّ َ‬ ‫اكُ‬
‫‪2nd person fem‬‬
‫ل ُل‬
‫‪Unconnected‬‬
‫إِيَّاهُ ْمُ‬ ‫إِيَّاُهَا‬ ‫إِيَّاهُ‬ ‫غائبُمذكر‬
‫‪3rd person masc‬‬
‫إِيَّاه َّنُ‬ ‫إِيَّاهُ ْمُ‬ ‫غائبُمؤنث‬
‫إِيَّ َ‬
‫اها‬
‫‪3rd person fem‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object ‫المفعولُبه‬

It is an accusative noun that is the object of a verbs action, for
example: ُ،ً‫ُضَربْت َُزيْدا‬: َْ ‫ُال ْسمُاملْنلوبُالَّذيُيَ َقعُبِِهُال ِْف ْعل‬:
َ ‫َُنو‬، ِ ‫وهو‬
َ َ
َ ِ
• ً‫ُزيْدُا‬
َ ‫ضَربْت‬ ُ .‫س‬
َ (I hit Zaid) َ َ َ ْ ْ‫َوَرك‬
‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬‫ُا‬‫ت‬‫ب‬
ُ‫س‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ
• َ ‫( َركْبتُالْ َفَر‬I mounted the horse) ُ .‫ض َمر‬ ْ ‫ُوم‬،
َ ‫ُظَاهر‬:‫وهوُق ْس َمان‬
ُ
Direct objects are of two types, explicit and implicit. Examples of
ِ ِ
the explicit include what has already been mentioned. َ ‫فَالظَّاهرُُ َماُتَ َقد‬
ُ .‫َّمُذ ْكره‬
ُ
The implicit is of two types, connected and unconnected.
ِ ‫ُومْن َف‬،‫َّلل‬ ِ ‫ُمت‬:‫ضمرُُقِسمِان‬
• The connected are twelve, they are: ُ .‫لل‬ َ َ ْ َ ْ ‫َوالم‬
ُ ِ ‫ضَر‬
◦ ‫بن‬ ِ ،‫َّلل ُاثْناَ ُعشر‬ ِ ‫فَالْمت‬
َ (He hit me) ُ،‫ك‬
َُ َ‫ضَرب‬َ ‫ُو‬
َ ،‫ضَربَنَا‬ َ ،‫ُضَر ِبن‬
َ ‫ُو‬ َ :‫ُوه َي‬ َ ََ َ
◦ ‫ضَربَنَا‬ ُ،‫ضَرَِبا‬
َ ‫ُو‬، ِِ َ‫و‬
َ (He hit us) َ ‫ضَربَه‬
َ ‫ُو‬،َ ‫كن‬ َّ َ‫ضَرب‬
َ ‫ُو‬،
َ ‫ضَربَك ْم‬ َ ‫ُو‬،‫ا‬
َ ‫ضَربَك َم‬ َ ‫ُو‬،
َ َُ ‫ضَربَك‬ َ
◦ َُ َ‫ضَرب‬
‫ك‬ َ (He hit you (m)) ُ .‫ضَربَه َّن‬ ‫ُو‬، ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ُو‬،‫ا‬
ُ
َ َ ْ ََ َ َ َ ََ َ َ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬
‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬
◦ َُِ ‫ك‬ ِ ‫ضرب‬ ُِ َّ‫ُوإِي‬
ُ،‫اك‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ََ َ (He hit you (f)) َ َ َّ َ َ َّ َ َ َّ َ َ ،‫ُع َشَر‬
، ُ
‫اك‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ُو‬ ،‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ُو‬ ، ‫اي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إ‬ُ : ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ُو‬ َ ‫َواملْن َفلل ُاثْنَا‬
◦ ‫ضربَك َما‬ َ (He hit you two) ُ،‫ُوإِيَّاه ْم‬ ِ ،‫اها‬
َ ،‫ُوإيَّاُهَا‬
َ َ َّ‫ُوإي‬
ِ ،‫ ُوإِيَّاه‬،‫ ُوإِيَّاك َّن‬،‫ ُوإِيَّاكم‬،‫وإِيَّاكما‬
َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ
◦ ‫ضَربَك ُْم‬ َ (He hit you all (m or m/f)) ُ .‫َوإِيَّاه َّن‬
◦ َُّ َ‫ضَرب‬
‫كن‬ َ (He hit you all (f))
◦ ُ‫ضَربَه‬ َ (He hit him)
◦ ‫ضَرَِبا‬ َ (He hit her)
◦ ‫ضَربَه َما‬ َ (He hit them two)
◦ ‫ضَربَه ُْم‬ َ (He hit then them all (m or m/f))
◦ ‫ضَربَه َُّن‬
َ (He hit them all (f))
• The unconnected are twelve, they are:
◦ َُ َّ‫( إِي‬Only me)
‫اي‬
◦ ‫( إِيَّانَا‬Only us)
◦ َُ َّ‫( إِي‬Only you (m))
‫اك‬
◦ ُِ َّ‫( إِي‬Only you (f))
‫اك‬
‫اكما‬ ِ
◦ َ َّ‫( إي‬Only you two)
◦ ‫( إِيَّاك ُْم‬Only you all (m of m/f))
◦ ‫( إِيَّاك َُّن‬Only you all (f))
◦ ُ‫( إِيَّاه‬Only him)
◦ ‫اها‬ َ َّ‫( إِي‬Only her)
◦ ‫( إِيَّاُهَا‬Only them two)
◦ ‫( إِيَّاهُ ُْم‬Only them all (m or m/f))
◦ ‫( إِيَّاه َُّن‬Only them all (f))
38
CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive ‫المصدر‬
ُ ‫امللدر‬
The Infinitive
ُ‫يفُال ِْف ْع ِل‬

ِ ‫ل ِر‬ ِ َِ ‫ُالَّ ِذ‬،‫ُالسمُاملنْلوب‬
ْ َ‫يُُييءُُثَالثاً ُِيفُت‬ ِ
ْ ‫ه َو‬
َ
It is an accusative noun that occupies the third place in the conjugation of a verb
ُ‫ََْنو‬
َ ‫ض ِرب‬
ً‫ُض ْربُا‬ ْ َ‫بُي‬
َ ‫ضَر‬
َ
For example
ِ ‫قِسم‬
ُ‫ان‬ َْ
Its two
types
ُ ُ‫َم ْعنَ ِوي‬ ُ‫لَ ْف ِظ ُّي‬

Synonymous Homonymous
ُ‫ُُ ََْنو‬For example

ُ‫ُُ ََْنو‬For example
ً‫َجلَ ْستُق عودُا‬
I sat, reposed! ً‫ال‬
ُ ‫قَتَ لْتهُقَ ْت‬
ً‫ُوقوفُا‬
َ ‫ق ْمت‬ I killed him,
I stood, erect! killed!
39
CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive ‫المصدر‬

The infinitive is an accusative noun that occupies the third place
ِ ‫ل ِر‬ ِ َِ ‫ُالَّ ِذ‬،‫ُال ْسم ُاملنْلوب‬:
ِ ‫ص َدر ُه ُو‬
in the conjugation of a verb, as in: ُ‫يف‬ ْ َ‫يُُييء ُثَالثاً ُِيف ُت‬ َ َ ْ ‫الم‬
َ
ٍ
َ ‫ض ِرب‬
• ً‫ُض ْربُا‬ ْ َ‫بُي‬
َ ‫ضَر‬
َ (He hit, he hits, hitting) َ ‫ض ِرب‬
ُ .‫ُض ْربا‬ ْ َ‫بُي‬َ ‫ُضَر‬: َْ ‫ال ِْف ْع ِل‬
َ ‫َُنو‬،
ُ
It is of two types, homonymous and synonymous.
ُ ُ‫ُوَم ْعنَ ِوي‬ ِ ِ ِ
• If the infinitive is derived from its verb it is homonymous, َ ‫ُلَ ْفظ ُّي‬:‫ان‬
ُ ‫َوه َوُق ْس َم‬
as in: َْ ‫ظُفِ ْعلِ ِهُفَه َوُلَ ْف ِظ ُّي‬
ُ .ً‫ُقَتَ لْتهُقَتْال‬:‫َُنو‬ َ ‫ُوافَ َقُلَ ْفظهُلَ ْف‬ ِ
َ ‫فَإ ْن‬
◦ ً‫ال‬ُ ْ‫( قَتَ لْتهُقَت‬I killed him, killed!) ِِ ِِ ِ ِ
ُ‫ُجلَ ْست‬
َ :‫َُنو‬ْ َ ،‫ي‬ ُّ ‫ُم ْعنَ ِو‬
َ ‫ُم ْع َىن ُف ْعله ُدو َن ُلَ ْفظه ُفَه َو‬ َ ‫ُوافَ َق‬ َ ‫َوإ ْن‬
• If the infinitive has the same meaning as its verb, but is not ِ
derived from it, it is synonymous, as in:
ُ .‫ك‬ َ ‫ُوَماُأَ ْشبَ َهُذل‬، َ ً‫ُوقوفا‬ َ ‫ُوق ْمت‬،َ ً‫ق عودا‬
◦ ً‫( َجلَ ْستُق عودُا‬I sat, seated!)
◦ ً‫ُوقوفُا‬
َ ‫( ق ْمت‬I stood, erect!)
40
CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and ‫ظرفُالزمانُوُظرفُالمكان‬

Place Qualifiers
‫ظرفُالزمانُوُظرفُاملكان‬
The Time Qualifiers and
Place Qualifiers
ِ ‫ظَرفُامل َك‬
ُ‫ان‬ ِ ‫ُالزم‬
ُ‫ان‬
َ ْ َ َّ ‫ظَْرف‬
Place Qualifiers Time Qualifiers
)‫كانُاملْنلوبُبِتَ ْق ِدي ِرُ(يف‬

ِ ‫هوُاسمُامل‬ ِ ‫ُالزماَ ِنُاملْنل‬
ِ ‫وبُبِتَ ْقدي ِر‬
)‫ُ(يف‬ َّ ‫ُاسم‬
ْ ‫ه َو‬
َ َ ْ َ َ
It is an accusative noun the denotes It is an accusative noun the denotes
place and is preceded by a hidden fi time and is preceded by a hidden fi
ُ‫ُ ََْنو‬For example ُ‫ُ ََْنو‬For example

ُ‫عِْن َد‬ ُ‫أ ََم َام‬ ُ‫عَتَ َم ًة‬ ُ‫الْيَ ْوَم‬
ُ‫َم َع‬ ُ‫ف‬
َ ‫َخُْل‬ ً‫صبَاحُا‬
َ ُ‫اللَّْي لَ َة‬
ِ
َ‫إ َز ُاء‬ ُ‫َّام‬
َ ‫قد‬ ً‫اء‬
ُ ‫َم َس‬ ًُ‫غ ْد َوة‬
ُ‫ِح َذ َاء‬ َ‫َوَر ُاء‬ ً‫أَبَدُا‬ ‫بكَُْرًُة‬
ُ ‫تِلْ َق‬
َ‫اء‬ ُ‫فَ ْو َق‬ ً‫أ ََمدُا‬ ً‫َُس َحرُا‬
‫هنَا‬ ُ‫ت‬
َ ‫ََْت‬ ً‫ِحينُا‬ ً‫غَدُا‬
َّ‫َُث‬
41
CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and ‫ظرفُالزمانُوُظرفُالمكان‬

Place Qualifiers ُ
ِ ‫الزماَ ِنُاملْنل‬
َْ ‫وبُبِتَ ْقدي ِر ُِيف‬ ِ ‫ظَرفُالز‬
The time qualifiers are accusative nouns that denote time and ُ،‫َُنو ُالْيَ ْوَم‬
َ ْ ‫َّمانُه َُو‬
َّ ُُ‫ُاسم‬: َ ْ
ُ،ً‫صَباحا‬ َ ‫ُو‬
َ ،‫ُو َعَت َم ًة‬
َ ،ً‫ُو َغدا‬َ ،ً‫ُو َُس َحرا‬َ ،ًُ‫ُوبكَُْرة‬ َ ،‫َواللَّْي لَ َة‬
َ ،ً‫ُوغ ْد َوة‬
are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include:
• ‫( الْيَ ْوَُم‬Day) ُ .‫ك‬ ِ ِ ً‫ُوأَمدا‬،ً‫ُوأَبدا‬،‫ومساء‬
َ ‫ُوَماُأَ ْشبَ َهُذل‬.
َ ً‫ُوحينا‬،
َ َ َ َ َ ً َ ََ
• ُ‫( اللَّْي لَ َة‬Night) ُ
‫( غ ْد َوًُة‬Morning)
َْ ‫كان ُاملنْلوبُ ُبِتَ ْق ِدي ِر‬ ِ ‫ ُاسم ُامل‬:‫ان ُه ُو‬ ِ
•
ُ:‫ُيفَُنو‬
َ َ ْ َ ‫ُالم َك‬ َ ‫َوظَ ْرف‬
• ًُ‫( بكَُْرة‬Tomorrow) ُ،‫ُوَم َُع‬ ِ
َ ،‫ُوعْن َد‬َ ،‫ت‬ َ ‫ُوََْت‬
َ ،‫ُوفَ ْو َق‬َ ،َ‫ُوَوَراء‬
َ ،‫َّام‬َ ‫ُوقد‬
َ ،‫ف‬ َ ْ‫ُو َخل‬
َ ،‫أ ََم َام‬
• ً‫( َُس َحرُا‬Pre-Dawn) ُ .‫ك‬ ِ ِ ‫ُو ِح َذاء‬،‫وإَِزاء‬
َ ‫ُ َوَماُأَ ْشبَ َهُذل‬،َّ‫ُوَُث‬،‫ا‬
َ َ‫ُوهن‬،
َ َ‫ُوت ْل َقاء‬،
َ َ َ َ َ
• ً‫( غَدُا‬Tomorrow)
• ‫( َعتَ َم ًُة‬One-Third of the Night)
• ً‫صبَاحُا‬ َ (Morning)
• ً‫اء‬
ُ ‫( َم َس‬Evening)
• ً‫( أَبَدُا‬Perpetually)
• ً‫( أ ََمدُا‬A Period)
• ً‫( ِحينُا‬Once)
The place qualifiers are accusative nouns that denotes place and
are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include:
• ‫ام‬َُ ‫( أ ََم‬In Front)
• ُ‫ف‬ َ ْ‫( َخل‬Behind)
• َُ ‫( قد‬In Front)
‫َّام‬
• َ‫( َوَر ُاء‬Behind)
• ُ‫( فَ ْو َق‬Above)
• َُ ْ‫( ََت‬Below)
‫ت‬
• ‫( عِْن َُد‬At/With)
• ‫( َم َُع‬With)
ِ
• َ‫( إ َز ُاء‬In Front)
• ‫( ِح َذ َُاء‬Facing)
• َ‫اء‬ ُ ‫( تِلْ َق‬In Front)
• ‫( هنَا‬Here)
• َّ‫( َُث‬There)
42
CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier ‫الحال‬
‫احلال‬
The Circumstantial
Qualifier
ِ ‫ُامل َف َّسرُلِماُانُْبُهم ُِمنُا ْهلي‬،‫وب‬

ُ‫ئآت‬ ِ ُ‫هو‬
ِ ‫السمُاملنْل‬
َْ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ
It is an accusative noun that explains an
uncertainty about external circumstances
ُ‫ ُ ََْن َو‬For example
ِ ُ ُ‫َركِْبتُالْ َفَرس‬
ُ ً‫ُراكِبُا‬ِ
َ ‫ُعْب َدُاهلل‬
َ ‫لَقيت‬
ً‫م ْسَرجُا‬ ً‫َجاءَ َُزيْد َُراِكبُا‬
I met Abdullah Zaid came,
as he was riding I rode the horse,
saddled riding
ُ‫لَُيَكونُاحلَالُإِلَُّنَكَِرًة‬
It is not except indefinite
ُ‫لَُيَكونُإِلَُّبَ ْع َدَُتََ ِامُالْ َكالَِم‬
It is not except at the end of a statement
َ َّ‫ُصاحب َهاُإِل‬
ُ‫ُم ْع ِرفَ ًة‬ َ ‫لَُيَكون‬
It does not explain except a definite noun
43
CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier ُ ُ‫الحال‬

The circumstantial qualifier is an accusative noun that explains
ُ،‫ئآت‬ِ ‫ُامل َف َّسر ُلِماُانُْبُهم ُِمن ُا ْهلي‬،‫وب‬
ِ ‫ُالسمُاملْنل‬: ِ ‫الحال ُه ُو‬
an uncertainty about external circumstances, as in: َْ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ
• ً‫ُراِكبُا‬
َ ‫( َجاءَ َُزيْد‬Zaid came, riding) ِ
ُ‫ُولَقيت ُعَْب َد‬ ِ ِ ِ
َ ً‫ُوَركبْت ُالْ َفَرسُم ْسَرجا‬ َ ً‫ُجاءَ َُزيْد َُراكبا‬:َ ‫ك‬ َ ‫ََْن َو ُقَ ْول‬
• ً‫( َركِْبتُالْ َفَرسُم ْسَرجُا‬I rode the horse, saddled) ُ .‫ك‬ ِ
َ ‫ُوَماُأَ ْشبَ َهُذل‬ ِ ِ
َ ً‫اهلل َُراكبا‬
ً‫ُاهللِ َُراكِبُا‬
ُ ‫ُعْب َد‬ ِ
• َ ‫( لَقيت‬I met Abdullah as he was riding) ُ
It is not except indefinite, it is not except at the end of a ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
statement and it does not explain except a definite noun. َ ‫ُولَُيَكونُإلَُّبَ ْع َدَُتََام ُالْ َكالَم‬،
َُ‫ُول‬، َ ً‫َولَُيَكون ُاحلَالُإلَُّنَكَرة‬
َ َّ‫ُصاحب َهاُإِل‬
.ً‫ُم ْع ِرفَة‬ َ ‫يَكون‬
44
CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element ‫المييز‬
‫املييز‬
The Specifying
Element
ِ ‫ُالذو‬ ِ ِ
ُ‫ات‬َ َّ ‫ُال َمفِّسرُملَاُانُْبَُ َه َمُم َن‬،‫ه َوُال ْسمُاملَنْلوب‬
It is an accusative noun that explains
uncertainty about the essence of something
ُ‫ُ ََْنو‬For example
ُ ً‫ابُُمَ َّمدُنَ ْفسُا‬

َ َ‫ط‬
ُ ًُ‫جة‬ ِ ِ ُ ً‫ُعَرقُا‬
َ ‫بُ َزيْد‬
َ َّ‫لب‬
َ َ‫ت‬
َ ‫يُنَ ْع‬
َ ‫َملَكْتُت ْسع‬ Muhammed
I own ninety Zaid poured
was content in
ewes forth sweat
spirit
َ ‫َزيْدُأَ ْكَرم ُِمْن‬
ًُ‫كُأَبا‬
ُ ُ‫ا ْشتَ َريْت‬
ً‫ُو ْجهُا‬ َ ْ‫ََجَل ُِمن‬
ُ ً‫حمُا‬ َ ‫تَ َف َّقأَُبَكْر‬
ْ ‫ُش‬
َ‫ك‬ ْ ‫َوأ‬ ِ
Zaid is nobler than you َ ‫ع ْشُِر‬
ُ ً‫ينُغالَمُا‬ Bakrun was
as a father and more I bought twenty bursting with
servants fat
handsome in
countenance
ُ‫لَُيَكونُالت َّْميِيزُإِلَُّنَكَِرًة‬
It is not except indefinite
ُ‫لَُيَكونُإِلَُّبَ ْع َدَُتََ ِامُالْ َكالَِم‬
It does not come except at
the end of a statement
45
CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element ‫المييز‬

The specifying element is an accusative noun that explains ُُ
ِ ‫ُالذو‬ ِ ِ ِ
uncertainty about the essence of something, as in: ُ،‫ات‬ َ َّ ‫ُال َمفِّسرُملَاُانُْبَُ َه َم ُم َن‬،‫ُال ْسم ُاملَْنلوب‬:‫الت َّْمييز ُه َُو‬
• ً‫ُعَرقُا‬
َ ‫ب َُزيْد‬
َ َّ‫لب‬
َ َ‫( ت‬Zaid poured forth sweat) ِ
ُ‫اب‬
َ َ‫ُوط‬ َ ،ً‫ُش ْحما‬ َ ‫ُوتَ َف َّقأَ ُبَكْر‬َ ،ً‫ُعَرقا‬
َ ‫ب َُزيْد‬ َ َّ‫لب‬
َ َ‫ ُت‬:‫ك‬ َ ‫ََْنو ُقَ ْول‬
• ً‫ُش ْحمُا‬ َ ‫( تَ َف َّقُأَُبَكْر‬Bakrun was bursting with fat) ُ،‫ي ُنَ ْع َج ًة‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ُوَملَكْتُت ْسع‬، َ ً‫ينُغالَما‬
ِ
َ ‫ُوا ْشتَ َريْتُع ْش ِر‬،
َ ً‫ُمَ َّمدُنَ ْفسا‬
• ً‫ابُُمَ َّمدُنَ ْفسُا‬ َ َ‫( ط‬Muhammed was content in spirit) ُ .ً‫ُو ْجها‬ َ ْ‫ََجَل ُِمن‬ َ ْ‫َوَزيْدُأَ ْكَرم ُِمن‬
َ‫ك‬ ْ ‫ُوأ‬،
َ ً‫كُأَبا‬
ِ
• ً‫ينُغالَمُا‬ َ ‫( ا ْشتَ َريْتُع ْش ِر‬I bought twenty servants) ُ
ًُ‫يُنَ ْع َجة‬ ِ ِ
• َ ‫( َملَكْتُت ْسع‬I own ninety ewes) ُ .‫ُولَُيَكونُإِلَُّبَ ْع َدَُتََ ِامُالْ َكالَِم‬، ِ ِ ِ ‫ولَُيكونُالت‬
َ ً‫َّمييزُإ ُلَُّنَكَرة‬
ْ َ َ
• ً‫ك ُ َو ْجهُا‬ َُ ‫ََجَل ُِمْن‬ ْ ‫ُوأ‬ َ ‫( َزيْد ُأَ ْكَرم ُِمْن‬Zaid is nobler than you as a
َ ً‫ك ُأَبا‬
father and more handsome in countenance)
It is not except indefinite and it does not come except at the end
of a statement.
46
CHAPTER 21: Exception ‫االستثناء‬
‫الستثناء‬
Exception
ُ‫ُال ْستِثْ نَ ِاء‬

ِ ‫حروف‬
Particles of
Exception
‫َعدا‬ ُ‫َس َواء‬ ُ‫وى‬

ً ُ‫س‬ ُ‫غَْي ر‬
‫َحاشا‬ َ‫ال‬
ُ ‫َخ‬ ًُ ‫ُِس‬
‫وى‬ َّ‫إِ ُل‬
ُُ‫جره‬
ُّ ‫ُو‬
َ ‫لبه‬
ْ َ‫َُيوزُن‬ ُ‫ََْمرور‬
Can be acc. or gen. Gen.
ُ‫ََْنو‬
ُ‫ُخالَ َُزيداً َُوَزيْ ٍد‬
َ ‫قَ َامُالْ َق ْوم‬
The people stood except
For ex.
Zaid & Zaid ً‫قامُالْ َق ْومُإِلَّ َُزيْدُا‬
َ
The people stood
ُ‫اُع ْمراً َُو َع ْمٍُرو‬
َ ‫ُع َد‬
َ ‫قَ َامُالْ َق ْوم‬ except Zaid
The people stood except ُ‫ََْنو‬ ً‫وجبُا‬
َ ‫لبُإَذَاُ َكا َنُالْ َكالَمُتَ َّاماُم‬
َ ْ‫ي ن‬
Amr & Amr The excepted noun is accusative if the
ً‫َخَر َجُالنَّاسُإِلَُّعَ ْمرُا‬ For
sentence is complete and positive
ex.
ُ‫اشاُبَ ْكراً َُوبَ ْك ٍر‬ The people left
َ ‫ُح‬
َ ‫قَ َامُالْ َق ْوم‬ except Amr
The people stood except
Bakr & Bakr
ً‫اُقامُالْ َق ْومُإِلَّ َُزيْدُا‬
َ ‫َم‬ ُ‫ََْنو‬ ُ‫الْبَ َدل‬
ُ‫َج َازُفِ ِيه‬ ً‫ُمنْ َفيَّاًُتَ َّامُا‬ ِ
َ ‫إ ْنُ َكا َنُالْ َكالَم‬
The people stood not For Permutative
except Zaid ex.
If the sentence is
ُ‫َماُقَ َامُالْ َق ْومُإِلَّ َُزيْد‬ ُ‫ََْنو‬ ُ‫ىُال ْستِثْ نَ ِاء‬
ِ َ‫ُعل‬
It can
َ ‫َّلب‬
ْ ‫الن‬ be a negative and complete
The people stood not
For Acc. as above
except Zaid
ex.
َ َّ‫َماُقَ َامُإِل‬
ُ ُ‫ُزيْد‬
Stood not
except Zaid
‫بُال َْع َو ِامل‬
ِ ‫ىُحس‬ ِ
ً‫اُضَربْتُإِلَّ َُزيْدُا‬
َ ‫َم‬ ُ‫ََْنو‬ َ َ َ‫ُعل‬
َ ‫إ ْنُ َكا َنُالْ َكالَمُنَاقلاًُ َكا َن‬
I hit not If the sentence is incomplete, the
For
excepted noun is governed by agents
except Zaid
ُ‫اُمَرْرتُإِلَُّبَِزيْ ٍد‬
َ ‫َم‬
ex.
I pass not
except Zaid
47
CHAPTER 21: Exception ‫االستثناء‬

The particles of exception are eight,
ِ ِ ِ ،ُ‫ُاال ْستِثْ نَ ِاء ُثَ َمانِيَة‬ ِ ‫وحروف‬
ُ ِ‫إ‬
• َّ‫ل‬
ُ،‫وى‬ ً ‫ ُ َو ُس‬،‫ُو َغيْ ر‬ َ ،َّ‫ ُإل‬:‫ُوه َي‬ َ َ
• ‫َغْي ُر‬ ُ .‫ُو َحاشا‬،‫دا‬َ ‫ُو َع‬، َ َ‫ُو َخال‬، َ ‫ُو َس َواء‬، َ ‫وى‬ ً ُ‫َوس‬
• ًُ ‫ُِس‬
‫وى‬ ُ
• ًُ ُ‫س‬
‫وى‬ ُ‫ُقام‬:
َ ‫َُنو‬، َُْ ً‫وجبا‬ َ ‫لب ُإَ َذاُ َكا َن ُالْ َكالَم ُتَ َّاماُم‬ َ ‫فَالْم ْستَثْ َىن ُبِإِلَُّي ْن‬
َ ‫ُوإِ ْن ُ َكا َن ُالْ َكالَم‬ ِ ِ
• ُ‫َس َواء‬ ًُ‫ُمنْ َفيَّا‬ َ ً‫ُو َخَر َج ُالنَّاس ُإلَّ ُعَ ْمرا‬ َ ً‫الْ َق ْوم ُإلَّ َُزيْدا‬
ِ ِ ‫تَ َّاماً ُجاز ُفِ ِيه ُالْبدل ُوالنَّلب ُعلَى‬
• َ‫ال‬ُ ‫َخ‬ ُ‫ُما ُقَ َام‬ َ :‫َُنو‬ َْ ،‫ُال ْستِثْ نَاء‬ َ ْ َ ََ ََ
ُ‫ُعلَى‬ ِ َّ ِ َّ ِ
• ‫َعدا‬ َ ‫ُوإ ْن ُ َكا َن ُالْ َكالَم ُُنَاقلاً ُ َكا َن‬ َ ‫ُوإل َُزيْد‬ َ ً‫الْ َق ْوم ُإل َُزيْدا‬
• ‫َحاشا‬ ُ‫ُوَما‬ ِ َ ‫ُماُقَ َام ُإِلَّ َُزيْدُ ُوَم‬:
َ ً‫اُضَربْت ُإلَّ َُزيْدا‬ َ َ ‫َُنو‬،‫ل‬َْ ‫ب ُال َْع َو ِام‬ ِ ‫َحس‬
َ
ٍ ِ َّ ِ
ُ .‫َمَرْرتُإلُبَزيْ ُد‬
The noun excepted by illa is accusative if the sentence is ُ
complete and positive, as in: ٍ
ُ .‫َُمرورُلَُ َغْي ر‬، َْ ‫ُو َُسَُواء‬، ِ ِ ِ
َ َّ‫قامُالْ َق ْومُإِل‬
• ً‫ُزيْدُا‬ َ (The people stood except Zaid) َ ‫وى‬ ً ُ‫ُوس‬، َ ‫وى‬ ً ‫ُ َو ُس‬،‫َوامل ْستَثْ َىنُبغَ ْري‬
ُ
• ًُ‫( َخَر َجُالنَّاسُإِلَُّعَ ْمرا‬The people left except Amr)
If the sentence is negative and complete, the excepted noun can ُ‫ُقَ َام‬:‫َُُنو‬ َْ ‫جره‬ ُّ ‫ُو‬ َ ‫لبه‬ْ َ‫ ُ َُيوز ُن‬،‫اشا‬ َ ‫ُو َح‬،‫ا‬
َ ‫ُو َُع َد‬، َُ َ‫َوامل ْستَثْ َىن ُِِبَال‬
ُ .‫ُوبَ ْك ٍُر‬ ٍ ً‫الْ َقومُخالَُزيدا‬
َ ً‫اشاُبَ ْكرا‬ َ ‫ُو َع ْمٍُر‬
َ ‫وُو َح‬ َ ً‫اُع ْمرا‬
َ ‫ُوَزيْ ُدُ َو َع َد‬،
be a permutative or accusative as above, as in:
َ َ َ ْ
َ َّ‫اُقامُالْ َق ْومُإِل‬
• ُ‫ُزيْد‬ َ ‫( َم‬The people stood not except Zaid)
• ً‫اُقامُالْ َق ْومُإِلَّ َُزيْدُا‬
َ ‫( َم‬The people stood not except Zaid)
If the sentence is incomplete without the illa, the excepted noun
is governed by agents, as in:
َ َّ‫( َماُقَ َامُإِل‬Stood not except Zaid)
• ُ‫ُزيْد‬
• ً‫اُضَربْتُإِلَّ َُزيْدُا‬َ ‫( َم‬I hit not except Zaid)
• ‫اُمَرْرتُإِلَُّبَِزيْ ٍُد‬
َ ‫( َم‬I pass not except Zaid)
The noun excepted with ghair, siwan, suwan or sawa’un is

genitive, and nothing else.
Words excepted by khala, ada, or hasha can be accusative or

genative, as in:
• ‫ُوَزيْ ٍُد‬
َ ً‫ُخالَ َُزيدا‬
َ ‫( قَ َامُالْ َق ْوم‬The people stood except Zaid and Zaid)
• ‫اُع ْمراً َُو َع ْمٍُرو‬
َ ‫ُع َد‬
َ ‫( قَ َامُالْ َق ْوم‬The people stood except Amr and Amr)
• ‫ُوبَ ْك ٍُر‬
َُ ً‫اشاُبَ ْكرا‬
َ ‫ُح‬
َ ‫( قَ َامُالْ َق ْوم‬The people stood except Bakr and Bakr)
48
CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation ‫ال‬
‫ل‬
Absolute
Negation
ِ ‫إِ ْنُ ََلُت ب‬

‫اش ْرَها‬ ِ ِ َ ‫إِ َذاُب‬
َ ْ َ‫ُوََلُْتَتَ َكَّرْرُ ُل‬
َ ‫اشَرتُالنَّكَرَة‬َ
ْ ‫إِ ْنُتَ َكَُّرَر‬
َُ‫تُل‬ If the la does not If the la precedes the
If the la is repeated precede the negated indefinite and
negated indefinite is not repeated
ُ‫ َج َاز‬It can be
َ‫بُتَكَْرارُ ُل‬ ِ ‫لبُالنَّكِر‬
ُ‫اتُبِغَ ِْريُتَ ْن ِوي ٍن‬ ِ ‫تَ ْن‬
َ ‫ُوَو َج‬
َ ‫الرفْع‬
َّ ُ َ
‫إلْغَاؤَها‬ ُ‫إِ ْع َماهلَا‬ The negated is nom. The negated is acc.
with tanween and the without tanween
Ignored Incited la is repeated
ُ‫ ََْنو‬For ُ‫ ََْنو‬For
example ُ example
ُ‫لَ َُرج َل ُِيفُالدَّا ِر‬

ُ‫ُامَرأًَة‬ َ ‫ُيفُالدَّا ِر‬
ْ َ‫ُول‬ َ ‫لَ َُرج َل‬
There is no man in the ُ‫ ََْنو‬For There is no
For house & no woman man in the
example
example ‫َن ُو‬
َْ house
ُ‫ُامَرأة‬ َ ‫لَُِيفُالدَّا ِر َُرجل‬
ْ َ‫ُول‬
ُ‫ُامَرأَة‬ َ ‫ُيفُالدَّا ِر‬
ْ َ‫ُول‬ َ ‫لَ َُرجل‬ In the house there is no
There is no man in the man & no woman
house & no woman
49
CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation ‫ال‬

Know that negated indefinite words are accusative without ُ
ُْ‫ُوََل‬ ِ ِ َ ‫ات ُبِغَ ِري ُتَ ْن ِوي ٍن ُإِ َذاُب‬
ِ ‫لب ُالنَّكِر‬ ِ ‫ا ْعلَم ُأَنَُّلَُتَ ْن‬
tanween if the la immediately precedes them and the la is not َ ‫اشَرت ُالنَّكَرَة‬َ ْ َ ْ
repeated, as in: ِ ِ
ُ .‫ُلَ َُرج َلُيفُالدَّار‬:‫َُنو‬ َْ َ‫تَتَ َكَّرْرُل‬
• ‫ُيفُالدَّا ُِر‬
ِ ‫( لَ َُرجل‬There is no man in the house)
َ ُ
ُ‫ُلَُِيف‬:‫َُُنْو‬ َ ُ َ‫ب ُتَكَْرار ُل‬ ِ ِ
If the la does not immediately precede the negated indefinite, the َ ‫وج‬ َ ‫ُو‬ َ ‫ُالرفْع‬
َّ ‫ب‬ َ ‫فَإ ْن ُ ََلْ ُت بَاش ْرَها ُ َو َج‬
negated must be nominative with a tanween and the la must be
repeated, as in:
ُ .‫ُامَرأة‬
ْ َ‫ُول‬ َ ‫الدَّا ِر َُرجل‬
ُ
• ُ‫ُامَرأة‬ َ ‫( لَُِيف ُالدَّا ِر َُرجل‬In the house there is no man & no
ْ َ‫ُول‬
ِ
woman) َُ‫ ُل‬:‫ت‬ َ ‫ُفَِإ ْن ُشْئ‬،‫اُوإلْغَاؤَها‬
َ ْ‫ت ُق ل‬ ِ َ َ‫ت ُل‬
َ َ‫ُج َاز ُإ ْع َماهل‬ ْ ‫فَإِ ْن ُتَ َكَّرَر‬
If the la is repeated, it can be incited or ignored, as in:
ُ .‫ُامَرأَة‬ َ ‫ُيفُالدَّا ِر‬
ْ َ‫ُول‬ َ ‫َرج َل‬
• ُ‫ُامَرأًَة‬ َ ‫ُيف ُالدَّا ِر‬
ْ َ‫ُول‬ َ ‫( لَ َُرج َل‬There is no man in the house & no
woman)
• ُ‫ُامَرأَة‬ َ ‫ُيف ُالدَّا ِر‬
ْ َ‫ُول‬ َ ‫( لَ َُرجل‬There is no man in the house & no
woman)
50
CHAPTER 23: The Vocation ‫المنادى‬
‫املنادى‬
The
Vocation
ُ ُ ُ
ُ‫امل ْفَردُال َْعلَم‬
ُِ ‫ض‬
ُ ‫اف‬ َ ‫امل َشبَّهُبِالْم‬ ُ‫ضاف‬
َ ‫امل‬
ِ‫النَّكِرةُغَي رُامل ْقلودُة‬
َ َ ْ َ ُ‫ودة‬ ِ
َ ‫النَّكَرةُاملَْقل‬ Single
Similar to Annexed Unintended Intended Proper
Annexed Indefinite Indefinite Name
ُ‫ُعلى‬ ِ
َ ‫فَيْب نَ يَان‬
ُ ُ‫َّم ُِم ْن‬ِّ ‫الض‬
ُ‫َمنْلوبَةُلَُغَيْ ر‬
‫َغ ِْريُتَ ْن ِوي ٍُن‬
Accusative,
Formed
nothing else
with a
dammah
ُ‫ََْنو‬ ُ‫ََْنو‬
and no
For tanween For
ex. ex.
ُ‫اُرجل‬
َ َ‫ي‬ ُ‫اُزيْد‬
َ َ‫ي‬
O man! O Zaid!
51
CHAPTER 23: The Vocation ‫المنادى‬

The vocation is of five types: ُُ
ِ
• ُ‫ْعلَم‬
َ ‫ُامل ْفَردُال‬: (Single Proper Name) ُ،‫ودة‬ َ ‫ُوالنَّكَرة ُاملَْقل‬َ ،‫ ُامل ْفَرد ُال َْعلَم‬:ُ‫ادى ُ َخ ْم َسة ُأَنْواع‬ َ َ‫المن‬
‫ود ُة‬ ِ ُ ُ.‫اف‬ ِ ‫ُواملشبَّهُبِالْمض‬،‫ُواملضاف‬،ِ‫والنَّكِرةُ َغي رُامل ْقلودة‬
• َ ‫( النَّكَرةُاملَْقل‬Intended Indefinite) َ َ َ َ َ َ
َ ْ َ َ
• ِ‫( النَّكِرةُغَي رُامل ْقلودُة‬Unintended Indefinite) ُ
َ َ ْ َ
• ُ‫ضاف‬ َ ‫( امل‬Annexed) ُ‫َّم ُِم ْن ُ َغ ِْري‬
ِّ ‫ُعلىُالض‬ ِ
َ ‫ودة ُفَيْب نَ يَان‬
ِ ‫فَأ ََّماُامل ْفرد ُالْعلَم‬
َ ‫ُوالنَّكَرة ُاملَْقل‬
َ َ َ
ُِ ‫ض‬ ِ‫ُوالثَّالَثَة ُالْباق‬.‫ُوياُرجل‬،‫َُنو ُياُزيد‬،
• ‫اف‬ َ ‫( امل َشبَّهُبِالْم‬Similar to Annexed) ُ،‫ُمْنلوبَة ُلَُ َغْي ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬
َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َْ ‫تَ ْن ِوي ٍن‬
ِ ِ ِِ
ُ )ً‫ُجبَال‬َ ً‫ُويَاُطَالعا‬،
َ ‫اُعْب َُدُاهلل‬ َ ‫اُرجالًُج ْذِِنُبيَد‬
َ َ‫ُوي‬،‫ي‬ َ َ‫(َنوُي‬َْ
The single proper name and the intended indefinite are formed
ُ
with a dammah and no tanween, as in:
• ُ‫اُزيْد‬
َ َ‫( ي‬O Zaid!)
• ُ‫اُرجل‬
َ َ‫( ي‬O man!)
The remaining three are accusative and nothing else, [as in:
• ‫اُرجالًُج ْذِِنُبِيَ ِد ي‬
َ َ‫( ي‬O man, take me by my hand!)
• ِ ‫( ياُعب َد‬O slave of Allah!)
ُ‫ُاهلل‬ َْ َ
ً‫ال‬
ُ َ‫ُجب‬ ِ
• َ ً‫( يَاُطَالعا‬O mountain climber!)]
52
CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason ‫المفعولُمنُأجله‬
ُ ‫املفعولُمنُأجله‬
The Object of
Reason
ُ‫وعُال ِْف ْع ِل‬ ِ ‫ُالَّ ِذيُي ْذ َكرُبَيَاناًُلِسَب‬،ُ‫ال ْسمُاملنْلوب‬

ِ ‫بُوق‬ َ
ِ ُ‫ه ُو‬
َ
َ
It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an action
ُ‫ُ ََُْنو‬For example
ُ‫ك‬ ِ ‫قَل ْدتكُابتِغَاء‬ ‫قَ َام َُزيْدُإِ ْجالَلًُلِ َع ْم ٍرو‬

َ ‫ُم ْعروف‬
ََ ْ َ َ
I have come to for Zaid stood out of
your favor respect for Amr
CHAPTER 25: The Object of Accompaniment ‫المفعولُمعه‬
‫املفعولُمعه‬
The Object of
Accompaniment
ُ‫ُم َعهُال ِْف ْعل‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ُّ ‫ُالسمُالَمن‬

َ ‫ُالَّذيُي ْذ َكرُلبَ يَان‬،‫لوب‬
َ ‫ُم ْنُفع َل‬
ِ
ْ ْ ‫ه َو‬
It is an accusative noun that explains with whom an action was done
ُ‫ُ ََْنو‬For example
ُ‫ُواخلَ َشبَ َة‬ ِ

َ ‫استَ َوىُاملَاء‬
ْ ُ‫ش‬
َ ‫اجلي‬
ْ ‫ُو‬َ ‫َجاءَُاألَمري‬
The water is level The Amir came
with the wood with the army
53
CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason ‫المفعولُمنُأجله‬

It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an action, as ُُ
in: ُ،‫ب ُوقو ِع ُال ِْف ْع ِل‬ِ َ‫ ُالَّ ِذيُي ْذ َكر ُبَيَاناًُلِسب‬،ُ‫ال ْسم ُاملْنلوب‬
َ
ِ ُ :‫وهو‬
َ َ
• ‫ُزيْدُإِ ْجالَلًُلِ َع ْم ٍرو‬
َ
َ ‫( قَ َام‬Zaid stood out of respect for Amr) .‫ك‬ ِ
َ ‫ُم ْعروف‬ ِ
َ َ‫كُابْتغَاء‬
َ ‫ل ْدت‬َ َ‫وُوق‬
ِ ِ
َ ‫لكُقَ َام َُزيْدُإ ْجالَلًُل َع ْم ٍر‬
َ ‫ََْنوُقَ ُْو‬
ُ‫ك‬ ِ ‫( قَل ْدتكُابتِغَاء‬I have come to for your favor)
• َ ‫ُم ْعروف‬
ََ ْ َ َ
CHAPTER 25: The Object of Accompaniment ‫المفعولُمعه‬

It is an accusative noun that explains with whom an action was
ِ ِ ِ ِ ُّ ‫السم ُالَمن‬ ِ
done, as in: ُ‫ُم َعه‬
َ ‫ُم ْن ُفع َل‬ َ ‫ ُالَّذي ُي ْذ َكر ُلبَ َيان‬،‫لوب‬ ْ ْ ُ :‫َوه َو‬
• ‫ش‬ َُ ‫اجلي‬ ِ ِ ِ َ ‫ال ِْفعل‬
ْ ‫ُو‬َ ‫( َجاءَُاألَمري‬The Amir came with the army) ُ .َ‫ُواخلَ َشبَة‬
َ ‫استَ َوىُاملَاء‬ ْ ‫ُو‬ َ‫ش‬ َ ‫اجلي‬
ْ ‫ُو‬َ ‫ُجاءَُاألَمري‬:
َ ‫ك‬ َ ‫َُنوُقَ ْول‬،
ْ ْ
• ُ‫ُواخلَ َشبَ َة‬
َ ‫استَ َوىُاملَاء‬
ْ (The water is level with the wood) ُ
ِ ‫ُفَ َق ْد ُتَ َقدَّم‬،‫ ُواسم ُإِنَُّوأخو ِاِتَا‬،‫وأ ََّماُخب ر ُ َكا َن ُوأَخو ِاِتَا‬
ُ‫ُذ ْكرُهَا‬
The predicate of kana and her sisters, and the subject of inna and
َ ََ َ ْ َ ََ َ ََ َ
.‫اك‬َ َ‫تُهن‬ ِ ِ
her sisters, have already been dealt with in the section on ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ََ َ ‫يفُامل ْرف‬
‫َّم‬ ‫د‬‫ق‬ ‫ُت‬ ‫د‬‫ق‬ ‫؛ُف‬ ‫ابع‬‫َّو‬
‫ُالت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ذل‬ ‫ك‬‫ُو‬، ‫ات‬ ‫وع‬
َ
nominative nouns. Similarly, the words in apposition to an
accusative have been dealt with there also.
54
CHAPTER 26: The Nouns in Genitive ‫مخفوضاتُاألسماء‬
ُ ‫َمفوضاتُاألْساء‬
The Nouns in
Genitive
ُْ ‫ُتَاُبِعُُُلِلُْ َُم‬
ِ ُ‫خف‬
ُ‫وض‬ ُ‫بِاِإلَضافَِة‬ ِ ‫باحلُر‬
ُ‫ف‬ َُْ
By Apposition to a By Annexation By Preposition
Genitive
ُ‫إِ َىل‬ ُ‫ِم ْن‬

ُ‫ي َقدَّرُِبِِ ْن‬ ُ‫ي َقدَّرُبِالالَِّم‬
Acts like Acts like
‫َعلَى‬ ُ‫َع ْن‬
min lam
ُ‫ ََْنو‬For ُ‫ ََْنو‬For ُ‫ب‬ ُ‫ِيف‬
َّ ‫ر‬
ex. ex.
ٍُ‫ُساج‬
َ ‫بَاب‬ ُ‫غَالَم َُزيْ ٍد‬
ِ ‫ال‬
ُ‫ْكاف‬ ُ‫الْبَ ِاء‬
Door made of teak Servant of
Zaid َّ ‫َوا ِوُر‬
ُ‫ب‬ ُ‫الالَِّم‬
ُ‫ُخز‬
َ ‫ثَ ْوب‬
Garment made of silk ُ‫منْذ‬ ُ‫م ْذ‬
ٍُ ‫ُح ِد‬
ُ ‫يد‬ َ ‫َخ َاَت‬
Ring made of iron ِ ‫حر‬
ُ‫وفُالْ َق َس ِم‬
55
CHAPTER 26: Genitive Nouns ‫مخفوضاتُاألسماء‬

The nouns in genitive are of three types: nouns genitive by ُُ
preposition, by Annexation and by apposition to a genitive. ُُ‫ُوََُمْفُوض‬ ُِ ‫باحلَُْر‬
َُ ،‫ف‬ ُ ُ ُ‫ ُ ََُمْفُوض‬:ُ‫ْسام‬
َ ‫ضات ُثَالَثَة ُأَق‬ َ ‫الم ْخفو‬ َ
ُِ ُ‫خف‬
ُ .‫وض‬ ِ
ُْ ‫عُللُْ َُم‬
ُ ُ‫ُوُتَاب‬، ِ َُ ‫ُبِا ُِإل‬
َُ ‫ضاُفَُة‬
The prepositions that cause a noun to be genitive are:
• ‫ن‬ ُْ ‫( ِم‬From) ُ
ِ ‫ُماُُيْتَص ُِبِِ ْن‬: ِ
• ُ‫( إِ َىل‬To) ُ،‫ُو َع ْن‬،
َ ‫ُوإ َىل‬، َ َ ‫الح ْرف ُفَ ه َُو‬َ ِ‫اُالم ْخفوض ُب‬ َ ‫فَأ ََّم‬
ِ ‫ُوِِبر‬،‫ُوالالَِّم‬،‫ْكاف‬
ُ،‫وف ُالْ َق َس ِم‬ ِ ‫ُوال‬،‫ُوالْب ِاء‬،‫ب‬ َُ ‫ُوِيف‬،‫ى‬
• ‫( َع ُْن‬About) َ َ َ َ َ َّ ‫ُور‬، َ َ‫َوعَل‬
ِ
• ‫( عَلَى‬On) َ ‫ُوُِِب ْذ‬،
ُ .‫ُومْنذ‬، َُ ‫ب‬ َّ ‫ُوبَِوا ِوُر‬،
َ ‫ُوالتَّاء‬،
َ ‫ُوالْبَاء‬،
َ ‫ُال َْواو‬:‫َوه َي‬
• ُ ِ (In)
‫يف‬ ُ
ٍ ِ ِ ِ
• ُ‫ب‬ َّ ‫( ر‬Some) ُ‫ُعلَى‬َ ‫ُوه َو‬ َ ‫ُغالَم َُزيْد‬:‫ك‬ َ ‫ُفَنَ ْحو ُقَول‬،‫اُماُي ْخ َفض ُبِاإلَضافَُة‬ َ ‫َوأ ََّم‬
• ِ‫اء‬
ُ َ‫( الْب‬With) ُ‫ُوَماُي َقدَّر ُِبِِ ْن؛ُفَالَّ ِذيُي َقدَّر ُبِالالَِّم‬، ِ ِ
َ ‫ُماُي َقدَّر ُبالالَّم‬:
َ ‫ق ْسم ْي‬
ِ ِ
َْ ،‫ُوالَّ ِذي ُي َقدَّر ُِبِِ ْن‬
ُِ ‫( ال‬Like) ُ‫ ُثَ ْوب‬،‫اج‬ ٍ ‫ُس‬ ٍ
• ‫ْكاف‬ َ ‫ُوبَاب‬ َ :‫َُنو‬ َ ‫ ُ َغالَم َُزيْد‬:‫ََْنو‬
‫( الالَُِّم‬For) ُ .‫ُواهللُأ َْعلَم‬، ٍ ِ ‫ُوخ َاَت‬،ُ‫خز‬
• َ ‫ُحديد‬ َ ََ َ
• ِ ‫( حُر‬Particles of Adjuration)
‫وفُالْ َق َس ُِم‬
• َُّ ‫( َوا ِوُر‬Some)
‫ب‬
• ‫( م ُْذ‬Since)
• ُ‫( مْنذ‬Since)
An example of a noun in genitive by due to annexation is:

• ‫ُزيْ ٍُد‬
َ ‫( غَالَم‬The servant of Zaid)
Though, it is of two types: annexations that act like lam and

those that act like min.
• An example of an annexation that acts like lam is:

◦ ‫( غَالَم َُزيْ ٍُد‬The servant of Zaid)
• Examples of annexations that act like min include:

◦ ٍُ‫ُساج‬
َ ‫( بَاب‬A door made of teak)
◦ ‫ُخ ُز‬
َ ‫( ثَ ْوب‬A garment made of silk)
◦ ٍُ ‫ُح ِد‬
‫يد‬ َ ‫( َخ َاَت‬A ring made of iron)
And Allah knows best.
56

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Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Al Ajrumiyah Map

Hochgeladen von

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Verfügbare Formate

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped

Written by the Learned Scholar Abi Abdullah

Translated and mapped by Shariq Khan

CHAPTER 1: Speech ُ‫الْ َكالم‬

ُ ُ‫َح ْرف‬ ُ‫فِ ْعل‬ ُ‫اسم‬

CHAPTER 1: Speech ُ ُ‫الْ َكالم‬

• Verbs are known by being succeeded by:

CHAPTER 2: Inflection ُ‫ا ِإل ْع َراب‬

ُ ُ‫ا ِإل ْعَراب‬

ً‫ُعلَْي َهاُلَ ْفظاًُأ َْوُتَ ْق ِديرُا‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫اخ ِرُالْ َكلِ ِم‬

ُ ُ‫َج ْزم‬ ُ ُ‫َخ ْفض‬ ُ ُ‫لب‬

CHAPTER 2: Inflection ُ ‫ا ِإل ْع َر‬

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection ِ ‫الماتُاإل ْعر‬

ُ‫لِلْ َج ْزِم‬ ُ ‫لِلْ َخ ْفض‬ ِ ‫َّل‬

َُْ َُِ ََُ ُ َُ

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection ِ ‫الماتُاإل ْعر‬

IMPERFECT VERBS َ ‫ال ِْف ْعلُالم‬

‫جمع‬ ‫مثنى‬ ‫مفرد‬

ُ‫األَفْ َعالُاخلَ ْم َسة‬ The five verbs

ُ‫َمْب ِن‬ Imperfect verbs with fixed endings

Weak Ya Weak Waw Weak Alif Sound End

‫يرمي‬ ‫يدعو‬ ‫يرضى‬ ُ‫يدخل‬ ‫ُرفع‬- Nom.

‫يرمي‬ ُ‫يدع َو‬ ‫يرضى‬ ُ‫يدخل‬ ‫ نصب‬- Acc.

‫يرم‬ ُ‫يدع‬ ُ‫يرض‬ ُْ

ُ‫َح ْذف‬ Omission

INDECLINABLE NOUNS ‫غيرُمنصرف‬

A noun is indeclinable if it has the

ُ‫العلمية‬ ‫الوصفية‬ ُ ‫صيغةُمنتهىُاجلموع‬ ُ ‫ألفُالتأنيث‬

‫العدل‬ ‫وزنُفعل‬ ‫زيادةُاأللفُوُالنون‬

‫التأنيثُبغريُألف‬ ‫العجمة‬ ‫الرتكيب‬

Does not accept a

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ُ‫المُ ْع َربَات‬

ُ ُ‫َج ْزم‬ Juss.

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words ُ‫المُ ْع َربَات‬

CHAPTER 5: Verbs ُ‫األَف ْْعال‬

ُ‫أ َْمر‬ ُ‫ضا ِرع‬

CHAPTER 5: Verbs ُ‫األَف ْْعال‬

CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ُ‫األسماء‬

ُ‫اَ ْخلَبَ ر‬ ُ ُ‫الْمْبتَ َدأ‬ ُ ُ‫س َّمُفاعِله‬ ِ َّ ُ ِ‫الْ َفاع‬

ُ‫التَّابعُلِلْ َم ْرفو ِع‬ ‫َخ َو ِاِتَا‬

CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns ُ‫األسماء‬

‫‪CHAPTER 7: Subject‬‬ ‫ال َف ِ‬

‫‪ُ:‬ال ْسمُامل ْرفوعُاملذْكورُقَ ْب لَهُفِ ْعلهُ‬

‫‪ - Plural‬جمع‬ ‫‪ - Dual‬مثنى‬ ‫‪ – Single‬مفرد‬

‫‪CHAPTER 7: Subject‬‬ ‫ال َف ِ‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Examples of the implicit subject include:‬‬

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is ُ‫المفعولُالذي‬

‫ُم َعهُفَاعِل ُه‬ ِ ُِ ‫هُ َو‬

ِ ‫ُض َّمُأ ََّولهُوفتِ ُماُقَ بل‬:ً‫ضا ِرعا‬

‫ُع ْمرو‬ ‫مضارع‬ 3rd person masc For

‫ جمع‬- Plural ‫ مثنى‬- Dual ‫ – مفرد‬Single

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is ‫المفعولُالذي‬

CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate ‫المبتدأُوالخبر‬

CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate ‫المبتدأُوالخبر‬

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ُ ُ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬

ُ َُ َ‫َصُب‬ ُ ‫كا َُن‬

ُ‫أ ََّن‬ ُ‫لَ َع َّل‬ َُ َ‫َصب‬

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing the Subject ُ ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing ُ ‫العواملُالداخلةُعلى‬

ُ َُ َ‫َصُب‬ ُ ‫كا َُن‬

ُ‫أ ََّن‬ ُ‫لَ َع َّل‬ َُ َ‫َصب‬

CHAPTER 11: Adjectives ‫النعت‬

‫النَّكَِرُة‬ ِ‫تَنْكِ ِريُه‬ ِ ‫تَع ِر‬

ُ‫ُُُُ ََْنو‬For example