Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1, JANUARY 2007
Shaped charges are a warhead technology often applied to rocket propelled grenades and represent a dangerous threat for armored
vehicles in combat as well as in peace-keeping operations. Their armor piercing performance rests upon an explosively induced collapse
of a metallic liner to a stretching jet with very high particle velocities. A copper jet produced by a shaped charge can be distorted by high
electric currents injected into the jet by means of spaced electrode plates connected to a high voltage capacitor. In tests carried out at
Fraunhofer EMI, a shaped charge with a well characterized jet was used for the experiments in order to examine the current flow through
the jet and its effect on the jet evolution. The measured current flow is related to the jet dynamics and the distortion pattern observed by
multiple flash X-ray images. As expected, the current flow starts when the jet tip reaches the back electrode plate. No significant change
of the current flow is observed at the characteristic jet break-up time. The current flow continues after the tail of the copper jet has left
the electrodes and resembles a damped sinusoidal. A distortion of the jet is observed where the jet particles are not aligned along the jet
axis. Instead the particles are stretched orthogonally to the jet axis with increased separation along the jet axis. The tip part of the jet
is hardly affected. The jet distortion is analyzed with respect to jet dynamics and current flow which allows formulating criteria for the
design of electric armor systems. The current injection effective for jet distortion is limited to a time slot of a magnitude of 60 s for the
44-mm caliber-shaped charge used in the experiments. To a first approximation, the current flow can be modeled by an electric arc. An
electric circuit model can describe the current flow behavior with respect to the electric impedance and allows designing an electrical
circuit adequate for the time slot. By the analogy of a wire explosion the necessary current magnitude for an effective jet disruption with
respect to the interaction time slot can be estimated to begin at 300 kA. For the tip portion of the shaped charge jet, the time of effective
current injection is very short. When the current starts to set in, the jet tip is already passing the back electrode plate. For this reason,
an effective distortion of the jet tip represents a challenge that has to be mastered.
Index Terms—Electric armor, electromagnetic armor, shaped charge jet disruption.
I. INTRODUCTION be described with respect to the time of the ignition pulse for
the shaped charge by
HE IDEA to utilize electrical energy to distort a shaped
T charge jet was described by E. H. Walker in 1973 [1]. The
experimental proof of the potential of an electrical current to
mm s mm (1)
mm s mm (2)
distort and disrupt a shaped charge was given by X-ray images,
e.g., from C. E. Pollock in 1994 [2] or from G. A. Shvetsov
where s denotes the working time of the igniter.
in 1999 [3]. The aim of the following test series was to perform
The particularization of the shaped charge is to be expected
experiments with shaped charge jet distortion in order to analyze
at s s after ignition.
the interaction of a current injected through a front and a back
The experimental setup is sketched in Fig. 2. The shaped
electrode plate with respect to the jet dynamics, as indicated in
charge jet is positioned at the left side and points at the spaced
Fig. 1. For the test series the electrical equipment available in
plate electrode module. Two metal plates made of 10-mm
the laboratory stock was used, thereby tests with moderate jet
copper are separated by a 50-mm plastic spacer. In this test
distortion were realized and the analysis of these tests allows
arrangement, the plate normal is tilted by 60 relative to the jet
formulating design criteria required for an electric armor system
axis resulting in an effective gap of 100 mm along the jet axis.
with effective jet disruption.
High voltage capacitors are connected in parallel to form
a total capacity F. The capacitors are protected
II. EXPERIMENT from the shaped charge by a metal plate wall with a cable
For the experiments, a well-characterized type of shaped feed-through for the electrical connection. This arrangement
charge with a copper liner of 44 mm in diameter is used. Tip results in a minimum cable length which attributes to the total
position and tail position of the shaped charge jet can circuit inductivity. The capacitors are loaded with a voltage
of 16 kV resulting in an available electrical energy of
100 kJ according to
Fig. 3. Time evolution of an undistorted shaped charge jet after passing of an unloaded electrode plate arrangement at 100, 120, and 140 s after ignition of the
shaped charge. The local velocity of the jet particles is indicated at the limits of the highlighted regions and for the jet tip.
Fig. 4. Time evolution of jet distortion after passing of a loaded electrode plate arrangement at 100, 120, and 140 s after ignition of the shaped charge. The local
velocity of the jet particles is indicated at the limits of the highlighted regions and for the jet tip.
Fig. 6. Circuit model for current flow initiated by a shaped charge jet.
IV. CONCLUSION
available electrical energy was utilized for jet disruption only to
The interaction analysis with respect to the jet dynamics has
a partial extent.
led to design criteria for an electrical armor arrangement. For
For effective energy utilization an overdamped oscillation
the specific jet with a caliber of 44 mm, the time slot for effec-
would be more preferable—with a half period time about
tive current injection is limited to a magnitude of 60 s. In good
the effective time slot for current injection. The half time width
approximation, the current flow can be modeled by an electric
can be approximated by
arc. An electric circuit model can describe the current flow be-
havior with respect to the electric impedance parameters.
(4)
By the analogy of a wire explosion mechanism, the magni-
tude of the necessary current for the onset of a strong jet disrup-
Under the assumption of an identical capacity and the same
tion with respect to time slot for effective current injection can
loading voltage , for corresponding to the effective
be estimated to 300 kA.
time slot the circuit model requires a reduction of the inductivity
The current injection time through the tip portion of the
by a factor of more than 7. Since the cable inductivity is propor-
shaped charge is limited, since when the current flow starts, the
tional to the cable length, an alternative low inductivity design is
tip already leaves the back electrode plate again. The effective
required for the experimental setup. Since the electrical energy
disruption of the jet tip portion represents a challenge to be
stored in the capacitor is proportional to (3) and does not
mastered.
affect according to (4), a high electrical voltage is favor-
The analysis results in criteria for an electric armor design
able for increasing the available electrical energy. In the tests
against a specific shaped charge. But the procedure is general
performed, only a modest jet disruption was observed with an
and also allows evaluating electric armor designs against a va-
enhanced particularization that may be attributed to the pinch ef-
riety of shaped charge threats with different jet dynamics.
fect on an electrical conductor at high currents. Although some
radial stretching of the jet particles was observed, for the de-
feat of a directed energy weapon like a shaped charge jet it is REFERENCES
essential to disperse the impacting particles from the jet axis ef- [1] E. H. Walker, “Defeat of shaped charge devices by active armour,” U.S.
fectively. Thus, a strong radial disruption mechanism is needed Army Ballistic Res. Lab., Tech. Rep. BRL-MR-2305, 1973.
in order to spread the jet particles over a wide area. [2] C. E. Pollock, “Electromagnetic effects on the natural hydrodynamic
instability of stretching, high velocity, metallic jets,” in Megagauss
A model mechanism for such a type of strong dispersion Magnetic Field Generation and Pulsed Power Applications. Com-
mechanism might be the wire explosion [4]. For a solid copper mack, NY: Nova, 1994.
wire, a wire explosion is expected, according to [5], when the [3] G. A. Shvetsov, A. D. Matrosov, A. V. Babkin, S. V. Ladov, and S.
V. Fedorov, “Disruption of shaped-charge jets due to axial current,” in
product of action time with the square of current density Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Ballistics, 1999, pp. 581–587.
reaches [4] “New age electric armour tough enough to face modern threats,” De-
fense Sci. Technol. Lab., Jul. 1, 2002 [Online]. Available: www.dstl.
gov.uk
(5) [5] J. M. Löffler, Hochleistungspulstechnik - Skript zur Vorlesung Fach-
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