Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT 1
Submitted By :
Surya Bakshi
DFT VII
NIFT Chennai
Q.1. Is MRP a material planning system, a production planning system,
both or neither? Explain.
Ans.
MRP is a material planning system as well as a production planning system.
Material requirements planning (MRP) is a computer-based, time-phased system
for planning and controlling the production and inventory function of a firm from
the purchase of materials to the shipment of finished goods. All MRP systems are
computer based since the detail involved and the inherent burden of computation
make manual use prohibitive. MRP is time phased because it not only
determines what and how much needs to be made or purchased, but also when.
Material requirements planning first appeared in the early 1970s and was
popularized by a book of the same name by Joseph Orlicky. Its use was quickly
heralded as the new manufacturing panacea, but enthusiasm slowed somewhat
when firms began to realize the difficulty inherent in its implementation.
The MRP system is composed of three primary modules, all of which function as
a form of input. These are the master production schedule, the bill-of-materials,
and the inventory status file. Each module serves a unique purpose that is inter-
related with the purpose of the other modules, and produces several forms of
usable output.
The MRP logic starts at the MPS, where it learns the schedule for finished goods
(how many and when). It takes this information to the BOM where it "explodes"
the gross requirements for all component parts. The MRP package then takes its
knowledge of the gross requirements for all components parts to the inventory
status file, where the on-hand balances are listed. It then subtracts the on-hand
balances and open orders from the gross requirements for components yielding
the net requirements for each component.
Of course, we now know not only how many components are needed but when
they are needed in order to complete the schedule for finished goods on time. By
subtracting the lead time from the due date for each part, we now see when an
order must be placed for each part so that it can be received in time to avoid a
delay in the MPS. A manual version of MRP for a part with requirements of 100 in
period 3 and 250 in period 6 and with a two-period lead time is shown in Figure 2.
Notice that in order for the firm to meet demand on time (the MPS), they must
place an order for 25 in Period 1 and an order for 200 in Period 4. The reader
should be aware that this is an overly simplified version of MRP, which does not
include such relevant factors as lot sizing and safety stock.
This flowchart below illusstrates the fit of MRP into the overall production
planning process.
Aggregate
Forecast & Production Resource
FirmOrders Planning Availability
Material Master
Requirements Production
Planning Scheduling
No, modify CRP, MRP, or MPS
Capacity Shop
Requirements Realistic? Floor
Planning Yes Schedules
Q.2. Read about MRP-II and discuss the similarities and differences
between the traditional MRP-I and MRP-II.
Ans.
Manufacturing resource planning, also known as MRP II, is a method for the
effective planning of a manufacturer's resources. MRP II is composed of several
linked functions, such as business planning, sales and operations planning,
capacity requirements planning, and all related support systems. The output from
these MRP II functions can be integrated into financial reports, such as the
business plan, purchase commitment report, shipping budget, and inventory
projections. It has the capability of specifically addressing operational planning
and financial planning, and has simulation capability that allows its users to
conduct sensitivity analyses (answering "what if" questions).
With MRP generating the material and schedule requirements necessary for
meeting the appropriate sales and inventory demands, more than the obvious
manufacturing resources for supporting the MRP plan was found to be needed.
Financial resources would have to be generated in varying amounts and timing.
Also, the process would require varying degrees of marketing resource support.
Production, marketing, and finance would be operating without complete
knowledge or even regard for what the other functional areas of the firm were
doing.
Differences :
In the early 1980s MRP was expanded into a much broader approach. This new
approach, manufacturing resource planning (MRP II), was an effort to expand the
scope of production resource planning and to involve other functional areas of
the firm in the planning process, most notably marketing and finance, but also
engineering, personnel, and purchasing. Incorporation of other functional areas
allows all areas of the firm to focus on a common set of goals. It also provides a
means for generating a variety of reports to help managers in varying functions
monitor the process and make necessary adjustments as the work progresses.
When finance knows which items will be purchased and when products will be
delivered, it can accurately project the firm's cash flows. In addition, personnel
can project hiring or layoff requirements, while marketing can keep track of up-to-
the-minute changes in delivery times, lead times, and so on. Cost accounting
information is gathered, engineering input is recorded, and distribution
requirements planning is performed.
An MRP II system also has a simulation capability that enables its users to
conduct sensitivity analyses or evaluate a variety of possible scenarios. The MRP
II system can simulate a certain decision's impact throughout the organization,
and predict its results in terms of customer orders, due dates, or other "what if"
outcomes. Being able to answer these "what if" questions provides a firmer grasp
of available options and their potential consequences.
Similarities:
Both MRP and MRP II systems are composed of three primary modules, all of
which function as a form of input. These are the master production schedule, the
bill-of-materials, and the inventory status file. Each module serves a unique
purpose that is inter-related with the purpose of the other modules, and produces
several forms of usable output.
In addition to its efficient performance of the data processing and file handling, a
computer also allows the system to run remarkably quick, providing near-
immediate results and reports when asked to simulate a decision.
Q.3. A vendor has quoted a lead time of 10 weeks for delivery of a part.
Your purchasing manager says that part can be delivered in 3 weeks if
necessary. Of course, the vendor disagrees. Who is correct? Explain.
The vendor has taken the correct decision because his forecasting demands the
product in 10 weeks of time and he can’t keep an inventory for seven weeks,
considering the space, money and the man power involved.
However, the purchase manager is ready to give a forward order because either
his forecasting team is not doing a good job or it doesn’t have the information
about the inventory. It means the system of communication in the organization is
a failure.
Q.4. Outline the purpose of MRP and explain how an MRP system can
achieve these purposes.
Ans.
The basic function of MRP system includes inventory control, bill of material
processing and elementary scheduling. MRP helps organizations to maintain low
inventory levels. It is used to plan manufacturing, purchasing and delivering
activities.
Ans.
The purpose is to specify the output of the operations function. Top managers
can not perform the master scheduling task by themselves, because there are
too many details. They can set master-scheduling policy, thereby controlling the
materials planning function.
Master Production Scheduling system quickly and accurately schedules all item
requirements for each manufacturing facility.
Some of the benefits of using Master Production Schedule module are it helps
last minute scheduling, shortage avoidance, efficient allocations of resources and
cost control. It gives the customer timely information on what they need and
when they need MPS module organizes what the customer need to do and when
efficiently. The schedule can be re-calculated easily when a process fails, for
example, the situations like a material shortage or manpower absence.
Q.6. It is claimed that MRP produces several cost- savings. What is the
source of these cost – savings?
Ans.
The basic function of MRP system includes inventory control, bill of material
processing and elementary scheduling. MRP helps organizations to maintain low
inventory levels. It is used to plan manufacturing, purchasing and delivering
activities.
Companies need to control the types and quantities of materials they purchase,
plan which products are to be produced and in what quantities and ensure that
they are able to meet current and future customer demand, all at the lowest
possible cost. Making a bad decision in any of these areas will make the
company lose money. A few examples are given below:
• If a company purchases insufficient quantities of an item used in
manufacturing, or the wrong item, they may be unable to meet contracts to
supply products by the agreed date.
Q.7. Can the good points of MRP and of JIT be combined in a production
system? If so, explain how?
Ans.
Associated with Japanese management techniques, just-in-time production (JIT)
is a set of principles and practices based on the philosophy that firms should hold
little or no inventory beyond that required for immediate production or distribution.
That is, a manufacturer should receive raw materials or parts from its suppliers
perhaps just hours before they will be used in production, and the firm's output
should be shipped to its customers as soon after completion as possible—without
holding onto a stock of either raw goods or finished products.
The idea behind lean/JIT is a concept called ideal production. Simply produce
and deliver finished goods just in time to be sold, subassemblies just in time to go
into subassemblies, and purchased materials just in time to be transformed into
fabricated parts. The goal of lean/JIT is to find practical ways to create the effect
of an automated industry that will come as close as possible to this concept of
ideal production.
The basic function of MRP system includes inventory control, bill of material
processing and elementary scheduling. MRP helps organizations to maintain low
inventory levels. It is used to plan manufacturing, purchasing and delivering
activities.
The lean/JIT philosophy suggests that a firm should eliminate any reliance upon
the EOQ formula and seek the ideal production quantity of one. Of course, a lot
size of one is not always feasible, but it is a goal used to focus attention on the
concept of rapid adjustments and flexibility.
The amount of safety stock an organization chooses to keep on hand can dramatically
affect their business. Too much safety stock can result in high holding costs of inventory.
In addition, products which are stored for too long a time can spoil, expire, or break
during the warehousing process. Too little safety stock can result in lost sales and, thus, a
higher rate of customer turnover. As a result, finding the right balance between too much
and too little safety stock is essential.
Pull System: In a pull system, releases are authorized. That is, there is an
endogenous signal based on system status that determines whether a release is
allowed or not. In particular, the system status that triggers releases is based on
stock voids, which means that a pull system is controlled
by downstream information and is inherently make-to-stock. In our
nomenclature, closed lines are pull systems, because buffer spaces act as stock
voids to trigger releases.
Push system is based on Customer Orders (Demand) and the forecast. Based on
the demand, both material and capacity planning is done. Shop floor control is
based on the demand and orders. Here both the material flow and the
information flow are in the same direction. This is generally suitable for Make to
stock situation. MRP is a Push system.
A Pull system on the contrast is based on Made to Order situation. The material
is flow is in the reverse direction of document flow. The shop flow control is
based on the actual requirements and is close to Just in Time. Pull systems
utilize the real demand (Customer Orders received), where as the Push systems
are based on the Forecast and build for expected Orders.
Q.9. Explain the concepts of safety stock, safety times acid safety capacity.
Are these relevant to MRP? If so, how? Would these be relevant to JIT? If
so , how?
Ans.
Safety stock defines the minimum level of inventory that the MRP system will
seek to maintain. In the absence of other requirements (or after other
requirements are fulfilled), if inventory falls below the safety stock level, the
MRP system should generate orders sufficient to maintain safety stock at the
specified level.
The role of safety stock in MRP system is very significant. Safety stock buffers
uncertainties in the quantities. These uncertainties are caused because of
quality. For offsetting any uncertainties in timing, safety lead time is used.
Increase in safety stock, means more inventory is being carried. This reduces the
overall performance of Material Requirements Planning or MRP. The best thing
which the company can do to decrease the safety stock is to eliminate the
uncertainties in the quantities.
Q.10. Discuss the relevance of MRP in Indian context. What are the
challenges to be experienced in the implementation of MRP in the Indian
situation?
Ans.
Relevance of MRP in Indian context:
In the post liberalization and opening up of the economy business era, ease in
international trade barriers, economic liberalization, globalization, privatization,
disinvestments and deregulation have thrown several challenges to Small and
Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the fast developing economies like India.
Material Resource Planning is often considered as one of the solutions for their
survival.
Up to mid-1990s, SMEs sector in India had operated under a much-protected
economic regime characterised by limited competition and a highly regulated
business environment. This business atmosphere had resulted in limited focus on
process efficiencies, centralized control structures, highly formalized business
settings and lack of professional business practices. However, following the
economic liberalization and opening up of the economy to foreign Multi- National
Companies (MNCs), Indian SMEs have been forced to adopt modern business
practices and strategies, which in turn can provide SMEs a cutting edge over its
competitors.
The benefits of MRP in any organization are beyond doubt. Some of the key
benefits are listed below :
Reduced Planning cycle time
Reduced manufacturing cycle time
Reduced inventory
Reduced error in ordering
Reduced requirement of manpower
Enables faster response to changing market situations
Better utilization of resources
Increased customer satisfaction
Enables global outreach
Implementation
MRP systems affect both the internal and external operations of an organization.
Hence successful implementation and use are critical to organizational
performance and survival. This is on account of the best practice business
processes that MRP systems are based on. This calls for MRP implementations
to be looked at from strategic, organizational and technical dimensions. The
implementation thus involves a mix of business process change and software
configuration to align the software and the business processes.
There are two strategic approaches to MRP system implementation. The first
approach is where a company goes for the plain vanilla version of MRP. Here the
organization has to reengineer the business process to fit the functionality of the
MRP system which brings with it major changes in the working of the
organization. This approach will take advantage of future upgrades, and allow
organizations to benefit from best business processes.
The second approach is where the MRP system is customized to fit the business
processes of the organization. This will not only slow down the implementation
but also will introduce new bugs into the system and make upgrades difficult and
costly. MRP vendors’ advice organizations to take the first approach and focus
on process changes.
One third of MRP implementations worldwide fail owing to various factors. One
major factor for failure is considering MRP implementation to be a mere
automation project instead of a project involving change management. It is a
business solution rather than an IT solution, as is perceived by most
organizations. Yet another reason for failure is over customization of the MRP
system. Therefore, organizations need to very carefully go about their MRP
implementations, if they are to be successful. Most large companies have either
implemented MRP or are in the process of doing so. Several large companies in
India, both in the public and private sectors, have successfully implemented MRP
and are reaping the benefits. Some of them are Godrej, HLL, Mahindra &
Mahindra and IOC. With the near saturation in the large enterprise market, MRP
vendors are looking to tap the potential in the SME segment.
The spending on MRP systems worldwide increased. Some of the reasons for
this are :
The demand for web-based MRP will increase due to the perceived
benefits of e-commerce.
Though SMEs are risk averse, they are keen on adopting MRP systems for
several reasons. Some of them are:
E-Commerce Benefits: This benefit will accrue from the close integration
between large enterprises and SMEs.
Cheaper And Faster Internet: Easier access to Internet reduces the costs
further.
Cheaper Hardware And Software: With the advances in technology, the costs
of both hardware in the form of servers, cables, switches etc. and software like
databases have come down
Perception: SMEs have the perception that MRP is meant only for large firms
mainly owing to the high costs of acquisition, implementation and maintenance
as also the complexity. Some of the SMEs even feel they do not need MRP.
Limited resources: Most SMEs do not have an in-house IT team. Due to this
they have to rely on external agencies to help them and this adds to the
implementation costs. Before embarking on an MRP system journey,
organizations have to ask themselves whether they are MRP ready. Some of the
factors to be considered before starting an MRP system implementation are: