1.

0 Discuss about how GPS work and applications in surveying

Surveying and mapping was one of the first commercial adaptations of GPS, as it
provides a latitude and longitude position directly without the need to measure angles and
distances between points.

However, it hasn’t entirely replaced surveying field instruments such as the

theodolite, Electronic Distance Meter, or the more modern Total Station, due to the cost of
the technology and the need for GPS to be able to ‘see’ the satellites therefore restricting its
use near trees and tall buildings.

There are three methods of GPS measurement that are utilised by surveyors.

i. Static GPS Baseline.

Static GPS is used for determining accurate coordinates for survey points by
simultaneously recording GPS observations over a known and unknown survey point for at
least 20 minutes. The data is then processed in the office to provide coordinates with an
accuracy of better than 5mm depending on the duration of the observations and satellite
availability at the time of the measurements.

ii. Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Observations.

This is where one receiver remains in one position over a known point, the Base
Station, another receiver moves between positions, the Rover Station. The position of the
Rover can be computed and stored within a few seconds, using a radio link to provide a
coordinate correction. This method gives similar accuracy to baseline measurements within
10km of the base station.

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 iii. Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS).

This where a survey quality GPS receiver is permanently installed in a location as a

starting point for any GPS measurements in the district. Common users of CORS are mining
sites, major engineering projects and local governments. Surveyors’ GPS receivers can then
collect field data and combine it with the CORS data to calculate positions. Many countries
have a CORS network that are used by many industries. Australia’s CORS network is the
Australian Regional GPS Network, and uses an online processing system to deliver data over
the internet within 24 hours, and give positions within an accuracy of a few centimetres.
Local CORS networks are also used to provide instant positions similar to the RTK method
by using a mobile phone data link to provide a coordinate correction to the surveyor and their
rover.

2.1 What is coordinate system and explain the implementation in Malaysia

Datum-datum geodetik Malaysia mula ditubuhkan pada kurun 18 dengan

menggunakan peralatan dan kaedah konvensional meliputi kawasan kecil di atas glob di
mana ia sesuai untuk kawasan terhad. Pada 1948, Sistem rujukan koordinat Malayan Revised
Triangulation 1948 (MRT48) dengan Bukit Kertau sebagai titik asalan (origin) telah
digunakan bagi aktiviti pemetaan dan ukur kadaster di Semenanjung Malaysia. Datum
rujukan geodetik bagi sistem ini adalah Datum Kertau yang menggunakan elipsoid Modified
Everest (Kertau). Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68) dengan Bukit Timbalai sebagai titik
asalan. Datum rujukan geodetik bagi BT68 adalah Datum Timbalai yang menggunakan
elipsoid Modified Everest (Timbalai).

Penggunaan teknologi GNSS bagi kerja-kerja ukur dan pemetaan di Malaysia telah
bermula sejak tahun 1989. Peninsular Malaysia Geodetic Scientific Network (PMGSN94)
pada tahun 1994, diikuti dengan East Malaysia Geodetic Scientific Network (EMGSN97)
pada tahun 1997. JUPEM juga kerangkakan rujukan geodetik GPS pasif ini telah
diperkukuhkan bagi menghasilkan Malaysia Primary Geodetic Network (MPGN2000).
JUPEM telah membangunkan rangkaian-rangkaian GPS/GNSS aktif, iaitu Malaysia Active
GPS System (MASS) antara tahun 1998 dan 2001 dan diikuti dengan penubuhan Malaysia
Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet) antara tahun 2002 dan 2008. GDM2000
(Geocentric Datum of Malaysia ) telah dibangunkan bagi memenuhi tuntutan semasa yang
menjurus kepada penggunaan datum rujukan global yang bersifat geosentrik.