ROCK

CYCLE
 LAYERS OF
THE
ATMOSPHERE
 TROPOSPHERE
 The layer closest to Earth’s surface.
 The temperature just above the ground is hotter than the
temperature high above.
 Weather occurs in the troposphere because this layer
contains most of the water vapor.
 Air in the troposphere is constantly moving. As a result,
aircraft flying through the troposphere may have a very
bumpy ride – what we know as turbulence.
 STRATOSPHERE
 The layer of air that extends to about 50 km from Earth’s
surface.
 Many jet aircraft fly in the stratosphere because it is very
stable.
 It is in the stratosphere that we find the ozone layer.
 The ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun’s harmful radiation
that would otherwise be dangerous to plant and animal life.
MESOSPHERE
 The layer between 50 km and 80 km
above the Earth’s surface.
 Air in this layer is very thin and cold.
 Meteors or rock fragments burn up in
the mesosphere
THERMOSPHERE
 between 80 km and 110 km above the Earth.
 Space shuttles fly in this area and it is also where the auroras are
found.
 Auroras are caused when the solar wind strikes gases in the
atmosphere above the Poles.

EXOSPHERE
 The upper limit of our atmosphere.
 This layer of the atmosphere merges into space. Satellites are
stationed in this area, 500 km to 1000 km from Earth.
ATMOSPHERIC
COMPOSITION
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN
AIR IS HEATED?
What happens when air is heated?

The flame warms

up the air above it.
And the warm air rises.
 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
AIR IN THE
SORROUNDINGS AS WARM
AIR RISES?
What happens to the air in
the surroundings as warm
air rises?
What happens to the air in the surroundings as warm air rises?
What happens to the air in the surroundings as warm air rises?
What happens to the air in the surroundings as warm air rises?
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
AIR IN THE
SORROUNDINGS AS
WARM AIR RISES?
DAYTIME
What happens to the air in the
surroundings as warm air rises over land
during the day?
What happens to the air in the
surroundings as warm air rises over land
during the day?
NIGHT TIME
What happens to the air in the
surroundings as warm air rises over the
sea at night?
What happens to the air in the
surroundings as warm air rises over the
sea at night?
 Sea
breeze

Land
breeze
 Thinking SKILLS

Warm air rises and cold air sinks. Why?

a. Warm air is less dense than cold air
b. Warm air has less mass than cold air
c. Warm air exerts less pressure than cold air
d. The average kinetic energy of molecules in
air is less
 In what direction do winds blow?
Study Figure 1. It
shows the air
pressure and
direction of winds in
different parts of the
world in January.
Low-pressure areas
are marked by L and
high-pressure areas
are marked by H.
Broken lines with
arrowheads show the
direction of the wind.
Figure 1:Pressure and Winds in January
 PRESSURE AND WINDS IN
JANUARY (COLDER months)
 The winds move toward low-pressure areas.
 Winds move away from high-pressure areas.
 The wind blows from the high-pressure area in the
Asian continent toward the low-pressure area south of
the Philippines.
 Near the Philippines, the wind blows from the
northeast in January.
 Monsoon wind is locally known as
amihan.
 Where wind passes over some bodies
of water before it reaches the Philippines.
 Wind picks up moisture along the way
and brings rain to the eastern part of the
Philippines.
 It shows the
air pressure
and direction
of winds in
different
parts of the
world in July.

Figure 2. Pressure and Winds in July

 PRESSURE AND WINDS IN
JANUARY (WARMER months
 Near the Philippines, the wind blows from the southwest in
July.
 Low-pressure area and high-pressure area near the
Philippines have changed places…. a result, the direction of the
wind also changes.
 Wind will move from the high-pressure area in Australia to
the low-pressure area in the Asian continent.
 This monsoon wind is locally called habagat .
 Wind moves from
High Pressure  Low Pressure
Cold Temperature Warmer Temperatures
◦Molecules closer together ◦ Molecules further apart
◦“packed tightly” ◦ “unpacked”
◦More dense = more ◦ Less Dense = Less Pressure
pressure

Molecules want to spread out, yet… still same amount!

What happens when warm air
rises south of the Philippines?
What happens when warm air
rises north of the Philippines?
 TWO TYPES OF MONSOONS
Northeast monsoon Southwest monsoon

The northeast
monsoon or
amihan is cold
because it comes
from cold areas,
such as Siberia and
Mongolia, in the
October to March July to September Asian continent.
 Both the amihan and habagat bring rain to the
Philippines.
 Winds pass over bodies of water which supply a lot of
moisture. The amihan passes over the Pacific Ocean
before it reaches the Philippines, bringing rain to the
eastern part of the Philippines.
 The habagat passes over the Indian Ocean and South
China Sea (West Philippine Sea) before it arrives in our
country, bringing rain to the western portion of the
country.
INTER-TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Air from north of the equator and air from

south of the equator will move toward the
place where warm air is rising.

Band of cloudiness
ITCZ is place where winds in the
tropics MEET or CONVERGE

Rising warm air will form

clouds, which may lead to
thunderstorms.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR TROPICAL
CYCLONE FORMATION
 sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures
 atmospheric instability
 high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the
troposphere
 enough Coriolis force to sustain a low pressure center
 a preexisting low level focus or disturbance
 low vertical wind shear
Why do seasons
change?
 What are the causes of
seasons?
The Axial inclination of the
Earth.
 Uneven Heating of the
Earth due to the curvature of
Earth.
The Earth revolution around
the sun.
 The Axial
inclination of
the Earth.
 As the Earth
revolves around
the sun the
position of
hemisphere facing
towards the sun
change. It will result
to the change of
season in both
hemisphere.
 Uneven
Heating of the
Earth due to
the curvature
of Earth.
Curved Earth = Sun rays hit Earth at angles
45°
Acute Angle = less intense heat (cooler)

90°

45° Acute Angle = less intense heat (cooler)

On Earth, Why is it that the colder places
are near the pole?
 90°

45°
Larger Angle =
More intense
heat (hotter)
Acute Angle =
less intense heat
(cooler)
EARTH
Curved Earth = Sun rays hit Earth at angles

90°
Direct Angle = Very intense heat (HOT)

Why do direct rays of the sun usually fall on

the equator?
 Curved Earth = Sun rays hit Earth at angles
30°
Coldest
at the
Poles 45°

Equator
is hottest 90°

Cooler
at
angles 45°
Why do poles usually receive the least rays
of the sun?
 The Earth
revolution
around the sun
THE POSITION OF THE SUN
IN THE SKY
 During summer
season the days are
longer and night are
shorter.
 During winter days
are shorter night are
longer.
Why do eclipse occur?
An eclipse occurs because of the relative
positions of Earth, the sun, and the moon. As
Earth revolves around the sun, the moon also
revolves around Earth.
The Moon is between Earth and the Sun.

SOLAR
ECLIPSE
Earth is between the moon and the Sun.

LUNAR
ECLIPSE
 EIGHT
PHASES
OF THE
MOON
 POINT OF COMPARISON
The Moon's orbit around Earth is elliptical.
PERIGEE - the point of the orbit closest to Earth
APOGEE - the point farthest from Earth

PERIHELION - the place where the planet is closest to the

Sun
APHELION - the planet is furthest away from the Sun