energies

Article
Research on Modeling and Hierarchical Scheduling
of a Generalized Multi-Source Energy Storage System
in an Integrated Energy Distribution System
Weiliang Wang 1,2 , Dan Wang 1, *, Liu Liu 1, *, Hongjie Jia 1 , Yunqiang Zhi 1 , Zhengji Meng 1
and Wei Du 3
1 Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
wweiliang@tju.edu.cn (W.W.); hjjia@tju.edu.cn (H.J.); yuningzhi@tju.edu.cn (Y.Z.);
mzj941011@163.com (Z.M.)
2 State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Maintenance Branch, Nanjing 210003, China
3 NARI Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211106, China; duwei@sgepri.sgcc.com.cn
* Correspondence: wangdantjuee@tju.edu.cn (D.W.); liulscu@tju.edu.cn (L.L.);
Tel.: +86-185-2263-6418 (D.W.); +86-133-0306-0197 (L.L.)




Received: 13 December 2018; Accepted: 5 January 2019; Published: 15 January 2019


Abstract: Energy storage systems play a crucial role in ensuring stable operation. However,
the development of system-level energy storage is hindered due to the restrictions of economy,
geography, and other factors. Transitions of traditional power systems into integrated energy
distribution systems (IEDS) have provided new solutions to the problems mentioned above. Through
intelligent control management methods, the utilization of multi-energy-type resources both on the
supply and demand sides shows the potential for equivalent storage characteristics. Inspired by the
aggregation principles, this paper aims at proposing a novel model named generalized multi-source
energy storage (GMSES), including the modeling and cooperation of three kinds of available resources:
conventional energy storage (CES), multi-energy flow resources (MFR), and demand response
resources (DRR). Compared with the conventional means of storage, GMSES can be regarded
as a more cost-effective and flexible participant in the proposed hierarchical energy scheduling
framework that can realize system-level storage services in IEDS. On this basis, a multi-timescale
energy scheduling strategy is proposed to reshape the regulation of IEDS operations and deal with
the fluctuations caused by renewable energy and loads, where the general parameter serialization
(GPS)-based control strategy is utilized to select and control the responsive loads in DRR. Furthermore,
a hierarchical scheduling algorithm is developed to generate the optimal set-points of GMSES.
Case studies are analyzed in an electricity-gas coupled IEDS. The simulation results show that the
coupled co-optimization GMSES model is conducive to achieving the goal of self-management and
economical operation, while the influence of the underlying IEDS on the upper energy system is
reduced, as the tie-line power fluctuations are smoothed out.

Keywords: generalized multi-source energy storage; hierarchical scheduling; multi-energy flow;

resource coordination

1. Introduction
Energy storage systems (ESSs) play important roles in improving economy [1], energy supply
stability [2], and energy efficiency [3]. Relative demonstrations around the world show that ESS is
conducive to promoting efficient energy consumption and renewable energy integration. In the U.S.,
ESS is highly supported and widely applied in different power utility companies [4]. In Europe, ESS is
regarded as one of the significant energy strategies in the Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan by

Energies 2019, 12, 246; doi:10.3390/en12020246 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2019, 12, 246 2 of 28

Energies 2019, 11, x 2 of 29

the European Commission, which facilitates the European Union’s efforts to achieve energy targets by
by and
2020 the 2050
European
[5]. Commission, which facilitates the European Union’s efforts to achieve energy
targets by 2020
Based on their and operation
2050 [5]. mechanisms, ESSs can primarily be divided into electromagnetic,
Based on their
mechanical, electrochemical, operation mechanisms,
and thermal ones, ESSsascan primarily
shown be divided
in Figure 1 [6]. into electromagnetic,
Previous studies have
mechanical, electrochemical, and thermal ones, as shown in Figure 1 [6]. Previous studies have shown
shown an urgent demand for system-level energy storage with low costs and high flexibility. However,
an urgent demand for system-level energy storage with low costs and high flexibility. However,
owing to the restrictions of physical properties and commercial factors, the conventional energy storage
owing to the restrictions of physical properties and commercial factors, the conventional energy
model needs further improvement for the following reasons: (1) the energy storage economics are
storage model needs further improvement for the following reasons: (1) the energy storage economics
of significant concern, both in the investment stage and the operation stage [7]; (2) the application of
are of significant concern, both in the investment stage and the operation stage [7]; (2) the application
ESS is limited by geography and external environment [8]; (3) durable system-level storage services
of ESS is limited by geography and external environment [8]; (3) durable system-level storage services
could
couldbebeaffected
affectedby byESS
ESScapacity,
capacity,cycle
cyclelife,
life, performance, andother
performance, and otherfactors
factors[9].
[9].Typical
Typical ESS
ESS storage
storage
characteristics,
characteristics,i.e., rated
i.e., ratedpower,
power,average
averagecapital
capitalcost,
cost,response
responsetime
timeand
andapplications,
applications, are
are classified
classified in
Figure 1 [6,7].
in Figure 1 [6,7].

Electromagnetic Mechanical Electrochemical Thermal Capital Cost

GMSES-DRR GMSES-CES GMSES-MFR

4
10 10000+
PHS

Average Capital Cost ($/kWh)

Frequency Spinning and Operation Seasonal
103 regulation non-spinning reserve scheduling storage 3000
CAES
Rated Power (MW)

102 2500

Lead-acid
101 NaS 2000

VRB
1 1500
Super-
capacitor FES Li-ion
10-1 STES 1000

10-2 500

0 0
Second Minute Hour Day
Response Time
FES: flywheel energy storage VRB: vanadium redox battery PHS: pumped hydro storage
CAES: compressed air energy storage STES: seasonal thermal energy storage

Figure 1. Functional
Figure applications
1. Functional of energy
applications storage
of energy systems
storage (ESSs)
systems and and
(ESSs) generalized multi-source
generalized energy
multi-source
storage (GMSES) [6,7].
energy storage (GMSES) [6,7].

Some
Some methods
methods have
havebeen
beenproposed
proposed to to
improve
improve thethe
existing
existing energy
energy storage
storagemodel.
model. InIn
reference
reference [10],
due[10], due to the development and innovation on the physical materials of ESS, the energy efficiency of
to the development and innovation on the physical materials of ESS, the energy efficiency
a vanadium
of a vanadiumredox flow
redox battery
flow was
battery improved
was improvedfrom from62%62%to to 76%.
76%. A A dispatching
dispatchingmethodmethod forfor hybrid
hybrid
ESSESSwas
wasdeveloped minimizethe
developed to minimize the
lifelife
cyclecycle
costcost in [11].
in [11]. In reference
In reference [12],heaters
[12], water waterand heaters
batteryand
battery
storagestorage
systemssystems
were were coordinated
coordinated for optimum
for optimum demand
demand response,
response, controlled
controlled by by a proposed
a proposed
mathematicalmodel.
mathematical model. These
These studies
studieswere
wereable ableto to
improve
improve the the
performance
performance and controllability
and controllability of ESS of
ESSto to
some
someextent. However,
extent. controllable
However, resources
controllable of multi-energy
resources networks,
of multi-energy demand side
networks, demandand supply
side and
side, side,
supply possess regulatable
possess potential
regulatable that that
potential hasn’t beenbeen
hasn’t coordinated
coordinated efficiently in previous
efficiently in previous studies.
studies.
Therefore, the energy storage model still faces challenges of high cost, limited
Therefore, the energy storage model still faces challenges of high cost, limited power output, and power output, and lack
lack
of all-around applicability. Even though investment in energy storage is
of all-around applicability. Even though investment in energy storage is expected to decrease inexpected to decrease in thethe
future,
future, thethe mediancapital
median capitalcost
costof
ofaabattery
battery system
system for foran
an8-h
8-hbattery,
battery,forforexample,
example, is is
still predicted
still predicted to to
be more than 1000 $/kW [13].
be more than 1000 $/kW [13].
Energies 2019, 12, 246 3 of 28

On the other hand, traditional power systems are undergoing transitions towards integrated
energy distribution systems (IEDS) [14], where the interdependencies and synergy effects among
various energy sectors are highlighted, including the electric power system (EPS), natural gas system
(NGS), and district heating system (DHS). The transitions have gained popularity in both academia
and industry [15]. In addition, controllable resources both on the supply and demand sides can be
regulated and integrated as flexible participants [16,17], which also provides new pathways to the
development of ESSs. In reference [18], home microgrids consisting of multiple distributed energy
resources are taken as players in the market, whose power is well dispatched with the hierarchical
bi-level controller. A bi-level model for long-term planning on wind investment is studied in [19],
where demand- side resources and wind turbines are coordinated. Considering the link function
between primary and secondary energy sources, electricity is taken as the core of IEDS. However,
other types of energy carriers are necessary in the following analysis, as they can provide energy
backup and enhance flexibility with respect to their complementary characteristics.
In this regard, this paper proposes a generalized multi-source energy storage (GMSES) model
and its hierarchical optimal scheduling strategy for operation and control. Three kinds of controllable
resources in GMSES are highlighted herein: conventional energy storage (CES), multi-energy flow
resources (MFR), and demand response resources (DRR); and energy carriers such as electricity,
gas, and heat are taken into consideration [20]. Interactions between electricity and other energy
carriers are feasible due to energy conversion technologies. As electricity shows a core position in
energy supply and unique characteristics in energy utilization, the GMSES power interaction mainly
refers to electricity in this paper. Direct application of other energy carriers will be discussed in
following papers.
The applications of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and information and communication
technology (ICT) motivate the development of energy scheduling on multiple time scales. Owing
to the uncertainties of the renewable energy and energy loads, there are power deviations between
the forecast results and real-time operation status [21], which may influence the energy scheduling
plan significantly. In this regard, day-ahead scheduling results need to be adjusted in response to
the updated energy forecast information. GMSES resources can be adopted for power regulation to
obtain stable operation. Therefore, three scheduling scenarios are addressed: day-head, intra-hour,
and ultra-short-term.
However, response characteristics of GMSES resources vary in multi-time scales. In this case,
a hierarchical framework may provide an appropriate way to solve this problem. A novel framework
is presented in [22] to study the impacts of investment incentives on generation expansion planning.
Based on a two-stage energy management strategy, wind power and plug-in electrical vehicles were
able to be used to minimize its operational cost and maintain the power balance in [23]. In reference [24],
with the hierarchical framework, the battery energy-storage system and renewable energy sources
could be combined to realize an economic generation schedule. Inspired by this, a hierarchical
scheduling framework for resource coordination is proposed for GMSES, where efficient energy
interactions are feasible between the system-level instructions and equipment response. Accordingly,
with the help of optimal scheduling planning and reasonable control strategies, integrated controllable
resources of GMSES can realize the flexible energy flow utilization and meet the requirements of
system-level storage service in IEDS.
The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows.

(1) By combining the resources of conventional energy storage, multi-energy flow and demand
response, a novel model named GMSES is proposed for a system-level equivalent energy
storage effect.
(2) A hierarchical scheduling framework is studied to take advantage of complementary
characteristics of various resources in GMSES and meet the precise response to the control target.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 4 of 28

(3) A coupled co-optimization model is developed for multi-type and multi-timescale coordinated
scheduling solution (including day-ahead, intra-hour and ultra-short-term scheduling),
promoting the economical and stable operation of IEDS.
(4) A general parameter serialization (GPS)-based control strategy is adopted for the flexible
demand-side loads in GMSES.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes a functional framework and
the comprehensive modeling of GMSES. Section 3 presents a detailed description of the hierarchical
scheduling framework, as well as the multi-timescale optimization and control strategy of GMSES.
Verified by the case studies, Section 4 discusses the results for the economic scheduling and energy
balance service of GMSES. Finally, Section 5 draws the conclusions.

2. Functional Framework and Comprehensive Modeling of Generalized Multi-Source

Energy Storage
By coordinating the available resources of conventional energy storage, multi-energy flow and
demand response, GMSES is characterized by its advantage of combining high power density and high
energy density [25]. Complementary potential can be found in the coordination of GMSES controllable
resources, as it varies in time scales and operation characteristics, as shown in Figure 1. This paper
takes shorter scheduling scenarios of day-ahead, intra-hour and ultra-short-term as an example to
illustrate the details of GMSES resources.

(1) CES mainly refers to traditional battery energy storage in this paper. Currently, some typical CESs
(i.e., lead-acid battery, lithium-ion battery, etc.) have been widely utilized for EPS applications [25].
To simplify the CES model, the lead-acid battery is selected with an operation time interval of
15 min to avoid too much power loss and lifecycle decrease caused by frequent dispatch [26].
(2) MFR refers to the equivalent storage based on energy conversion and dispatch. Due to the
microturbine response characteristics, MFR can be applied for longer time-scale dispatch schemes
ranging from 15 min to 1 h in this paper, aiming at minimizing the operation costs in day-ahead
scheduling and smoothing out the fluctuations in intra-hour scheduling [27].
(3) DRR refers to the equivalent storage that aggregates flexible demand-side loads with reasonable
control strategies [28]. Considering the fast-response characteristics of DRR, three typical
controllable loads, i.e., heat pump (HP), central air conditioning (CAC), and electric vehicle
(EV) are studied herein for energy balance service. The DRR operation time interval is set
as 1 min.

As the application scenario and available resources may change, other energy storage resources
like power-to-gas (P2G) [29] will be integrated in GMSES model in a subsequent study. Specifically,
due to the larger energy storage potential, P2G can be deployed to adjust high-level renewable energy
penetration [30]. Meanwhile, in this paper, considering the application scenario and energy scheduling
timescale, P2G systems are not included in the GMSES model.
In Figure 2, the day-ahead schedule plan is studied in Stage 1 based on the optimal energy flow
calculation, where the basic operation points of GMSES can be obtained. As the uncertainties vary
in multiple time scales, the fluctuations caused by energy demand and renewable energy need to be
smoothed out in the intra-hour schedule plan in Stage 2, and energy balance service is provided to
follow the real-time variations in the ultra-short-term schedule plan in Stage 3, as shown in Figure 2.
With flexible GMSES resources and the self-management energy scheduling strategy, the local impacts
on the upper level energy system can be minimized.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 5 of 28
Energies 2019, 11, x 5 of 29

Forecast error
Energy Forecast: Forecast value Forecast error Forecast value Forecast error Forecast value Forecast error
• Uncertainties
• Multi-time scale Actual value Actual value Actual value

Update of forecast data Basic set-point reference

Constraints Stage 3: Ultra-short term
Energy Balance
• Multi-energy flow
Basic set-point reference •

equations • Target: Ultra-short term

Stage 2: Intra-hour Scheduling
• Static security Update of forecast data power fluctuation smoothing
constraints
• Target: Power deviation • Dispatch time interval: 1 min
• End-use comfort-
constraints Stage 1: Day-ahead Scheduling regulation • GMSES resource: DRR
• Equipment • Dispatch time interval: 15 mins
• Target: Set the economic
constraints • GMSES resource: MFR + CES
operation plan and tie-line
power basic Power deviation
• Dispatch time interval: 1 hour regulation
Renewable Energy Energy balance
& Load Forecast • GMSES resource: MFR
Errors
Resource coordination
GMSES / Integrated Energy Distribution System Interface (electric power)

Energy conversion & dispatch Optimal scheduling & control Demand response & load control

Multi-energy Flow Resource Conventional Energy Storage Demand Response Resource

(MFR): electricity, gas, heat (CES): lead-acid battery (DRR): HP, EV, CAC

Generalized Multi-source Energy Storage (GMSES) Resource Pool

Figure2.2.Functional
Figure Functionalframework
framework of generalized
generalized multi-source
multi-sourceenergy
energystorage (GMSES).
storage (GMSES).

2.1.2.1.
GMSES-Conventional
GMSES-ConventionalEnergy
EnergyStorage
Storage (CES)
(CES)
The CES
The CESstores
storesenergy
energybasedbasedon on aa series
series of energy
energy storage storagecells. cells.To
Toevaluate
evaluate the
the stored
stored energy
energy
level,the
level, thestate
stateofofcharge
charge(SOC)(SOC)isis studied
studied as as aa significant
significant indicator. indicator. ItItisismodeled
modeled as as
shown
shown in in
Equations
Equations (1)–(3),where
(1)–(3), wherethe theSOC
SOCtime
time continuity
continuity characteristic
characteristiccan canbe befound.
found.TheTheovercharging
overcharging or or
overdischargingstatus
overdischarging statusisisnot
notallowed
allowed in in thethe normal
normal operation
operationofofGMSES-CES. GMSES-CES.Therefore,
Therefore, thethe
SOCSOC
variations are limited to the operation constraints, as shown in Equations (4) and (5). In addition, itit is
variations are limited to the operation constraints, as shown in Equations (4) and (5). In addition,
is assumed
assumed that that the energy
the energy lossloss of the
of the CESCES only only occurs
occurs in the
in the charging
charging or or dischargingperiods,
discharging periods,andandthe
the SOC at the initial moment should be equal to that at the last
SOC at the initial moment should be equal to that at the last moment in an operation period, as shown moment in an operation period, as
in shown
Equation in Equation
(6). (6).
SSOC_k (t) − SSOC_k (t − ∆t) = ∆SSOC_k (t) (1)
SSOC_k (t ) − SSOC_k ( t − Δt ) = ΔSSOC_k ( t ) (1)
CES CES
∆SSOC_k = Pk,C ηk,C ∆t/Wk,rated (2)
ΔS k =CES P ηk ,CΔt / W
CES
CES
CES (2)
∆SSOC_kSOC_ = Pk,Dk ,C∆t/ (Wk,ratedk ,rated
ηk,D ) (3)
ΔSSOC_k = PkCES Δ t / (W CES
η ) (3)
∆SSOC_k ≤ ∆SSOC_k ,D
≤ ∆S
(t)k ,rated k ,D
SOC_k (4)
ΔSSOC_≤
k ≤SΔSSOC_k (
(t ) ≤ ΔSSOC_k (4) (5)
SSOC_k SOC_k t ) ≤ S SOC_k

SSOC_k (≤0S)SOC_
SSOC_k ) ≤ SSOC_
=k (St SOC_k (Tk )
(5) (6)

SSOC_k (0) = SSOC_k (T)

2.2. GMSES Multi-Energy Flow Resource (MFR) (6)

Energy conversion and dispatch technologies have promoted flexible energy coupling and
2.2. GMSES Multi-Energy
multi-energy complementary Flowintegration
Resource (MFR)
in IEDS. Taking electricity as an example, with the help
of power electronic
Energy devices,
conversion bi-directional
and power flowhave
dispatch technologies can be realized flexible
promoted if reasonable
energycontrol strategy
coupling and is
multi-energyThat
implemented. complementary
is to say, theintegration in IEDS.links
energy-coupling Taking
andelectricity
multipleas an example,
energy with
systems the help
coupled of
thereto
power electronic devices, bi-directional power flow can be realized if reasonable control
can be integrated and regulated as equivalent energy storage, which is defined as a multi-energy strategy is
 Energies 2019, 11, x 6 of 29

implemented.
Energies 2019, 12, 246That is to say, the energy-coupling links and multiple energy systems coupled thereto
6 of 28
can be integrated and regulated as equivalent energy storage, which is defined as a multi-energy flow
resource (MFR) in the framework of GMSES. Therefore, the regulatable potential of multi-energy
flow resource
networks (MFR)
could in theutilized
be fully framework of GMSES.
to support Therefore,
the EPS. the regulatable
An example potential
of GMSES-MFR of multi-energy
is shown in Figure
networks
3. could be fully utilized to support the EPS. An example of GMSES-MFR is shown in Figure 3.

Electric power system Electric power system

Source Source
bus bus

GMSES-MFR GMSES-MFR

PEC PEC PEC PEC

AC Charging/ CHP AC Discharging CHP

standby status status
CHP GB CHP GB

BEH Type I BEH Type II BEH Type I BEH Type II

Gas Gas
source source

Natural Gas
Electricity Energy
Electricity Flow
Heat Natural gas system Gas Energy Flow Natural gas system
(a) (b)

Figure Illustration
3. 3.
Figure Illustrationofofthe
theGMSES-MFR:
GMSES-MFR:(a)
(a) charging/standby status,(b)
charging/standby status, (b)discharging
discharging status.
status.

The Thephysical
physicalbasis of GMSES-MFR
basis of GMSES-MFRis is thethe bi-directional
bi-directional energy energy hub (BEH),
hub (BEH), and its and its charging
charging status
status is defined
is defined as when as when electricity
electricity flows flows
into the into
BEH,theandBEH, theand the opposite
opposite defines thedefines the discharging
discharging status.
status. Traditionally,
Traditionally, the energy
the energy hub hub
(EH)(EH) model model has has
been been
widelywidely used usedfor for multi-energy
multi-energy flowflow analysis.
analysis.
However,
However, it is not
it is notable
abletotoexplain
explainbi-directional
bi-directional energy flow flow characteristics.
characteristics.Taking Takingthe the
EH EH type
type I inI in
Figure 3b as an example, when the electricity generated by combined
Figure 3b as an example, when the electricity generated by combined heat and power (CHP) satisfies heat and power (CHP) satisfies
thethe demand-side
demand-side requirements,the
requirements, theexcess
excesspartspartscan
can be be sent
sent back
back to tothetheEPS,
EPS,which
whichmakesmakes Pe1Pnegative.
e1 negative.
At this time, the power flows into the air-conditioner (AC) system
At this time, the power flows into the air-conditioner (AC) system are negative, as the dispatch are negative, as the dispatch factor
factor
is non-negative. Obviously, this is unreasonable in reality. Hence,
is non-negative. Obviously, this is unreasonable in reality. Hence, the BEH model is studied as below,the BEH model is studied as below,
where power electronic convertor (PEC) makes it possible for bi-directional power flow [31].
where power electronic convertor (PEC) makes it possible for bi-directional power flow [31].
To describe the behaviors of energy dispatch in GMSES-MFR, λC and λD of BEH are defined
To describe the behaviors of energy dispatch in GMSES-MFR, λC and λD of BEH are defined as
as dispatch factors in the charging/standby and discharging status. Specifically, taking BEH type I as
dispatch
an example, when MFR is in the charging status, the load demand is satisfied bytaking
factors in the charging/standby and discharging status. Specifically, both EPS BEHandtype
NGSI as
an while
example, when MFR is in the charging status, the load demand is satisfied
Pe1 is positive. If the ratio of Lh1 to Le1 is equal to the heat-power ratio of CHP, the NGS can by both EPS and NGS
while
supplyPe1 both
is positive.
electricalIf and
the thermal Lh1 towhich
ratio of loads, Le1 is means
equal thatto the heat-powerisratio
GMSES-MFR in theofstandby
CHP, the NGS
status andcan
supply
Pe1 isboth
zero.electrical
When theand gasthermal
input Pg1loads, whichthe
increases, means that GMSES-MFR
electricity generated by CHP is in the
couldstandby
be sentstatus
back to and
Pe1 is zero. When the gas input Pg1 increases, the electricity generated by e1CHP could be sent backI to
the EPS through the PEC, which means that the MFR is discharging and P is negative. BEH type
theinEPS
charging/standby
through the PEC, andwhich
discharging
meansstatus that thecanMFR
be modeled
is dischargingusing Equations
and Pe1 is(7) and (8). BEH type I in
negative.
charging/standby and discharging status  be
 Le1can 1−  
modeled e
 using
P  Equations (7) and (8).
L  = 
C1 CHP e1
 P  (7)
#  h1" C1 CHP   g1#"
AC h
"  #
Le1 1 − λC1 ηCHP e Pe1
 Le1  = −1 (1 −AC D1 ) h CHP e
  Pe1  (7)
Lh1  =  λC1 η η CHPh   g1 P (8)
 −D1 (1 − D1 ) CHP   Pg1 
AC
 Lh1 
" # " #" #
Similarly, BEH typeLe1II in charging/standby and
−1/(1 − λD1 ) discharging
e
ηCHP status
Pe1 could be modeled in
Equations (9) and (10). L = (8)
h1 −λD1 η AC /(1 − λD1 ) ηCHP
h Pg1
 Le2  1 C2CHP
e
  Pe2 
L  = 
Similarly, BEH type II in charging/standby  
and discharging (9) in
status could be modeled
 h2  0 (1 − C2 ) + C2CHP   Pg2 
GB h

Equations (9) and (10).

" # " #" #
Le2 1 e
λC2 ηCHP Pe2
= GB h (9)
Lh2 0 (1 − λC2 )η + λC2 ηCHP Pg2
Energies 2019, 12, 246 7 of 28

" # " #" #

Le2 −1 e
λD2 ηCHP Pe2
= (10)
Lh2 0 (1 − λD2 )η GB + λD2 ηCHP
h Pg2

The energy conversion and dispatch processes can be obtained via energy coupling component.
Therefore, the output power boundaries of the BEH can be illustrated as
(
lb = L − Pe,max + klb
Pe1 e1 CHP
Type I ub = L + Pe,max /η AC + kub (11)
Pe1 e1 AC
(
lb = L − Pe,max + klb
Pe2 e2 CHP
Type II ub = L + kub (12)
Pe2 e2

where k represents the correction factor of the effect of energy sectors on the output of Pe . It should be
pointed out that the method of multi-energy flow analysis could also be applied to other scenarios in
the IEDS.
The participation of NGS has broadened the border of energy regulation in GMSES, where energy
flow analysis is adopted for the coupling relationship consideration. The mass-flow balance equation
of NGS can be calculated in Equation (13). Furthermore, the interfaces between BEH and NGS mainly
refer to the BEH consumed gas power Pg1 and Pg2 , which influence the gas demand ωl,i and ωl,j at
the connected node i and node j in Equation (14) and are constrained by the gas pressure level in
Equation (15). As the IEDS discussed in this paper involves low-pressure scenarios, Lacey’s equation
is used to express the relation between gas flow and pressure drop, as shown in Equation (16) [32].
The natural gas flow calculation could be solved using the Newton–Raphson method, the details for
which can be found in [32].
ANGS Qr + ωs − ωl = 0 (13)
" # " # " P #
with
ωl,i without
ωl,i g1
= + GHV (14)
with
ωl,j without
ωl,j Pg2
GHV

Sg v2g f r Lr
∆pr = −0.5 × (15)
Dp
s
(∆pr ) Dp5
Qr = 5.72 × 10−4 [ ] (16)
f r Lr S g

2.3. GMSES Demand Response Resource (DRR)

When applied to ultra-short-term scheduling, the energy storage capacities required, as well
as the investment costs and the power losses of GMSES-CES, will increase significantly, while the
GMSES-MFR is not suitable for frequent adjustment due to the microturbines’ inherent response
characteristics [33]. Therefore, to accommodate the forecast errors flexibly and economically, DRR with
fast-response characteristics is utilized to manage the energy consumption of different load groups [33].
With the corresponding control strategy, DRR could be implemented to provide the required power
increase or decrease, which is similar to the energy storage effect. The DRR considered herein primarily
refers to the typical power-controllable flexible loads, including EV and temperature-controlled loads
such as HP and CAC, which are widely used in the household, industry and commerce.

2.3.1. General Model of GMSES-DRR

The key operation parameters of DRRs have common characteristics such as being controllable,
sequenceable, and combinable [12], and they can be expressed by general parameters to construct
a general model of GMSES-DRR [34]. The operation characteristics with respect to key operation
parameters and consumed power of DRRs are shown in Figure 4, where the power consumptions
Energies 2019, 12, 246 8 of 28
Energies 2019, 11, x 8 of 29

of
HPHPandand
CAC CAChavehave a corresponding
a corresponding thermoelectric
thermoelectric coupling
coupling relationship
relationship with
with the the location’s
location’s room
room
temperature, as shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively. In contrast to the HP temperature curve,curve,
temperature, as shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively. In contrast to the HP temperature the
the charging
charging state
state andand energy
energy status
status of determine
of EV EV determine its power
its power consumption,
consumption, as shown
as shown in Figure
in Figure 4c. 4c.

Indoor temperature(℃) Indoor temperature(℃) Charging trajectory

Upper Actual charging boundary
Upper boundary1 Heating Non-heating Actual charging trajectory
boundary mode mode Nominal charging track
Upper
boundary2 Charging state
Idle
mode Operation
Gear deadband mode Idle state
adjustment deadband
Lower
boundary2
Time
Lower Lower
boundary boundary1 Energy status
Upper
Time Time
boundary
Power consumption Power consumption
lower
Load rate boundary
Time
regulation
Power consumption

Time Time Time

(a) Operation characteristic of a single HP (b) Operation characteristic of a single CAC (c) Operation characteristic of a single EV

Figure 4.
Figure Operationcharacteristics
4. Operation characteristicsof
ofGMSES-DRR.
GMSES-DRR.

In
In addition
addition to
to the
the operation characteristicsof
operation characteristics ofdifferent
differentDRRs,
DRRs,the
thegeneral
generalmodel
modelofofcontrollable
controllable
load groups could be further described by the dynamic mechanism and physical-power
load groups could be further described by the dynamic mechanism and physical-power coupling coupling
model
model [28].
[28]. A
A typical
typical DRR dynamic mechanism
DRR dynamic mechanism is is proposed
proposedin inEquation
Equation(17).
(17).

E m( E=1( E,m1E,2E m2, ,...,

Em n = E mh h,..., E mH ) H (17)
mn n
mn . . . , Emn , . . . , Emn )
n n n n (17)
Taking the operation status Ehmh as an example, its dynamic mechanism can be described by
Taking the operation status Em as an example, its dynamic mechanism can be described by
n

Equation (18). n
Equation (18).
RE mt +Δ,ht = f (TP1 ,..., TPo ,..., TPO , Q1t ,..., Q at ,..., Q At , F1t ,..., Fbt ,..., FBt )
n (18)
t+∆t t t t t t t
The operation = f ( TP
REmn ,hpower of 1DRR TPdetermined
, . . . , is o , . . . , TPO , Q
by 1 , .its Q a , . operation
. . ,own . . , QA , F1 , control . . , FB ) and rated
. . . , Fb , .variables (18)
power, while the operation control variables are determined by the load’s key operation parameters
The operation power of DRR is determined by its own operation control variables and rated
and operation conditions in consecutive periods. In general, the operation power consumption of
power,
DRR has while the operation
a certain control variables
correspondence with the are
keydetermined by the load’sTaking
operation parameters. key operation
DRR in parameters
operation
and operation
status h
Em as conditions
an in
example, consecutive
the periods.
physical-power In general,
coupling the operation
model power
formed by consumption
the key of DRR
operation
has a certain
n
correspondence with the key operation parameters. Taking DRR in operation status Emh
parameters can be illustrated by Equations (19) and (20). n
as an example, the physical-power coupling model formed by the key operation parameters can be
Pm = r ( Fm , Pm ,rated ,η m )
h h h h
(19)
illustrated by Equations (19) and (20). n n n n

 U Qt ≤ Qt
Pmh n = h h a
mn , Pmn ,rated
t + Δtr ( F t ,a,t η− m
h
) (19)
Fmn ,h = V Qa ≥ Qa, +
n
(20)
 Fmt ,h else
Qta ≤ Qta,−  n
U

Based on the physical-power coupling ∆t
Fmt+n ,h model, the consumed power of DRR could be controlled
= V Qta ≥ Qta,+ (20)
and regulated by changing the physical parameters.

 Ft
 The model parameters and coupling variables
of the above three kinds of DRR are shown in Tablemn ,h 1. else

Based on the physical-power coupling model, the consumed power of DRR could be controlled
Table 1. Model parameters and coupling variables of DRRs.
and regulated by changing the physical parameters. The model parameters and coupling variables of
the above three kinds ofTPDRR
Name o are shown in Table 1. Qat Fbt U, V
thermodynamic parameters on/off close-0
HP indoor temperature
of related buildings state open-1
energy state charging idle-0
EV energy state
energy state boundaries state charge-1
Energies 2019, 12, 246 9 of 28

Table 1. Model parameters and coupling variables of DRRs.

Name TPo Qta Ftb U,V

thermodynamic parameters of close-0
HP indoor temperature on/off state
related buildings open-1
energy state idle-0
EV energy state charging state
energy state boundaries charge-1
thermodynamic parameters of heating mode
CAC indoor temperature load rate
related buildings non-heating mode

2.3.2.Energies
General 2019,Control
11, x Strategy of GMSES-DRR 9 of 29

By meansthermodynamic
of the general parameter
parameters serialization (GPS)-based control strategy, responsive
heating mode groups
CAC indoor temperature load rate
on the demand side and priority
of related buildingssequence of GMSES-DRR will be determined to respond
non-heating modeto the
scheduling target [33–35]. The implementation of the GPS is introduced as follows:
2.3.2.1—Load
Step General Control Strategy ofAccording
group division. GMSES-DRR to the operation status, DRR can be divided into several
load groups in a control
By means period.parameter
of the general The loadserialization
group division Jtm forcontrol
(GPS)-based the type m load
strategy, of DRR is
responsive shown in
groups
on the
Equation demand
(21), whereside
K isand
thepriority sequence
total number of GMSES-DRR
of load groups. will be determined to respond to the
scheduling target [33–35]. The implementation of the GPS is introduced as follows:
t t t t
Step 1—Load group division. JAccording
m = ( Jm,1 to . , Joperation
, . .the m,k , . . . , Jm,K ) DRR can be divided into several (21)
status,
t
load groups in a control period. The load group division J m for the type m load of DRR is shown in
Step 2—General serialization index integration. Determine the general serialization index bbm t by
Equation (21), where K is the total number of load groups. n
integrating key operation parameters, asJillustrated
t
= ( J t , , J by
t Equation
, ,Jt ) (22).
m m ,1 m ,k m ,K (21)
t
Step 2—General serialization
bbm n
( Q1t (m
= gindex integration. t Determine the t general serialization index bb t
n ), . . . , Q a ( mn ), . . . , QA ( mn )) m n (22)
by integrating key operation parameters, as illustrated by Equation (22).
Step 3—Responsive group selection.bbmt = g (QBased
t
Q at ( m
1 ( m n ),  ,on
n
the
n ), , Q At ( m n )) serialization index bbt , the
general (22)load is
arranged in ascending or descending order in Figure 5, where bbmn ,max and bbmn ,min t t represent the
Step 3—Responsive group tselection. Based on the general serialization index bbt , the load is
t of ordered responsive load groups
upperarranged
and lower boundaries of bb mn
in ascending or descending. The consumed power DL
order in Figure 5, wherem bbm ,max and bbm ,min represent the
t t
n n
can be expressed
upper as follows:
and lower boundaries of bbmt . The consumed power DLtm of ordered responsive load groups
n

can be expressed as follows: DLtm = (dlm se,1

, . . . , dlm se,x
, . . . , dlm se,k
) (23)
t se ,1 se , x se , k
where dlmse,x
represents the consumed power DLm = (of ,,xth
dlmthe ,, dlmin) the kth selected load group. (23)
dlm load

Step
where4—Responsive load
dlmse, x represents thenumber determination.
consumed power of the xth According
load in the to kth
the selected
load response target, responsive
load group.
load numbers t
Step 4—Responsive load number
eu of the kth load group are determination.
determined,According to the load
and the selected loadresponse
units aretarget,
shown in
responsive
Figure 5. load numbers eu t of the kth load group are determined, and the selected load units are
shown in Figure 5. ( t )
 eu 
min  ∑ euDLtmt ( x ) − tPm,tar t
  (24)
 t

x =1 DLm ( x ) − Pm ,tar 
min (24)
 
 x =1 
Step 5—Responsive load control. Regulate the operation control variables of each load in the
Step 5—Responsive load control. Regulate the operation control variables of each load in the
selected eut responsive
selected loads.
eu t responsive TheThe
loads. GPS proposed
GPS ininthis
proposed thispaper
paper can
can be illustratedasasinin
be illustrated Figure
Figure 6. 6.

General serialization index

Descending Ascending
order order

Selected load Unselected load

O Operate Close

Figure 5. Controlled
Figure logic
5. Controlled diagram
logic ofofthe
diagram thegeneral
general parameter serialization
parameter serialization (GPS)-based
(GPS)-based control
control strategy.
strategy.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 10 of 28
Energies 2019, 11, x 10 of 29

Upload the operation control variables of load groups

Load group division based on operation status using Eq.(19)

Load group Load group Load group

Identification of key Identification of key Identification of key

parameters parameters parameters

Measure & Integration of key parameters using Eq.(20) Control &

update regulate

Response unit selection using Eq.(21) and (22)

Regulate operation control variables of each selected load

Heat pump Central air conditioning Electric vehicle

control variables control variables control variables

Figure
Figure 6. Flowchart
Flowchart of
of the
the general
general parameter
parameter serialization (GPS)-based control strategy.
strategy.

2.4. Virtual
2.4. Virtual State
State of
of Charge
Charge of
of GMSES
GMSES
Similar to
Similar to the
the SOC
SOC ofof conventional
conventional ESS,
ESS, an index VS
an index VSGMSES named virtual state of charge (VSOC)
GMSES named virtual state of charge (VSOC)
is defined to evaluate the remaining capacity of GMSES. Operation performance
is defined to evaluate the remaining capacity of GMSES. Operation performance of of GMSES
GMSES can can be
be
reflected via
reflected via VSOC,
VSOC,and andininthis
thisregard,
regard,GMSES
GMSESovercharge
overchargeororoverdischarge
overdischarge can
canbebe
prevented,
prevented, which
whichis
vital for
is vital forsafe
safeand
andstable
stable operation. Considering
Consideringthe
thevarious
various characteristics
characteristics of GMSES
of GMSES resources,
resources, the
the integrated
integrated VSGMSES
VSGMSES is defined
is defined based
based on on
thethe power
power output
output andand theintegrated
the integratedweight
weightfactor
factor of
of each
Equations (25)
part of GMSES, as illustrated in Equations (25) and
and (26).
(26).
VS GMSES ( t ) = λ MFRVS MFR ( t ) + λ CES S CES ( t ) + λ DRRVS DRR ( t ) (25)
VSGMSES (t) = λMFR VSMFR (t) + λCES SCES (t) + λDRR VSDRR (t) (25)

| PP e _ res ( t )
e_res ( t )|
λresλ=
res = = MFR,
res= MFR,CES, DRR
∑ Pe _ res((tt )|
) res CES, DRR (26)
(26)
| Pe_res
res
res
where VS
where VSMFR ,, SSCES and
MFR CES
and VSVSDRR represent
DRR
representthe
the state
state of
of charge
charge of
of MFR,
MFR, CES
CES and
and DRR; and λλres
DRR; and res ,, PPe _ res ((tt))
e_res
represent the integrated weight factor and the consumed power of each kind of GMSES
represent the integrated weight factor and the consumed power of each kind of GMSES resources.resources.
As GMSES is
As GMSES built on
is built on the
the concept
concept of
of resource
resource aggregation,
aggregation, the definition of
the definition VSOC may
of VSOC may be be
specialized when it comes to different scenarios. For example, the VSOC of GMSES-MFR can be
specialized when it comes to different scenarios. For example, the VSOC of GMSES-MFR can be
calculated using Equation (27). As for GMSES-DRR, the VSOC is defined based on the specific
calculated using Equation (27). As for GMSES-DRR, the VSOC is defined based on the specific
consumed demand-side power and its weights. The VSOC for the type m load of DRR in node σ
consumed demand-side power and its weights. The VSOC for the type m load of DRR in node σ can
can be calculated by Equation (28), while the DRR weight factor ϖ m is illustrated in Equation (29).
be calculated by Equation (28), while the DRR weight factor vm is illustrated in Equation (29).
Pe (t ) − Pe min (t )
VSMFR (t ) = (27)
PP e ( t()
e max − PPe emin
t )− min (t )( t )
VSMFR (t) = (27)
Pemax (t) −
m Pemin ( t )
M
Pm (t ) − Pdown (t )
VS DRR (t ) =  ( ϖ m) (28)
Mm Pupm (t ) − Pdown
m
m(t )
Pm (t) − Pdown (t)
VSDRR (t) = ∑ ( m m vm ) (28)
m PupP(mt()t )− Pdown ( t )
ϖm = M
(29)
PmP ((tt))
m
vm = m (29)
M
where Pe max (t ) , Pe min (t ) represent the upper and∑lower
Pm (t)boundaries of the consumed power Pe (t ) ;
m m
Pm ( t ) represents the responded power of the type m load of DRR; and Pupm ( t ) , Pdown (t ) represent the
upper and lower boundaries of Pm ( t ) .
Energies 2019, 12, 246 11 of 28

where Pemax (t), Pemin (t) represent the upper and lower boundaries of the consumed power Pe (t);
m ( t ), P m
Pm (t) represents the responded power of the type m load of DRR; and Pup down ( t ) represent the
upper and lower boundaries of Pm (t).
Energies 2019, 11, x 11 of 29

3. Hierarchical Optimal Scheduling with Generalized Multi-Source Energy Storage

3. Hierarchical Optimal Scheduling with Generalized Multi-Source Energy Storage
3.1. Framework of Optimal Scheduling with Generalized Multi-Source Energy Storage
3.1. Framework of Optimal Scheduling with Generalized Multi-Source Energy Storage
To take full advantages of the GMSES controllable resources and provide the precise response to
To take full advantages of the GMSES controllable resources and provide the precise response
the
toscheduling target,
the scheduling this paper
target, proposes
this paper a hierarchical
proposes scheduling
a hierarchical framework
scheduling of GMSES,
framework as shown
of GMSES, as
inshown
Figurein7.Figure
The7.framework is divided into three layers: a system layer, an aggregation layer,
The framework is divided into three layers: a system layer, an aggregation layer,
and an equipment layer.
and an equipment layer.

GMSES Control
Center
Natural
Gas Setcor

Power
Sector Heat
Secotr
GMSES-DRR
GMSES-CES
GMSES-MFR System Layer

Information Information Information

Flow Flow Flow

Natural Gas
Setcor Heat
Power Secotr
Sector

Load Load
MFR group group
Storage
Controller Controller Load
Aggregator

Aggregation Layer
Information
Flow
Information Control Information Control
feedback signal feedback signal

Storage
Fleet

Load
Group
Natural Gas
Electricity
BEH Group Equipment Layer
Heat

Figure 7. Hierarchical
Figure Hierarchicalscheduling
schedulingframework ofof
framework GMSES.
GMSES.

(1)(1) The
Thesystem
system layer
layer is primarily
is primarily responsible
responsible for collecting
for collecting the energy
the energy forecastforecast information
information (including
(includingheat
electricity, electricity, heat and
and natural natural
gas) gas)
and the and the operation
operation information
information of the parts
of the GMSES GMSES parts
(including
(including CES, MFR and DRR). According to the current system operation conditions,
CES, MFR and DRR). According to the current system operation conditions, the system layer thesets
system layer sets the optimal scheduling plan and transmit the information
the optimal scheduling plan and transmit the information to GMSES subsystems. to GMSES
subsystems.
(2) The aggregation layer can be regarded as a nexus that is responsible for converting the upper-layer
(2) The aggregation layer can be regarded as a nexus that is responsible for converting the upper-
optimal scheduling plan into the corresponding control signals, such as the BEH dispatch factors
layer optimal scheduling plan into the corresponding control signals, such as the BEH dispatch
of MFR and energy storage unit instructions. As the core of energy conversion, the MFR controller
factors of MFR and energy storage unit instructions. As the core of energy conversion, the MFR
controller is abstracted mathematically based on the energy station. In addition, information
feedback and equipment aggregation of the equipment layer are available. Thus, equipment
constraints can be obtained and specified.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 12 of 28

is abstracted mathematically based on the energy station. In addition, information feedback and
equipment aggregation of the equipment layer are available. Thus, equipment constraints can be
obtained and specified.
(3) The equipment layer mainly refers to the groups of controllable units. They upload their own
operation information to the aggregation layer. Simultaneously, upper-layer control signals
can be received. Therefore, the operation status of the controllable units is regulated for the
implementation of the scheduling plan.

Hence, this framework can realize the coupling of the information flow and energy flow of
GMSES. Compared with the methods of centralized control and distributed control, each layer in
this hierarchical scheduling framework can adopt suitable regulation methods based on the specific
operation characteristics of GMSES controllable resources, which indicates a high degree of extensibility.
Furthermore, information redundancy and complicated communications caused by centralized control,
as well as the multi-stakeholder consensus paradox in distributed control, can be avoided to some
extent [28].

3.2. Hierarchical Optimal Scheduling

3.2.1. Objectives
1. Optimal objective for day-ahead scheduling
To minimize the IEDS operation costs, GMSES-MFR is selected and regulated, which also provides
basic tie-line power setting points for further correction, as shown in Equations (30) and (31).

T T
minCcost = ∑ (CEPS,t + CNGS,t + CBEH,t ) = ∑ (πe−buy,t PEPS,t + πg,t PNGS,t + CBEH,t ) ∀t ∈ T (30)
t =1 t =1

πe−buy,t + πe−sell,t πe−buyt − πe−sell,t

CBEH,t = Pe,t + | Pe,t | + πg,t Pg,t (31)
2 2
2. Optimal objective for intra-hour scheduling
In the intra-hour scheduling, GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES are called to track the basic set-points
of day-ahead scheduling. As the pipeline linepack in NGS can be regarded as short-term gas storage,
natural gas fluctuations can be stabilized to some extent [36]. Thus, the electric power fluctuations in
the IEDS are focused on in this paper. The objective of following the electric power setting points is set
as follows. ( 0 )
T 
2
min ∑ Pex,t − Pex,t
set
∀ t ∈ T0

(32)
t

3. Optimal objective for ultra-short-term scheduling

Owing to the fast response service required, GMSES-DRR is called on to maintain the energy
balance and handle aperiodic power fluctuations. This objective can be expressed in Equation (33).
Additionally, in order to control and determine the proportion of different types of controllable loads
in GMSES-DRR, the regulation cost minimization is defined as a further optimal DRR objective in
Equation (34). ( 00 )
T 
set 2
min ∑ Pex,t − Pex,t

∀t ∈ T00 (33)
t00
M  
min( ∑ Cm βtm Pmt−1 − Pm,tar
t
) ∀t ∈ T00 (34)
 
m =1

where βtm represents the parameter evaluating the degree of DRR participation in optimal regulation
and control, as shown in Equation (35).
Energies 2019, 12, 246 13 of 28

 t
Pm,up t
− Pm,tar

 t t
Pm,up − Pm,down
+ ε m,down Load reduction
βtm = t t (35)
 Pm,tar − Pm,down + ε m,up Load increase
t t

Pm,up − Pm,down

where ε m,up , ε m,down represent the predefined and small fixed values to guarantee a positive βtm ,
which indicates the proportion of DRR participating in the power regulation; Cm ε m,down , Cm ε m,up
represent the user-baseline compensation costs given by the IEDS when the residents are willing to
participate in the demand response program. It can be found that a DRR with smaller βtm is more
suitable for power regulation, as βtm is relevant to the remaining regulation capacity.

3.2.2. Constraints
The constraints of the day-ahead optimization problem mainly include the multi-energy flow
constraints (as shown in Equations (36)–(38)), the BEH constraints (as shown in Equations (7)–(12)),
and the output power boundary constraints (as shown in Equation (39)).

 0 = F(xEPS , xNGS , xBEH )

0 = G(xEPS , xNGS , xBEH ) (36)

 0 = BEH(x , x
EPS NGS , xBEH )

xEPS_min < xEPS < xEPS_max (37)

xNGS_min < xNGS < xNGS_max (38)

xBEH_min < xBEH < xBEH_max , xBEH ∈ {PEC, AC, CHP, GB} (39)

where F, G, BEH represent the multi-energy flow equations of EPS, NGS, and BEH. In addition,
an unbalanced three-phase power flow model is adopted to illustrate the EPS operation characteristics,
while the Lacey’s equation is integrated to analyze the relationship between gas pressure and gas flow
rate in NGS. A decomposed solution to the IEDS multi-energy flow calculation is adopted, details of
which can be found in [32].
Owing to the response characteristics of CHP, AC, and gas boiler (GB) in BEH, GMSES-MFR can
also be applied to intra-hour optimal scheduling [37]. The constraints are the same as those in the
day-ahead scheduling problem. When GMSES-CES is integrated to the intra-hour optimal scheduling,
the relative constraints can be seen in Equations (1)–(6).
When it comes to the ultra-short-term time scale, the effective aggregation of GMSES-DRR is
utilized due to the fast response characteristic. The operation boundaries of GMSES-DRR are shown in
Equations (40) and (41). To be specific, Equation (40) illustrates the regulation boundary constraints of
the total DRR groups at node σ in upper-layer optimization, while Equation (41) aims at the type m
load of DRR group at node σ.

M N M N
∑ ∑ Pdown,σ
mn ,t t
≤ PD,σ ≤ ∑ ∑ Pup,σ
mn ,t
(40)
m n =1 m n =1

(
t
Pm,down t
≤ Pm,tar ≤ Pmt−1 Load reduction
(41)
Pmt−1 ≤ t
Pm,tar ≤ t
Pm,up Load increase

3.3. Hierarchical Optimal Scheduling Algorithm

Hierarchical optimal scheduling study is achieved based on the IEDS-GMSES co-simulation
platform, which is a combination of the open distribution system simulator (OpenDSS) [38] and
Matlab, as shown in Figure A1 in the Appendix A. A modified particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Energies 2019, 12, 246 14 of 28

algorithm [39] is adopted in searching the optimal operation points of GMSES. In this regard, the
hierarchical scheduling solution can be divided into the following steps, as shown in Figure14
Energies 2019, 11, x
8. of 29

Main Algorithm
Start Day-ahead optimal scheduling
Objective：minimize energy cost of the IEDS

System layer
Data Input Decision variables Operation constraints
Data forecasts & collect
• BEH dispatch factors • EPS energy flow
• Forecast data of renewable
• BEH interactive power • NGS energy flow
energy & energy load
• BEH consumed gas • Capacity constraints
• Energy price
• NGS node pressure • Output power boundaries
• Initialization data
Control Power
instruction adjustment
Intra-hour optimal scheduling Ultra-short-term energy balance

Aggregation layer
Objective：suppress intra-hour power deviation Objective：smooth ultra-short-term power fluctuation
Decision variables Operation constraints
Decision variables Operation constraints
• BEH dispatch factors • Multi-energy flow
• HP consumed power • HP room temperature
• BEH interactive power • Capacity constraints
• CAC consumed power • CAC room temperature
•

• BEH consumed gas • Output power boundaries

• EV consumed power • EV energy state
• and of the CES • and constraints

Operation Operation
Update points constraints

Equipment
operation plan GMSES comprehensive modeling

layer
Day-ahead optimal Intra-hour optimal Ultra-short-term
scheduling schduling energy balance
• GMSES-MFR • GMSES-MFR + CES • GMSES-DRR

Solver Solver
Optimal Scheduling Solution
PSO optimal algorithm ( Matlab + OpenDSS )
Update
operation points
Optimal dispatch model Set PSO parameters
• Optimal objective • Flying range of decision variables
• Operation constraints and penalty
•
• Population size, generations
•

function handle • Boundaries of particle velocity

N
Is convergence
Solve the hierarchical optimal scheduling problem of IEDS based on GMSES
condition satisfied?
Y Output global optimal result, generate IEDS optimization scheduling scheme

End

Figure8.8.Flowchart
Figure Flowchartof
ofhierarchical
hierarchical optimal
optimal scheduling
schedulingalgorithm.
algorithm.

Step
Step 1: Obtain
1: Obtain the the forecast
forecast datadata ofrenewable
of the the renewable
energy, energy,
energyenergy
loads, loads, and energy
and energy price.
price. Initialize
Initialize the IEDS data and
the IEDS data and the PSO algorithm. the PSO algorithm.
Step
Step 2: 2:Based
Basedononthe theenergy
energyconversion
conversion and
and dispatch
dispatch of of GMSES-MFR
GMSES-MFRmodel, model,thetheday-ahead
day-ahead
optimal scheduling is formulated to optimize the multi-energy flow of the IEDS.
optimal scheduling is formulated to optimize the multi-energy flow of the IEDS.
Step 3: According to the updated data and upper-layer signal, the GMSES resources are
Step 3: According to the updated data and upper-layer signal, the GMSES resources are aggregated
aggregated in the aggregation layer for the intra-hour optimal scheduling and ultra-short-term
in the aggregation
energy balance. Inlayer for the
this way, theintra-hour
stable and optimal
economicscheduling
operation of andtheultra-short-term energy
IEDS can be ensured, balance.
while the
In tie-line
this way, the stable and economic operation of the IEDS can be ensured, while
power deviation can be regulated. Subsequently, the optimal operation points are generatedthe tie-line power
deviation
and sentcan be regulated.
to the equipment Subsequently,
layer. the optimal operation points are generated and sent to the
equipmentSteplayer.
4: The equipment layer responds to the optimal operation points and the available
Step 4: The
controllable unitsequipment
are regulated.layer
Theresponds to theisoptimal
PSO algorithm studied operation
to solve thepoints and the
hierarchical available
scheduling
problem above.
controllable units If
are theregulated.
convergence Thecondition is satisfied,
PSO algorithm the global
is studied optimal
to solve theresult is outputted,
hierarchical and
scheduling
the IEDS optimal scheduling plan is generated. Otherwise, the operation points need
problem above. If the convergence condition is satisfied, the global optimal result is outputted, and to be updated
and go back to step 2.
In step 4, the flowchart of the DRR control strategy algorithm can be implemented in Figure 9,
where multiple load groups are managed generally by the general parameter serialization (GPS)-
Energies 2019, 12, 246 15 of 28

the IEDS optimal scheduling plan is generated. Otherwise, the operation points need to be updated
and go back to step 2.
In step 4, the flowchart of the DRR control strategy algorithm can be implemented in Figure 9,
Energies 2019, 11, x 15 of 29
where multiple load groups are managed generally by the general parameter serialization (GPS)-based
control strategy. Firstly, according to the ultra-short-term objective of smoothing the power fluctuation,
based control strategy. Firstly, according to the ultra-short-term objective of smoothing the power
regulation PDt of DRR is obtained. Secondly, based on the optimization of DRR regulation cost
fluctuation, regulation P t of DRR is obtained. Secondly, based on the optimization t of DRR
minimization, the modifiedD regulation target for each type of controllable loads Pm,tar can be calculated.
regulation cost minimization, the modified regulation target for each type of controllable loads Pmt ,tar
Subsequently, considering the operation state limits of each type of DRR, the GPS is adopted for
can be calculated. Subsequently, considering the operation state limits of each type of DRR, the GPS
the responsive
is adopted loadresponsive
for the group control...The
load groupkey operation
control. parameters
The key operationareparameters
selected and areintegrated
selected and as
serialization parameters using Equation (22) [34], .. the detailed procedure with regard to further
and
integrated as serialization parameters using Equation (22) [34], and the detailed procedure with
priority
regard tosequence and control
further priority of responsive
sequence and controlloads is mainly loads
of responsive described in Section
is mainly 2.3.2.
described In this
in Section
regard, GMSES-DRR is regulated to achieve an equivalent energy storage effect
2.3.2. In this regard, GMSES-DRR is regulated to achieve an equivalent energy storage effect in response to the
in
control targets.
response to the control targets.

Calculate the regulated power in each node of IEDS

Regulation cost minimization

Upper and lower

Determine the regulated power of specific units boundaries of DRR
groups in each node
Upper and lower
boundaries of Determine DRR control strategy
each DRR General serialization
indexes
General parameter serialization-based control strategy (GPS) of GMSES-DRR
Indoor Temperature (oC) Indoor Temperature (oC) Energy State
6 6
6
7 7 7
8 8 8
5 9 5 9 5 9
10 10 10
11 11 11
4 12 4 12 4 12
13 13 13
Indoor 14 Indoor 14 14
3 temperature in 15 3 temperature in 3 Energy state in 15
15
descending order
16
descending order 16 descending order 16
Indoor 17 Indoor 17 17
2 temperature in 18 2 temperature in 18 2 Energy state in 18
19 19 ascending order 19
ascending order 20
ascending order 20 20
1 1 1 1 1 1
O Heat Nonheat Time O Open Close Time O Charge Idle Time
CAC HP EV

Regulate operation control variables of response groups

Figure 9. Flowchart of DRR control strategy algorithm.

4. Case Study
4. Case Study
A
A local
localcity
cityregion is selected
region for case
is selected verification
for case of theof
verification proposed hierarchical
the proposed scheduling
hierarchical strategy,
scheduling
which haswhich
strategy, less impact onimpact
has less the connected main grid,
on the connected as shown
main grid, asinshown
Figure in10.Figure
The IEDS herein
10. The IEDS includes
herein
the EPS (an IEEE37-node power distribution system), NGS (an 11-node low-pressure
includes the EPS (an IEEE37-node power distribution system), NGS (an 11-node low-pressure gas gas distribution
system), and system),
distribution GMSES (CES, MFR, DRR).
and GMSES (CES,The regional
MFR, DRR).loads
Thecan be classified
regional loads into
can conventional
be classified onesinto
and coupled ones. The conventional loads primarily refer to the industrial loads
conventional ones and coupled ones. The conventional loads primarily refer to the industrial supplied by EPS or
loads
NGS directly, where the energy demand is relatively stable. The coupled loads refer
supplied by EPS or NGS directly, where the energy demand is relatively stable. The coupled loads to the residential
and
refercommercial loads with
to the residential andmultiple and flexible
commercial loads energy demand,and
with multiple like electricity, gas and
flexible energy heat. like
demand,
electricity, gas and heat.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 16 of 28
Energies 2019, 11, x 16 of 29
Energies 2019, 11, x 16 of 29

Gas
GMSES-DRR Coupled Node
Source
Gas
GMSES-DRR Coupled Node
GMSES-MFR Source Compressor
& gas load
GMSES-MFR Compressor
720 707 724 N4 N2 N5
725 706 & gas load
Substation
720 707 724 N4 N2 N5 Transformer
725 706 Substation
704 GMSES-MFR Transformer
Load
722 728
GMSES-DRR
704 714 718 GMSES-MFR Transformer
722 Load
GMSES-DRR 714 718 728 N3 Transformer
Source Bus N11 N6
N3
Source Bus N11 N10 N9 N7 N6
799 713 N10 N9 N7 N8
729 744 GMSES-CES
799 713 N8
729 744 731 GMSES-CES
727
701 702 703 731
727 730 709 741
775
701 702 703 730 709 741
775
GMSES-CES 711
712 732 708 733 734 737 738
GMSES-CES 711
712 732 708 733
735 734 737 738
GMSES-DRR GMSES-DRR
735 740
742 705 GMSES-DRR GMSES-DRR
710 736
742 705 740
710 736
Figure10.
Figure 10. Topology
Topology of
of IEDS
IEDS based
basedononGMSES.
GMSES.
Figure 10. Topology of IEDS based on GMSES.
The
The GMSESisisadopted
GMSES adoptedasasfunctional
functional resources
resources for the the IEDS
IEDS energy
energyscheduling.
scheduling.GMSES-MFR
GMSES-MFR
consistsThe
consists GMSES
of of
BEHBEH typeis adopted
typeI and
I andBEH as
BEHtypefunctional
typeII,II,which resources
which are for
are connected the
connected to IEDS
tonode energy
node728728and scheduling.
andnode
node724 inGMSES-MFR
724 thethe
in EPS and
EPS and
consists
node N3 of BEH
and type
node I
N4andin BEH
the type
NGS. II, which
The BEH are connected
load data to
is node
shown 728
node N3 and node N4 in the NGS. The BEH load data is shown in Figure A2. GMSES-CES is connectedin and node
Figure 724
A2. in the
GMSES-CES EPS andis
node N3 and node731N4 in the NGS. ThetheBEHEPS.load data is shown in Figureloads,A2. GMSES-CES is
to connected
node 731 and to node
node 732and node
in the EPS.732Four
in groups Four groups
of controllable of controllable
loads, including including
HP, CAC and HP, EV
connected
CAC and to make
EV node 731up andGMSES-DRR,
the node 732 in the whichEPS.areFour groups
located in of controllable
node 712, 713, 720loads,
and including
735 in the HP,
EPS,
make up the GMSES-DRR, which are located in node 712, 713, 720 and 735 in the EPS, as shown in
CAC and EV
as shown make up
in Figure 11. the
The GMSES-DRR,
detailed of which are DRRs
parameters located inshown
node 712, 713, 720 and
and735A2in[34,35,40],
the EPS,
Figure 11. The detailed parameters DRRs areofshown are
in Tables in Tables
A1 and A2 A1[34,35,40], where the
as shown in Figure 11. The detailed parameters of DRRs are shown in Tables
where the regulation costs of DRR in this paper are taken from [34]. In addition, the wind power and A1 and A2 [34,35,40],
regulation costs of DRR in this paper are taken from [34]. In addition, the wind power and photovoltaic
where the regulation
photovoltaic costs ofinto
are integrated DRRIEDS,in this
andpaper
the are takendata
forecast fromis[34]. In addition,
illustrated the wind
in Figure power and
A3 [41,42]. The
arephotovoltaic
integrated into IEDS, and the forecast data is illustrated in Figure A3 [41,42]. The energy prices
energy pricesare are integrated
obtained from into [42],
IEDS, asand
shownthe in
forecast
Figure data is illustrated
A4. Three scheduling in Figure A3 are
scenarios [41,42]. The
studied,
areenergy
obtained from
prices are[42], as shown
obtained from in Figure A4. inThree scheduling scenarios are studied, arewhose brief
whose brief descriptions can be[42],
foundas shown
in Table Figure
2. A4.sake
For the Three ofscheduling scenarios
stable operation of GMSES, studied,
the
descriptions
whose can
brief be found
descriptions in Table 2. For
can be(including the
found in Table sake of stable operation of GMSES, the upper and lower
upper and lower limits of VSOC SOC of2.GMSES-CES)
For the sakeare of set
stable operation
to 15% and 85%, of respectively.
GMSES, the
limits of and
upper VSOC (including
lower limits of SOC
VSOCof(including
GMSES-CES) SOC are set to 15% and
of GMSES-CES) are 85%,
set torespectively.
15% and 85%, respectively.
Store Energy Information Energy Information Energy Information Energy Information
energy flow
Energy flow
Information flow
Energy flow
Information flow
Energy flow
Information flow
Energy flow
Information
Store
energy flow flow flow flow flow flow flow flow
Power
exchange
Power
exchange
Release
energy
Release
energy
Node 712 Node 713 Node 720 Node 735
Node 712 Demand Side713
Node Controllable Resource Aggregation
Node 720 Node 735
Demand Side Controllable Resource Aggregation
Figure 11. Illustration of the GMSES-DRR.
Figure11.
Figure 11. Illustration
Illustration of
of the
the GMSES-DRR.
GMSES-DRR.
Table 2. Brief description of case study.
Table 2. Brief description of case study.
Responsive Time
Scenarios Descriptions Responsive Time
Scenarios Descriptions Resources Scale
In the day-ahead scenario, the multi-energy flow can be Resources Scale
Case 1 In the day-ahead scenario, the multi-energy GMSES-MFR 1h
Case 1 optimized for the sake of economical operation.flow can be GMSES-MFR 1h
optimized for the sake of economical operation.
In the intra-hour scenario, with the updated forecast data,
In the intra-hour GMSES-MFR 15
Case 2 power deviation scenario, with the updated
in the day-ahead forecast
scheduling candata,
be GMSES-MFR 15
Case 2 power deviation in the day-ahead scheduling can be GMSES-CES min
regulated. GMSES-CES min
regulated.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 17 of 28

Table 2. Brief description of case study.

Scenarios Descriptions Responsive Resources Time Scale

In the day-ahead scenario, the multi-energy flow
Case 1 can be optimized for the sake of GMSES-MFR 1h
economical operation.
Energies 2019, 11, x In the intra-hour scenario, with the updated 17 of 29
GMSES-MFR
Case 2 forecast data, power deviation in the day-ahead 15 min
GMSES-CES
scheduling can be regulated.
In the ultra-short-term scenario, energy balance service can
Energies 2019, 11, xIn the ultra-short-term scenario, energy balance 17 of 29
Case 3 be provided and the aperiodic power fluctuations caused by
service can be provided and the aperiodic power
GMSES-DRR 1 min
Case 3 GMSES-DRR 1 min
renewable
In energy
fluctuations and
caused by load
the ultra-short-term variation
renewable energy
scenario, can
energy be smoothed.
andbalance
load service can
Case 3 variation
be providedcan and
be smoothed.
the aperiodic power fluctuations caused by GMSES-DRR 1 min
4.1. Case 1: Day-Ahead Optimal
renewable Scheduling
energy and load variation can be smoothed.
4.1. Case 1: Day-Ahead Optimal Scheduling
In
4.1.the
Caseday-ahead
1: Day-Ahead optimal
Optimalscheduling
Scheduling scenario, the GMSES-MFR resource is utilized to minimize
In theoperation
the IEDS day-ahead optimal
costs scheduling
through scenario, control
the reasonable the GMSES-MFR
of the BEH. resource is utilized to
The decoupled minimize
scenario is
the IEDSfor In the day-ahead
operation optimal scheduling
costs that
through scenario, the GMSES-MFR resource is utilized to minimize
studied comparison, is to the
say,reasonable control
in the coupled of the
nodes, theBEH. The
electric decoupled
loads scenario
are supplied is the
by studied
EPS
the IEDS operation costs through the reasonable control of the BEH. The decoupled scenario is
for comparison,
directly, and thethat is to say,
thermal in the
loads arecoupled
supplied nodes, the electric
by the NGS via loads
GB.areIt supplied by the EPSthat
can be concluded directly,
the
studied for comparison, that is to say, in the coupled nodes, the electric loads are supplied by the EPS
and the thermal
application of loadsimproves
GMSES are supplied the by the
IEDS NGS via GB.
economics. The It can be concluded
operation costs of the that
IEDS thedecreased
application fromof
directly, and the thermal loads are supplied by the NGS via GB. It can be concluded that the
GMSES
$6699.21 improves
to $6285.37, theasIEDS
shown economics.
in Figure The
12. operation
Furthermore, costs
theof the
BEH IEDS decreased
operation
application of GMSES improves the IEDS economics. The operation costs of the IEDS decreased from costs from
indicate $6699.21
a 29.62%to
$6285.37,
reduction
$6699.21as shown
from in
to $1397.01 Figure
$6285.37, as to shown12.
$983.16. Furthermore,
in By regulating
Figure the BEH operation
the dispatch
12. Furthermore, costs
factors,
the BEH indicate
the difference
operation a 29.62%
costs indicate reduction
in energy
a 29.62% prices
from
is $1397.01
reflected,
reduction to $983.16.
which
from shows
$1397.01Bytoregulating
the flexible Bythe
$983.16.energy dispatch
supply
regulating the factors,
in IEDS.the
dispatch The difference
results
factors, the ofin
BEHenergy
difference in prices
energy is
regulation reflected,
are shown
prices
which
in is shows
Figure 13. thewhich
reflected, flexible
showsenergy supplyenergy
the flexible in IEDS. Theinresults
supply of BEH
IEDS. The regulation
results are shown
of BEH regulation arein Figure 13.
shown
in Figure 13.

Figure 12. Results of day-ahead optimal scheduling.

Figure
Figure 12.
12. Results
Results of
of day-ahead
day-ahead optimal
optimal scheduling.
scheduling.

Figure
Figure 13.13.Illustration
Illustration of
of BEH
BEH regulation
regulationresults in in
results Case 1. 1.
Case

Coupled
Coupled units
units such
such asasCHP
Figure CHP and
andGB GBinin
13. Illustration theBEH
of BEH
the BEHare the
arephysical
regulation the basis
physical
results in Casefor1.the multi-energy
basis flow
for the multi-energy
regulation. The essence of this is that the complementary characteristics and synergy
flow regulation. The essence of this is that the complementary characteristics and synergy effects of effects of multi-
energy flow
Coupled
multi-energy are are
units
flow adopted.
such On the
as CHP
adopted. other
and
On GBhand,
the BEH
in the
other canare
BEH
hand, be regarded
BEH the beasregarded
physical
can thebasis
interface
for of
theenergy
as the coupling,
multi-energy
interface flow
of energy
and the optimal results of GMSES-MFR resources indicate the support of coupled energy sector. The
regulation. The essence of this is that the complementary characteristics and synergy effects of multi-
excess power can be sent back to EPS when the demands of BEH are satisfied. That is to say, energy
energy flow are adopted. On the other hand, BEH can be regarded as the interface of energy coupling,
can be stored through different energy forms. The BEH consumption of natural gas is shown in Figure
and the
13d.optimal results of GMSES-MFR resources indicate the support of coupled energy sector. The
excess power can beofsent
The VSOC back to EPS
GMSES-MFR when
could the demands
evaluate ofcharge
the state of BEH are andsatisfied.
response That
effect is to say,the
towards energy
can becontrol
storedsignal.
throughThedifferent energy
VSMFR1 is at forms.
its highest The BEH
between 20:00consumption
and 22:00 (blueof line
natural gas is14)
in Figure shown
due tointhe
Figure
Energies 2019, 12, 246 18 of 28

coupling, and the optimal results of GMSES-MFR resources indicate the support of coupled energy
sector. The excess power can be sent back to EPS when the demands of BEH are satisfied. That is to say,
energy can be stored through different energy forms. The BEH consumption of natural gas is shown in
Figure 13d.
The VSOC of GMSES-MFR could evaluate the state of charge and response effect towards the
control signal. The VSMFR1 is at its highest between 20:00 and 22:00 (blue line in Figure 14) due to the
Energies 2019, 11, x 18 of 29
Energies 2019,
relatively high11,charging
x power of BEH type I, as shown in Figure 13c. However, at the same 18 of time,
29

VS
theVS MFR2
MFR2 is its
is at at lowest
its lowest
(red(red
line line in Figure
in Figure 14);isthis
14); this is because
because the output
the output power power
of BEH of BEH
type II istype
closer II is
VSMFR2 is at its lowest (red line in Figure 14); this is because the output power of BEH type II is closer
closer tolower
to its its lower boundary.
boundary.
to its lower boundary.

1
VS VS VSOC lower boundary VSOC upper boundary
GMSES-MFR VSOC

MFR1 MFR2
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
t(h)
Figure14.
Figure 14.Results
Resultsof
of VSOC
VSOC of GMSES-MFR.
GMSES-MFR.
Figure 14. Results of VSOC of GMSES-MFR.
4.2.4.2.
CaseCase2: 2:
Intra-Hour
Intra-HourOptimal
OptimalScheduling
Scheduling
4.2. Case 2: Intra-Hour Optimal Scheduling
With thethe
With utilization
utilization ofofavailable
availableresources
resourcesof ofGMSES-MFR
GMSES-MFR and and GMSES-CES,
GMSES-CES,intra-hour
intra-hour optimal
optimal
With the utilization of available resources of GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES, intra-hour optimal
scheduling is therefore analyzed to track the tie-line power variation
scheduling is therefore analyzed to track the tie-line power variation in the day-ahead scenario (Casein the day-ahead scenario
scheduling is therefore analyzed to track the tie-line power variation in the day-ahead scenario (Case
(Case 1). The
1). The keykey to analyzing
to analyzing this this
issueissue liesthe
lies in in regulatory
the regulatory methods
methods in response
in response to thetocontrol
the control
target.target.
In
1). The key to analyzing this issue lies in the regulatory methods in response to the control target. In
addition,itititis
In addition, is worth
isworth noting
worthnoting that
notingthat when
thatwhen
when thethecombination
combination of of
GMSES-MFR
GMSES-MFR andandGMSES-CES
GMSES-CES
the combination of GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES resources is
resources is
resources
adopted,
is adopted, a better control effect can be achieved, as the day-ahead tie-line power (the black line) is
adopted, aa better control effect
better control effectcan
canbe beachieved,
achieved,asasthe theday-ahead
day-aheadtie-line
tie-line power
power (the
(the black
black line)
line) is is
wellwell tracked
tracked by by Case
Case 2 2 (theblue
(the blueline)
line)ininFigure
Figure15. 15. This
This isis because
because the
theenergy
energy conversion
conversion andanddispatch
dispatch
well tracked by Case 2 (the blue line) in Figure 15. This is because the energy conversion and dispatch
of GMSES-MFR
of of
GMSES-MFR are limiteddue
are due tothe the BEHequipment
equipment capacity, while the flexible use of GMSES-CES
GMSES-MFR arelimited
limited dueto to theBEH BEH equipment capacity, capacity,while
whilethetheflexible
flexibleuse
useofof GMSES-CES
GMSES-CES
can
cancan compensate
compensate for the margin in power regulation. The collaborative utilization of MFR and CES
compensatefor forthe
themargin
marginininpowerpowerregulation.
regulation. The The collaborative
collaborativeutilization
utilization ofof MFR
MFR andandCESCES
could
could achieve
achieve a more
a more stable control effect of the tie-line power fluctuations.
could achieve a morestable
stablecontrol
controleffect
effectof ofthe
the tie-line
tie-line power fluctuations.
fluctuations.

Figure 15. Tie-line power fluctuations smoothing results in the intra-hour scenario.
Figure15.
Figure 15.Tie-line
Tie-linepower
powerfluctuations
fluctuations smoothing
smoothing results
resultsin
inthe
theintra-hour
intra-hourscenario.
scenario.

The functions of GMSES-CES are realized by regulating the SOC. As shown in Figure 16, SOC
TheThe functionsofofGMSES-CES
functions GMSES-CESare are realized
realized by regulating
regulatingthe
theSOC.
SOC.AsAsshown
shownininFigure
Figure 16,16,
SOCSOC
can respond to the scheduling target within the operation boundaries between 15% and 85%. Taking
can respond to the scheduling target within the operation boundaries between 15%
can respond to the scheduling target within the operation boundaries between 15% and 85%. Takingand 85%. Taking
the period ta as an example, when the GMSES-MFR is adopted alone, the regulated tie-line power
thethe period
period
(the ta tas
red line
a as
inan
anexample,
example,when
Figure
whenthe
the GMSES-MFR
15) is higher than
GMSES-MFR is is adopted
that of day-ahead adopted alone,
alone,
scheduling
the
theregulated
baseline regulatedtie-line power
tie-line
(the black line power
in Figure
(the red line in Figure 15) is higher than that of day-ahead scheduling baseline (the black line in Figure
15). To improve this situation, the main trend of GMSES-CES enters into the discharging status by
15). To improve this situation, the main trend of GMSES-CES enters into the discharging status by
decreasing its SOC, which facilitates the regulated tie-line power to fit the baseline. The opposite
decreasing its SOC, which facilitates the regulated tie-line power to fit the baseline. The opposite
operation can be found in the period tb. Relevant results of GMSES-MFR regulation are shown in
operation can be found in the period tb. Relevant results of GMSES-MFR regulation are shown in
Figures 16 and 17. The integrated GMSES VSOC results are shown in Figure 18, indicating that the
Figures 16 and 17. The integrated GMSES VSOC results are shown in Figure 18, indicating that the
GMSES operation constraints are satisfied.
GMSES operation constraints are satisfied.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 19 of 28

(the red line in Figure 15) is higher than that of day-ahead scheduling baseline (the black line in
Figure 15). To improve this situation, the main trend of GMSES-CES enters into the discharging status
by decreasing
Energies 2019, 11, xits SOC, which facilitates the regulated tie-line power to fit the baseline. The opposite
19 of 29
operation can be found in the period tb . Relevant results of GMSES-MFR regulation are shown in
Figures 16 and 17. The integrated GMSES VSOC results are shown in Figure 18, indicating that the
GMSES operation constraints are satisfied.
Energies 2019, 11, x 19 of 29
Energies 2019, 11, x 19 of 29

Figure 16.
16. Results
FigureFigure of
of GMSES-CES
16. Results
Results GMSES-CES SOC
of GMSES-CES SOC and
SOCand GMSES-MFR
GMSES-MFR
and VSOC.VSOC.
GMSES-MFR VSOC.

Figure 16. Results of GMSES-CES SOC and GMSES-MFR VSOC.

Figure 17. BEH regulation results in Case 2.

Figure
Figure
Figure 17.17.BEH
BEHregulation
BEH regulation results
regulation results
resultsinin
Case 2. 2.
Case

Figure 18. Results of integrated GMSES VSOC.

The power deviation is further eliminated when the GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES resources
are utilized together. However, this also brings challenges of calculating burden due to the increase

Figure 18.18.Results
Figure Results of
of integrated GMSES
integrated GMSES VSOC.
VSOC.

The power deviation is further eliminated when the GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES resources
Figure 18. Results of integrated GMSES VSOC.
are utilized together. However, this also brings challenges of calculating burden due to the increase

The power deviation is further eliminated when the GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES resources
are utilized together. However, this also brings challenges of calculating burden due to the increase
Energies 2019, 12, 246 20 of 28

The power deviation is further eliminated when the GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES resources
are utilized together. However, this also brings challenges of calculating burden due to the increase
Energies
Energies2019,
2019,11,
11,xx 20 of
of 29
of decision variables and constraints handling. Therefore, the IEDS dispatcher should20select 29
the
appropriate scheduling strategies according to the target accuracy and calculation time.
of decision variables and constraints handling. Therefore, the IEDS dispatcher should select the
of decision variables and constraints handling. Therefore, the IEDS dispatcher should select the
appropriate
appropriate scheduling
scheduling strategies
strategies according
according to
to the
the target
target accuracy
accuracy and
and calculation
calculation time.
time.
4.3. Case 3: Ultra-Short-Term Energy Balance
4.3.
In Case
4.3.theCase 3:
3:Ultra-Short-Term
Ultra-Short-Term
ultra-short-term Energy
Energy
energy Balance
Balancescenario, the GMSES-DRR is used to smooth the irregular
balance
power fluctuations
In
Inthe under a reasonable
theultra-short-term
ultra-short-term energy
energybalancecontrolling
balance scenario,
scenario, method.
the
theGMSES-DRRIt is assumed
GMSES-DRR is usedthat
isused to the users
tosmooth
smooth the have signed
theirregular
irregular
power
contracts
power fluctuations
to fluctuations
participate in under a reasonable
the ademand
under reasonable controlling
response method.
program
controlling method. It
with is
It the assumed that
IEDS. Inthat
is assumed the
thisthe users
regard, have signed
the DRR
users have signed can be
contracts
fully regulated to
contracts toto participate
participate
respond in in the
to the demand
thedemand
schedulingresponse
response program
program
signal. In Figurewith the
with 19, IEDS.
the aIEDS. In this regard,
In this regard,
comparison the
aboutthe DRR
theDRR can
can
scheduling
be
bein
results fully
fully regulated
casesregulated
mentioned to
to respond
above to
respond to the
the scheduling
suggests that thesignal.
scheduling signal.
tie-lineIn Figure
Inpower 19,
19, aa comparison
Figure fluctuations comparison
are wellabout
about the
the
smoothed
scheduling
scheduling results
results in
in cases
cases mentioned
mentioned above
above suggests
suggests that
that the
the tie-line
tie-line power
power fluctuations
fluctuations are
are well
well
by the GMSES-DRR. A few fluctuations show up because the DRR target has reached its regulation
smoothed
smoothed by by the
the GMSES-DRR.
GMSES-DRR. A A few
few fluctuations
fluctuations showshow up up because
because the the DRR
DRR target
target has
has reached
reached its its
boundaries. The application of the general parameter serialization (GPS)-based control strategy has
regulation
regulation boundaries. The application of the general parameter serialization (GPS)-based control
boundaries. The application of the general parameter serialization (GPS)-based control
caused GMSES-DRR
strategy to provide the to required power increase or decrease. In addition, based on the
strategy has has caused
caused GMSES-DRR
GMSES-DRR to provide provide the the required
required power
power increase
increase oror decrease.
decrease. In In addition,
addition,
response
based
based characteristics
on
on the
the response
responseof each controllable
characteristics
characteristics of element,
of each GMSES-DRR
each controllable
controllable element,
element,can GMSES-DRR
be well controlled
GMSES-DRR can
can bebetowell
respond
well
to minute-level
controlled topower
respond fluctuations
to minute-levelwithinpoweroperation boundaries
fluctuations within in Figure
operation
controlled to respond to minute-level power fluctuations within operation boundaries in Figure 20. 20.
boundaries in Figure 20.

Figure
Figure 19.19.
Figure 19. Tie-line power
Tie-linepower
Tie-line fluctuations
fluctuationssmoothing
powerfluctuations smoothing
smoothingresults.
results.
results.

(a)
(a)DRR
DRRload
loadresponse
responsein
innode
node712
712 (b)
(b)DRR
DRRload
loadresponse
responsein
innode
node713
713

(c)
(c)DRR
DRRload
loadresponse
responsein
innode
node720
720 (d)
(d)DRR
DRRload
loadresponse
responsein
innode
node735
735

Figure
Figure 20.The
20.
Figure 20. Theresponse
The response resultsof
responseresults
results ofDRRs.
of DRRs.
DRRs.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 21 of 28
Energies 2019, 11, x 21 of 29

Energies
With2019, 11,operation
these x constraints, the VSOC 21 ofIt 29
With these operation constraints, the VSOCresults
resultsofof
GMSES-DRR
GMSES-DRRareareshown
shownininFigure
Figure21.
21. Itcan
becan
seen that the CAC power is highest between 8:00 and 18:00 in Figure 20, which comprises
be seen that the CAC power is highest between 8:00 and 18:00 in Figure 20, which comprises most most
With these operation constraints, the VSOC results of GMSES-DRR are shown in Figure 21. It
of of
thethe
total output
total outputpower
powerofofDRR.
DRR. As
As aa result, the VSOC
result, the VSOCof ofDRR
DRRbecomes
becomesthe
the highest
highest in in Figure
Figure 21,21,
can be seen that the CAC power is highest between 8:00 and 18:00 in Figure 20, which comprises most
indicating
indicatingthat the
that thevirtual
virtualstored
storedenergy
energyisisalmost
almost full.
of the total output power of DRR. As a result, the VSOC of DRR becomes the highest in Figure 21,
indicating that the virtual stored energy is almost full.
GMSES-DRR VSOC

Figure21.
Figure 21. Results
Results of
of GMSES-DRR
GMSES-DRRVSOC.
VSOC.
Figure 21. Results of GMSES-DRR VSOC.
InIn addition,totomeasure
addition, measurethe thesmoothing
smoothing effect of
of tie-line
tie-line power
powerfluctuations,
fluctuations,the
thetie-line power
tie-line power
control error err
errz andand the tie-line power deviation R are defined in Equations (42) and (43).
control In
error to the tie-line power effectRzofare
deviation defined in Equations (42)the
and (43). power
z z
addition, measure the smoothing tie-line power fluctuations, tie-line
control error errz and the tie-line power Pex,t − Pex,t Rz are defined'' in Equations (42) and (43).
set z

errz ,t deviation
=
set − set
Pex,t Pz z  100% t  T
setPex,t ex,t
(42)
errz,t = Pex, t − P ex, t × 100% ∀ t ''∈ T 00
(42)
errz ,t = Pset set × 100% ∀t ∈ T (42)
ex,t Pzex,t
Rz ,t = Pex,t − Pex,t t  T
set ''
(43)
 z set

00
z,t =
where z is the application scenario,Rincluding Rz,t P=ex,t z − Pex,t ∀scheduling
set
t∀∈t T∈ T''
(43)(43)
ex,t − Pex,t
Pintra-hour
 
(using GMSES-MFR only), Case
2 (using
where GMSES-MFR
z iszthe applicationand GMSES-CES),
scenario, including and Case 3 (using GMSES-DRR); GMSES-MFR Pex , t is the tie-line
z
power
where is the application scenario, includingintra-hour intra-hourschedulingscheduling(using (using GMSES-MFR only),
only), Case 2
Case
under
(using the application
GMSES-MFR and scenario z
GMSES-CES),at the tth
and minute.
Case 3 The tie-line
(using GMSES-DRR); power control
P zz error
is theerr z under the
tie-line power
2 (using GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES), and Case 3 (using GMSES-DRR); Pexex,t ,t
is the tie-line power
above scenario is shown in Figure 22.
under thethe
under application scenario
application z atzthe
scenario tth minute.
at the tth minute. TheThe tie-line power
tie-line control
power errorerror
control errz under the above
errz under the
above is
scenario scenario
shownisinshown
Figurein22.
Figure 22.

Figure 22. Tie-line power control error results.

Figure 22.Tie-line
Figure22. Tie-linepower
power control error
error results.
results.
In Figure 22, it can be concluded that the tie-line power control error decreases from the use of
GMSES-MFR, GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES, to GMSES-DRR. The correction of power fluctuations
In In
Figure 22,22,
Figure it can bebeconcluded
it can concludedthat
thatthe
thetie-line
tie-line power controlerror
power control errordecreases
decreasesfrom
fromthethe use
use of of
for the updated data in the ultra-short-term is the best. In addition to the tie-line power, the operation
GMSES-MFR,
GMSES-MFR, GMSES-MFRand
GMSES-MFR andGMSES-CES,
GMSES-CES, to to GMSES-DRR.
GMSES-DRR. The Thecorrection
correctionofofpower
powerfluctuations
fluctuations
and regulation costs of IEDS are shown in Figure 23a, which is essential to guaranteeing accurate
forfor
thethe updated
updated data
data inin theultra-short-term
the ultra-short-termisisthe
the best.
best. In addition
additiontotothe
thetie-line
tie-linepower,
power,the operation
the operation
and regulation costs of IEDS are shown in Figure 23a, which is essential to guaranteeing
and regulation costs of IEDS are shown in Figure 23a, which is essential to guaranteeing accurate accurate
Energies 2019, 12, 246 22 of 28

IEDS operation. The GMSES regulation costs Cz , composed of Cz1 , Cz2 , Cz3 , are calculated by
Equations (44)–(46).
Energies 2019, 11, x 22 of 29

0
IEDS operation.T TheπGMSES regulation
e−buy,t + πe−sell,t costs Cπ e−buy,t − πof
z, composed
e−C z1, C
sell,t
z2, Cz3, are calculated by Equations
Cz1 = ∑ ( z1
) ∀ t ∈ T0
 z1  z1
(44)–(46). Pe,t + Pe,t  + πg,t Pg,t (44)
2
t =1
2
T' π e-buy,t + π e-sell,t π e-buy,t - π e-sell,t
Cz1 = ( Pe,z1t + Pz1 + π Pz1 ) ∀t ∈ T' (44)
T0 2
2  e,t g,t g,t
πe−buy,t + πe−sell,tt =1 z2 e−buy,t − πe−sell,t  z2 
π  
= ∑( z2
∀t ∈ T0 (45)
 z2 
Cz2 Pe,t + Pe,t  + πg,t Pg,t + πCES PCES,t )
2 T π e-buy,t + π e-sell,t z2 π e-buy,
'
2 t - π e-sell,t z2
t =1
Cz2 = ( Pe,t + z2 z2 '
Pe,t + π g,t Pg,t + π CES PCES,t ) ∀t ∈ T (45)
t =1 2 2
T00 M 
Cz3 = ∑(∑ Cm βtm Pmt−1 − Pm,tar
t
) ∀t ∈ T00 (46)
 
T'' M


=z31 =m=(1
tC Cm ⋅ βmt ⋅ Pmt −1 − Pm,tar
t =1 m =1
t
) ∀t ∈ T'' (46)
where Cz1 , Cz2 , Cz3 represent the GMSES regulation cost of using MFR, using MFR and CES (Case 2),
where Cz1 , C z2 , C z3 represent the GMSES regulation cost of using MFR, using MFR and CESz2(Case
and 2),
using DRR (Case 3) in a day respectively; πCES is the regulation cost of using CES; PCES,t
z2 is the
and using DRR (Case 3) in a day respectively; π CES is the regulation cost of using CES; PCES,t
is
charging and discharging power in Case 2 at period t.
the charging and discharging power in Case 2 at period t.

8500 Operation cost Ccost GMSES resources regulation cost Cz

120
8174.88 Maximum tie-line power deviation Rz(kW)
8000 100
90.73
7614.88
7500 80
7306.41
Cost ($)

GMSES regulation
7000 cost increased 60

Power fluctuation
deviation decreased
6500 40
6285.37
24.27
6000 20

3.00
0 0
MFR MFR MFR + CES DRR MFR Rz1 MFR + CES Rz2 DRR Rz3
(Day-ahead) (Intra-hour) (Intra-hour) (Ultra-short-term) (Intra-hour) (Intra-hour) (Ultra-short-term)

(a) Operation cost of IEDS and regulation costs of GMSES (b) Maximum tie-line power deviation of IEDS

Figure (a) (Operation

23. 23.
Figure cost
a) Operation costofofIEDS
IEDSand
and regulation costsofofGMSES;
regulation costs GMSES;(b(b) maximum
) maximum tie-line
tie-line power
power
deviation of IEDS.
deviation of IEDS.

TheThe
GMSESGMSES regulation
regulationcosts increase
costs as the
increase response
as the responseresource varies
resource from
varies MFR
from MFRto DRR, as shown
to DRR, as
in Figure 23a. However, it is worth pointing out that the tie-line power deviation is decreased, reducing
shown in Figure 23a. However, it is worth pointing out that the tie-line power deviation is decreased,
reducing the
the influence influence
of the of the underlying
underlying IEDS on the IEDS
upperon the upper
energy energy The
system. system. The fluctuations
fluctuations of
of renewable
renewable energy and loads are accommodated by GMSES resources
energy and loads are accommodated by GMSES resources and the relevant energy scheduling strategy, and the relevant energy
scheduling strategy, which contributes to stable operation, as well as improving the power quality.
which contributes to stable operation, as well as improving the power quality. In the ultra-short-term
In the ultra-short-term energy balance, although the regulation cost of using DRR is high, the tie-line
energy balance, although the regulation cost of using DRR is high, the tie-line power deviation reaches
power deviation reaches its lowest value (depicted in Figure 23b). This is because the regulation cost
its lowest value
of per-unit DRR(depicted in Figure
is relatively high, and 23b).
DRRThis is because
is regulated the regulation
frequently. cost hand,
On the other of per-unit
due to DRR
the is
relatively high,
real-time and DRR isand
coordination regulated
regulation frequently.
of DRR, On the the other hand,
aperiodic powerdue to the real-time
fluctuations coordination
of the renewable
and energy
regulation of DRR,
and loads thebeaperiodic
could smoothedpower out. fluctuations of the renewable energy and loads could be
smoothed In out.
summary, the three kinds of resources in GMSES should be applied in different scenarios
owing to their response
In summary, the threecharacteristics
kinds of resources and application
in GMSESdemands.
should beSpecifically,
applied inthe GMSES-MFR
different could
scenarios owing
be used in day-ahead optimal scheduling, such as economic scheduling
to their response characteristics and application demands. Specifically, the GMSES-MFR could be and loss reduction. Theused
GMSES-MFR and GMSES-CES are suitable for intra-hour scheduling with relatively high adjustment
in day-ahead optimal scheduling, such as economic scheduling and loss reduction. The GMSES-MFR
accuracy. As for the ultra-short-term energy balance, the GMSES-DRR can be selected to meet high-
and GMSES-CES are suitable for intra-hour scheduling with relatively high adjustment accuracy.
precision requirement with sufficient regulation costs and calculating time.
As for the ultra-short-term energy balance, the GMSES-DRR can be selected to meet high-precision
requirement with sufficient regulation costs and calculating time.
5. Conclusions
This paper proposes a generalized multi-source energy storage (GMSES) model that includes
5. Conclusions
resources of conventional energy storage, multi-energy flow and demand response. Aggregation and
This paper of
coordination proposes a generalized
GMSES resources multi-source
show the potential ofenergy storage
equivalent (GMSES)
energy modelinvestment
storage, where that includes
resources of conventional
in conventional energycan
energy storage storage, multi-energy
be reduced. flow in
Uncertainties and
thedemand
renewableresponse. Aggregation
energy and energy
Energies 2019, 12, 246 23 of 28

and coordination of GMSES resources show the potential of equivalent energy storage, where
investment in conventional energy storage can be reduced. Uncertainties in the renewable energy
and energy loads bring challenges to IEDS operation on multiple time scales. To solve this problem,
the GMSES hierarchical optimal scheduling framework is studied, including day-ahead, intra-hour,
and ultra-short-term scheduling. To be specific, operation costs are minimized in day-ahead scheduling
due to the complementary nature of multi-carrier energy prices, and the set-points can be generated,
as well as the basic tie-line power. Various GMSES resources are called upon in both intra-hour
scheduling and the ultra-short-term scenario, where power deviation caused by forecast error can be
regulated, and energy balance service can be provided.
It is worth mentioning that the general parameter serialization (GPS)-based control strategy
was studied to determine the responsive group and priority sequence in ultra-short-term scheduling.
Demand response resources (including heat pumps, central air conditioning and electric vehicles) can
be integrated in a flexible way for power fluctuation smoothing.
The proposed hierarchical scheduling strategy is conducted in a modified electricity-gas coupled
IEDS. Numerical results have shown the effectiveness of the co-optimization GMSES model in reducing
the impacts on the upper layer energy system; in addition, the operation costs and the tie-line power
fluctuations can be minimized by GMSES. The comparison of GMSES resources is given through the
scheduling results, showing the applicability and scalability in multi-type multi-timescale regulation,
which contributes to the decision making of IEDS dispatch center.

Author Contributions: W.W., D.W. and L.L. conceived and designed the study; W.W., D.W. and L.L. performed
the study; H.J., Y.Z., Z.M., W.D. reviewed and edited the manuscript; W.W. and L.L. wrote the paper. All authors
read and approved the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFB0905000),
Joint Research Fund of the National Science Fund of China (U1766210), “131” Talent & Innovative Team of Tianjin
City and National Social Science Foundation of China (12&ZD208). This study was conducted in cooperation of
APPLIED ENERGY UNiLAB-DEM: Distributed Energy & Microgrid. UNiLAB is an international virtual lab of
collective intelligence in Applied Energy.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature
Notation Description
SSOC_k (t) State of charge (SOC) of the kth energy storage unit at period t
∆SSOC_k (t) SOC variation of the kth energy storage unit at period t
SSOC_k , SSOC_k Upper and lower boundaries of SOC of the kth energy storage unit
∆SSOC_k , ∆SSOC_k Upper and lower boundaries of SOC variation of the kth energy storage unit
CES , PCES
Pk,C k,D Charging and discharging power of the kth conventional energy storage (CES) unit
ηk,C , ηk,D Charging and discharging efficiency of the kth CES unit
CES
Wk,rated Rated power of the kth CES unit
SSOC_k (0), SSOC_k (T) The beginning and the end of SOC of the kth CES unit
Pe , Pg Electricity and natural gas power input of bi-directional energy hub (BEH)
Le , Lh Electrical and thermal loads of BEH
e h Gas-electricity energy conversion efficiency and gas-heat energy conversion
ηCHP , ηCHP
efficiency in combined heat and power (CHP)
η AC , η GB Energy conversion efficiency of air-conditioner system and gas boiler (GB)
λC , λD Dispatch factors of BEH in charging/standby, discharging status
lb, ub Subscript of lower and upper boundaries
e,max e,max
PCHP , PAC Maximum output power of CHP, and air-conditioner system
ANGS The branch-nodal incidence matrix of natural gas system (NGS)
A vector of mass flow rates through branches, a vector of gas supplies and gas
Qr , ωs , ωl
demands at each node of NGS
Energies 2019, 12, 246 24 of 28

with , ω with
ωl,i l,j Gas demand at node i and node j with connected BEH
without , ω without , GHV Gas demand at node i and node j without connected BEH, and gross heating
ωl,i l,j
value (GHV)
∆pr Pressure drop along the pipe of NGS
Diameter of pipe, friction factor, length of pipe, gas specific gravity, and gas flow
Dp , f r , Lr , Sg , v g
rate of NGS
Equipment operation status (open/off/idle) in DRR, charging status of
τon , τoff , τidle , τcharge
electric vehicles
mn The nth responsive load for type m in demand response resource (DRR)
Emn , Em h Set of operation status in DRR, the hth operation status of mn in DRR
n
H Numbers of operation status of mn in DRR
t+∆t h at period t + ∆t
REm n ,h
DRR physical model at operation status Em n
Set of responsive load types including heat pump, electric vehicle and central air
M, N
conditioning, total response numbers of each DRR types
The oth parameter of DRR physical characteristics, the ath key operation parameter
TPo , Qta , Fbt
and the bth control variable of mn in DRR
Numbers of physical characteristics, key operation parameters and control
O, A, B
variables of mn in DRR
h , Ph
Pm n mn ,rated The hth operation power and rated power of mn in DRR
h
ηm The hth load efficiency factor of mn in DRR
n
Qta,+ , Qta,− Upper and lower boundaries of the ath key operation parameter Qta
U, V Operation status of DRR when Qta ≤ Qta,− or Qta ≥ Qta,+
Ccost Daily operation costs of integrated energy distribution system
Operation costs of conventional loads in electric power system (EPS) and NGS, and
CEPS,t , CNGS,t , CBEH,t
coupled loads in BEH at period t
πe−buy,t , πe−sell,t , π g,t Electricity prices to purchase and sell, gas price to purchase
Electric and gas power consumed by conventional electric loads and conventional
PEPS,t , PNGS,t
gas loads at period t
Pe,t Interactive electric power in BEH at period t
Pg,t Consumed gas power in BEH at period t
T, T0 , T00 Scheduling periods of hours, 15 minutes, 1 minute
set , P
Pex,t Target setting tie-line power, actually optimized tie-line power
ex,t
xEPS , xNGS , xBEH The set of variables of EPS, NGS and BEH
xEPS_max , xEPS_min Upper and lower boundaries of EPS variables
xNGS_max , xNGS_min Upper and lower boundaries of NGS variables
Upper and lower limits of the equipment output considering component capacities
xBEH_max , xBEH_min
of BEHs
M N M N
mn ,t mn ,t
∑ ∑ Pup,σ , ∑ ∑ ∆Pdown,σ Upward and down regulations of the total DRR groups in node σ at period t
m n =1 m n =1
t
PD,σ Demand side power regulation in node σ at period t
Cm Controlled price for the type m load in DRR
Pmt −1 Power consumption of the type m load in DRR at period t − 1
t
Pm,tar Response target for the type m load in DRR at period t
t
Pm,up t
, Pm,down Upward and down regulations for the type m load of DRR groups at period t
IEDS Integrated energy distribution system
GMSES Generalized multi-source energy storage
CES Conventional energy storage
MFR Multi-energy flow resource
DRR Demand response resource
GPS General parameter serialization (GPS)-based control strategy
EPS Electric power system
NGS Natural gas system
DHS District heating system
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFB0905000),
Joint Research Fund of the National Science Fund of China (U1766210), “131” Talent & Innovative Team of
Tianjin City and National Social Science Foundation of China (12&ZD208). This study was conducted in
cooperation of APPLIED ENERGY UNiLAB-DEM: Distributed Energy & Microgrid. UNiLAB is an international
virtual lab of collective intelligence in Applied Energy.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 25 of 28
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A
Appendix A

Energies 2019, 11, x 24 of 29

Energies 2019, 11, x 24 of 29
Figure A1.
Figure A1. Illustration of IEDS-GMSES
IEDS-GMSES co-simulation
co-simulation platform.
platform.

Figure A2. Load forecast data of BEH.

Figure A2. Load forecast data of BEH.

A3. Loadforecast
Figure A3.
Figure forecast data of
of BEH.
Figure A3. Load
Load forecast data
data of BEH.
BEH.
Energies 2019, 12, 246 26 of 28
Figure A3. Load forecast data of BEH.

Figure A4. Energy

FigureA4. Energyprice.
price.

Table A1. The number of DRR at per node.

Table A1. The number of DRR at per node.
Node
Node 712 713 720 735
Type 712 713 720 735
Type
Phase A 120 0 0 100
HP
HP
Phase A B
Phase 120 0 0 0 0
100 0 100
Phase C 0 150 0 0
Phase A 0 0 300 0
EV Phase B 350 0 0 0
Phase C 0 400 0 320
Phase A 25 0 0 0
CAC Phase B 0 0 0 14
Phase C 0 20 22 0

Table A2. Simulation parameters of DRR [34,35,40].

Type Parameter Name Parameter Value Parameter Name Parameter Value

Average equivalent thermal Average equivalent thermal
0.121 3599.3
resistance/(◦ C/W) capacitance/(J/◦ C)
Average equivalent heat
400 Rated power/kW 6
HP ratio/W
Initial
21 Temperature deadband/◦ C 4
temperature/◦ C
Regulation cost/($/kWh) 0.230 Controlled period/min 1
Energy state upper Energy state lower
0.0125 −0.0125
boundary boundary
EV Charging power/kW 5 Charging efficiency 95%
Regulation cost/($/kWh) 0.155 Battery capacity/kWh 5.00~20.00
Energy state deadband 0.025 Controlled period/min 1
Average energy efficiency
5 Average rated power/kW 40
ratio
Coefficient of low
0.1 Initial room temperature/◦ C 24
consumption
CAC
Temperature deadband/◦ C 5 Range of gear numbers [3,10]
Standard deviation of gear
Regulation cost/($/kWh) 2.797 2.07
numbers
Controlled period/min 5
Energies 2019, 12, 246 27 of 28

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