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AIR CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES .

AND SYSTEMS

·------- ---- ----- - ------- - _. ---- --- - -------- ------··--·- -

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A view of the concentrating and tracking solar collectors for the I 00,000 square foot
corporate headquarters of Honeywell, Inc., in Minneapolis. The collectors -serve a solar
heating and cooling system that provides over 50% of the building's yearly heating
requirements, more than 80% of the cooling, and all of the hot water. (Honeywell, Inc.)

••
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AIR CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES

AND SYSTEMS

FOURTH EDITION

EDWARD G. PITA
Environmental Control Technology
New York City Technical College
The City University of New York

Prentice
Hall
~

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

Columbus, Ohio
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pita, Edward G.
Air conditioning principles and systems I Edward G. Pita.--4th ed.
p. em.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-13-092872-0 (he : alk. paper)
1. Air conditioning. 2. Buildings-Energy conservation. I. Title.

TH7687 .P446 2002

697.9'3-dc21 2001021390

Editor in Chief: Stephen Helba

Editor: Edward Francis
Production Editor: Christine M. Buckendahl
Production Coordinator: Carlisle Publishers Services
Design Coordinator: Robin G. Chukes
Cover Designer: Bryan Huber
Cover art: Neal Moss
Production Manager: Brian Fox
Marketing Manager: Jamie Van Voorhis

This book was set in Times Roman by Carlisle Communication Ltd.,

was printed and bound by R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
The cover was printed by The Lehigh Press, Inc.

Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London

Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney
Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., Toronto
Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., Mexico
Prentice-Hall ofindia Private Limited, New Delhi
Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo
Simon & Schuster Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro

Copyright © 2002, 1998, 1989, 1981 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright
and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
likewise. For information regarding permission(s ), write to:. Rights and Permissions Department.

Prentice 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
. Hall ISBN 0-13-092872-0
c=.
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PREFACE
his fourth edition of Air Conditioning Principles
T and Systems has been significantly revised. Re-
flecting recent developments and concerns in the
industry, substantial material has been added on
indoor air quality, air pollution from combustion,
and the new environmental requirements on refrig-
erants. Consistent with the overall philosophy of
this text, the practical approach to these important
issues will enable the reader to effectively address
them in the workplace.
Use of the Internet for air conditioning work is
a major component of this fourth edition. Many
Websites of equipment manufacturers are listed.
Problems are assigned that make use of these Web
sites for equipment performance, selection, and
specifications, and to ask and receive answers to
technical questions. Web sites of HVAC design
software providers are also listed. These offer heat-
ing and cooling load calculations, duct and pipe
sizing, psychrqmetrics, and energy analysis. Prob-
lems are also as~igned in these areas. Use of design
software often entails a fee and restrictions, of
course. The Web sites and software listed in the
text are only a small sample of those available, and
are not necessarily the only useful ones. A search
will discover many more.
v
In addition to incorporating new material, many
chapters have been considerably revised or ampli-
fied to enhance the learning process.
This book is a fundamental text in heating, venti-
lation, and air conditioning (HVAC). It fills the need
for a text that presents the fundamental principles
and systems in a manner that is technically accu-
rate, yet of practical use in the working world.
Today's reality, which mandates time and cost ef-
fectiveness in HVAC work, dictates this practical
approach. Students in air conditioning and refriger-
ation courses in college and technical institute pro-
grams, and consulting engineers, contiactors,
operating engineers, and service technicians will
find this text useful in their studies or as a reference.
The book is designed for a two-semester
course. Supplemental work may be assigned if the
instructor wishes to expand on the suggested pro-
jects.
The text begins by developing the fundamental
principles ofair conditioning, followed by a descrip-
tion of equipment and systems. The text emphasizes
the application of theory to both designing new sys-
tems and troubleshooting existing ones. This ap-
proach is enhanced by many_ illustrative examples
and problems dealing with real situations.
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vi PREFACE
An underlying theme throughout the book is en-
ergy utilization arid conservation. Energy codes
and standards are described, and each topic is ex-
amined from an energy conservation viewpoint, an
approach that is essential for all future work in the
air conditioning field. A chapter is devoted to solar
heating and cooling.
Following an overview of the scope of air condi-
tioning, the text reviews physical principles. Heat-
ing and cooling load calculations are explained in a
thorough yet understandable manner. The latest
methods (now required by most states) are used.
The newly revised design weather data is included.
Load calculation forms are furnished to aid the stu-
dent. The subject of psychrometries is presented in
considerable detail, recognizing that it is at the
heart of understanding air conditioning processes.
Air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
and systems are covered thoroughly. Equipment
construction and selection are described. Included
in the discussion are reheat, dual duct, multizone,
hydronic, and variable air volume systems. The
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Edward G. Pita is Professor Emeritus and Adjunct
Professor in the Environmental Control Technol-
ogy Department at New York City Technical Col-
lege of the City University of New York. He
received a B.S. degree from Purdue University, an
M.S. degree from Columbia University, and a
Ph.D. degree from the University of Maryland, all
in mechanical engineering. He is a member of the
American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and is a
registered professional engineer.
presentation of refrigeration includes an explana-
tion of absorption systems, heat pumps. and the
scroll compress.
Instrumentation and balancing and the funda-
mentals of automatic controls are covered in sepa-
rate chapters. Of special importance is the chapter
devoted to energy utilization and conservation in
design, installation, and operation of air condition-
ing systems.
Two example projects in the design of a heating
and cooling system are worked out in detail. Simi-
lar projects are suggested as hands-on teaming ex-
periences. These should be of value to those who
are interested in installation, operation, and service
as well as design, because they require the student
to analyze how the system functions.
The author sincerely hopes that this presenta-
tion, based on his more than 55 years of experience
in the field working for manufacturers, as a
consulting engineer, and as an educator. will con-
tribute to your knowledge and success in the
HVAC industry.
In addition to his career as an educator. Dr. Pita
was chief mechanical engineer for a large consult-
ing engineering firm responsible for H\'AC pro-
jects for the United Nations. the State City of the
Vatican, the U.S. Capitol, and many other govern-
mental and private clients.
He has also worked in applications and systems
engineering for the Carrier Corporation and the
Worthington Corporation.
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CONTENTS

An Air Conditioning Fable xv Review Questions 15

Problems 15

1 THE SCOPE AND USES OF AIR 2 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 17

CONDITIONING 1 2.1 Units 18
1.1 Scope of Air Conditioning 2 2.2 Conversion of Units 18
1.2 Components of Air Conditioning 2.3 U.S. and SI Units 19
Systems 3 2.4 Mass, Force, Weight, Density, and
1.3 All-Water (Hydronic) Air Specific Volume 19
Conditioning Systems 4 2.5 Accuracy of Data 2!
1.4 All-Air Air Conditioning 2.6 Pressure 21
Systems 5 2.7 Pressure of a Liquid Column 23
1.5 Human Comfort 7 2.8 Work, Power, and Energy 26
1.6 Comfort Standards 8 2.9 Heat and Temperature 27
1.7 The HVAC System as Part of the 2.10 Enthalpy 28
Building Construction Field I 0 2.11 The Energy Equation (First Law of
1.8 Designing the HVAC System 10 Thermodynamics) 29
1.9 Installing the HVAC System II 2.12 Liquids, Vapors, and Change
1.10 Operation, Maintenance, and Service of State 30
of the HVAC System 12 2.13 Saturated Property Tables 36 ·
1.11 Employment in the HVAC 2.14 Refrigeration 36
Industry 12 2.15 Calculation of Sensible and Latent
1.12 Description ofJob Heat Changes 37
Responsibilities 13 2.16 Latent Heats of Fusion and
1.13 Energy Conservation and Sublimation 40
Computers 14 2.17 The Ideal (Perfect) Gas Laws 40

vii
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Vlll CONTENTS

2.18 Energy Utilization (Second Law of 4.13 Energy Conservation 100

Thermodynamics) 41 Review Questions 100
Review Questions 42 Problems 101
Problems 43 Computer Solution Problems 101

3 HEATING LOADS 46 5 HYDRONIC PIPING SYSTEMS AND

3.1 The Heating Load 46 TERMINAL UNITS 102
3.2 Heat Transfer 4 7 5.1 Piping Arrangements 102
3.3 Rate of Heat Transfer 48 5.2 Series Loop 102
3.4 Overall Thermal Resistance 51 5.3 One-Pipe Main 104
3.5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 5.4 Two-Pipe Direct Return 104
(U), 51 5.5 Two-Pipe Reverse Return 105
3.6 Heat Transfer Losses: Basement 5.6 Combination Arrangements 106
Walls and Floors 53 5.7 Three-Pipe System 106
3.7 Heat Transfer Losses: Floor on 5.8 Four-Pipe System I 07
Ground and Floor over Crawl 5.9 Hydronic Terminal Units 107
Space 54 5.10 Radiators 108
3.8 Infiltration and Ventilation Heat 5.11 Convectors I 08
Loss 56 5.12 Baseboard 109
3.9 Design Conditions 59 5.13 Fin-Tube 109
3.10 Room Heat Loss and Room Heating 5.14 Radiant Panels I I0
Load 60 5.15 Unit Heaters II 0
3.11 The Building Net Heating Load 61 5.16 Fan-Coil Units Ill
3.12 System Heat Losses 62 5.17 Induction Units 112
3.13 Summary of Heating Load 5.18 System Water Temperatures and Flow
Calculation Procedures 63 Rates 113
3.14 Energy Conservation 66 5.19 Selection of Terminal Units 114
Review Questions 66 5.20 System Design Procedure 115
Problems 67 Review Questions 118
Problems 118
Computer Solution Problems 119
4 FURNACES AND BOILERS 71
4.1 Warm Air Furnaces 71
4.2 Furnace Controls 74 6 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS 120
4.3 Heating Boilers 75 6.1 The Cooling Load 120 _
4.4 Boiler Controls 79 6.2 Cooling Load Calculation
4.5 Boiler and Furnace Draft 80 Procedures 120
4.6 Fuels and Combustion 82 6.3 Room Heat Gains 122
4.7 Gas and Oil Burners 88 6.4 Conduction Through Exterior
4.8 Flame Safety Controls 92 Structure 123
4.9 Boiler Applications 92 6.5 Conduction Through Interior
4.10 Boiler Rating and Selection 94 Structure 130
4.11 Boiler Installation· 98 6.6 Solar Radiation Through Glass 130
4.12 Energy Use and Efficiency in Boilers 6.7 Design Conditions 137
and Furnaces 98 6.8 Lighting 137
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CONTENTS IX

6.9 People 139 7.8 Latent Heat Change Process

6.10 Equipment and Appliances, 140 Calculations (Humidifying and
6.11 Infiltration 140 Dehumidifying) 177
6.12 Room Cooling Load 144 7.9 Combined Sensible and Latent
6.13 Room Peak Cooling Load 145 Process Calculations 179
6.14 Building Peak Cooling Load 145 7.10 The Evaporative Cooling Process and
6.15 Cooling Coil Load 146 the Wet Bulb Temperature 181
6.16 Ventilation 146 7.11 The Air Mixing Process 182
6.17 Heat Gain to Ducts 147
Psychrometric Analysis of the Air
6.18 Fan and Pump Heat 148
Conditioning System 184
6.19 Duct Air Leakage 149
6.20 Supply Air Conditions 149 7.12 Determining Supply Air
6.21 Summary of Commercial Cooling Conditions 184
Load Calculation Procedures 149 7.13 Sensible Heat. Ratio 185
7.14 The RSHR or Condition Line 186
Residential Cooling Loads 152 7.15 Coil Process Line 188
7.16 The Complete Psychrometric
6.22 Cooling Load from Heat Gain
Analysis 189
Through Structure 152
7.17 The Contact Factor and Bypass
6.23 Cooling Load from Heat Gain
Factor 191
Through Windows 153
7.18 The Effective Surface
6.24 People and Appliances 154
Temperature 191
6.25 Infiltration and Ventilation 154
7.19 Reheat 193
6.26 Room, Building, and Air
7.20 Part Load Operation and Control 194
Conditioning Equipment Loads 156
7.21 Fan Heat Gains 195
6.27 Summary of Residential Cooling
Problems 195
Load Calculation Procedures !58
Computer Solution Problems 198
6.28 Energy Conservation 160
Problems 160 8 FLUID FLOW IN PIPING AND DUCTS 199
Computer Solution Problems 162 8.1 The Continuity Equation 199
8.2 The Flow Energy Equation 20 I
7 PSYCHROMETRICS 164 8.3 Pressure Loss in Closed and Open
7 .I Properties of Air 164 Systems 203
7.2 Determining Air Properties 165 8.4 Total, Static, and Velocity
7.3 The Psychrometric Chart 168 Pressure 204
7.4 Locating the Air Condition on the 8.5 Conversion of Velocity Pr>!ssure to
Chart 168 Static Pressure (Static Regain) 206
7.5 Condensation on Surfaces 172 8.6 Pressure Loss from Friction in Piping
and Ducts 207
Air Conditioning Processes 173
8.7 Friction Loss from Water Flow in
Pipes 208
7.6 Process Lines on the Psychrometric 8.8 Pressure Loss in Pipe Fittings 212
Chart 173 8.9 Piping System Pressure Drop 213
7. 7 Sensible Heat Change Process 8.10 System Pipe Sizing 216
Calculations (Sensible Heating and 8.11 Friction Loss from Air Flow in
Cooling) 174 Ducts 218
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X CONTENTS

8.12 Aspect Ratio 220 Air Distribution Devices 272

8.13 Pressure Loss in Duct Fittings 221
10.13 Room Air Distribution 272
8.14 Pressure Loss at Fan Inlet and
10.14 Air Patterns 272
Outlet 232
10.15 Location 273
8.15 Duct System Pressure Loss 233
10.16 Types of Air Supply Devices 27 4
8.16 Duct Design Methods 235
10.17 Applications 276
Problems, 239
10.18 Selection 277
Computer Solution Problems 242
10.19 Accessories and Duct
Connections 281
9 PIPING, VALVES, DUCTS,
10.20 Return Air Devices 282
AND INSULATION 243
10.21 Sound 282
9.1 Piping Materials and 10.22 Sound Control 283
Specifications 243 Review Questions 285
9.2 Fittings and Joining Methods for Problems 28.'5
Steel Pipe 246 Computer Solution Problems 286
9.3 Fittings and Joining Methods for
Copper Tubing 247
9.4 Valves 247 11 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, EXPANSION
9.5 TANKS, AND VENTING 287
Pressure Regulating and Relief
Valves 248 11.1 Types of Pumps 287
9.6 Valve Construction 249 11.2 Principles of Operation 287
9.7 Valve Selection 251 11.3 Pump Characteristics 288
9.8 Pipe Expansion and Anchoring 251 11.4 Pump Selection 291
9.9 Vibration 252 11.5 System Characteristics 293
9.10 Pipe Insulation 254 11.6 System Characteristics and Pump
9.11 The Piping Installation 255 Characteristics 293
9.12 Duct Construction 255 11.7 Pump Similarity Laws 295
9.13 Duct Insulation 256 11.8 Pump Construction 295
Review Questions 257 11.9 Net Positive Suction Head 299
11.10 The Expansion Tank 299
10 FANS AND AIR DISTRIBUTION 11.11 System Pressure Control 300
DEVICES 258 11.12 Compression Tank Size 302
10.1 Fan Types 258 11.13 Air Control and Venting 303
10.2 Fan Performance Characteristics 259 11.14 Energy Conservation 304
10.3 Fan Selection 260 Review Questions 304
10.4 Fan Ratings 261 Problems 305
10.5 System Characteristics 265 Computer Solution Problems 305
10.6 Fan-System Interaction 266
10.7 System Effect 267 12 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
10.8 Selection of Optimum Fan AND EQUIPMENT 306
Conditions 267 12.1 System Classifications 306
10.9 Fan Laws 268 12.2 Zones and Systems 307
10.10 Construction and Arrangement 269 12.3 Single Zone System 307
10.11 Installation 270 12.4 Reheat System 309
10.12 Energy Conservation 271 12.5 Multizone System 310
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CONTENTS xi

12.6 Dual Duct System 311 13.15 Packaged Refrigeration

12.7 Variable Air Volume (VAV) Equipment 342
System 313 13.16 Selection 342
12.8 All-Water Systems 315 13.17 Energy Efficiency 346
12.9 Air-Water Systems 315 13.18 Installation of Refrigeration
12.10 Unitary versus Central Systems 316 Chillers 348
12.11 Room Units 316 13.19 Cooling Towers 348
12.12 Unitary Air Conditioners 317
Absorption Refrigeration
12.13 Rooftop Units 318
System 350
12.14 Air Handling Units 318
12.15 Cooling and Heating Coils 319 13.20 Principles 350
12.16 Coil Selection 320 13.21 Construction and Performance 352
12.17 Air Cleaning Devices (Filters) 321 13.22 Special Applications 353
12.18 Methods of Dust Removal 321 13.23 Capacity Control 354
12.19 Methods of Testing Filters 322 13.24 Crystallization 354
12.20 Types of Air Cleaners 323 13.25 Installation 354
12.21 Selection of Air Cleaners 324
12.22 Indoor Air Quality 325 The Heat Pump 355
12.23 Energy Requirements of Different 13.26 Principles 355
Types of Air Conditioning 13.27 Energy Efficiency 355
Systems 326 13.28 Selection of Heat Pumps-
12.24 Energy Conservation 330 The Balance Point 357
Review Questions 330 13.29 Solar Energy-Heat Pump
Problems 330 Application 360
13.30 Refrigerants 360
13 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 13.31 Ozone Depletion 361
AND EQUIPMENT 332 13.32 Refrigerant Venting and Reuse 362
13.33 Global Warming Potential 363
Vapor Compression 13.34 WaterTreatment 363
Refrigeration System 333 13.35 Energy Conservation in
13.1 Principles 333 Refrigeration 363
13.2 Equipment 334 Review Questions 364
13.3 Evaporators 334 Problems 364
13.4 Types of Compressors 335
13.5 Reciprocating Compressor 335 14 AUTOMATIC CONTROLS 365
13.6 Rotary Compressor 336 14.1 Understanding Automatic
13.7 Screw (Helical Rotary) Controls 366
Compressor 336 14.2 Purposes of Controls 366
13.8 Scroll Compressor 337 14.3 The Control System 366
13.9 Centrifugal Compressor 337 14.4 Closed-Loop (Feedback) and Open-
13.10 Capacity Control of Compressors 338 Loop Control Systems 368
13.11 Prime Movers 338 14.5 Energy Sources 369
13.12 Condensers 339 14.6 Component Control Diagram 369
13.13 Flow Control Devices 340 14.7 Types of Control Action 370
13.14 Safety Controls 341 14.8 Controllers 373
Xll CONTENTS

14.9 Controlled Devices 376 15.21 System Design 410

14.10 Choice of Control Systems 377 15.22 Controls 410
14.11 Control from Space Temperature 378 15.23 Installation 411
14.12 Control from Outdoor Air 379 15.24 Operation and Maintenance 411
14.13 Control from Heating/Cooling 15.25 Computers in HVAC Systems 412
Medium 381 Problems 413
14.14 Humidity Control 382
14.15 Complete Control Systems 382 16 INSTRUMENTATION, TESTING,
Review Questions 385 AND BALANCING 420
Problems 385 16.1 Definitions 421
16.2 Instrumentation 421
15 ENERGY UTILIZATION AND 16.3 Temperature 421
CONSERVATION 387 16.4 Pressure 423
15.1 Energy Standards and Codes 388 16.5 Velocity 424
15.2 Sources of Energy 391 16.6 Flow Rates 426
15.3 Principles of Energy Utilization 392 16.7 Heat Flow 428
15.4 Measuring Energy Utilization in 16.8 Humidity 428
Power-Producing Equipment 16.9 Equipment Speed 429
(Efficiency) 393 16.10 Electrical Energy 429
15.5 Measuring Energy Conservation in 16.11 Testing and Balancing 429
Cooling Equipment-The COP and 16.12 Preparation for Air System
EER 395 Balancing 429
15.6 Measuring Energy Conservation in 16.13 The Air System Balancing
the Heat Pump 397 Process 431
15.7 Measuring Energy Conservation in 16.14 Preparation for Water System
Heating Equipment 397 Balancing 431
15.8 Measuring Energy Conservation in 16.15 The Water System Balancing
Pumps and Fans 398 Process 432
15.9 Measuring Energy Use in Existing 16.16 Energy Conservation 433
Building HVAC Systems 399 16.17 Sound Measurement 433
15.10 Measuring Energy Use in New Review Questions 433
Building HVAC Systems 399 Problems 433
15.11 The Degree Day Method 400
15.12 Other Energy Measuring 17 PLANNING AND DESIGNING THE
Methods 402 HVAC SYSTEM 435
-
15.13 Air-to-Air Heat Recovery 403 17.1 Procedures for Designing a Hydronic
15.14 Refrigeration Cycle Heat System 435
·Recovery 405 17.2 Calculating the Heating Load 437
15.15 Thermal Storage 406 17.3 Type and Location of Terminal
15.16 Light Heat Recovery 407 Units 440
15.17 Total Energy Systems 407 17.4 Piping System Arrangement 440
15.18 Energy Conservation 17.5 Flow Rates and Temperatures 440
Methods 408 17.6 Selection of Terminal Units 442
15.19 Building Construction 409 17.7 Pipe Sizing 443
15.20 Design Criteria 409 17.8 Piping or Duct Layout 443
 CONTENTS xm

17.9 Pump Selection 444 Bibliography 485

17.10 Boiler Selection 444
17.11 Compression Tank 446 Appendix 487
17.12 Accessories 446
17.13 Controls 447 Table A. I Abbreviations and Symbols 487
17.14 Plans and Specifications 447 Table A.2 Unit Equivalents (Conversion
17.15 Energy Use and Conservation 448 Factors) 489
17.16 Procedures for Designing an All-Air Table A.3 Properties of Saturated Steam and
System 448 Saturated Water 490
17.17 Calculating the Cooling Load 448 Table A.4 Thermal Resistance R of Building
17.18 Type of System 453 and Insulating Materials 491
17.19 Equipment and Duct Locations 453 Table A.5 Thermal Resistance R of Surface
17.20 Duct Sizes 453 Air Films and Air Spaces 494
17.21 Air Distribution Devices 455 Table A.6 Typical Building Roof and Wall
17.22 Equipment 455 Construction Cross-Sections and
17.23 Accessories 456 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
17.24 Automatic Control System 457 495
17.25 Plans and Specifications 457 Table A.? Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
17.26 Energy Conservation 458 U for Building Construction
Problems 458 Components 498
Table A.8 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
18 SOLAR HEATING AND U for Glass 500
COOLING SYSTEMS 459 Table A.9 Outdoor Heating and Cooling
18.1 Solar Collectors 459 Design Conditions-United
18.2 Storage and Distribution Systems 461 States, Canada, and World
18.3 Types of Solar Heating Systems 462 Locations 50 l
18.4 Solar Cooling Systems 463 Figure A.l Room Heating Load Calculations
18.5 Solar Radiation Energy 464 Form 509
18.6 Insolation Tables 465 Figure A.2 Building Heating Load
18.7 Clearness Factor 466 Calculations Form 510
18.8 Orientation and Tilt Angles 4 71 Figure A.3 Commercial Cooling Load
18.9 Sunshine Hours 472 Calculations Form 5ll
18.10 Collector Performance 4 72 Figure A.4 Residential Cooling Load
18.11 Sizing the Collector 475 Calculations Form 512
18.12 Economic Analysis 476 Figure A.S Psychrometric Chart, u:.s.Units
18.13 Storage System Sizing 477 513
18.14 Approximate System Design Figure A.6 Psychrometric Chart, SI Units
Data 480 514
18.15 Passive Solar Heating Systems 481
Problems 481 Index 515
 AN AIR CONDITIONING FABLE
t was a typical record-breaking July heat wave
I and the humidity felt like a Turkish bath. Sud-
denly the air conditioning system in the gigantic
Acme Towers office building stopped operating.
Within minutes, temperatures in the offices reached
95 F. The building did not have operable windows
that could be opened to relieve the oppressive heat.
Computers broke down, employees started to
leave, and tenants threatened lawsuits for damages.
The building operating staff became frantic.
No one knew what to do. Finally one person said,
"Listen, there's a fellow named Joe Schlepper who
knows an awful lot about air conditioning and re-
frigeration, so why don't we call him?" In despera-
tion, the chief engineer agreed.
XV
-·-
A few minutes later, Joe Schlepper entered the
building machine room, walked around, and looked
at the complex installation capable of delivering
8000 tons of refrigeration, muttered "hmm," took
out a small hammer, and tapped a valve. Immedi-
ately the whole plant started functioning and soon
conditions in the building were comfortable again.
The building manager thanked Joe and asked
him what the bill was. The answer was "$2005."
"What'" the manager exclaimed. "$2005 for tap-
ping a valve?"
"The bill for tapping the valve is $5," Joe an-
swered. "The $2000 is for knowing which valve to
tap."
c H A p T E
The Scope and Uses
ofAir Conditioning
F or prehistoric people, open fires were the pri-
mary means of warming their dwellings; shade
and cool water were probably their only relief from
heat. No significant improvements in humankind's
condition were made for millions of years. The fire-
places in the castles of medieval Europe were
hardly an improvement-they only heated the area
immediately around them. Paintings from those
times show that the kings and queens wore furs and
gloves indoors in winter!
There were a few exceptions to this lack of
progress. The ancient Romans had remarkably
good radiant heating in some buildings, which was
achieved by warming air and then circulating it in
hollow floors or walls. In the dry climate of the
Middle East, people hung wet mats in front of open
doorways and achieved a crude form of evaporative
OBJECTIVES
A study of this chapter will enable you to:
I. List the environmental conditions that an air
conditioning system may control.
2. Describe where air conditioning is used.
R
air cooling. In Europe, Leonardo da Vinci designed
a large evaporative cooler (Figure 1.1).
The development of effective heating, ventilat-
ing, and air conditioning (HVAC), however, was be-
gun scarcely I 00 years ago. Central heating sys-
tems were developed in the nineteenth century, and
summer air conditioning using mechanical refriger-
ation has grown into a major industry only in the
last 60 years. Yet by 2000, HVAC systems in the
United States had reached a total installed value of
about $50 billion yearly, with approximately $20
billion in equipment sales.
A typical person in modern society may spend
up to 90% of each day indoors. It is not surprising,
therefore, that providing a healthy, comfortable in-
door environment has become a major factor in our
economy.
3. Sketch the arrangement of the main compo-
nents of an all-air air conditioning system.
4. Sketch the arrangement of the main compo-
nents of a hydronic heating and cooling system.
5. Describe the internal environmental condi-
tions that provide adequate human comfort.
2 CHAPTER I
Figure 1.1
Ventilator and cooling untt invented by Leonardo da
Vinci in the fifteenth century. This air conditioning unit
was for the boudoir of Beatrice d'Este, wife of da
Vinci's patron, the Duke of Milan. The great wheel, a
full story high, stood outside the palace wall and was
turned by water power-sometimes assisted by
slaves. Valves opened and closed automatically,
drawing air into the drum, where it was washed and
forced out through the hollow shaft and piped into
the room. (Courtesy: IBM Corporation.)
6. Describe the business structure of the HVAC
industry, including job opportunities.
7. Describe the organization of the building de-
sign team and the construction team.
1.1 SCOPE OF AIR
CONDITIONING
To the average person, air conditioning simply
means "the cooling of air." For our purposes, this
definition is neither sufficiently useful nor accurate,
so we will use the following definition instead:
Air conditioning is the pracess of treating air
in an internal environment to establish and
mailltain required standards of temperature,
humidity, cleanliness, and motion.
Let us investigate how each of these conditions
is controlled:
1. Temperature. Air temperature is controlled by
heating or cooling* the air.
2. Humidity. Air humidity, the water vapor content
of the air, is controlled by adding or removing
water vapor from the air (humidification or
dehumidification).
3. Cleanliness. Air cleanliness, or air quality, is
controlled by either filtration, the removal of
undesirable contaminants using filters or other
devices, or by ventilation, the introduction of
outside air into the space which dilutes the con-
centration of contaminants. Often both filtra-
tion and ventilation are used in an installation.
4. Motion. Air motion refers to air velocity and
to where the air is distributed. It is controlled
by appropriate air distributing equipment.
Sound control can be considered an auxiliary
function of an air conditioning system, even though
the system itself may be the cause of the problem.
The air conditioning equipment may produce ex-
cessive noise, requiring additional sound attenuat-
ing (reducing) devices as part of the equipment.
The definition of air conditioning given here is
not meant to imply that every HVAC system regu-
lates all of the conditions described; A hot water or
steam heating system, consisting of a boiler, pip-
ing, and radiation devices (and perhaps a pump)
only controls air temperature and only during the
heating season. These types of systems are common
in many individual homes (residences), apartment
houses, and industrial buildings.
A warm air system, consisting of a furnace,
ducts, and air outlet registers, also controls air tem-
perature in winter only. However, by the addition of
a humidifier in the ducts, it may also control hu-
midity in winter. Warm air systems are popular in
residences.
Some residences have combination air heating
and air cooling equipment that provides control of
·Cooling technically means the rembml of heat, in contrast to
heating, the addition of heat.