Nonlinear Oscillations, Vol. 13, No. 3, January, 2011 (Ukrainian original Vol. 13, No.

3, July–September, 2010)

PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR DEGENERATE SYSTEMS OF

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE SECOND ORDER

V. O. Er’omenko1 and A. M. Aliluiko1;2 UDC 517.919

We propose sufficient conditions for the existence of a periodic solution of a system of linear ordinary
differential equations of the second order with a degenerate symmetric matrix in the coefficient of the
second-order derivative in the case of an arbitrary periodic inhomogeneity.

1. We investigate the system of differential equations

"A.t /xR C B.t/xP C C.t/x D f .t/; (1)

where the square matrices A; B; and C and the n-dimensional vector f are periodic functions with period 2;
A0 .t /  A.t /; the prime means the transposition of a matrix, the dot denotes differentiation with respect to the
independent variable t; the matrix A.t / is degenerate (moreover, it is possible that rank A.t/ 6 const/; and "
is a small parameter.
We consider the problem of the existence of a smooth periodic solution of system (1) for an arbitrary inhomo-
geneity f .t /:
There are many works (see, e.g., [1–6]) devoted to the development of methods for the construction of solutions
of degenerate differential systems and the investigation of their qualitative behavior. System (1) was studied in [1]
under certain assumptions, one of which is the constancy of the rank of the matrix A.t/: In [2], sufficient conditions
for the existence of a periodic solution of the scalar equation (1) were obtained on the basis of investigation of the
degenerate Riccati equation. In the present paper, we generalize these results.
Let C r .T 1 / be the space of vector or matrix functions that take real values and are periodic with period 2
and continuous together with all derivatives up to the order r inclusive. Let H r .T1 / denote the space of functions
square integrable on T1 D Œ0I 2 together with all generalized derivatives up to the order r inclusive. Assume
that .
;
/r is the scalar product in H r .T1 /;

Z2
2 r d2 1
k
kr D ..1 /
;
/ı ;  D 2; .
;
/ı D k
k2 dt;
dt 2
0

h
;
i is the scalar product in Rn ;

jˆ.t /jr D max kˆ./ .t/k;

t 2T1 ; 0r

and k
k is the Euclidean vector norm or a consistent matrix norm.

1 Ternopil’ National Economic University, Ternopil’, Ukraine.
2 Corresponding author; e-mail: aliluyko@imath.kiev.ua.

Translated from Neliniini Kolyvannya, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 336–345, July–September, 2010. Original article submitted August 14, 2009.

1536–0059/11/1303–0361
c 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 361
362 V. O. E R ’ OMENKO AND A. M. A LILUIKO

2. Equation (1) is equivalent to the system

! ! !
In 0 0 In 0
XP D XC ; (2)
0 "A.t / C.t/ B.t/ f .t/

where In is the n  n identity matrix and X D col .x; x/:

P
Denote
! !
In C "A.t /Z.t; "/ 0 In 0
V .t; "/ D ; W .t; "/ D ; (3)
"A.t /Z.t; "/ In Z.t; "/ In

where Z.t; "/ is an n  n matrix that satisfies the matrix Riccati equation

"A.t /ZP C B.t/Z C "A.t/Z 2 C C.t/ D 0: (4)

If this equation has a smooth periodic solution Z0 .t; "/ such that the matrix In C"AZ0 .t; "/ is nondegenerate,
then, multiplying Eq. (2) from the left by V .t; "/ and performing the substitution X D W .t; "/Y; we obtain the
following equivalent equation:

! ! !
In 0 Z0 .t; "/ In 0
YP D Y C : (5)
0 "A.t / 0 "A.t/Z0 .t; "/ B.t/ f .t/

For the investigation of the latter equation we need more information about Z0 .t; "/:

3. Let us investigate conditions for the existence of a periodic solution of the matrix equation (4).
Assume that the matrix B.t / is nondegenerate. Performing the substitution

1
Z D Z1 B .t/C.t/ (6)

in Eq. (4), we obtain

 
1 1 d
"AZP 1 C .B "AB C /Z1 "AZ1 B CC "AZ12 C "A .B 1
C/ 2
.B 1
C / D 0: (7)
dt

This equation can be regarded as a brief notation for n2 scalar differential equations with respect to n2 unknown
elements of the matrix Z1 : We rewrite it in the form of a vector equation. To this end, we represent n2 -dimensional
vectors in the form
0 0 1 0 0 1
z1 g1
B 0 C B 0 C
Bz2 C Bg2 C
uDB B:::C; g D B ::: C;
C B C (8)
@ A @ A
0
zn 0
gn
P ERIODIC S OLUTIONS OF L INEAR D EGENERATE S YSTEMS OF O RDINARY D IFFERENTIAL E QUATIONS 363

where z1 ; z2 ; : : : ; zn are rows of the matrix Z1 and

0 1
g1
Bg2 C
B C  
B C D A d .B 1
C/ .B 1
C /2 : (9)
B:::C
@ A dt
gn

Then the matrix equation (7) is equivalent to the vector equation [7, p. 239]

d 1 1
C /0 C "AZ1 ˝ In u D "g;
 
".A ˝ In / u C .B "AB C / ˝ In "A ˝ .B (10)
dt

where K ˝ M is the direct product of n  n matrices K and M [7, p. 235], i.e.,

0 1
k11 M k12 M k1n M
B C
Bk21 M k22 M


k2n M C
K ˝M DB : ; K D fkij gi;j D1;n :
B C
B : :: :: :: C
@ : : : : A
C

kn1 M kn2 M


knn M

Using the notation

a.t / D A.t / ˝ In ; P1 .t; u/ D A.t/Z1 ˝ In ;

(11)
"A.t /B 1 .t/C.t/ ˝ In 1
.t/C.t//0 ;
 
P .t; "/ D B.t / "A.t/ ˝ ŒB

we rewrite Eq. (10) in the form

du
"a.t / C ŒP .t; "/ C "P1 .t; u/ u D "g.t/: (12)
dt

Assume that the matrix functions A.t /; B.t/; and C.t/ belong to the spaces C r .T1 /; C rC1 .T1 /; and
C rC1 .T
1 /; r  1; respectively.
Consider the quasilinear operator

du2
L.u1 /u2 D "a.t/ C ŒP .t; "/ C "P1 .t; u1 / u2 (13)
dt

on the set of functions u 2 C r .T1 / defined by the inequalities

juj0  d; jujr  K:

Then a smooth periodic solution of Eq. (12) is a solution of the equation

L.u/u D "g.t/ (14)

from the space C 1 .T1 /:

364 V. O. E R ’ OMENKO AND A. M. A LILUIKO

The Galerkin method determines the N th approximation of a solution u 2 C 1 .T1 / of Eq. (14) by the relation

.N / ik t
X
WN .t / D Wk e ; t 2 T1 ;
jkjN

.N /
whose coefficients Wk are determined from a system of equations that is equivalent to the nonlinear algebraic
equation

SN L.WN .t//WN .t/ D "SN g.t/;

where SN f .t / is a Fourier partial sum of a function

X
f .t/ ' fk e ik t
k

of the form
X
SN f .t/ D fk e ik t :
jkjN

Following [3], we use a linear modification of the Galerkin method. For this purpose, we set u0 D 0 for the
initial approximation and choose a collection of integers Nj ; j D 0; 1; : : : ; for which Nj  Nj 1 so that the
Nj th linear Galerkin approximation of a solution u 2 C 1 .T1 / of Eq. (14) is determined by the relation

X
uj .t/ D uk e ik t ;
jkjNj

.j /
whose coefficients uk D uk form a solution of the linear algebraic equation

SNj L.uj 1 .t//uj .t/ D "SNj g.t/:

Then the Nj th linear Galerkin approximation of a solution u 2 C 1 .T1 / of Eq. (14) is the Nj th Galerkin approx-
imation of a solution of the equation

L.uj 1 .t//u.t/ D "g.t/ (15)

in C 1 .T1 /:
By virtue of the smallness of the parameter, the right-hand side of Eq. (15) can be regarded as small in the
norm of the space C r .T1 /: Then conditions for the existence and convergence of the Galerkin approximations
WN .t / and uj .t / are determined by the principal part of the operator L.u/; which is equal to the operator

d
L.0/ D "a.t/ C P .t; "/:
dt

Let us find conditions for the matrix coefficients of the original equation (1) under which system (12) becomes
a nonlinear generalization of a positive symmetric system of differential equations.
P ERIODIC S OLUTIONS OF L INEAR D EGENERATE S YSTEMS OF O RDINARY D IFFERENTIAL E QUATIONS 365

Lemma 1. Suppose that, for any t 2 T1 ; one has

P /x; xi  ˛0 .t/;
min hA.t max hA.t/x; xi  ˛1 .t/;
kxkD1 kxkD1

   
1 P 1
min B.t / " A.t/ C A.t/B .t/C.t/ x; x  ˇ0 .t; "/; (16)
kxkD1 2

1
max hB .t/C.t/x; xi  ˇ1 .t/:
kxkD1

Then the following relations hold for any t 2 T1 W

min ha.t/;
P i  ˛0 .t/; (17)
kkD1

Dh " i E
min P .t; "/ P
a.t/ ;   ˇ0 .t; "/ "˛1 .t/ˇ1 .t/: (18)
kkD1 2

Proof. If M and K are n  n matrices, then the eigenvalues of the matrix M ˝ K coincide with n2
numbers r s ; r D 1; n; s D 1; n; where r and s are the eigenvalues of matrices M and K; respectively
[7, p. 237]. Using this property, the symmetry of A.t/; and the equalities [7, p. 235]

.A ˝ B/0 D A0 ˝ B 0 ; .A C B/ ˝ C D A ˝ C C B ˝ C;

we obtain
 
d ˝
P ˝ In ;   ˛0 .t/kk2 ;
˛
ha.t
P /; i D .A.t / ˝ In /;  D A.t/
dt

1 1
P .t; "/ C P 0 .t; "/ 1 1
C /0

P / D f.B
"a.t "AB C / ˝ In "A ˝ .B
2 2
1
C Œ.B "AB C / ˝ In 0 "ŒA ˝ .B 1
C /0 0 "AP ˝ In g

1¸
D ŒB C B 0 ".AP C AB 1
C C .AB 1
C /0 / ˝ In
2
¹
1 1
"ŒA ˝ .B C C .B C /0 / ;

   
Dh " i E 1 P 1
min P .t; "/ P / ;   min
a.t B.t/ " A.t/ C A.t/B .t/C.t/ x; x
kkD1 2 kxkD1 2

1
" max hA.t/x; xi max hB .t/C.t/x; xi
kxkD1 kxkD1

D ˇ0 .t; "/ "˛1 .t/ˇ1 .t/; t 2 T1 ;

which completes the proof of the lemma.

366 V. O. E R ’ OMENKO AND A. M. A LILUIKO

Assume that a.t /; P .t; "/; g.t / 2 C r .T1 / and the following inequalities hold for all t 2 T1 and " 2 .0; "0 :

ˇ0 .t; "/ C "Œs˛0 .t/ ˛1 .t/ˇ1 .t/  ; s D 0; r; (19)

where is an arbitrarily small positive number. Then, according to (17) and (18), the matrix

1
ŒP .t; "/ C P 0 .t; "/ P
"a.t/
2

is positive definite. Therefore, for an arbitrary function u 2 H 1 .T1 /; we have

.L.0/u; u/0  0 kuk20 ; (20)

where 0 is a positive number independent of u: According to Lemma 1 in [3, p. 198], for each s; 1  s  r;
and an arbitrary u 2 H sC1 .T1 /; the following inequality is true:

.L.0/u; u/s  kuk2s ıkuk20 ; (21)

where and ı are positive constants independent of u:

Since L.0/u D "g.t /; using inequalities (20) and (21) and the Schwartz inequality we obtain

kuk0  " 0 1 kgk0 ; kuk2r ıkuk20  "kgkr kukr ;

whence

kuk2r "2 ı 2
kgk2r  "kgkr kukr ; (22)

because  0 and kgk0  kgkr : Solving inequality (22), we get

kukr  " 1 1 kgkr ; (23)

where
2
1 D p :
1 C 1 C 4ı=

Let r > 2: Then, according to the Sobolev theorem [3, p. 15] on the imbedding of the spaces H r .T1 / 
C 1 .T1 /; we have

juj1  ckukr ; (24)

where c is a positive constant independent of u: Using inequalities (23) and (24), we obtain

juj1  "c1 kgkr ; (25)

where c1 is a positive constant independent of u:

P ERIODIC S OLUTIONS OF L INEAR D EGENERATE S YSTEMS OF O RDINARY D IFFERENTIAL E QUATIONS 367

By virtue of the Moser lemma [9, p. 199], if inequalities (19) are true, then the following inequality holds for
any u 2 C rC1 .T1 / and " 2 .0; "0 :

.L.0/u; u/s  1 kuk2s ı1 .1 C "ka.t/ks C kP .t; "ks /2 ; (26)

where 1 and ı1 are positive constants that depend only on

C0  ja.t /j2 C jP .t; "/j1 C juj1 ; r  2; 1  s  r:

However, in view of inequality (25), we can assume that the constants 1 and ı1 in the a priori estimates (26) are
already independent of u:
Let w.t / be an n2 -vector from C r .T1 / for which jwj2  1: We consider the linear operator

d
L.w/ D "a.t/ C ŒP .t; "/ C "P1 .t; w/
dt

as an operator in C 1 .T1 /: Since inequalities (19) are rough, they yield analogous inequalities for the coefficients
of the operator L.w/ for all " 2 .0; "1  and a certain "1 < ": Using the Moser lemma, we get

.L.w/u; u/  2 kuk20 ;
(27)
.L.w/u; u/s  2 kuk2s ı2 .1 C "ka.t/ks C kP .t; "/ks C "kP1 .t; w/ks /2 ; s D 1; r;

where 2 and ı2 are positive constants independent of w; u; and ":

According to the Moser estimate [3, p. 18] for the superposition of the functions P1 .t; w.t//; we have

kP1 .t; w/ks  cjP1 js .1 C kwks /; (28)

where c is a positive constant independent of P1 and w;


d
jP1 js D max max P1 .t; w.t// ;
0s .t;w/2T1 Tn2 dt 

2
and Tn2 is the unit ball in Rn :
With regard for (28), estimates (27) take the form

.L.w/u; u/0  2 kuk20 ; .L.w/u; u/s  2 kuk2s ı3 .1 C "kwks /2 ; s D 1; r; (29)

where ı3 is independent of w; u; and ":

.1/
Consider the first linear Galerkin approximation u1 .t/: Its coefficients uk are determined from a system of
equations equivalent to the equation

SN1 L.0/u1 .t/ D "SN1 g.t/:

Inequalities (29) for the operator L.0/ guarantee the existence of a solution of this equation such that, for suffi-
ciently small "2 > 0; one has ju1 j2  1 for all " 2 .0; "2  by virtue of the Sobolev theorem. Then the operator
368 V. O. E R ’ OMENKO AND A. M. A LILUIKO

L.u1 / is defined for all " 2 .0; "2  and satisfies inequalities (29) for w D u1 : This guarantees the existence of
the approximation
X .2/
u2 .t/ D uk e i k t
jkjN2

for which the inequality ju2 .t /j2  1 holds for all " 2 .0; "3 ; where 0 < "3 < "2 :
Using the scheme of the proof of Theorem 1 in [3, p. 271], we obtain the following statement, which substan-
tiates the linear modification of the Galerkin method presented above:

Lemma 2. Suppose that A0 .t /  A.t /; the matrix functions A.t/; B.t/; and C.t/ belong to the spaces
C r .T1 /; C rC1 .T1 /; and C rC1 .T1 /; respectively, and inequalities (19) hold for s D 0; s D r; and all t 2 T1
and " 2 .0; "0 ; where the scalar functions ˛0 .t/; ˛1 .t/; ˇ0 .t; "/; and ˇ1 .t/ are defined by (16).
1
If r > C l; l  2; then, for an arbitrary M > 1; one can find a sufficiently small "0 D "0 .M / > 0 such
2
that, for all " 2 .0; "0 ; the linear Galerkin approximations uj .t/ exist for each j D 1; 2; : : : and converge in
H s .T1 / \ C l .T1 / for s < r to a function u.t; "/ that is a solution of the system of equations (12); moreover,

ku uj k0  cj ; j D 1; 2; : : : ;

where c D const and

i
1 X
.r 1/
X
j D Ni  M :
i Dj D0

Furthermore, the limit function u.t; "/ satisfies the inequalities

ku.t; "/k0  "kg.t /k0 = 2 ; ku.t; "/ks  ı0 ; ju.t; "/j2  1; (30)

where ı0 ! 0 as " ! 0:
In the case considered, the key condition for the existence of a smooth periodic solution of Eq. (12) is the
positive definiteness of the matrix B.t / C B 0 .t /: Assume that this matrix is negative definite. We multiply Eq. (12)
by In2 : Using the scheme of the proof of Lemmas 1 and 2, we establish that Lemma 2 remains true if inequalities
(19) are replaced by the following inequalities valid for all " 2 .0; "0 :

ˇ 0 .t; "/ "Œs˛ 0 .t/ ˛ 1 .t/ˇ 1 .t/  ; s D 0; r; (31)

where is an arbitrarily small positive number and the scalar functions are determined by the relations

P /x; xi  ˛ 0 .t/;
max hA.t min hA.t/x; xi  ˛ 1 .t/;
kxkD1 kxkD1

   
1 P 1
min B.t / C " A.t/ C A.t/B .t/C.t/ x; x  ˇ 0 .t; "/; (32)
kxkD1 2

1
min hB .t/C.t/x; xi  ˇ 1 .t/:
kxkD1
P ERIODIC S OLUTIONS OF L INEAR D EGENERATE S YSTEMS OF O RDINARY D IFFERENTIAL E QUATIONS 369

4. We now return to the matrix Riccati equation (4). Under the conditions of Lemma 2 and its analog
in the case of the negative definiteness of the matrix B.t/ C B 0 .t/; a solution of Eq. (7) is a matrix Z1 .t; "/
whose rows, according to (8), are the corresponding components of the n2 -vector u.t; "/: In this case, we have
Z1 .t; "/ 2 C r 1 .T1 / and, with regard for (30) and (9),
 
d 1 1
C /2

kZ1 k0  "
A dt .B C/ .B = 2 ; kZ1 kr 1  ı0 ; jZ1 j2  1; (33)
0

where ı0 ! 0 as " ! 0; " 2 .0; "0 :

According to (6), the required solution of Eq. (4) has the form

1
Z0 .t; "/ D Z1 .t; "/ B .t/C.t/ (34)

and belongs to C r 1 .T1 /:

By virtue of the Hadamard theorem [8, p. 406], the matrix In C "A.t/Z0 .t; "/ is nondegenerate for all " 2
.0; "0  and a sufficiently small "0 : Therefore, the matrix V .t; "/ defined by (3) is also nondegenerate, which leads
to the equivalence of systems (2) and (5) for all " 2 .0; "1 ; where "1 D min."0 ; "0 /:
We rewrite Eq. (5) in the form of a system of equations, namely,

YP1 D Z0 .t; "/Y1 x C Y2 ; (35)

"A.t /YP2 D ŒB.t/ C "A.t/Z0 .t; "/Y2 C f .t/; (36)

where Y D col .Y1 ; Y2 /; and investigate conditions under which Eq. (36) has a periodic solution for any inhomo-
geneity.
Let the matrix B.t / C B 0 .t / be positive definite. Taking (34) and (33) into account, we can prove that a priori
estimates of the form (20), (21) hold for the differential operator generated by Eq. (36) if the following inequalities
hold for all t 2 T1 ; " 2 .0; "0 ; and either s D 0 or s D r 1:

ˇ0 .t; "/ C " Œs˛0 .t/ jA.t/j0   ; (37)

where is an arbitrarily small positive number and the scalar functions ˇ0 and ˛0 are defined by (16). Then,
according to Theorem 1 in [3, p. 202], for an arbitrary function f .t/ 2 C r 1 .T1 / and " 2 .0; "0  Eq. (36) has
1
a solution Y20 .t; "/ 2 C l .T1 /; l  1; provided that r 1 > C l: Here, we have taken into account that
2
Z0 .t; "/ 2 C r 1 .T1 /:
Let the matrix B.t / C B 0 .t / be negative definite. Multiplying Eq. (36) by In ; we arrive at the same
conclusion concerning the existence of the solution Y20 .t; "/ 2 C r 2 .T1 / if inequalities (37) are replaced by

ˇ 0 .t; "/ " Œs˛ 0 .t/ C jA.t/j0   ; s D 0; r 1; (38)

where the scalar functions ˇ 0 and ˛ 0 are defined by (32).

As a result, with regard for equality (34), Eq. (35) takes the form

1
YP1 D ŒB .t/C.t/ Z1 .t; "/Y1 C Y20 .t; "/: (39)
370 V. O. E R ’ OMENKO AND A. M. A LILUIKO

According to (33), the matrix Z1 .t; "/ can be regarded as “small.” Therefore, conditions for the existence of a
periodic solution of Eq. (39) are determined by the matrix B 1 C:
Assume that there exists a nondegenerate symmetric matrix S.t/ 2 C 1 .T1 / such that the following inequality
holds for all t 2 T1 :
1 1
hŒSP .t / S.t /B .t /C.t/ .B .t/C.t//0 S.t/x; xi  ı; (40)

where ı  const > 0: Then, according to [3], for any inhomogeneity, the equation

1
YP D B .t/C.t/Y C Y20 .t; "/ (41)

has a periodic solution whose smoothness coincides with the smoothness of the coefficients. According to Lemma 2
in [3, p. 216] and the second inequality in (33), one can find  D ."/ > 0; ."/ ! 0 as " ! 0; such that Eq. (39)
“generated” by Eq. (41) has a solution Y10 .t; "/ 2 C r 2 .T1 / if jZ1 .t; "/jk  ."/:
Thus, under the conditions presented above, Eq. (5) has a periodic solution

Y0 .t; "/ D col .Y10 .t; "/; Y20 .t; "// 2 C r 2

.T1 /

for sufficiently small ": Then, taking into account relations (3) and (8), Lemma 2, and its analog in the case where
hB.t /x; xi < 0; we establish that X0 .t; "/ D W .t; "/Y0 .t; "/ 2 C r 2 .T1 / is a periodic solution of Eq. (2). Since
X0 .t; "/ D col .x0 .t; "/; xP 0 .t; "//; we conclude that x0 .t; "/ 2 C r 1 .T1 / is the required solution of the original
equation (1).
Thus, we obtain the following statement:

Theorem 1. Suppose that the following conditions are satisfied for the original equation (1):

(i) A.t /  A0 .t /; and the matrix functions A.t/; B.t/; and C.t/ belong to the spaces C r .T1 /; C rC1 .T1 /;
and C rC1 .T1 /; r  3; respectively;

(ii) B.t / is a matrix of fixed sign, and inequalities (19), (37) or (31), (38) in which the scalar functions are
defined by (16) or (32), respectively, hold for all t 2 T1 and " 2 .0; "0 I

(iii) there exists a nondegenerate symmetric n  n matrix S.t/ 2 C 1 .T1 / such that inequality (40) holds for
all t 2 T1 :

Then there exists a sufficiently small positive number "0 such that Eq. (1) has a periodic solution x0 .t; "/ 2
Cr 1 .T / for all " 2 .0; "0  and any inhomogeneity f .t/ 2 C r .T /:
1 1

REFERENCES

1. A. M. Samoilenko, M. I. Shkil’, and V. P. Yakovets’, Linear Systems of Degenerate Differential Equations [in Ukrainian], Vyshcha
Shkola, Kyiv (2000).
2. V. O. Er’omenko, “Periodic solutions of linear degenerate ordinary differential equations of the second order,” in: Abstracts of the
International Scientific Conference “Differential Equations, Theory of Functions, and Their Applications” (Melitopol’, June 16–21,
2008) (2008), pp. 48–49.
3. A. M. Samoilenko, Elements of the Mathematical Theory of Multifrequency Oscillations. Invariant Tori [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow
(1987).
4. A. A. Boichuk, A. M. Samoilenko, and L. I. Karandzhulov, “Noetherian boundary-value problems with singular perturbation,” Differ-
ents. Uravn., 37, No. 9, 1243–1251 (2001).
P ERIODIC S OLUTIONS OF L INEAR D EGENERATE S YSTEMS OF O RDINARY D IFFERENTIAL E QUATIONS 371

5. A. A. Boichuk and L. M. Shehda, “Conditions for the bifurcation of solutions of degenerate boundary-value problems,” Nelin. Koly-
vannya, 12, No. 2, 147–154 (2009).
6. A. G. Mazko, “Localization of spectrum and representation of solutions of linear dynamical systems,” Ukr. Mat. Zh., 50, No. 10,
1341–1351 (1998).
7. P. Lancaster, Theory of Matrices [Russian translation], Nauka, Moscow (1978).
8. F. R. Gantmakher, Theory of Matrices [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1967).
9. J. Moser, “A rapidly convergent iteration method and nonlinear differential equations. I, II,” Ann. Scu. Norm. Super. Pisa, Ser. III, 20,
No. 2, 265–315 (1966); No. 3, 499–535 (1966).